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Model: rizwan261/smollm2-135m-text2cypher
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---
license: apache-2.0
base_model: HuggingFaceTB/SmolLM2-135M-Instruct
datasets:
- RomanTeucher/text2cypher-curated
language:
- en
library_name: transformers
pipeline_tag: text-generation
tags:
- text2cypher
- cypher
- neo4j
- lora
---
# SmolLM2-135M-text2cypher
A fine-tune of [`HuggingFaceTB/SmolLM2-135M-Instruct`](https://huggingface.co/HuggingFaceTB/SmolLM2-135M-Instruct)
that turns a natural-language question + a graph schema into a **Cypher** query.
Trained with LoRA on [`RomanTeucher/text2cypher-curated`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/RomanTeucher/text2cypher-curated)
(1000 train / 75 val / 50 test); the adapters are **merged into the base weights**,
so this is a standalone full model that loads like any HF checkpoint — no PEFT needed.
**This model is a submission for an interview.**
## Usage
The model expects the same ChatML prompt it was trained on: a fixed system message
plus a user turn of `Schema:` + `Question:`.
```python
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
model_id = "rizwan261/smollm2-135m-text2cypher"
tok = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_id)
SYSTEM = ("You are a text-to-Cypher engine for Neo4j. Given a graph schema and a "
"question, output a single valid Cypher query that answers the question. "
"Use only labels, relationship types and properties that appear in the "
"schema. Output the Cypher query and nothing else: no explanation, no "
"comments, no markdown code fences.")
schema = "Graph schema: Relevant node labels and their properties (with datatypes) are:\nUpdateDate {update_date: DATE}"
question = "Which nodes are connected to UpdateDate where update_date is 2008-01-29, and also to another node?"
messages = [
{"role": "system", "content": SYSTEM},
{"role": "user", "content": f"Schema:\n{schema}\n\nQuestion:\n{question}"},
]
inputs = tok.apply_chat_template(messages, add_generation_prompt=True, return_tensors="pt")
out = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=256, do_sample=False)
print(tok.decode(out[0, inputs["input_ids"].shape[1]:], skip_special_tokens=True))
```
## Training
LoRA (r=16, α=32, dropout=0.05) on the attention + MLP projections, completion-only
loss (the prompt is masked, loss is on the target Cypher only), then merged.
| | |
|---|---|
| epochs | 20 |
| learning rate | 5e-5, cosine, 5% warmup |
| effective batch | 16 (bs 4 × grad-accum 4) |
| max length | 1024 |
| best val loss | ~0.32 (by `eval_loss`) |
## Evaluation
Test split (n=50), greedy decoding. **Translation / structural metrics** over the
whole split — surface proxies for correctness:
| metric | base | this model |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| exact_match | 0.00 | 0.26 |
| structural_f1 | 0.18 | 0.81 |
| google_bleu | 0.07 | 0.70 |
| well_formed | 0.00 | 0.98 |
**Execution-based** evaluation against the live Neo4j demo databases, on the 18/50
samples that carry a database reference — predicted and gold queries are run and
their *result sets* compared. This is the honest measure, and each stricter layer
peels back the previous one's optimism:
| how strict | metric | base | this model |
| --- | --- | ---: | ---: |
| real parser + live schema | CyVer KG-Valid-Query | 0.00 | 0.61 |
| runs on the DB | query executes | 0.00 | 0.72 |
| **returns the right rows** | exec ExactMatch (non-trivial) | 0.00 | **0.00** |
The surface metrics jump, but execution accuracy stays at zero: the model writes
well-formed, schema-valid, runnable Cypher that returns the *wrong data*.
## Limitations
A 135M model produces Cypher that often *looks* right but isn't: only ~26% are
exact matches, and **non-trivial execution accuracy is ~0** — well-formed,
runnable queries that return the wrong rows. It reliably gets node labels, clauses
and the query skeleton, but struggles with same-node/co-reference patterns,
multi-stage aggregation, and occasionally hallucinates functions. Execution
numbers come from a small (n=18) subset run against live demo databases, so they
can drift.
## License
Apache-2.0, inherited from the SmolLM2 base model.

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{% for message in messages %}{% if loop.first and messages[0]['role'] != 'system' %}{{ '<|im_start|>system
You are a helpful AI assistant named SmolLM, trained by Hugging Face<|im_end|>
' }}{% endif %}{{'<|im_start|>' + message['role'] + '
' + message['content'] + '<|im_end|>' + '
'}}{% endfor %}{% if add_generation_prompt %}{{ '<|im_start|>assistant
' }}{% endif %}

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{
"architectures": [
"LlamaForCausalLM"
],
"attention_bias": false,
"attention_dropout": 0.0,
"bos_token_id": 1,
"dtype": "bfloat16",
"eos_token_id": 2,
"head_dim": 64,
"hidden_act": "silu",
"hidden_size": 576,
"initializer_range": 0.041666666666666664,
"intermediate_size": 1536,
"is_llama_config": true,
"max_position_embeddings": 8192,
"mlp_bias": false,
"model_type": "llama",
"num_attention_heads": 9,
"num_hidden_layers": 30,
"num_key_value_heads": 3,
"pad_token_id": 2,
"pretraining_tp": 1,
"rms_norm_eps": 1e-05,
"rope_interleaved": false,
"rope_parameters": {
"rope_theta": 100000,
"rope_type": "default"
},
"tie_word_embeddings": true,
"transformers.js_config": {
"kv_cache_dtype": {
"fp16": "float16",
"q4f16": "float16"
}
},
"transformers_version": "5.12.1",
"use_cache": true,
"vocab_size": 49152
}

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{
"_from_model_config": true,
"bos_token_id": 1,
"eos_token_id": [
2
],
"pad_token_id": 2,
"transformers_version": "5.12.1"
}

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"add_prefix_space": false,
"backend": "tokenizers",
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"clean_up_tokenization_spaces": false,
"eos_token": "<|im_end|>",
"errors": "replace",
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{
"config": {
"model_name": "HuggingFaceTB/SmolLM2-135M-Instruct",
"dataset_name": "RomanTeucher/text2cypher-curated",
"output_dir": "outputs/smollm2-135m-text2cypher",
"max_length": 1024,
"epochs": 20.0,
"learning_rate": 5e-05,
"weight_decay": 0.01,
"warmup_ratio": 0.05,
"warmup_steps": null,
"lr_scheduler_type": "cosine",
"train_batch_size": 4,
"eval_batch_size": 4,
"gradient_accumulation_steps": 4,
"max_grad_norm": 1.0,
"bf16": null,
"fp16": null,
"use_lora": true,
"lora_r": 16,
"lora_alpha": 32,
"lora_dropout": 0.05,
"logging_steps": 10,
"eval_strategy": "epoch",
"save_strategy": "epoch",
"save_total_limit": 1,
"load_best_model_at_end": true,
"metric_for_best_model": "eval_loss",
"greater_is_better": false,
"seed": 42,
"cpu_threads": null,
"push_to_hub": false,
"hub_model_id": null
},
"tokenization": {
"train": {
"n": 1000,
"truncated": 0,
"empty_target": 0
},
"val": {
"n": 75,
"truncated": 0,
"empty_target": 0
}
},
"final_eval": {
"eval_loss": 0.3248527944087982,
"eval_runtime": 2.1616,
"eval_samples_per_second": 34.696,
"eval_steps_per_second": 8.79,
"epoch": 20.0
}
}