xc-llm-ascend/docs/source/user_guide/feature_guide/netloader.md

Netloader Guide

This guide provides instructions for using Netloader as a weight-loader plugin for acceleration in vLLM Ascend.

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Overview

Netloader leverages high-bandwidth peer-to-peer (P2P) transfers between NPU cards to load model weights. It is implemented as a plugin (via the register_model_loader API added in vLLM 0.10). The workflow is:

1. A server preloads a model.
2. A new client instance requests weight transfer.
3. After validating that the model and partitioning match, the client uses HCCL collective communication (send/recv) to receive weights in the same order as stored in the model.

The server runs alongside normal inference tasks via sub-threads and via stateless_init_torch_distributed_process_group in vLLM. The client thus takes over weight initialization without needing to load from storage.

Flowchart

Timing Diagram

Application Scenarios

• Reduce startup latency: By reusing already loaded weights and transferring them directly between NPU cards, Netloader cuts down model loading time versus conventional remote/local pull strategies.
• Relieve network & storage load: Avoid repeated downloads of weight files from remote repositories, thus reducing pressure on central storage and network traffic.
• Improve resource utilization & lower cost: Faster loading allows less reliance on standby compute nodes; resources can be scaled up/down more flexibly.
• Enhance business continuity & high availability: In failure recovery, new instances can quickly take over without long downtime, improving system reliability and user experience.

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Usage

To enable Netloader, pass --load-format=netloader and provide configuration via --model-loader-extra-config (as a JSON string). Below are the supported configuration fields:

Field Name	Type	Description	Allowed Values / Notes
SOURCE	List	Weight data sources. Each item is a map with device_id and sources, specifying the rank and its endpoints (IP:port). Example: {"SOURCE": [{"device_id": 0, "sources": ["10.170.22.152:19374"]}, {"device_id": 1, "sources": ["10.170.22.152:11228"]}]} If omitted or empty, fallback to default loader. The SOURCE here is second priority.	A list of objects with keys device_id: int and sources: List[str]
MODEL	String	The model name, used to verify consistency between client and server.	Defaults to the --model argument if not specified.
LISTEN_PORT	Integer	Base port for the server listener.	The actual port = LISTEN_PORT + RANK. If omitted, a random valid port is chosen. Valid range: 1024–65535. If out of range, that server instance won’t open a listener.
INT8_CACHE	String	Behavior for handling int8 parameters in quantized models.	One of ["hbm", "dram", "no"]. - hbm: copy original int8 parameters to high-bandwidth memory (HBM) (may cost a lot of HBM). - dram: copy to DRAM. - no: no special handling (may lead to divergence or unpredictable behavior). Default: "no".
INT8_CACHE_NAME	List	Names of parameters to which INT8_CACHE is applied (i.e. filtering).	Default: None (means no filtering—all parameters).
OUTPUT_PREFIX	String	Prefix for writing per-rank listener address/port files in server mode.	If set, each rank writes to {OUTPUT_PREFIX}{RANK}.txt (text), content = IP:Port.
CONFIG_FILE	String	Path to a JSON file specifying the above configuration.	If provided, the SOURCE inside this file has first priority (overrides SOURCE in other configs).

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Example Commands & Placeholders

Replace parts in `<...>` before running.

Server

VLLM_SLEEP_WHEN_IDLE=1 vllm serve `<model_file>` \
  --tensor-parallel-size 1 \
  --served-model-name `<model_name>` \
  --enforce-eager \
  --port `<port>` \
  --load-format netloader

Client

export NETLOADER_CONFIG='{"SOURCE":[{"device_id":0, "sources": ["`<server_IP>`:`<server_Port>`"]}]}'

VLLM_SLEEP_WHEN_IDLE=1 ASCEND_RT_VISIBLE_DEVICES=`<device_id_diff_from_server>` \
  vllm serve `<model_file>` \
  --tensor-parallel-size 1 \
  --served-model-name `<model_name>` \
  --enforce-eager \
  --port `<client_port>` \
  --load-format netloader \
  --model-loader-extra-config="${NETLOADER_CONFIG}"

Placeholder Descriptions

• <model_file>: Path to the model file
• <model_name>: Model name (must match between server & client)
• <port>: Base listening port on server
• <server_IP> + <server_Port>: IP and port of the Netloader server (from server log)
• <device_id_diff_from_server>: Client device ID (must differ from server’s)
• <client_port>: Port on which client listens

After startup, you can test consistency by issuing inference requests with temperature = 0 and comparing outputs.

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Note & Caveats

• If Netloader is used, each worker process must bind a listening port. That port may be user-specified or assigned randomly. If user-specified, ensure it is available.
• Netloader requires extra HBM memory to establish HCCL connections (i.e. HCCL_BUFFERSIZE, default ~200 MB). Users should reserve sufficient capacity (e.g. via --gpu-memory-utilization).
• It is recommended to set VLLM_SLEEP_WHEN_IDLE=1 to mitigate unstable or slow connections/transmissions. Related info: vLLM Issue #16660, vLLM PR #16226.