Begin to support CTC models (#119)

Please see https://k2-fsa.github.io/sherpa/onnx/pretrained_models/offline-ctc/nemo/index.html for a list of pre-trained CTC models from NeMo.
2023-04-07 23:11:34 +08:00
parent 9ac747248b
commit 80060c276d
40 changed files with 1244 additions and 60 deletions
--- a/.github/scripts/test-offline-ctc.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/test-offline-ctc.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+set -e
+
+log() {
+  # This function is from espnet
+  local fname=${BASH_SOURCE[1]##*/}
+  echo -e "$(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') (${fname}:${BASH_LINENO[0]}:${FUNCNAME[1]}) $*"
+}
+
+echo "EXE is $EXE"
+echo "PATH: $PATH"
+
+which $EXE
+
+log "------------------------------------------------------------"
+log "Run Citrinet (stt_en_citrinet_512, English)"
+log "------------------------------------------------------------"
+
+repo_url=http://huggingface.co/csukuangfj/sherpa-onnx-nemo-ctc-en-citrinet-512
+log "Start testing ${repo_url}"
+repo=$(basename $repo_url)
+log "Download pretrained model and test-data from $repo_url"
+
+GIT_LFS_SKIP_SMUDGE=1 git clone $repo_url
+pushd $repo
+git lfs pull --include "*.onnx"
+ls -lh *.onnx
+popd
+
+time $EXE \
+  --tokens=$repo/tokens.txt \
+  --nemo-ctc-model=$repo/model.onnx \
+  --num-threads=2 \
+  $repo/test_wavs/0.wav \
+  $repo/test_wavs/1.wav \
+  $repo/test_wavs/8k.wav
+
+time $EXE \
+  --tokens=$repo/tokens.txt \
+  --nemo-ctc-model=$repo/model.int8.onnx \
+  --num-threads=2 \
+  $repo/test_wavs/0.wav \
+  $repo/test_wavs/1.wav \
+  $repo/test_wavs/8k.wav
+
+rm -rf $repo
--- a/.github/scripts/test-python.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/test-python.sh
@@ -95,6 +95,8 @@ python3 ./python-api-examples/offline-decode-files.py \

 python3 sherpa-onnx/python/tests/test_offline_recognizer.py --verbose

+rm -rf $repo
+
 log "Test non-streaming paraformer models"

 pushd $dir
@@ -128,3 +130,39 @@ python3 ./python-api-examples/offline-decode-files.py \
  $repo/test_wavs/8k.wav

 python3 sherpa-onnx/python/tests/test_offline_recognizer.py --verbose
+
+rm -rf $repo
+
+log "Test non-streaming NeMo CTC models"
+
+pushd $dir
+repo_url=http://huggingface.co/csukuangfj/sherpa-onnx-nemo-ctc-en-citrinet-512
+
+log "Start testing ${repo_url}"
+repo=$dir/$(basename $repo_url)
+log "Download pretrained model and test-data from $repo_url"
+
+GIT_LFS_SKIP_SMUDGE=1 git clone $repo_url
+cd $repo
+git lfs pull --include "*.onnx"
+popd
+
+ls -lh $repo
+
+python3 ./python-api-examples/offline-decode-files.py \
+  --tokens=$repo/tokens.txt \
+  --nemo-ctc=$repo/model.onnx \
+  $repo/test_wavs/0.wav \
+  $repo/test_wavs/1.wav \
+  $repo/test_wavs/8k.wav
+
+python3 ./python-api-examples/offline-decode-files.py \
+  --tokens=$repo/tokens.txt \
+  --nemo-ctc=$repo/model.int8.onnx \
+  $repo/test_wavs/0.wav \
+  $repo/test_wavs/1.wav \
+  $repo/test_wavs/8k.wav
+
+python3 sherpa-onnx/python/tests/test_offline_recognizer.py --verbose
+
+rm -rf $repo
--- a/.github/workflows/linux.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/linux.yaml
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ on:
      - '.github/workflows/linux.yaml'
      - '.github/scripts/test-online-transducer.sh'
      - '.github/scripts/test-offline-transducer.sh'
+      - '.github/scripts/test-offline-ctc.sh'
      - 'CMakeLists.txt'
      - 'cmake/**'
      - 'sherpa-onnx/csrc/*'
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@ on:
      - '.github/workflows/linux.yaml'
      - '.github/scripts/test-online-transducer.sh'
      - '.github/scripts/test-offline-transducer.sh'
+      - '.github/scripts/test-offline-ctc.sh'
      - 'CMakeLists.txt'
      - 'cmake/**'
      - 'sherpa-onnx/csrc/*'
@@ -68,6 +70,14 @@ jobs:
          file build/bin/sherpa-onnx
          readelf -d build/bin/sherpa-onnx

+      - name: Test offline CTC
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          export PATH=$PWD/build/bin:$PATH
+          export EXE=sherpa-onnx-offline
+
+          .github/scripts/test-offline-ctc.sh
+
      - name: Test offline transducer
        shell: bash
        run: |
--- a/.github/workflows/macos.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/macos.yaml
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ on:
      - '.github/workflows/macos.yaml'
      - '.github/scripts/test-online-transducer.sh'
      - '.github/scripts/test-offline-transducer.sh'
+      - '.github/scripts/test-offline-ctc.sh'
      - 'CMakeLists.txt'
      - 'cmake/**'
      - 'sherpa-onnx/csrc/*'
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ on:
      - '.github/workflows/macos.yaml'
      - '.github/scripts/test-online-transducer.sh'
      - '.github/scripts/test-offline-transducer.sh'
+      - '.github/scripts/test-offline-ctc.sh'
      - 'CMakeLists.txt'
      - 'cmake/**'
      - 'sherpa-onnx/csrc/*'
@@ -67,6 +69,14 @@ jobs:
          otool -L build/bin/sherpa-onnx
          otool -l build/bin/sherpa-onnx

+      - name: Test offline CTC
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          export PATH=$PWD/build/bin:$PATH
+          export EXE=sherpa-onnx-offline
+
+          .github/scripts/test-offline-ctc.sh
+
      - name: Test offline transducer
        shell: bash
        run: |
--- a/.github/workflows/windows-x64.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/windows-x64.yaml
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ on:
      - '.github/workflows/windows-x64.yaml'
      - '.github/scripts/test-online-transducer.sh'
      - '.github/scripts/test-offline-transducer.sh'
+      - '.github/scripts/test-offline-ctc.sh'
      - 'CMakeLists.txt'
      - 'cmake/**'
      - 'sherpa-onnx/csrc/*'
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ on:
      - '.github/workflows/windows-x64.yaml'
      - '.github/scripts/test-online-transducer.sh'
      - '.github/scripts/test-offline-transducer.sh'
+      - '.github/scripts/test-offline-ctc.sh'
      - 'CMakeLists.txt'
      - 'cmake/**'
      - 'sherpa-onnx/csrc/*'
@@ -73,6 +75,14 @@ jobs:

          ls -lh ./bin/Release/sherpa-onnx.exe

+      - name: Test offline CTC for windows x64
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          export PATH=$PWD/build/bin/Release:$PATH
+          export EXE=sherpa-onnx-offline.exe
+
+          .github/scripts/test-offline-ctc.sh
+
      - name: Test offline transducer for Windows x64
        shell: bash
        run: |
--- a/.github/workflows/windows-x86.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/windows-x86.yaml
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ on:
      - '.github/workflows/windows-x86.yaml'
      - '.github/scripts/test-online-transducer.sh'
      - '.github/scripts/test-offline-transducer.sh'
+      - '.github/scripts/test-offline-ctc.sh'
      - 'CMakeLists.txt'
      - 'cmake/**'
      - 'sherpa-onnx/csrc/*'
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ on:
      - '.github/workflows/windows-x86.yaml'
      - '.github/scripts/test-online-transducer.sh'
      - '.github/scripts/test-offline-transducer.sh'
+      - '.github/scripts/test-offline-ctc.sh'
      - 'CMakeLists.txt'
      - 'cmake/**'
      - 'sherpa-onnx/csrc/*'
@@ -31,6 +33,7 @@ permissions:

 jobs:
  windows_x86:
+    if: false # disable windows x86 CI for now
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    name: ${{ matrix.vs-version }}
    strategy:
@@ -73,6 +76,14 @@ jobs:

          ls -lh ./bin/Release/sherpa-onnx.exe

+      - name: Test offline CTC for windows x86
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          export PATH=$PWD/build/bin/Release:$PATH
+          export EXE=sherpa-onnx-offline.exe
+
+          .github/scripts/test-offline-ctc.sh
+
      - name: Test offline transducer for Windows x86
        shell: bash
        run: |
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -52,3 +52,6 @@ run-offline-websocket-client-*.sh
 run-sherpa-onnx-*.sh
 sherpa-onnx-zipformer-en-2023-03-30
 sherpa-onnx-zipformer-en-2023-04-01
+run-offline-decode-files.sh
+sherpa-onnx-nemo-ctc-en-citrinet-512
+run-offline-decode-files-nemo-ctc.sh
--- a/python-api-examples/offline-decode-files.py
+++ b/python-api-examples/offline-decode-files.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 This file demonstrates how to use sherpa-onnx Python API to transcribe
 file(s) with a non-streaming model.

-paraformer Usage:
+(1) For paraformer
    ./python-api-examples/offline-decode-files.py  \
      --tokens=/path/to/tokens.txt \
      --paraformer=/path/to/paraformer.onnx \
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ paraformer Usage:
      /path/to/0.wav \
      /path/to/1.wav

-transducer Usage:
+(2) For transducer models from icefall
    ./python-api-examples/offline-decode-files.py  \
      --tokens=/path/to/tokens.txt \
      --encoder=/path/to/encoder.onnx \
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ transducer Usage:
      /path/to/0.wav \
      /path/to/1.wav

+(3) For CTC models from NeMo
+
 Please refer to
 https://k2-fsa.github.io/sherpa/onnx/index.html
 to install sherpa-onnx and to download the pre-trained models
@@ -83,7 +85,14 @@ def get_args():
        "--paraformer",
        default="",
        type=str,
-        help="Path to the paraformer model",
+        help="Path to the model.onnx from Paraformer",
+    )
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--nemo-ctc",
+        default="",
+        type=str,
+        help="Path to the model.onnx from NeMo CTC",
    )

    parser.add_argument(
@@ -171,11 +180,14 @@ def main():
    args = get_args()
    assert_file_exists(args.tokens)
    assert args.num_threads > 0, args.num_threads
-    if len(args.encoder) > 0:
+    if args.encoder:
+        assert len(args.paraformer) == 0, args.paraformer
+        assert len(args.nemo_ctc) == 0, args.nemo_ctc
+
        assert_file_exists(args.encoder)
        assert_file_exists(args.decoder)
        assert_file_exists(args.joiner)
-        assert len(args.paraformer) == 0, args.paraformer
+
        recognizer = sherpa_onnx.OfflineRecognizer.from_transducer(
            encoder=args.encoder,
            decoder=args.decoder,
@@ -187,8 +199,10 @@ def main():
            decoding_method=args.decoding_method,
            debug=args.debug,
        )
-    else:
+    elif args.paraformer:
+        assert len(args.nemo_ctc) == 0, args.nemo_ctc
        assert_file_exists(args.paraformer)
+
        recognizer = sherpa_onnx.OfflineRecognizer.from_paraformer(
            paraformer=args.paraformer,
            tokens=args.tokens,
@@ -198,6 +212,19 @@ def main():
            decoding_method=args.decoding_method,
            debug=args.debug,
        )
+    elif args.nemo_ctc:
+        recognizer = sherpa_onnx.OfflineRecognizer.from_nemo_ctc(
+            model=args.nemo_ctc,
+            tokens=args.tokens,
+            num_threads=args.num_threads,
+            sample_rate=args.sample_rate,
+            feature_dim=args.feature_dim,
+            decoding_method=args.decoding_method,
+            debug=args.debug,
+        )
+    else:
+        print("Please specify at least one model")
+        return

    print("Started!")
    start_time = time.time()
@@ -225,12 +252,14 @@ def main():
        print("-" * 10)

    elapsed_seconds = end_time - start_time
-    rtf = elapsed_seconds / duration
+    rtf = elapsed_seconds / total_duration
    print(f"num_threads: {args.num_threads}")
    print(f"decoding_method: {args.decoding_method}")
-    print(f"Wave duration: {duration:.3f} s")
+    print(f"Wave duration: {total_duration:.3f} s")
    print(f"Elapsed time: {elapsed_seconds:.3f} s")
-    print(f"Real time factor (RTF): {elapsed_seconds:.3f}/{duration:.3f} = {rtf:.3f}")
+    print(
+        f"Real time factor (RTF): {elapsed_seconds:.3f}/{total_duration:.3f} = {rtf:.3f}"
+    )


 if __name__ == "__main__":
--- a/python-api-examples/online-decode-files.py
+++ b/python-api-examples/online-decode-files.py
@@ -172,12 +172,14 @@ def main():
        print("-" * 10)

    elapsed_seconds = end_time - start_time
-    rtf = elapsed_seconds / duration
+    rtf = elapsed_seconds / total_duration
    print(f"num_threads: {args.num_threads}")
    print(f"decoding_method: {args.decoding_method}")
-    print(f"Wave duration: {duration:.3f} s")
+    print(f"Wave duration: {total_duration:.3f} s")
    print(f"Elapsed time: {elapsed_seconds:.3f} s")
-    print(f"Real time factor (RTF): {elapsed_seconds:.3f}/{duration:.3f} = {rtf:.3f}")
+    print(
+        f"Real time factor (RTF): {elapsed_seconds:.3f}/{total_duration:.3f} = {rtf:.3f}"
+    )


 if __name__ == "__main__":
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -16,7 +16,11 @@ set(sources
  features.cc
  file-utils.cc
  hypothesis.cc
+  offline-ctc-greedy-search-decoder.cc
+  offline-ctc-model.cc
  offline-model-config.cc
+  offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model-config.cc
+  offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model.cc
  offline-paraformer-greedy-search-decoder.cc
  offline-paraformer-model-config.cc
  offline-paraformer-model.cc
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/macros.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/macros.h
@@ -11,15 +11,19 @@
 #include "android/log.h"
 #define SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE(...)                                            \
  do {                                                                   \
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s:%s:%d ", __FILE__, __func__,                     \
+            static_cast<int>(__LINE__));                                 \
    fprintf(stderr, ##__VA_ARGS__);                                      \
    fprintf(stderr, "\n");                                               \
    __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_WARN, "sherpa-onnx", ##__VA_ARGS__); \
  } while (0)
 #else
-#define SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE(...)       \
-  do {                              \
-    fprintf(stderr, ##__VA_ARGS__); \
-    fprintf(stderr, "\n");          \
+#define SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE(...)                        \
+  do {                                               \
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s:%s:%d ", __FILE__, __func__, \
+            static_cast<int>(__LINE__));             \
+    fprintf(stderr, ##__VA_ARGS__);                  \
+    fprintf(stderr, "\n");                           \
  } while (0)
 #endif

--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-ctc-decoder.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-ctc-decoder.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-ctc-decoder.h
+//
+// Copyright (c)  2023  Xiaomi Corporation
+
+#ifndef SHERPA_ONNX_CSRC_OFFLINE_CTC_DECODER_H_
+#define SHERPA_ONNX_CSRC_OFFLINE_CTC_DECODER_H_
+
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "onnxruntime_cxx_api.h"  // NOLINT
+
+namespace sherpa_onnx {
+
+struct OfflineCtcDecoderResult {
+  /// The decoded token IDs
+  std::vector<int64_t> tokens;
+
+  /// timestamps[i] contains the output frame index where tokens[i] is decoded.
+  /// Note: The index is after subsampling
+  std::vector<int32_t> timestamps;
+};
+
+class OfflineCtcDecoder {
+ public:
+  virtual ~OfflineCtcDecoder() = default;
+
+  /** Run CTC decoding given the output from the encoder model.
+   *
+   * @param log_probs A 3-D tensor of shape (N, T, vocab_size) containing
+   *                  lob_probs.
+   * @param log_probs_length A 1-D tensor of shape (N,) containing number
+   *                         of valid frames in log_probs before padding.
+   *
+   * @return Return a vector of size `N` containing the decoded results.
+   */
+  virtual std::vector<OfflineCtcDecoderResult> Decode(
+      Ort::Value log_probs, Ort::Value log_probs_length) = 0;
+};
+
+}  // namespace sherpa_onnx
+
+#endif  // SHERPA_ONNX_CSRC_OFFLINE_CTC_DECODER_H_
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-ctc-greedy-search-decoder.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-ctc-greedy-search-decoder.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-ctc-greedy-search-decoder.h
+//
+// Copyright (c)  2023  Xiaomi Corporation
+
+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-ctc-greedy-search-decoder.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/macros.h"
+
+namespace sherpa_onnx {
+
+std::vector<OfflineCtcDecoderResult> OfflineCtcGreedySearchDecoder::Decode(
+    Ort::Value log_probs, Ort::Value log_probs_length) {
+  std::vector<int64_t> shape = log_probs.GetTensorTypeAndShapeInfo().GetShape();
+  int32_t batch_size = static_cast<int32_t>(shape[0]);
+  int32_t num_frames = static_cast<int32_t>(shape[1]);
+  int32_t vocab_size = static_cast<int32_t>(shape[2]);
+
+  const int64_t *p_log_probs_length = log_probs_length.GetTensorData<int64_t>();
+
+  std::vector<OfflineCtcDecoderResult> ans;
+  ans.reserve(batch_size);
+
+  for (int32_t b = 0; b != batch_size; ++b) {
+    const float *p_log_probs =
+        log_probs.GetTensorData<float>() + b * num_frames * vocab_size;
+
+    OfflineCtcDecoderResult r;
+    int64_t prev_id = -1;
+
+    for (int32_t t = 0; t != static_cast<int32_t>(p_log_probs_length[b]); ++t) {
+      auto y = static_cast<int64_t>(std::distance(
+          static_cast<const float *>(p_log_probs),
+          std::max_element(
+              static_cast<const float *>(p_log_probs),
+              static_cast<const float *>(p_log_probs) + vocab_size)));
+      p_log_probs += vocab_size;
+
+      if (y != blank_id_ && y != prev_id) {
+        r.tokens.push_back(y);
+        r.timestamps.push_back(t);
+        prev_id = y;
+      }
+    }  // for (int32_t t = 0; ...)
+
+    ans.push_back(std::move(r));
+  }
+  return ans;
+}
+
+}  // namespace sherpa_onnx
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-ctc-greedy-search-decoder.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-ctc-greedy-search-decoder.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-ctc-greedy-search-decoder.h
+//
+// Copyright (c)  2023  Xiaomi Corporation
+
+#ifndef SHERPA_ONNX_CSRC_OFFLINE_CTC_GREEDY_SEARCH_DECODER_H_
+#define SHERPA_ONNX_CSRC_OFFLINE_CTC_GREEDY_SEARCH_DECODER_H_
+
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-ctc-decoder.h"
+
+namespace sherpa_onnx {
+
+class OfflineCtcGreedySearchDecoder : public OfflineCtcDecoder {
+ public:
+  explicit OfflineCtcGreedySearchDecoder(int32_t blank_id)
+      : blank_id_(blank_id) {}
+
+  std::vector<OfflineCtcDecoderResult> Decode(
+      Ort::Value log_probs, Ort::Value log_probs_length) override;
+
+ private:
+  int32_t blank_id_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace sherpa_onnx
+
+#endif  // SHERPA_ONNX_CSRC_OFFLINE_CTC_GREEDY_SEARCH_DECODER_H_
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-ctc-model.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-ctc-model.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+// sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-ctc-model.cc
+//
+// Copyright (c)  2022-2023  Xiaomi Corporation
+
+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-ctc-model.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <memory>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/macros.h"
+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model.h"
+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/onnx-utils.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+enum class ModelType {
+  kEncDecCTCModelBPE,
+  kUnkown,
+};
+
+}
+
+namespace sherpa_onnx {
+
+static ModelType GetModelType(char *model_data, size_t model_data_length,
+                              bool debug) {
+  Ort::Env env(ORT_LOGGING_LEVEL_WARNING);
+  Ort::SessionOptions sess_opts;
+
+  auto sess = std::make_unique<Ort::Session>(env, model_data, model_data_length,
+                                             sess_opts);
+
+  Ort::ModelMetadata meta_data = sess->GetModelMetadata();
+  if (debug) {
+    std::ostringstream os;
+    PrintModelMetadata(os, meta_data);
+    SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%s", os.str().c_str());
+  }
+
+  Ort::AllocatorWithDefaultOptions allocator;
+  auto model_type =
+      meta_data.LookupCustomMetadataMapAllocated("model_type", allocator);
+  if (!model_type) {
+    SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE(
+        "No model_type in the metadata!\n"
+        "If you are using models from NeMo, please refer to\n"
+        "https://huggingface.co/csukuangfj/"
+        "sherpa-onnx-nemo-ctc-en-citrinet-512/blob/main/add-model-metadata.py"
+        "\n"
+        "for how to add metadta to model.onnx\n");
+    return ModelType::kUnkown;
+  }
+
+  if (model_type.get() == std::string("EncDecCTCModelBPE")) {
+    return ModelType::kEncDecCTCModelBPE;
+  } else {
+    SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("Unsupported model_type: %s", model_type.get());
+    return ModelType::kUnkown;
+  }
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<OfflineCtcModel> OfflineCtcModel::Create(
+    const OfflineModelConfig &config) {
+  ModelType model_type = ModelType::kUnkown;
+
+  {
+    auto buffer = ReadFile(config.nemo_ctc.model);
+
+    model_type = GetModelType(buffer.data(), buffer.size(), config.debug);
+  }
+
+  switch (model_type) {
+    case ModelType::kEncDecCTCModelBPE:
+      return std::make_unique<OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModel>(config);
+      break;
+    case ModelType::kUnkown:
+      SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("Unknown model type in offline CTC!");
+      return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+}  // namespace sherpa_onnx
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-ctc-model.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-ctc-model.h
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-ctc-model.h
+//
+// Copyright (c)  2022-2023  Xiaomi Corporation
+#ifndef SHERPA_ONNX_CSRC_OFFLINE_CTC_MODEL_H_
+#define SHERPA_ONNX_CSRC_OFFLINE_CTC_MODEL_H_
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "onnxruntime_cxx_api.h"  // NOLINT
+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-model-config.h"
+
+namespace sherpa_onnx {
+
+class OfflineCtcModel {
+ public:
+  virtual ~OfflineCtcModel() = default;
+  static std::unique_ptr<OfflineCtcModel> Create(
+      const OfflineModelConfig &config);
+
+  /** Run the forward method of the model.
+   *
+   * @param features  A tensor of shape (N, T, C). It is changed in-place.
+   * @param features_length  A 1-D tensor of shape (N,) containing number of
+   *                         valid frames in `features` before padding.
+   *                         Its dtype is int64_t.
+   *
+   * @return Return a pair containing:
+   *  - log_probs: A 3-D tensor of shape (N, T', vocab_size).
+   *  - log_probs_length A 1-D tensor of shape (N,). Its dtype is int64_t
+   */
+  virtual std::pair<Ort::Value, Ort::Value> Forward(
+      Ort::Value features, Ort::Value features_length) = 0;
+
+  /** Return the vocabulary size of the model
+   */
+  virtual int32_t VocabSize() const = 0;
+
+  /** SubsamplingFactor of the model
+   *
+   * For Citrinet, the subsampling factor is usually 4.
+   * For Conformer CTC, the subsampling factor is usually 8.
+   */
+  virtual int32_t SubsamplingFactor() const = 0;
+
+  /** Return an allocator for allocating memory
+   */
+  virtual OrtAllocator *Allocator() const = 0;
+
+  /** For some models, e.g., those from NeMo, they require some preprocessing
+   * for the features.
+   */
+  virtual std::string FeatureNormalizationMethod() const { return {}; }
+};
+
+}  // namespace sherpa_onnx
+
+#endif  // SHERPA_ONNX_CSRC_OFFLINE_CTC_MODEL_H_
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-model-config.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-model-config.cc
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ namespace sherpa_onnx {
 void OfflineModelConfig::Register(ParseOptions *po) {
  transducer.Register(po);
  paraformer.Register(po);
+  nemo_ctc.Register(po);

  po->Register("tokens", &tokens, "Path to tokens.txt");

@@ -38,6 +39,10 @@ bool OfflineModelConfig::Validate() const {
    return paraformer.Validate();
  }

+  if (!nemo_ctc.model.empty()) {
+    return nemo_ctc.Validate();
+  }
+
  return transducer.Validate();
 }

@@ -47,6 +52,7 @@ std::string OfflineModelConfig::ToString() const {
  os << "OfflineModelConfig(";
  os << "transducer=" << transducer.ToString() << ", ";
  os << "paraformer=" << paraformer.ToString() << ", ";
+  os << "nemo_ctc=" << nemo_ctc.ToString() << ", ";
  os << "tokens=\"" << tokens << "\", ";
  os << "num_threads=" << num_threads << ", ";
  os << "debug=" << (debug ? "True" : "False") << ")";
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-model-config.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-model-config.h
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@

 #include <string>

+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model-config.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-paraformer-model-config.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-transducer-model-config.h"

@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@ namespace sherpa_onnx {
 struct OfflineModelConfig {
  OfflineTransducerModelConfig transducer;
  OfflineParaformerModelConfig paraformer;
+  OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModelConfig nemo_ctc;

  std::string tokens;
  int32_t num_threads = 2;
@@ -22,9 +24,11 @@ struct OfflineModelConfig {
  OfflineModelConfig() = default;
  OfflineModelConfig(const OfflineTransducerModelConfig &transducer,
                     const OfflineParaformerModelConfig &paraformer,
+                     const OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModelConfig &nemo_ctc,
                     const std::string &tokens, int32_t num_threads, bool debug)
      : transducer(transducer),
        paraformer(paraformer),
+        nemo_ctc(nemo_ctc),
        tokens(tokens),
        num_threads(num_threads),
        debug(debug) {}
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model-config.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model-config.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model-config.cc
+//
+// Copyright (c)  2023  Xiaomi Corporation
+
+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model-config.h"
+
+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/file-utils.h"
+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/macros.h"
+
+namespace sherpa_onnx {
+
+void OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModelConfig::Register(ParseOptions *po) {
+  po->Register("nemo-ctc-model", &model,
+               "Path to model.onnx of Nemo EncDecCtcModel.");
+}
+
+bool OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModelConfig::Validate() const {
+  if (!FileExists(model)) {
+    SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%s does not exist", model.c_str());
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+std::string OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModelConfig::ToString() const {
+  std::ostringstream os;
+
+  os << "OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModelConfig(";
+  os << "model=\"" << model << "\")";
+
+  return os.str();
+}
+
+}  // namespace sherpa_onnx
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model-config.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model-config.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model-config.h
+//
+// Copyright (c)  2023  Xiaomi Corporation
+#ifndef SHERPA_ONNX_CSRC_OFFLINE_NEMO_ENC_DEC_CTC_MODEL_CONFIG_H_
+#define SHERPA_ONNX_CSRC_OFFLINE_NEMO_ENC_DEC_CTC_MODEL_CONFIG_H_
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/parse-options.h"
+
+namespace sherpa_onnx {
+
+struct OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModelConfig {
+  std::string model;
+
+  OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModelConfig() = default;
+  explicit OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModelConfig(const std::string &model)
+      : model(model) {}
+
+  void Register(ParseOptions *po);
+  bool Validate() const;
+
+  std::string ToString() const;
+};
+
+}  // namespace sherpa_onnx
+
+#endif  // SHERPA_ONNX_CSRC_OFFLINE_NEMO_ENC_DEC_CTC_MODEL_CONFIG_H_
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+// sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model.cc
+//
+// Copyright (c)  2023  Xiaomi Corporation
+
+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model.h"
+
+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/macros.h"
+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/onnx-utils.h"
+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/text-utils.h"
+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/transpose.h"
+
+namespace sherpa_onnx {
+
+class OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModel::Impl {
+ public:
+  explicit Impl(const OfflineModelConfig &config)
+      : config_(config),
+        env_(ORT_LOGGING_LEVEL_ERROR),
+        sess_opts_{},
+        allocator_{} {
+    sess_opts_.SetIntraOpNumThreads(config_.num_threads);
+    sess_opts_.SetInterOpNumThreads(config_.num_threads);
+
+    Init();
+  }
+
+  std::pair<Ort::Value, Ort::Value> Forward(Ort::Value features,
+                                            Ort::Value features_length) {
+    std::vector<int64_t> shape =
+        features_length.GetTensorTypeAndShapeInfo().GetShape();
+
+    Ort::Value out_features_length = Ort::Value::CreateTensor<int64_t>(
+        allocator_, shape.data(), shape.size());
+
+    const int64_t *src = features_length.GetTensorData<int64_t>();
+    int64_t *dst = out_features_length.GetTensorMutableData<int64_t>();
+    for (int64_t i = 0; i != shape[0]; ++i) {
+      dst[i] = src[i] / subsampling_factor_;
+    }
+
+    // (B, T, C) -> (B, C, T)
+    features = Transpose12(allocator_, &features);
+
+    std::array<Ort::Value, 2> inputs = {std::move(features),
+                                        std::move(features_length)};
+    auto out =
+        sess_->Run({}, input_names_ptr_.data(), inputs.data(), inputs.size(),
+                   output_names_ptr_.data(), output_names_ptr_.size());
+
+    return {std::move(out[0]), std::move(out_features_length)};
+  }
+
+  int32_t VocabSize() const { return vocab_size_; }
+
+  int32_t SubsamplingFactor() const { return subsampling_factor_; }
+
+  OrtAllocator *Allocator() const { return allocator_; }
+
+  std::string FeatureNormalizationMethod() const { return normalize_type_; }
+
+ private:
+  void Init() {
+    auto buf = ReadFile(config_.nemo_ctc.model);
+
+    sess_ = std::make_unique<Ort::Session>(env_, buf.data(), buf.size(),
+                                           sess_opts_);
+
+    GetInputNames(sess_.get(), &input_names_, &input_names_ptr_);
+
+    GetOutputNames(sess_.get(), &output_names_, &output_names_ptr_);
+
+    // get meta data
+    Ort::ModelMetadata meta_data = sess_->GetModelMetadata();
+    if (config_.debug) {
+      std::ostringstream os;
+      PrintModelMetadata(os, meta_data);
+      SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%s\n", os.str().c_str());
+    }
+
+    Ort::AllocatorWithDefaultOptions allocator;  // used in the macro below
+    SHERPA_ONNX_READ_META_DATA(vocab_size_, "vocab_size");
+    SHERPA_ONNX_READ_META_DATA(subsampling_factor_, "subsampling_factor");
+    SHERPA_ONNX_READ_META_DATA_STR(normalize_type_, "normalize_type");
+  }
+
+ private:
+  OfflineModelConfig config_;
+  Ort::Env env_;
+  Ort::SessionOptions sess_opts_;
+  Ort::AllocatorWithDefaultOptions allocator_;
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Ort::Session> sess_;
+
+  std::vector<std::string> input_names_;
+  std::vector<const char *> input_names_ptr_;
+
+  std::vector<std::string> output_names_;
+  std::vector<const char *> output_names_ptr_;
+
+  int32_t vocab_size_ = 0;
+  int32_t subsampling_factor_ = 0;
+  std::string normalize_type_;
+};
+
+OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModel::OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModel(
+    const OfflineModelConfig &config)
+    : impl_(std::make_unique<Impl>(config)) {}
+
+OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModel::~OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModel() = default;
+
+std::pair<Ort::Value, Ort::Value> OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModel::Forward(
+    Ort::Value features, Ort::Value features_length) {
+  return impl_->Forward(std::move(features), std::move(features_length));
+}
+
+int32_t OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModel::VocabSize() const {
+  return impl_->VocabSize();
+}
+int32_t OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModel::SubsamplingFactor() const {
+  return impl_->SubsamplingFactor();
+}
+
+OrtAllocator *OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModel::Allocator() const {
+  return impl_->Allocator();
+}
+
+std::string OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModel::FeatureNormalizationMethod() const {
+  return impl_->FeatureNormalizationMethod();
+}
+
+}  // namespace sherpa_onnx
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model.h
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model.h
+//
+// Copyright (c)  2023  Xiaomi Corporation
+#ifndef SHERPA_ONNX_CSRC_OFFLINE_NEMO_ENC_DEC_CTC_MODEL_H_
+#define SHERPA_ONNX_CSRC_OFFLINE_NEMO_ENC_DEC_CTC_MODEL_H_
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "onnxruntime_cxx_api.h"  // NOLINT
+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-ctc-model.h"
+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-model-config.h"
+
+namespace sherpa_onnx {
+
+/** This class implements the EncDecCTCModelBPE model from NeMo.
+ *
+ * See
+ * https://github.com/NVIDIA/NeMo/blob/main/nemo/collections/asr/models/ctc_bpe_models.py
+ * https://github.com/NVIDIA/NeMo/blob/main/nemo/collections/asr/models/ctc_models.py
+ */
+class OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModel : public OfflineCtcModel {
+ public:
+  explicit OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModel(const OfflineModelConfig &config);
+  ~OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModel() override;
+
+  /** Run the forward method of the model.
+   *
+   * @param features  A tensor of shape (N, T, C). It is changed in-place.
+   * @param features_length  A 1-D tensor of shape (N,) containing number of
+   *                         valid frames in `features` before padding.
+   *                         Its dtype is int64_t.
+   *
+   * @return Return a pair containing:
+   *  - log_probs: A 3-D tensor of shape (N, T', vocab_size).
+   *  - log_probs_length A 1-D tensor of shape (N,). Its dtype is int64_t
+   */
+  std::pair<Ort::Value, Ort::Value> Forward(
+      Ort::Value features, Ort::Value features_length) override;
+
+  /** Return the vocabulary size of the model
+   */
+  int32_t VocabSize() const override;
+
+  /** SubsamplingFactor of the model
+   *
+   * For Citrinet, the subsampling factor is usually 4.
+   * For Conformer CTC, the subsampling factor is usually 8.
+   */
+  int32_t SubsamplingFactor() const override;
+
+  /** Return an allocator for allocating memory
+   */
+  OrtAllocator *Allocator() const override;
+
+  // Possible values:
+  // - per_feature
+  // - all_features (not implemented yet)
+  // - fixed_mean (not implemented)
+  // - fixed_std (not implemented)
+  // - or just leave it to empty
+  // See
+  // https://github.com/NVIDIA/NeMo/blob/main/nemo/collections/asr/parts/preprocessing/features.py#L59
+  // for details
+  std::string FeatureNormalizationMethod() const override;
+
+ private:
+  class Impl;
+  std::unique_ptr<Impl> impl_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace sherpa_onnx
+
+#endif  // SHERPA_ONNX_CSRC_OFFLINE_NEMO_ENC_DEC_CTC_MODEL_H_
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-recognizer-ctc-impl.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-recognizer-ctc-impl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+// sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-recognizer-ctc-impl.h
+//
+// Copyright (c)  2022-2023  Xiaomi Corporation
+
+#ifndef SHERPA_ONNX_CSRC_OFFLINE_RECOGNIZER_CTC_IMPL_H_
+#define SHERPA_ONNX_CSRC_OFFLINE_RECOGNIZER_CTC_IMPL_H_
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-ctc-decoder.h"
+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-ctc-greedy-search-decoder.h"
+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-ctc-model.h"
+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-recognizer-impl.h"
+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/pad-sequence.h"
+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/symbol-table.h"
+
+namespace sherpa_onnx {
+
+static OfflineRecognitionResult Convert(const OfflineCtcDecoderResult &src,
+                                        const SymbolTable &sym_table) {
+  OfflineRecognitionResult r;
+  r.tokens.reserve(src.tokens.size());
+
+  std::string text;
+
+  for (int32_t i = 0; i != src.tokens.size(); ++i) {
+    auto sym = sym_table[src.tokens[i]];
+    text.append(sym);
+    r.tokens.push_back(std::move(sym));
+  }
+  r.text = std::move(text);
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+class OfflineRecognizerCtcImpl : public OfflineRecognizerImpl {
+ public:
+  explicit OfflineRecognizerCtcImpl(const OfflineRecognizerConfig &config)
+      : config_(config),
+        symbol_table_(config_.model_config.tokens),
+        model_(OfflineCtcModel::Create(config_.model_config)) {
+    config_.feat_config.nemo_normalize_type =
+        model_->FeatureNormalizationMethod();
+
+    if (config.decoding_method == "greedy_search") {
+      if (!symbol_table_.contains("<blk>")) {
+        SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE(
+            "We expect that tokens.txt contains "
+            "the symbol <blk> and its ID.");
+        exit(-1);
+      }
+
+      int32_t blank_id = symbol_table_["<blk>"];
+      decoder_ = std::make_unique<OfflineCtcGreedySearchDecoder>(blank_id);
+    } else {
+      SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("Only greedy_search is supported at present. Given %s",
+                       config.decoding_method.c_str());
+      exit(-1);
+    }
+  }
+
+  std::unique_ptr<OfflineStream> CreateStream() const override {
+    return std::make_unique<OfflineStream>(config_.feat_config);
+  }
+
+  void DecodeStreams(OfflineStream **ss, int32_t n) const override {
+    auto memory_info =
+        Ort::MemoryInfo::CreateCpu(OrtDeviceAllocator, OrtMemTypeDefault);
+
+    int32_t feat_dim = config_.feat_config.feature_dim;
+
+    std::vector<Ort::Value> features;
+    features.reserve(n);
+
+    std::vector<std::vector<float>> features_vec(n);
+    std::vector<int64_t> features_length_vec(n);
+
+    for (int32_t i = 0; i != n; ++i) {
+      std::vector<float> f = ss[i]->GetFrames();
+
+      int32_t num_frames = f.size() / feat_dim;
+      features_vec[i] = std::move(f);
+
+      features_length_vec[i] = num_frames;
+
+      std::array<int64_t, 2> shape = {num_frames, feat_dim};
+
+      Ort::Value x = Ort::Value::CreateTensor(
+          memory_info, features_vec[i].data(), features_vec[i].size(),
+          shape.data(), shape.size());
+      features.push_back(std::move(x));
+    }  // for (int32_t i = 0; i != n; ++i)
+
+    std::vector<const Ort::Value *> features_pointer(n);
+    for (int32_t i = 0; i != n; ++i) {
+      features_pointer[i] = &features[i];
+    }
+
+    std::array<int64_t, 1> features_length_shape = {n};
+    Ort::Value x_length = Ort::Value::CreateTensor(
+        memory_info, features_length_vec.data(), n,
+        features_length_shape.data(), features_length_shape.size());
+
+    Ort::Value x = PadSequence(model_->Allocator(), features_pointer,
+                               -23.025850929940457f);
+    auto t = model_->Forward(std::move(x), std::move(x_length));
+
+    auto results = decoder_->Decode(std::move(t.first), std::move(t.second));
+
+    for (int32_t i = 0; i != n; ++i) {
+      auto r = Convert(results[i], symbol_table_);
+      ss[i]->SetResult(r);
+    }
+  }
+
+ private:
+  OfflineRecognizerConfig config_;
+  SymbolTable symbol_table_;
+  std::unique_ptr<OfflineCtcModel> model_;
+  std::unique_ptr<OfflineCtcDecoder> decoder_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace sherpa_onnx
+
+#endif  // SHERPA_ONNX_CSRC_OFFLINE_RECOGNIZER_CTC_IMPL_H_
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-recognizer-impl.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-recognizer-impl.cc
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@

 #include "onnxruntime_cxx_api.h"  // NOLINT
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/macros.h"
+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-recognizer-ctc-impl.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-recognizer-paraformer-impl.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-recognizer-transducer-impl.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/onnx-utils.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,8 @@ std::unique_ptr<OfflineRecognizerImpl> OfflineRecognizerImpl::Create(
    model_filename = config.model_config.transducer.encoder_filename;
  } else if (!config.model_config.paraformer.model.empty()) {
    model_filename = config.model_config.paraformer.model;
+  } else if (!config.model_config.nemo_ctc.model.empty()) {
+    model_filename = config.model_config.nemo_ctc.model;
  } else {
    SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("Please provide a model");
    exit(-1);
@@ -39,8 +42,30 @@ std::unique_ptr<OfflineRecognizerImpl> OfflineRecognizerImpl::Create(

  Ort::AllocatorWithDefaultOptions allocator;  // used in the macro below

-  std::string model_type;
-  SHERPA_ONNX_READ_META_DATA_STR(model_type, "model_type");
+  auto model_type_ptr =
+      meta_data.LookupCustomMetadataMapAllocated("model_type", allocator);
+  if (!model_type_ptr) {
+    SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE(
+        "No model_type in the metadata!\n\n"
+        "Please refer to the following URLs to add metadata"
+        "\n"
+        "(0) Transducer models from icefall"
+        "\n    "
+        "https://github.com/k2-fsa/icefall/blob/master/egs/librispeech/ASR/"
+        "pruned_transducer_stateless7/export-onnx.py#L303"
+        "\n"
+        "(1) Nemo CTC models\n    "
+        "https://huggingface.co/csukuangfj/"
+        "sherpa-onnx-nemo-ctc-en-citrinet-512/blob/main/add-model-metadata.py"
+        "\n"
+        "(2) Paraformer"
+        "\n    "
+        "https://huggingface.co/csukuangfj/"
+        "paraformer-onnxruntime-python-example/blob/main/add-model-metadata.py"
+        "\n");
+    exit(-1);
+  }
+  std::string model_type(model_type_ptr.get());

  if (model_type == "conformer" || model_type == "zipformer") {
    return std::make_unique<OfflineRecognizerTransducerImpl>(config);
@@ -50,11 +75,16 @@ std::unique_ptr<OfflineRecognizerImpl> OfflineRecognizerImpl::Create(
    return std::make_unique<OfflineRecognizerParaformerImpl>(config);
  }

+  if (model_type == "EncDecCTCModelBPE") {
+    return std::make_unique<OfflineRecognizerCtcImpl>(config);
+  }
+
  SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE(
      "\nUnsupported model_type: %s\n"
      "We support only the following model types at present: \n"
-      " - transducer models from icefall\n"
-      " - Paraformer models from FunASR\n",
+      " - Non-streaming transducer models from icefall\n"
+      " - Non-streaming Paraformer models from FunASR\n"
+      " - EncDecCTCModelBPE models from NeMo\n",
      model_type.c_str());

  exit(-1);
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-stream.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-stream.cc
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include <assert.h>

 #include <algorithm>
+#include <cmath>

 #include "kaldi-native-fbank/csrc/online-feature.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/macros.h"
@@ -15,6 +16,41 @@

 namespace sherpa_onnx {

+/* Compute mean and inverse stddev over rows.
+ *
+ * @param p  A pointer to a 2-d array of shape (num_rows, num_cols)
+ * @param num_rows Number of rows
+ * @param num_cols Number of columns
+ * @param mean On return, it contains p.mean(axis=0)
+ * @param inv_stddev On return, it contains 1/p.std(axis=0)
+ */
+static void ComputeMeanAndInvStd(const float *p, int32_t num_rows,
+                                 int32_t num_cols, std::vector<float> *mean,
+                                 std::vector<float> *inv_stddev) {
+  std::vector<float> sum(num_cols);
+  std::vector<float> sum_sq(num_cols);
+
+  for (int32_t i = 0; i != num_rows; ++i) {
+    for (int32_t c = 0; c != num_cols; ++c) {
+      auto t = p[c];
+      sum[c] += t;
+      sum_sq[c] += t * t;
+    }
+    p += num_cols;
+  }
+
+  mean->resize(num_cols);
+  inv_stddev->resize(num_cols);
+
+  for (int32_t i = 0; i != num_cols; ++i) {
+    auto t = sum[i] / num_rows;
+    (*mean)[i] = t;
+
+    float stddev = std::sqrt(sum_sq[i] / num_rows - t * t);
+    (*inv_stddev)[i] = 1.0f / (stddev + 1e-5f);
+  }
+}
+
 void OfflineFeatureExtractorConfig::Register(ParseOptions *po) {
  po->Register("sample-rate", &sampling_rate,
               "Sampling rate of the input waveform. "
@@ -106,6 +142,8 @@ class OfflineStream::Impl {
      p += feature_dim;
    }

+    NemoNormalizeFeatures(features.data(), n, feature_dim);
+
    return features;
  }

@@ -113,6 +151,38 @@ class OfflineStream::Impl {

  const OfflineRecognitionResult &GetResult() const { return r_; }

+ private:
+  void NemoNormalizeFeatures(float *p, int32_t num_frames,
+                             int32_t feature_dim) const {
+    if (config_.nemo_normalize_type.empty()) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (config_.nemo_normalize_type != "per_feature") {
+      SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE(
+          "Only normalize_type=per_feature is implemented. Given: %s",
+          config_.nemo_normalize_type.c_str());
+      exit(-1);
+    }
+
+    NemoNormalizePerFeature(p, num_frames, feature_dim);
+  }
+
+  static void NemoNormalizePerFeature(float *p, int32_t num_frames,
+                                      int32_t feature_dim) {
+    std::vector<float> mean;
+    std::vector<float> inv_stddev;
+
+    ComputeMeanAndInvStd(p, num_frames, feature_dim, &mean, &inv_stddev);
+
+    for (int32_t n = 0; n != num_frames; ++n) {
+      for (int32_t i = 0; i != feature_dim; ++i) {
+        p[i] = (p[i] - mean[i]) * inv_stddev[i];
+      }
+      p += feature_dim;
+    }
+  }
+
 private:
  OfflineFeatureExtractorConfig config_;
  std::unique_ptr<knf::OnlineFbank> fbank_;
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-stream.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-stream.h
@@ -37,13 +37,26 @@ struct OfflineFeatureExtractorConfig {
  // Feature dimension
  int32_t feature_dim = 80;

-  // Set internally by some models, e.g., paraformer
+  // Set internally by some models, e.g., paraformer sets it to false.
  // This parameter is not exposed to users from the commandline
  // If true, the feature extractor expects inputs to be normalized to
  // the range [-1, 1].
  // If false, we will multiply the inputs by 32768
  bool normalize_samples = true;

+  // For models from NeMo
+  // This option is not exposed and is set internally when loading models.
+  // Possible values:
+  // - per_feature
+  // - all_features (not implemented yet)
+  // - fixed_mean (not implemented)
+  // - fixed_std (not implemented)
+  // - or just leave it to empty
+  // See
+  // https://github.com/NVIDIA/NeMo/blob/main/nemo/collections/asr/parts/preprocessing/features.py#L59
+  // for details
+  std::string nemo_normalize_type;
+
  std::string ToString() const;

  void Register(ParseOptions *po);
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-transducer-model.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-transducer-model.cc
@@ -14,10 +14,12 @@
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string>

+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/macros.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-lstm-transducer-model.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/online-zipformer-transducer-model.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/onnx-utils.h"
-namespace sherpa_onnx {
+
+namespace {

 enum class ModelType {
  kLstm,
@@ -25,6 +27,10 @@ enum class ModelType {
  kUnkown,
 };

+}
+
+namespace sherpa_onnx {
+
 static ModelType GetModelType(char *model_data, size_t model_data_length,
                              bool debug) {
  Ort::Env env(ORT_LOGGING_LEVEL_WARNING);
@@ -37,14 +43,17 @@ static ModelType GetModelType(char *model_data, size_t model_data_length,
  if (debug) {
    std::ostringstream os;
    PrintModelMetadata(os, meta_data);
-    fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", os.str().c_str());
+    SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("%s", os.str().c_str());
  }

  Ort::AllocatorWithDefaultOptions allocator;
  auto model_type =
      meta_data.LookupCustomMetadataMapAllocated("model_type", allocator);
  if (!model_type) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "No model_type in the metadata!\n");
+    SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE(
+        "No model_type in the metadata!\n"
+        "Please make sure you are using the latest export-onnx.py from icefall "
+        "to export your transducer models");
    return ModelType::kUnkown;
  }

@@ -53,7 +62,7 @@ static ModelType GetModelType(char *model_data, size_t model_data_length,
  } else if (model_type.get() == std::string("zipformer")) {
    return ModelType::kZipformer;
  } else {
-    fprintf(stderr, "Unsupported model_type: %s\n", model_type.get());
+    SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("Unsupported model_type: %s", model_type.get());
    return ModelType::kUnkown;
  }
 }
@@ -74,6 +83,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<OnlineTransducerModel> OnlineTransducerModel::Create(
    case ModelType::kZipformer:
      return std::make_unique<OnlineZipformerTransducerModel>(config);
    case ModelType::kUnkown:
+      SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("Unknown model type in online transducer!");
      return nullptr;
  }

@@ -127,6 +137,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<OnlineTransducerModel> OnlineTransducerModel::Create(
    case ModelType::kZipformer:
      return std::make_unique<OnlineZipformerTransducerModel>(mgr, config);
    case ModelType::kUnkown:
+      SHERPA_ONNX_LOGE("Unknown model type in online transducer!");
      return nullptr;
  }

--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/transpose-test.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/transpose-test.cc
@@ -35,4 +35,28 @@ TEST(Tranpose, Tranpose01) {
  }
 }

+TEST(Tranpose, Tranpose12) {
+  Ort::AllocatorWithDefaultOptions allocator;
+  std::array<int64_t, 3> shape{3, 2, 5};
+  Ort::Value v =
+      Ort::Value::CreateTensor<float>(allocator, shape.data(), shape.size());
+  float *p = v.GetTensorMutableData<float>();
+
+  std::iota(p, p + shape[0] * shape[1] * shape[2], 0);
+
+  auto ans = Transpose12(allocator, &v);
+  auto v2 = Transpose12(allocator, &ans);
+
+  Print3D(&v);
+  Print3D(&ans);
+  Print3D(&v2);
+
+  const float *q = v2.GetTensorData<float>();
+
+  for (int32_t i = 0; i != static_cast<int32_t>(shape[0] * shape[1] * shape[2]);
+       ++i) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(p[i], q[i]);
+  }
+}
+
 }  // namespace sherpa_onnx
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/transpose.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/transpose.cc
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ Ort::Value Transpose01(OrtAllocator *allocator, const Ort::Value *v) {
  assert(shape.size() == 3);

  std::array<int64_t, 3> ans_shape{shape[1], shape[0], shape[2]};
-  Ort::Value ans = Ort::Value::CreateTensor<float>(allocator, ans_shape.data(),
-                                                   ans_shape.size());
+  Ort::Value ans = Ort::Value::CreateTensor<T>(allocator, ans_shape.data(),
+                                               ans_shape.size());

  T *dst = ans.GetTensorMutableData<T>();
  auto plane_offset = shape[1] * shape[2];
@@ -35,7 +35,32 @@ Ort::Value Transpose01(OrtAllocator *allocator, const Ort::Value *v) {
  return ans;
 }

+template <typename T /*= float*/>
+Ort::Value Transpose12(OrtAllocator *allocator, const Ort::Value *v) {
+  std::vector<int64_t> shape = v->GetTensorTypeAndShapeInfo().GetShape();
+  assert(shape.size() == 3);
+
+  std::array<int64_t, 3> ans_shape{shape[0], shape[2], shape[1]};
+  Ort::Value ans = Ort::Value::CreateTensor<T>(allocator, ans_shape.data(),
+                                               ans_shape.size());
+  T *dst = ans.GetTensorMutableData<T>();
+  auto row_stride = shape[2];
+  for (int64_t b = 0; b != ans_shape[0]; ++b) {
+    const T *src = v->GetTensorData<T>() + b * shape[1] * shape[2];
+    for (int64_t i = 0; i != ans_shape[1]; ++i) {
+      for (int64_t k = 0; k != ans_shape[2]; ++k, ++dst) {
+        *dst = (src + k * row_stride)[i];
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return ans;
+}
+
 template Ort::Value Transpose01<float>(OrtAllocator *allocator,
                                       const Ort::Value *v);

+template Ort::Value Transpose12<float>(OrtAllocator *allocator,
+                                       const Ort::Value *v);
+
 }  // namespace sherpa_onnx
--- a/sherpa-onnx/csrc/transpose.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/csrc/transpose.h
@@ -10,13 +10,23 @@ namespace sherpa_onnx {
 /** Transpose a 3-D tensor from shape (B, T, C) to (T, B, C).
 *
 * @param allocator
- * @param v A 3-D tensor of shape (B, T, C). Its dataype is T.
+ * @param v A 3-D tensor of shape (B, T, C). Its dataype is type.
 *
- * @return Return a 3-D tensor of shape (T, B, C). Its datatype is T.
+ * @return Return a 3-D tensor of shape (T, B, C). Its datatype is type.
 */
-template <typename T = float>
+template <typename type = float>
 Ort::Value Transpose01(OrtAllocator *allocator, const Ort::Value *v);

+/** Transpose a 3-D tensor from shape (B, T, C) to (B, C, T).
+ *
+ * @param allocator
+ * @param v A 3-D tensor of shape (B, T, C). Its dataype is type.
+ *
+ * @return Return a 3-D tensor of shape (B, C, T). Its datatype is type.
+ */
+template <typename type = float>
+Ort::Value Transpose12(OrtAllocator *allocator, const Ort::Value *v);
+
 }  // namespace sherpa_onnx

 #endif  // SHERPA_ONNX_CSRC_TRANSPOSE_H_
--- a/sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ pybind11_add_module(_sherpa_onnx
  endpoint.cc
  features.cc
  offline-model-config.cc
+  offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model-config.cc
  offline-paraformer-model-config.cc
  offline-recognizer.cc
  offline-stream.cc
--- a/sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-model-config.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-model-config.cc
@@ -7,26 +7,31 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>

-#include "sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-transducer-model-config.h"
-#include "sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-paraformer-model-config.h"
-
 #include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-model-config.h"
+#include "sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model-config.h"
+#include "sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-paraformer-model-config.h"
+#include "sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-transducer-model-config.h"

 namespace sherpa_onnx {

 void PybindOfflineModelConfig(py::module *m) {
  PybindOfflineTransducerModelConfig(m);
  PybindOfflineParaformerModelConfig(m);
+  PybindOfflineNemoEncDecCtcModelConfig(m);

  using PyClass = OfflineModelConfig;
  py::class_<PyClass>(*m, "OfflineModelConfig")
-      .def(py::init<OfflineTransducerModelConfig &,
-              OfflineParaformerModelConfig &,
-              const std::string &, int32_t, bool>(),
-           py::arg("transducer"), py::arg("paraformer"), py::arg("tokens"),
-           py::arg("num_threads"), py::arg("debug") = false)
+      .def(py::init<const OfflineTransducerModelConfig &,
+                    const OfflineParaformerModelConfig &,
+                    const OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModelConfig &,
+                    const std::string &, int32_t, bool>(),
+           py::arg("transducer") = OfflineTransducerModelConfig(),
+           py::arg("paraformer") = OfflineParaformerModelConfig(),
+           py::arg("nemo_ctc") = OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModelConfig(),
+           py::arg("tokens"), py::arg("num_threads"), py::arg("debug") = false)
      .def_readwrite("transducer", &PyClass::transducer)
      .def_readwrite("paraformer", &PyClass::paraformer)
+      .def_readwrite("nemo_ctc", &PyClass::nemo_ctc)
      .def_readwrite("tokens", &PyClass::tokens)
      .def_readwrite("num_threads", &PyClass::num_threads)
      .def_readwrite("debug", &PyClass::debug)
--- a/sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model-config.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model-config.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model-config.cc
+//
+// Copyright (c)  2023  Xiaomi Corporation
+
+#include "sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model-config.h"
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "sherpa-onnx/csrc/offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model-config.h"
+
+namespace sherpa_onnx {
+
+void PybindOfflineNemoEncDecCtcModelConfig(py::module *m) {
+  using PyClass = OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModelConfig;
+  py::class_<PyClass>(*m, "OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModelConfig")
+      .def(py::init<const std::string &>(), py::arg("model"))
+      .def_readwrite("model", &PyClass::model)
+      .def("__str__", &PyClass::ToString);
+}
+
+}  // namespace sherpa_onnx
--- a/sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model-config.h
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model-config.h
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-nemo-enc-dec-ctc-model-config.h
+//
+// Copyright (c)  2023  Xiaomi Corporation
+
+#ifndef SHERPA_ONNX_PYTHON_CSRC_OFFLINE_NEMO_ENC_DEC_CTC_MODEL_CONFIG_H_
+#define SHERPA_ONNX_PYTHON_CSRC_OFFLINE_NEMO_ENC_DEC_CTC_MODEL_CONFIG_H_
+
+#include "sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/sherpa-onnx.h"
+
+namespace sherpa_onnx {
+
+void PybindOfflineNemoEncDecCtcModelConfig(py::module *m);
+
+}
+
+#endif  // SHERPA_ONNX_PYTHON_CSRC_OFFLINE_NEMO_ENC_DEC_CTC_MODEL_CONFIG_H_
--- a/sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-paraformer-model-config.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-paraformer-model-config.cc
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@

 #include "sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-paraformer-model-config.h"

-
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>

@@ -15,8 +14,7 @@ namespace sherpa_onnx {
 void PybindOfflineParaformerModelConfig(py::module *m) {
  using PyClass = OfflineParaformerModelConfig;
  py::class_<PyClass>(*m, "OfflineParaformerModelConfig")
-      .def(py::init<const std::string &>(),
-           py::arg("model"))
+      .def(py::init<const std::string &>(), py::arg("model"))
      .def_readwrite("model", &PyClass::model)
      .def("__str__", &PyClass::ToString);
 }
--- a/sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-recognizer.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-recognizer.cc
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@

 namespace sherpa_onnx {

-
-
 static void PybindOfflineRecognizerConfig(py::module *m) {
  using PyClass = OfflineRecognizerConfig;
  py::class_<PyClass>(*m, "OfflineRecognizerConfig")
--- a/sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-stream.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-stream.cc
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ static void PybindOfflineRecognitionResult(py::module *m) {  // NOLINT
          "timestamps", [](const PyClass &self) { return self.timestamps; });
 }

-
 static void PybindOfflineFeatureExtractorConfig(py::module *m) {
  using PyClass = OfflineFeatureExtractorConfig;
  py::class_<PyClass>(*m, "OfflineFeatureExtractorConfig")
@@ -42,7 +41,6 @@ static void PybindOfflineFeatureExtractorConfig(py::module *m) {
      .def("__str__", &PyClass::ToString);
 }

-
 void PybindOfflineStream(py::module *m) {
  PybindOfflineFeatureExtractorConfig(m);
  PybindOfflineRecognitionResult(m);
@@ -55,7 +53,7 @@ void PybindOfflineStream(py::module *m) {
            self.AcceptWaveform(sample_rate, waveform.data(), waveform.size());
          },
          py::arg("sample_rate"), py::arg("waveform"), kAcceptWaveformUsage)
-        .def_property_readonly("result", &PyClass::GetResult);
+      .def_property_readonly("result", &PyClass::GetResult);
 }

 }  // namespace sherpa_onnx
--- a/sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/sherpa-onnx.cc
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/sherpa-onnx.cc
@@ -7,16 +7,13 @@
 #include "sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/display.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/endpoint.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/features.h"
+#include "sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-model-config.h"
+#include "sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-recognizer.h"
+#include "sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-stream.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/online-recognizer.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/online-stream.h"
 #include "sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/online-transducer-model-config.h"

-#include "sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-model-config.h"
-#include "sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-paraformer-model-config.h"
-#include "sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-recognizer.h"
-#include "sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-stream.h"
-#include "sherpa-onnx/python/csrc/offline-transducer-model-config.h"
-
 namespace sherpa_onnx {

 PYBIND11_MODULE(_sherpa_onnx, m) {
--- a/sherpa-onnx/python/sherpa_onnx/offline_recognizer.py
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/python/sherpa_onnx/offline_recognizer.py
@@ -4,12 +4,15 @@ from typing import List

 from _sherpa_onnx import (
    OfflineFeatureExtractorConfig,
-    OfflineRecognizer as _Recognizer,
+    OfflineModelConfig,
+    OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModelConfig,
+    OfflineParaformerModelConfig,
+)
+from _sherpa_onnx import OfflineRecognizer as _Recognizer
+from _sherpa_onnx import (
    OfflineRecognizerConfig,
    OfflineStream,
-    OfflineModelConfig,
    OfflineTransducerModelConfig,
-    OfflineParaformerModelConfig,
 )


@@ -75,7 +78,6 @@ class OfflineRecognizer(object):
                decoder_filename=decoder,
                joiner_filename=joiner,
            ),
-            paraformer=OfflineParaformerModelConfig(model=""),
            tokens=tokens,
            num_threads=num_threads,
            debug=debug,
@@ -119,7 +121,7 @@ class OfflineRecognizer(object):
                symbol integer_id

          paraformer:
-            Path to ``paraformer.onnx``.
+            Path to ``model.onnx``.
          num_threads:
            Number of threads for neural network computation.
          sample_rate:
@@ -133,9 +135,6 @@ class OfflineRecognizer(object):
        """
        self = cls.__new__(cls)
        model_config = OfflineModelConfig(
-            transducer=OfflineTransducerModelConfig(
-                encoder_filename="", decoder_filename="", joiner_filename=""
-            ),
            paraformer=OfflineParaformerModelConfig(model=paraformer),
            tokens=tokens,
            num_threads=num_threads,
@@ -155,6 +154,64 @@ class OfflineRecognizer(object):
        self.recognizer = _Recognizer(recognizer_config)
        return self

+    @classmethod
+    def from_nemo_ctc(
+        cls,
+        model: str,
+        tokens: str,
+        num_threads: int,
+        sample_rate: int = 16000,
+        feature_dim: int = 80,
+        decoding_method: str = "greedy_search",
+        debug: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """
+        Please refer to
+        `<https://k2-fsa.github.io/sherpa/onnx/pretrained_models/index.html>`_
+        to download pre-trained models for different languages, e.g., Chinese,
+        English, etc.
+
+        Args:
+          tokens:
+            Path to ``tokens.txt``. Each line in ``tokens.txt`` contains two
+            columns::
+
+                symbol integer_id
+
+          model:
+            Path to ``model.onnx``.
+          num_threads:
+            Number of threads for neural network computation.
+          sample_rate:
+            Sample rate of the training data used to train the model.
+          feature_dim:
+            Dimension of the feature used to train the model.
+          decoding_method:
+            Valid values are greedy_search, modified_beam_search.
+          debug:
+            True to show debug messages.
+        """
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        model_config = OfflineModelConfig(
+            nemo_ctc=OfflineNemoEncDecCtcModelConfig(model=model),
+            tokens=tokens,
+            num_threads=num_threads,
+            debug=debug,
+        )
+
+        feat_config = OfflineFeatureExtractorConfig(
+            sampling_rate=sample_rate,
+            feature_dim=feature_dim,
+        )
+
+        recognizer_config = OfflineRecognizerConfig(
+            feat_config=feat_config,
+            model_config=model_config,
+            decoding_method=decoding_method,
+        )
+        self.recognizer = _Recognizer(recognizer_config)
+        return self
+
    def create_stream(self):
        return self.recognizer.create_stream()

--- a/sherpa-onnx/python/tests/test_offline_recognizer.py
+++ b/sherpa-onnx/python/tests/test_offline_recognizer.py
@@ -196,6 +196,71 @@ class TestOfflineRecognizer(unittest.TestCase):
            print(s2.result.text)
            print(s3.result.text)

+    def test_nemo_ctc_single_file(self):
+        for use_int8 in [True, False]:
+            if use_int8:
+                model = f"{d}/sherpa-onnx-nemo-ctc-en-citrinet-512/model.int8.onnx"
+            else:
+                model = f"{d}/sherpa-onnx-nemo-ctc-en-citrinet-512/model.onnx"
+
+            tokens = f"{d}/sherpa-onnx-nemo-ctc-en-citrinet-512/tokens.txt"
+            wave0 = f"{d}/sherpa-onnx-nemo-ctc-en-citrinet-512/test_wavs/0.wav"
+
+            if not Path(model).is_file():
+                print("skipping test_nemo_ctc_single_file()")
+                return
+
+            recognizer = sherpa_onnx.OfflineRecognizer.from_nemo_ctc(
+                model=model,
+                tokens=tokens,
+                num_threads=1,
+            )
+
+            s = recognizer.create_stream()
+            samples, sample_rate = read_wave(wave0)
+            s.accept_waveform(sample_rate, samples)
+            recognizer.decode_stream(s)
+            print(s.result.text)
+
+    def test_nemo_ctc_multiple_files(self):
+        for use_int8 in [True, False]:
+            if use_int8:
+                model = f"{d}/sherpa-onnx-nemo-ctc-en-citrinet-512/model.int8.onnx"
+            else:
+                model = f"{d}/sherpa-onnx-nemo-ctc-en-citrinet-512/model.onnx"
+
+            tokens = f"{d}/sherpa-onnx-nemo-ctc-en-citrinet-512/tokens.txt"
+            wave0 = f"{d}/sherpa-onnx-nemo-ctc-en-citrinet-512/test_wavs/0.wav"
+            wave1 = f"{d}/sherpa-onnx-nemo-ctc-en-citrinet-512/test_wavs/1.wav"
+            wave2 = f"{d}/sherpa-onnx-nemo-ctc-en-citrinet-512/test_wavs/8k.wav"
+
+            if not Path(model).is_file():
+                print("skipping test_nemo_ctc_multiple_files()")
+                return
+
+            recognizer = sherpa_onnx.OfflineRecognizer.from_nemo_ctc(
+                model=model,
+                tokens=tokens,
+                num_threads=1,
+            )
+
+            s0 = recognizer.create_stream()
+            samples0, sample_rate0 = read_wave(wave0)
+            s0.accept_waveform(sample_rate0, samples0)
+
+            s1 = recognizer.create_stream()
+            samples1, sample_rate1 = read_wave(wave1)
+            s1.accept_waveform(sample_rate1, samples1)
+
+            s2 = recognizer.create_stream()
+            samples2, sample_rate2 = read_wave(wave2)
+            s2.accept_waveform(sample_rate2, samples2)
+
+            recognizer.decode_streams([s0, s1, s2])
+            print(s0.result.text)
+            print(s1.result.text)
+            print(s2.result.text)
+

 if __name__ == "__main__":
    unittest.main()