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ModelHub XC b2698c18ef 初始化项目，由ModelHub XC社区提供模型

Model: lightonai/ColBERT-Zero
Source: Original Platform

2026-05-14 16:59:45 +08:00

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tags, pipeline_tag, library_name, license, language, metrics, model-index

tags

pipeline_tag

library_name

license

language

metrics

model-index

ColBERT

PyLate

sentence-transformers

sentence-similarity

feature-extraction

generated_from_trainer

dataset_size:640000

loss:Distillation

sentence-similarity

PyLate

apache-2.0

MaxSim_accuracy@1

MaxSim_accuracy@3

MaxSim_accuracy@5

MaxSim_accuracy@10

MaxSim_precision@1

MaxSim_precision@3

MaxSim_precision@5

MaxSim_precision@10

MaxSim_recall@1

MaxSim_recall@3

MaxSim_recall@5

MaxSim_recall@10

MaxSim_ndcg@10

MaxSim_mrr@10

MaxSim_map@100

name

results

PyLate

task

dataset

metrics

type	name
py-late-information-retrieval	Py Late Information Retrieval

name	type
NanoClimateFEVER	NanoClimateFEVER

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@1	0.36	Maxsim Accuracy@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@3	0.68	Maxsim Accuracy@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@5	0.76	Maxsim Accuracy@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@10	0.88	Maxsim Accuracy@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@1	0.36	Maxsim Precision@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@3	0.2866666666666666	Maxsim Precision@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@5	0.21999999999999997	Maxsim Precision@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@10	0.148	Maxsim Precision@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@1	0.18	Maxsim Recall@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@3	0.35999999999999993	Maxsim Recall@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@5	0.429	Maxsim Recall@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@10	0.5536666666666666	Maxsim Recall@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_ndcg@10	0.4511316943880545	Maxsim Ndcg@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_mrr@10	0.5352619047619046	Maxsim Mrr@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_map@100	0.35707500469760434	Maxsim Map@100

task

dataset

metrics

type	name
py-late-information-retrieval	Py Late Information Retrieval

name	type
NanoDBPedia	NanoDBPedia

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@1	0.86	Maxsim Accuracy@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@3	0.94	Maxsim Accuracy@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@5	0.94	Maxsim Accuracy@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@10	0.98	Maxsim Accuracy@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@1	0.86	Maxsim Precision@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@3	0.7333333333333333	Maxsim Precision@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@5	0.66	Maxsim Precision@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@10	0.5840000000000001	Maxsim Precision@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@1	0.10798996781634018	Maxsim Recall@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@3	0.21610834839667603	Maxsim Recall@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@5	0.29328648273572205	Maxsim Recall@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@10	0.4273378391765384	Maxsim Recall@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_ndcg@10	0.7325830538365519	Maxsim Ndcg@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_mrr@10	0.8995238095238095	Maxsim Mrr@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_map@100	0.5805986129726132	Maxsim Map@100

task

dataset

metrics

type	name
py-late-information-retrieval	Py Late Information Retrieval

name	type
NanoFEVER	NanoFEVER

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@1	0.96	Maxsim Accuracy@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@3	1.0	Maxsim Accuracy@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@5	1.0	Maxsim Accuracy@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@10	1.0	Maxsim Accuracy@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@1	0.96	Maxsim Precision@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@3	0.3533333333333333	Maxsim Precision@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@5	0.21199999999999997	Maxsim Precision@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@10	0.10999999999999999	Maxsim Precision@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@1	0.8966666666666667	Maxsim Recall@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@3	0.9633333333333333	Maxsim Recall@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@5	0.9633333333333333	Maxsim Recall@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@10	0.98	Maxsim Recall@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_ndcg@10	0.9624259972128165	Maxsim Ndcg@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_mrr@10	0.9766666666666666	Maxsim Mrr@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_map@100	0.9478155706727135	Maxsim Map@100

task

dataset

metrics

type	name
py-late-information-retrieval	Py Late Information Retrieval

name	type
NanoFiQA2018	NanoFiQA2018

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@1	0.58	Maxsim Accuracy@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@3	0.66	Maxsim Accuracy@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@5	0.72	Maxsim Accuracy@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@10	0.82	Maxsim Accuracy@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@1	0.58	Maxsim Precision@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@3	0.32666666666666666	Maxsim Precision@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@5	0.24799999999999997	Maxsim Precision@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@10	0.14799999999999996	Maxsim Precision@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@1	0.35257936507936505	Maxsim Recall@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@3	0.47423809523809524	Maxsim Recall@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@5	0.5460079365079364	Maxsim Recall@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@10	0.6425317460317461	Maxsim Recall@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_ndcg@10	0.5786162417612232	Maxsim Ndcg@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_mrr@10	0.643436507936508	Maxsim Mrr@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_map@100	0.5234035855771078	Maxsim Map@100

task

dataset

metrics

type	name
py-late-information-retrieval	Py Late Information Retrieval

name	type
NanoHotpotQA	NanoHotpotQA

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@1	0.98	Maxsim Accuracy@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@3	1.0	Maxsim Accuracy@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@5	1.0	Maxsim Accuracy@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@10	1.0	Maxsim Accuracy@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@1	0.98	Maxsim Precision@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@3	0.6	Maxsim Precision@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@5	0.3679999999999999	Maxsim Precision@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@10	0.18599999999999994	Maxsim Precision@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@1	0.49	Maxsim Recall@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@3	0.9	Maxsim Recall@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@5	0.92	Maxsim Recall@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@10	0.93	Maxsim Recall@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_ndcg@10	0.924329868595787	Maxsim Ndcg@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_mrr@10	0.99	Maxsim Mrr@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_map@100	0.8944956212370004	Maxsim Map@100

task

dataset

metrics

type	name
py-late-information-retrieval	Py Late Information Retrieval

name	type
NanoMSMARCO	NanoMSMARCO

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@1	0.6	Maxsim Accuracy@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@3	0.68	Maxsim Accuracy@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@5	0.78	Maxsim Accuracy@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@10	0.9	Maxsim Accuracy@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@1	0.6	Maxsim Precision@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@3	0.22666666666666668	Maxsim Precision@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@5	0.15600000000000003	Maxsim Precision@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@10	0.09	Maxsim Precision@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@1	0.6	Maxsim Recall@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@3	0.68	Maxsim Recall@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@5	0.78	Maxsim Recall@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@10	0.9	Maxsim Recall@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_ndcg@10	0.7242459443760582	Maxsim Ndcg@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_mrr@10	0.671047619047619	Maxsim Mrr@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_map@100	0.6766320575975747	Maxsim Map@100

task

dataset

metrics

type	name
py-late-information-retrieval	Py Late Information Retrieval

name	type
NanoNFCorpus	NanoNFCorpus

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@1	0.58	Maxsim Accuracy@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@3	0.68	Maxsim Accuracy@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@5	0.72	Maxsim Accuracy@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@10	0.76	Maxsim Accuracy@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@1	0.58	Maxsim Precision@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@3	0.42666666666666664	Maxsim Precision@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@5	0.396	Maxsim Precision@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@10	0.316	Maxsim Precision@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@1	0.06598420757312619	Maxsim Recall@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@3	0.10355307905498773	Maxsim Recall@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@5	0.1296680186177352	Maxsim Recall@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@10	0.1635498250401139	Maxsim Recall@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_ndcg@10	0.4054849783640007	Maxsim Ndcg@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_mrr@10	0.6303888888888889	Maxsim Mrr@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_map@100	0.195854964801369	Maxsim Map@100

task

dataset

metrics

type	name
py-late-information-retrieval	Py Late Information Retrieval

name	type
NanoNQ	NanoNQ

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@1	0.62	Maxsim Accuracy@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@3	0.84	Maxsim Accuracy@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@5	0.88	Maxsim Accuracy@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@10	0.9	Maxsim Accuracy@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@1	0.62	Maxsim Precision@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@3	0.28	Maxsim Precision@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@5	0.176	Maxsim Precision@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@10	0.09599999999999997	Maxsim Precision@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@1	0.59	Maxsim Recall@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@3	0.78	Maxsim Recall@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@5	0.81	Maxsim Recall@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@10	0.86	Maxsim Recall@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_ndcg@10	0.7474767067573468	Maxsim Ndcg@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_mrr@10	0.7341904761904762	Maxsim Mrr@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_map@100	0.7035987374595623	Maxsim Map@100

task

dataset

metrics

type	name
py-late-information-retrieval	Py Late Information Retrieval

name	type
NanoQuoraRetrieval	NanoQuoraRetrieval

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@1	0.92	Maxsim Accuracy@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@3	0.98	Maxsim Accuracy@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@5	1.0	Maxsim Accuracy@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@10	1.0	Maxsim Accuracy@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@1	0.92	Maxsim Precision@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@3	0.3933333333333333	Maxsim Precision@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@5	0.24799999999999997	Maxsim Precision@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@10	0.128	Maxsim Precision@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@1	0.7973333333333332	Maxsim Recall@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@3	0.932	Maxsim Recall@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@5	0.9626666666666668	Maxsim Recall@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@10	0.9726666666666667	Maxsim Recall@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_ndcg@10	0.9376063901029283	Maxsim Ndcg@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_mrr@10	0.9540000000000001	Maxsim Mrr@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_map@100	0.9156057922958499	Maxsim Map@100

task

dataset

metrics

type	name
py-late-information-retrieval	Py Late Information Retrieval

name	type
NanoSCIDOCS	NanoSCIDOCS

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@1	0.48	Maxsim Accuracy@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@3	0.74	Maxsim Accuracy@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@5	0.76	Maxsim Accuracy@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@10	0.9	Maxsim Accuracy@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@1	0.48	Maxsim Precision@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@3	0.4066666666666666	Maxsim Precision@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@5	0.30400000000000005	Maxsim Precision@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@10	0.204	Maxsim Precision@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@1	0.10266666666666666	Maxsim Recall@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@3	0.25066666666666665	Maxsim Recall@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@5	0.3106666666666667	Maxsim Recall@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@10	0.41666666666666663	Maxsim Recall@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_ndcg@10	0.41240108229211636	Maxsim Ndcg@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_mrr@10	0.6183888888888889	Maxsim Mrr@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_map@100	0.3293535579753635	Maxsim Map@100

task

dataset

metrics

type	name
py-late-information-retrieval	Py Late Information Retrieval

name	type
NanoArguAna	NanoArguAna

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@1	0.24	Maxsim Accuracy@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@3	0.64	Maxsim Accuracy@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@5	0.7	Maxsim Accuracy@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@10	0.9	Maxsim Accuracy@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@1	0.24	Maxsim Precision@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@3	0.21333333333333335	Maxsim Precision@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@5	0.14	Maxsim Precision@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@10	0.08999999999999998	Maxsim Precision@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@1	0.24	Maxsim Recall@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@3	0.64	Maxsim Recall@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@5	0.7	Maxsim Recall@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@10	0.9	Maxsim Recall@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_ndcg@10	0.5619950169581177	Maxsim Ndcg@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_mrr@10	0.4556587301587301	Maxsim Mrr@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_map@100	0.4583679653679654	Maxsim Map@100

task

dataset

metrics

type	name
py-late-information-retrieval	Py Late Information Retrieval

name	type
NanoSciFact	NanoSciFact

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@1	0.7	Maxsim Accuracy@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@3	0.82	Maxsim Accuracy@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@5	0.88	Maxsim Accuracy@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@10	0.92	Maxsim Accuracy@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@1	0.7	Maxsim Precision@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@3	0.2866666666666667	Maxsim Precision@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@5	0.19599999999999998	Maxsim Precision@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@10	0.10199999999999998	Maxsim Precision@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@1	0.675	Maxsim Recall@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@3	0.79	Maxsim Recall@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@5	0.87	Maxsim Recall@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@10	0.91	Maxsim Recall@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_ndcg@10	0.8019869692829787	Maxsim Ndcg@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_mrr@10	0.7716666666666667	Maxsim Mrr@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_map@100	0.7651960954534442	Maxsim Map@100

task

dataset

metrics

type	name
py-late-information-retrieval	Py Late Information Retrieval

name	type
NanoTouche2020	NanoTouche2020

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@1	0.8163265306122449	Maxsim Accuracy@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@3	0.9795918367346939	Maxsim Accuracy@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@5	0.9795918367346939	Maxsim Accuracy@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@10	0.9795918367346939	Maxsim Accuracy@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@1	0.8163265306122449	Maxsim Precision@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@3	0.727891156462585	Maxsim Precision@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@5	0.6653061224489795	Maxsim Precision@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@10	0.5387755102040817	Maxsim Precision@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@1	0.05638641704555484	Maxsim Recall@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@3	0.1492928448908377	Maxsim Recall@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@5	0.2240629902771357	Maxsim Recall@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@10	0.3474561127492143	Maxsim Recall@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_ndcg@10	0.6176094809857532	Maxsim Ndcg@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_mrr@10	0.8775510204081632	Maxsim Mrr@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_map@100	0.4570510040327342	Maxsim Map@100

task

dataset

metrics

type	name
nano-beir	Nano BEIR

name	type
NanoBEIR mean	NanoBEIR_mean

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@1	0.6689481946624803	Maxsim Accuracy@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@3	0.8184301412872842	Maxsim Accuracy@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@5	0.855353218210361	Maxsim Accuracy@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_accuracy@10	0.9184301412872842	Maxsim Accuracy@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@1	0.6689481946624803	Maxsim Precision@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@3	0.4047095761381475	Maxsim Precision@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@5	0.3068697017268446	Maxsim Precision@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_precision@10	0.210828885400314	Maxsim Precision@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@1	0.39650820186008107	Maxsim Recall@1

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@3	0.5568609513523536	Maxsim Recall@3

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@5	0.6106686226773229	Maxsim Recall@5

type	value	name
MaxSim_recall@10	0.6926058094613547	Maxsim Recall@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_ndcg@10	0.6813764173010564	Maxsim Ndcg@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_mrr@10	0.7505985522414094	Maxsim Mrr@10

type	value	name
MaxSim_map@100	0.6003883515493001	Maxsim Map@100

📄 Paper | 📝 Blog | 📚 Collection

ColBERT-Zero

🎯 TL;DR: First large-scale fully pre-trained ColBERT model using only public data. Achieves 55.43 nDCG@10 on BEIR benchmark, outperforming GTE-ModernColBERT and GTE-ModernBERT trained on closed and stronger data. New SOTA on BEIR for models <150M parameters.

Why ColBERT-Zero?

Late interaction (ColBERT / multi-vector) models have clear advantages in out-of-domain generalization, long-context handling, and reasoning-intensive retrieval. Yet they remain undertrained: current state-of-the-art ColBERT models (e.g, GTE-ModernColBERT and ColBERT-small) are simply built by bolting a small knowledge distillation step onto a strong dense (single-vector) model. Even recent efforts like mxbai-edge-colbert-v0 perform all early training stages in a single-vector setting, only switching to the multi-vector objective at the very end.

This leaves a lot of performance on the table. ColBERT-Zero demonstrates that performing contrastive pre-training directly in the multi-vector setting, rather than treating it as an afterthought, unlocks a significantly higher performance ceiling. Trained exclusively on public data (Nomic-embed dataset mixture), ColBERT-Zero overcomes a 2.4-point data quality disadvantage to outperform models trained on proprietary, closed-source data. For detailed results, please have a look at our blogpost and the paper. All the models (including intermediate checkpoints) as well training code are released under an Apache 2.0 license.

Controlled Comparison Design

We deliberately trained on the public Nomic-embed data mixture for a strategic reason: Nomic has already trained a dense ModernBERT model (ModernBERT-embed) on this exact data. This lets us compare dense vs. multi-vector training with the same data, same base model (ModernBERT), and same pipeline. The only variable is whether the contrastive phases are performed in the dense or multi-vector setting.

This design reveals a striking result: the dense baseline trained on Nomic data scores 52.89, while the one trained on GTE's proprietary data scores 55.33: a 2.4-point data quality gap. Despite this disadvantage, ColBERT-Zero's full multi-vector pre-training pipeline closes and surpasses this gap, reaching 55.43 nDCG@10.

The Three-Phase Training Pipeline

The development followed a three-phase pipeline, each providing a different type of learning signal:

Phase 1 - Unsupervised Contrastive Pre-training

We began with the nomic-embed-unsupervised-data dataset. Using PyLate's GradCache implementation to scale per-GPU batch size without VRAM constraints, combined with cross-GPU gathering of representations, we reached effective batch sizes of ~16k, required for unsupervised training to produce plausible in-batch hard negatives. Unlike dense training, the multi-vector objective allows the encoder to learn fine-grained token importance from the very first phase.

Phase 2 - Supervised Contrastive Fine-tuning

We refined the model using the nomic-embed-supervised-data. This stage introduced mined hard negatives: documents that are superficially similar to the query but not actually relevant. This allows teaching the model to handle nuance by prioritizing specific keywords and contextual tokens most indicative of a true match.

Phase 3 - Knowledge Distillation (KD)

The final stage used the ms-marco-en-bge dataset. We leveraged a powerful Gemma-based model as a teacher, allowing our student models to learn to replicate complex reasoning scores via the efficient MaxSim operator.

Key Findings

1. The Standard Recipe Leaves Performance on the Table

The KD-only approach (the current industry standard) scores 54.09, lagging behind full pre-training by 1.3 points. A simple distillation step is insufficient for optimal multi-vector performance.

2. Supervised + KD Is the Efficiency Sweet Spot

By running a supervised contrastive step in the multi-vector setting before distillation, we reach 55.12 nDCG@10, closing most of the gap with the fully pre-trained model (55.43). This costs ~40 GH200-hours instead of ~408: roughly 10× cheaper for 99.4% of the performance.

3. Prompt Alignment Is Non-Negotiable

Nomic's base models are pre-trained with asymmetric prompts (search_query: and search_document:). While ColBERT has its own asymmetric mechanism via [Q] and [D] markers, we found:

Stripping pre-training prompts during fine-tuning causes significant performance degradation.
Adding prompts to a model not pre-trained with them also hurts performance.
Even with perfect alignment, prompts provide an intrinsic benefit: full ColBERT pre-training with prompts (55.43) vs. without prompts (54.61), no mismatch in either case, shows a meaningful 0.82-point gap.

Why do prompts help? Our leading hypothesis is that prompt tokens act as implicit query expansion: extra slots that don't carry specific meaning but let the model store global information about the sequence. The original ColBERT used [PAD] tokens for this purpose, but modern Flash Attention implementations broke this trick (masked tokens no longer produce usable embeddings). Explicit prompt tokens may be quietly re-enabling it.

Practical takeaway: Always align your prompts with the base model's pre-training setup. Misalignment is one of the easiest ways to silently lose performance. Note that this sensitivity decreases with stronger downstream fine-tuning: with enough training, the model can adapt to an initial mismatch.

Model Lineup

The Main Models (ColBERT-Zero)

ColBERT-Zero utilizes the full 3-phase pipeline with strict prompt alignment, achieving 55.43 nDCG@10 on BEIR, setting a new SOTA for models <150M parameters. We also provide ColBERT-Zero-noprompts, the same pipeline without asymmetric prompts, to study the impact of query expansion on multi-vector performance.

The cheap-to-train ones (ModernColBERT-embed-base)

These models represent the practical sweet spot. By skipping the expensive unsupervised phase, ModernColBERT-embed-base (Supervised + KD) achieves ~97% of the flagship's performance at only ~10% of the compute cost. For reference, ModernColBERT-embed-base-kd performs only the distillation step on a supervised dense base.

Intermediate Checkpoints

For researchers studying the incremental impact of each phase and prompt alignment, we release several ablation variants: ColBERT-Zero-supervised, ColBERT-Zero-unsupervised (and their -noprompts versions), and ModernColBERT-embed-base-supervised.

Full Performance on BEIR

<html lang="en"> <head> <style> .beir-wrap { overflow-x: auto; font-family: system-ui, sans-serif; width: 100%; display: block; -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch; } .beir-wrap table { border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 0.70rem; white-space: nowrap; background: #fff; box-shadow: 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.1); border-radius: 8px; min-width: max-content; } .beir-wrap th, .beir-wrap td { padding: 7px 10px; text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #e9ecef; } .beir-wrap td:first-child, .beir-wrap th:first-child { text-align: left; min-width: 260px; } .beir-wrap th { background: #1e293b; color: #fff; font-weight: 600; } .beir-wrap th.avg-col { background: #f59e0b; color: #1e293b; font-weight: 700; } .beir-wrap td.avg-col { font-weight: 700; font-size: 0.78rem; color: #1e293b; background: #fef3c7; border-left: 2px solid #f59e0b; border-right: 2px solid #f59e0b; } .beir-wrap tr:last-child td.avg-col { border-bottom: 2px solid #f59e0b; } .beir-wrap .section-row td { background: #334155; color: #94a3b8; font-weight: 600; font-size: 0.72rem; letter-spacing: .05em; text-transform: uppercase; padding: 5px 10px; } .beir-wrap strong { color: #0f172a; } .beir-wrap tbody tr:not(.section-row):hover td { background: #f1f5f9; } .beir-wrap tbody tr:not(.section-row):hover td.avg-col { background: #fde68a; } .beir-wrap a { color: #3b82f6; text-decoration: none; } .beir-wrap a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } </style> </head>

Model	Avg	FiQA	NFCorpus	TREC-COVID	Touche	ArguAna	Quora	SCIDOCS	SciFact	NQ	ClimateFEVER	HotpotQA	DBPedia	CQADupstack	FEVER	MSMARCO
Baselines
ModernBERT-embed-unsupervised	47.05	42.53	35.33	68.44	18.58	48.82	88.63	19.83	72.30	46.32	22.97	60.00	37.97	42.40	67.39	34.23
ModernBERT-embed-supervised	52.89	40.59	33.40	84.15	31.91	48.96	88.85	18.59	69.63	62.15	35.67	67.11	41.50	42.08	87.35	41.47
GTE-ModernColBERT	54.67	45.28	37.93	83.59	31.23	48.51	86.61	19.06	76.34	61.80	30.62	77.32	48.03	41.00	87.44	45.32
gte-modernbert-base	55.33	48.81	36.44	81.95	21.68	72.68	88.55	21.29	77.40	57.62	37.74	69.47	41.79	42.63	91.03	40.90
KD from dense supervised
ModernColBERT-embed-base-kd-only	54.09	42.51	37.01	79.52	34.58	51.75	87.67	18.15	75.04	61.45	28.31	76.70	47.54	40.68	84.82	45.57
Supervised + KD from dense unsupervised
ModernColBERT-embed-base-supervised	50.72	40.09	35.56	71.12	25.53	44.27	86.96	18.19	73.78	58.89	32.95	71.49	43.23	42.55	70.51	45.72
ModernColBERT-embed-base	55.12	41.50	36.51	77.46	33.77	52.45	86.26	18.66	74.90	62.24	37.27	80.07	48.27	41.60	89.71	46.17
ColBERT-Zero
Unsupervised	51.44	45.38	36.88	67.82	22.59	51.53	87.78	22.30	76.76	58.80	24.24	68.29	43.16	45.76	81.58	38.78
Supervised	51.81	42.45	35.60	74.72	23.83	41.81	87.19	19.85	73.71	61.95	35.01	71.37	46.20	45.16	72.61	45.68
Distilled	55.43	42.62	37.28	78.69	36.13	53.07	85.24	19.88	76.50	61.66	35.72	79.41	47.48	41.34	90.59	45.80
ColBERT-Zero-noprompts
Unsupervised	51.70	45.31	34.72	73.55	23.26	52.56	88.15	22.63	76.10	59.18	24.24	66.66	42.61	45.56	81.88	39.15
Supervised	52.39	43.36	36.01	72.42	23.79	47.42	87.79	21.30	73.85	62.25	31.61	70.32	44.07	44.03	85.54	42.11
Distilled	54.61	43.14	36.60	78.60	36.36	49.49	88.05	19.13	76.42	61.73	32.70	76.99	47.69	40.21	85.97	46.01

</html>

Limitations & Discussion

Data-specific findings. We deliberately used the Nomic Embed data mixture for controlled comparison. Some observations (particularly around prompt sensitivity) may not generalize to different or stronger training configurations.
Scale vs. objective. The gains from multi-vector pre-training likely reflect more training time in the multi-vector setting, rather than the contrastive objective itself. Performing KD alone at a larger scale might yield similar or superior results due to the higher quality of the distillation signal. Our study uses the conventional setup where training scale is inversely proportional to signal quality, reflecting the higher cost of generating high-quality labels.
Prompt sensitivity decreases with stronger fine-tuning. When experimenting with stronger fine-tuning data (e.g., NV-Retriever), adding prompts on top of a model pre-trained without them did not degrade results the way it did with ColBERT-Zero. With enough downstream training, the model can adapt to an initial mismatch.

Serving at Scale

For production deployment of ColBERT-Zero and other multi-vector models, check out NextPlaid and FastPlaid, our production-grade engines for multi-vector retrieval.

Resources

📦 All checkpoints: HF Collection - every phase, with and without prompts
💻 Code: Training boilerplates
📄 Paper: ArXiv

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: PyLate model

Document Length: 519 tokens
Query Length: 39 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 128 tokens
Similarity Function: MaxSim
Training Dataset:
- train

Model Sources

Documentation: PyLate Documentation
Repository: PyLate on GitHub
Hugging Face: PyLate models on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

ColBERT(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 518, 'do_lower_case': False, 'architecture': 'ModernBertModel'})
  (1): Dense({'in_features': 768, 'out_features': 128, 'bias': False, 'activation_function': 'torch.nn.modules.linear.Identity', 'use_residual': False})
)

Usage

First install the PyLate library:

pip install -U pylate

Warning

Prompt alignment is critical for ColBERT-Zero models. You must use prompt_name="query" when encoding queries and prompt_name="document" when encoding documents. ColBERT-Zero was pre-trained with asymmetric prompts (search_query: / search_document:), and stripping them causes significant performance.

Retrieval

Use this model with PyLate to index and retrieve documents. The index uses FastPLAID for efficient similarity search.

Indexing documents

Load the ColBERT model and initialize the PLAID index, then encode and index your documents:

from pylate import indexes, models, retrieve

# Step 1: Load the ColBERT model
model = models.ColBERT(
    model_name_or_path="pylate_model_id",
)

# Step 2: Initialize the PLAID index
index = indexes.PLAID(
    index_folder="pylate-index",
    index_name="index",
    override=True,  # This overwrites the existing index if any
)

# Step 3: Encode the documents
documents_ids = ["1", "2", "3"]
documents = ["document 1 text", "document 2 text", "document 3 text"]

documents_embeddings = model.encode(
    documents,
    batch_size=32,
    is_query=False,  # Ensure that it is set to False to indicate that these are documents, not queries
    prompt_name="document", # ⚠️ Required for ColBERT-Zero! Do not omit.
    show_progress_bar=True,
)

# Step 4: Add document embeddings to the index by providing embeddings and corresponding ids
index.add_documents(
    documents_ids=documents_ids,
    documents_embeddings=documents_embeddings,
)

Note that you do not have to recreate the index and encode the documents every time. Once you have created an index and added the documents, you can re-use the index later by loading it:

# To load an index, simply instantiate it with the correct folder/name and without overriding it
index = indexes.PLAID(
    index_folder="pylate-index",
    index_name="index",
)

Retrieving top-k documents for queries

Once the documents are indexed, you can retrieve the top-k most relevant documents for a given set of queries. To do so, initialize the ColBERT retriever with the index you want to search in, encode the queries and then retrieve the top-k documents to get the top matches ids and relevance scores:

[!WARNING] Always pass prompt_name="query" for queries and prompt_name="document" for documents. Omitting these prompts will silently degrade retrieval quality.

# Step 1: Initialize the ColBERT retriever
retriever = retrieve.ColBERT(index=index)

# Step 2: Encode the queries
queries_embeddings = model.encode(
    ["query for document 3", "query for document 1"],
    batch_size=32,
    is_query=True,  #  # Ensure that it is set to False to indicate that these are queries
    prompt_name="query", # ⚠️ Required for ColBERT-Zero! Do not omit.
    show_progress_bar=True,
)

# Step 3: Retrieve top-k documents
scores = retriever.retrieve(
    queries_embeddings=queries_embeddings,
    k=10,  # Retrieve the top 10 matches for each query
)

Reranking

Warning

Always pass prompt_name="query" for queries and prompt_name="document" for documents. Omitting these prompts will silently degrade retrieval quality.

If you only want to use the ColBERT model to perform reranking on top of your first-stage retrieval pipeline without building an index, you can simply use rank function and pass the queries and documents to rerank:

from pylate import rank, models

queries = [
    "query A",
    "query B",
]

documents = [
    ["document A", "document B"],
    ["document 1", "document C", "document B"],
]

documents_ids = [
    [1, 2],
    [1, 3, 2],
]

model = models.ColBERT(
    model_name_or_path="pylate_model_id",
)

queries_embeddings = model.encode(
    queries,
    is_query=True,
    prompt_name="query" # ⚠️ Required for ColBERT-Zero! Do not omit.
)

documents_embeddings = model.encode(
    documents,
    is_query=False,
    prompt_name="document" # ⚠️ Required for ColBERT-Zero! Do not omit.
)

reranked_documents = rank.rerank(
    documents_ids=documents_ids,
    queries_embeddings=queries_embeddings,
    documents_embeddings=documents_embeddings,
)

Evaluation

Metrics

Py Late Information Retrieval

Dataset: ['NanoClimateFEVER', 'NanoDBPedia', 'NanoFEVER', 'NanoFiQA2018', 'NanoHotpotQA', 'NanoMSMARCO', 'NanoNFCorpus', 'NanoNQ', 'NanoQuoraRetrieval', 'NanoSCIDOCS', 'NanoArguAna', 'NanoSciFact', 'NanoTouche2020']
Evaluated with pylate.evaluation.pylate_information_retrieval_evaluator.PyLateInformationRetrievalEvaluator

Metric	NanoClimateFEVER	NanoDBPedia	NanoFEVER	NanoFiQA2018	NanoHotpotQA	NanoMSMARCO	NanoNFCorpus	NanoNQ	NanoQuoraRetrieval	NanoSCIDOCS	NanoArguAna	NanoSciFact	NanoTouche2020
MaxSim_accuracy@1	0.36	0.86	0.96	0.58	0.98	0.6	0.58	0.62	0.92	0.48	0.24	0.7	0.8163
MaxSim_accuracy@3	0.68	0.94	1.0	0.66	1.0	0.68	0.68	0.84	0.98	0.74	0.64	0.82	0.9796
MaxSim_accuracy@5	0.76	0.94	1.0	0.72	1.0	0.78	0.72	0.88	1.0	0.76	0.7	0.88	0.9796
MaxSim_accuracy@10	0.88	0.98	1.0	0.82	1.0	0.9	0.76	0.9	1.0	0.9	0.9	0.92	0.9796
MaxSim_precision@1	0.36	0.86	0.96	0.58	0.98	0.6	0.58	0.62	0.92	0.48	0.24	0.7	0.8163
MaxSim_precision@3	0.2867	0.7333	0.3533	0.3267	0.6	0.2267	0.4267	0.28	0.3933	0.4067	0.2133	0.2867	0.7279
MaxSim_precision@5	0.22	0.66	0.212	0.248	0.368	0.156	0.396	0.176	0.248	0.304	0.14	0.196	0.6653
MaxSim_precision@10	0.148	0.584	0.11	0.148	0.186	0.09	0.316	0.096	0.128	0.204	0.09	0.102	0.5388
MaxSim_recall@1	0.18	0.108	0.8967	0.3526	0.49	0.6	0.066	0.59	0.7973	0.1027	0.24	0.675	0.0564
MaxSim_recall@3	0.36	0.2161	0.9633	0.4742	0.9	0.68	0.1036	0.78	0.932	0.2507	0.64	0.79	0.1493
MaxSim_recall@5	0.429	0.2933	0.9633	0.546	0.92	0.78	0.1297	0.81	0.9627	0.3107	0.7	0.87	0.2241
MaxSim_recall@10	0.5537	0.4273	0.98	0.6425	0.93	0.9	0.1635	0.86	0.9727	0.4167	0.9	0.91	0.3475
MaxSim_ndcg@10	0.4511	0.7326	0.9624	0.5786	0.9243	0.7242	0.4055	0.7475	0.9376	0.4124	0.562	0.802	0.6176
MaxSim_mrr@10	0.5353	0.8995	0.9767	0.6434	0.99	0.671	0.6304	0.7342	0.954	0.6184	0.4557	0.7717	0.8776
MaxSim_map@100	0.3571	0.5806	0.9478	0.5234	0.8945	0.6766	0.1959	0.7036	0.9156	0.3294	0.4584	0.7652	0.4571

Nano BEIR

Dataset: NanoBEIR_mean
Evaluated with pylate.evaluation.nano_beir_evaluator.NanoBEIREvaluator

Metric	Value
MaxSim_accuracy@1	0.6689
MaxSim_accuracy@3	0.8184
MaxSim_accuracy@5	0.8554
MaxSim_accuracy@10	0.9184
MaxSim_precision@1	0.6689
MaxSim_precision@3	0.4047
MaxSim_precision@5	0.3069
MaxSim_precision@10	0.2108
MaxSim_recall@1	0.3965
MaxSim_recall@3	0.5569
MaxSim_recall@5	0.6107
MaxSim_recall@10	0.6926
MaxSim_ndcg@10	0.6814
MaxSim_mrr@10	0.7506
MaxSim_map@100	0.6004

Training Details

Training Dataset

train

Dataset: train
Size: 640,000 training samples
Columns: query_id, document_ids, and scores
Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
query_id document_ids scores
type int list list
details
836: ~0.10%
3582: ~0.10%
...
size: 32 elements
size: 32 elements

Samples:

query_id	document_ids	scores
`685613`	`[7546874, 1176459, 197677, 2306318, 8541504, ...]`	`[0.9999999992804947, 0.24845418756716053, 0.7594154013647826, 0.26644182105618575, 0.390668914839766, ...]`
`237784`	`[6366584, 4034101, 2325374, 6914618, 6042146, ...]`	`[0.9999999991784339, 0.42233632827946693, 0.5956354295491569, 0.12644415907455164, 0.6636713730105909, ...]`
`904294`	`[448408, 8743975, 49600, 7339401, 2714261, ...]`	`[0.9999999991841937, 0.877629062381539, 0.8330146583389045, 0.3116634796692611, 0.4633524534142185, ...]`

Loss: pylate.losses.distillation.Distillation

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

eval_strategy: steps
per_device_train_batch_size: 4
per_device_eval_batch_size: 4
gradient_accumulation_steps: 2
learning_rate: 1e-05
num_train_epochs: 1.0
bf16: True
dataloader_num_workers: 4
ddp_find_unused_parameters: False

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: steps
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 4
per_device_eval_batch_size: 4
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 2
eval_accumulation_steps: None
torch_empty_cache_steps: None
learning_rate: 1e-05
weight_decay: 0.0
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1.0
num_train_epochs: 1.0
max_steps: -1
lr_scheduler_type: linear
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.0
warmup_steps: 0
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 42
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
use_ipex: False
bf16: True
fp16: False
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: None
local_rank: 3
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: True
dataloader_num_workers: 4
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: False
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
ddp_find_unused_parameters: False
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: None
hub_always_push: False
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
include_for_metrics: []
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: False
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
dispatch_batches: None
split_batches: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
eval_on_start: False
use_liger_kernel: False
eval_use_gather_object: False
average_tokens_across_devices: False
prompts: None
batch_sampler: batch_sampler
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional
router_mapping: {}
learning_rate_mapping: {}

Training Logs

Click to expand

Epoch	Step	Training Loss	NanoClimateFEVER_MaxSim_ndcg@10	NanoDBPedia_MaxSim_ndcg@10	NanoFEVER_MaxSim_ndcg@10	NanoFiQA2018_MaxSim_ndcg@10	NanoHotpotQA_MaxSim_ndcg@10	NanoMSMARCO_MaxSim_ndcg@10	NanoNFCorpus_MaxSim_ndcg@10	NanoNQ_MaxSim_ndcg@10	NanoQuoraRetrieval_MaxSim_ndcg@10	NanoSCIDOCS_MaxSim_ndcg@10	NanoArguAna_MaxSim_ndcg@10	NanoSciFact_MaxSim_ndcg@10	NanoTouche2020_MaxSim_ndcg@10	NanoBEIR_mean_MaxSim_ndcg@10
0.0025	50	0.0187	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.0275	550	0.0155	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.0525	1050	0.0146	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.075	1500	0.0141	0.4530	0.7263	0.9670	0.5786	0.9313	0.7349	0.3994	0.7587	0.9506	0.4292	0.5152	0.8059	0.6139	0.6818
0.0775	1550	0.0139	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.1025	2050	0.0138	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.1275	2550	0.0132	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.15	3000	0.0132	0.4562	0.7260	0.9738	0.5756	0.9221	0.7378	0.4021	0.7555	0.9473	0.4276	0.5376	0.8082	0.6206	0.6839
0.1525	3050	0.013	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.1775	3550	0.0129	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.2025	4050	0.0129	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.225	4500	0.0126	0.4551	0.7381	0.9624	0.5890	0.9238	0.7381	0.3978	0.7522	0.9400	0.4206	0.5455	0.8141	0.6184	0.6842
0.2275	4550	0.0124	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.2525	5050	0.0126	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.2775	5550	0.0123	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.3	6000	0.012	0.4474	0.7375	0.9635	0.5908	0.9282	0.7416	0.4064	0.7551	0.9424	0.4198	0.5592	0.8074	0.6191	0.6860
0.3025	6050	0.0125	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.3275	6550	0.012	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.3525	7050	0.0122	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.375	7500	0.0123	0.4534	0.7266	0.9631	0.5875	0.9294	0.7349	0.4012	0.7459	0.9417	0.4195	0.5608	0.8060	0.6205	0.6839
0.3775	7550	0.0118	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.4025	8050	0.0118	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.4275	8550	0.0119	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.45	9000	0.0114	0.4537	0.7219	0.9631	0.5837	0.9290	0.7374	0.4032	0.7522	0.9496	0.4134	0.5572	0.8113	0.6190	0.6842
0.4525	9050	0.0117	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.4775	9550	0.0119	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.5025	10050	0.0112	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.525	10500	0.0117	0.4541	0.7325	0.9653	0.5803	0.9243	0.7357	0.4092	0.7566	0.9468	0.4169	0.5596	0.8040	0.6177	0.6849
0.5275	10550	0.0116	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.5525	11050	0.0115	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.5775	11550	0.0112	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.6	12000	0.0112	0.4606	0.7310	0.9624	0.5862	0.9243	0.7341	0.4085	0.7523	0.9463	0.4192	0.5708	0.8086	0.6201	0.6865
0.6025	12050	0.0116	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.6275	12550	0.0113	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.6525	13050	0.0115	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.675	13500	0.0111	0.4505	0.7294	0.9653	0.5796	0.9289	0.7348	0.4063	0.7553	0.9451	0.4205	0.5627	0.8034	0.6173	0.6845
0.6775	13550	0.0112	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.7025	14050	0.0112	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.7275	14550	0.0109	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.75	15000	0.0113	0.4544	0.7281	0.9624	0.5785	0.9227	0.7241	0.4081	0.7495	0.9391	0.4158	0.5639	0.8020	0.6195	0.6822
0.7525	15050	0.0112	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.7775	15550	0.011	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.8025	16050	0.0106	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.825	16500	0.0113	0.4520	0.7354	0.9624	0.5784	0.9279	0.7340	0.4042	0.7505	0.9388	0.4117	0.5630	0.8020	0.6204	0.6831
0.8275	16550	0.0107	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.8525	17050	0.0109	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.8775	17550	0.011	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.9	18000	0.0109	0.4548	0.7336	0.9624	0.5791	0.9243	0.7313	0.4067	0.7475	0.9376	0.4132	0.5625	0.8094	0.6214	0.6834
0.9025	18050	0.011	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.9275	18550	0.0109	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.9525	19050	0.0107	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.975	19500	0.0111	0.4511	0.7326	0.9624	0.5786	0.9243	0.7242	0.4055	0.7475	0.9376	0.4124	0.5620	0.8020	0.6176	0.6814
0.9775	19550	0.0112	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Framework Versions

Python: 3.13.0
Sentence Transformers: 5.1.1
PyLate: 1.3.4
Transformers: 4.48.3
PyTorch: 2.6.0
Accelerate: 1.12.0
Datasets: 4.4.1
Tokenizers: 0.21.0

Citation

BibTeX

ColBERT-Zero

@misc{chaffin2026colbertzeropretrainpretraincolbert,
  title         = {ColBERT-Zero: To Pre-train Or Not To Pre-train ColBERT models}, 
  author        = {Antoine Chaffin and Luca Arnaboldi and Amélie Chatelain and Florent Krzakala},
  year          = {2026},
  eprint        = {2602.16609},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  primaryClass  = {cs.CL},
  url           = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.16609}, 
}

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084"
}

PyLate

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cikm/ChaffinS25,
  author       = {Antoine Chaffin and
                  Rapha{"{e}}l Sourty},
  editor       = {Meeyoung Cha and
                  Chanyoung Park and
                  Noseong Park and
                  Carl Yang and
                  Senjuti Basu Roy and
                  Jessie Li and
                  Jaap Kamps and
                  Kijung Shin and
                  Bryan Hooi and
                  Lifang He},
  title        = {PyLate: Flexible Training and Retrieval for Late Interaction Models},
  booktitle    = {Proceedings of the 34th {ACM} International Conference on Information
                  and Knowledge Management, {CIKM} 2025, Seoul, Republic of Korea, November
                  10-14, 2025},
  pages        = {6334--6339},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2025},
  url          = {https://github.com/lightonai/pylate},
  doi          = {10.1145/3746252.3761608},
}

Nomic Embed

@article{DBLP:journals/tmlr/NussbaumMMD25,
  author       = {Zach Nussbaum and
                  John Xavier Morris and
                  Andriy Mulyar and
                  Brandon Duderstadt},
  title        = {Nomic Embed: Training a Reproducible Long Context Text Embedder},
  journal      = {Trans. Mach. Learn. Res.},
  volume       = {2025},
  year         = {2025},
  url          = {https://openreview.net/forum?id=IPmzyQSiQE},
  timestamp    = {Fri, 20 Jun 2025 14:19:48 +0200},
  biburl       = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/tmlr/NussbaumMMD25.bib},
  bibsource    = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

	query_id	document_ids	scores
type	int	list	list
details	836: ~0.10% 3582: ~0.10% ...	size: 32 elements	size: 32 elements

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ColBERT-Zero

Why ColBERT-Zero?

Controlled Comparison Design

The Three-Phase Training Pipeline

Phase 1 - Unsupervised Contrastive Pre-training

Phase 2 - Supervised Contrastive Fine-tuning

Phase 3 - Knowledge Distillation (KD)

Key Findings

1. The Standard Recipe Leaves Performance on the Table

2. Supervised + KD Is the Efficiency Sweet Spot

3. Prompt Alignment Is Non-Negotiable

Model Lineup

The Main Models (ColBERT-Zero)

The cheap-to-train ones (ModernColBERT-embed-base)

Intermediate Checkpoints

Full Performance on BEIR

Limitations & Discussion

Serving at Scale

Resources

Model Details

Model Description

Model Sources

Full Model Architecture

Usage

Retrieval

Indexing documents

Retrieving top-k documents for queries

Reranking

Evaluation

Metrics

Py Late Information Retrieval

Nano BEIR

Training Details

Training Dataset

train

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

All Hyperparameters

Training Logs

Framework Versions

Citation

BibTeX

ColBERT-Zero

Sentence Transformers

PyLate

Nomic Embed

149 KiB

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