---
license: mit
language:
- en
- ja
base_model:
- trendmicro-ailab/Llama-Primus-Base
pipeline_tag: text-generation
extra_gated_fields:
  Affiliation: text
  Country: country
  I want to use this model for:
    type: select
    options:
    - Research
    - Commercial
    - label: Other
      value: other
  Job title:
    type: select
    options:
    - Student
    - Research graduate
    - AI researcher
    - AI developer/engineer
    - Cybersecurity researcher
    - Reporter
    - Other
  geo: ip_location
library_name: transformers
datasets:
- trendmicro-ailab/Primus-Seed
- trendmicro-ailab/Primus-FineWeb
- trendmicro-ailab/Primus-Instruct
---
# Primus: A Pioneering Collection of Open-Source Datasets for Cybersecurity LLM Training

<img src="https://i.imgur.com/PtqeTZw.png" alt="Llama-Primus-Merged Overview" width="60%">

> TL;DR: Llama-Primus-Merged was first pre-trained on a large cybersecurity corpus (2.77B, _Primus-Seed_ and _Primus-FineWeb_), and then instruction fine-tuned on around 1,000 carefully curated cybersecurity QA tasks (_Primus-Instruct_) to restore its instruction-following ability. Finally, it was merged with Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct, maintaining the same instruction-following capability while achieving a 🚀**14.84%** improvement in aggregated scores across multiple cybersecurity benchmarks.

**🔥 For more details, please refer to the paper: [[📄Paper]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.11191).**

## Introduction

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable versatility in recent years, with promising applications in specialized domains such as finance, law, and biomedicine. However, in the domain of cybersecurity, we noticed a lack of open-source datasets specifically designed for LLM pre-training—even though much research has shown that LLMs acquire their knowledge during pre-training.  To fill this gap, we present a collection of datasets covering multiple stages of cybersecurity LLM training, including pre-training (_Primus-Seed_ and _Primus-FineWeb_), instruction fine-tuning (_Primus-Instruct_), and reasoning data for distillation (_Primus-Reasoning_).  Based on these datasets and Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct, we developed _Llama-Primus-Base_, _Llama-Primus-Merged_, and _Llama-Primus-Reasoning_. This model card is **Llama-Primus-Merged**.

  >  **Note:** No TrendMicro customer information is included.


## Benchmark Results

- [Cybersecurity](#cybersecurity)
- [Function Calling](#function-calling)
- [Safety & Toxicity](#safety--toxicity)
- [Multilingual](#multilingual)
- [General Chat Performance](#general-chat-performance)
- [Long-Context](#long-context)

  

#### Cybersecurity

  

| **Metric** (5-shot, w/o CoT) | **Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct** | **Llama-Primus-Merged** |
|---------------------------------|---------------------------|------------------------------|
| **CTI-Bench (MCQ)** | 0.6420 | 0.6656 |
| **CTI-Bench (CVE → CWE)** | 0.5910 | 0.6620 |
| **CTI-Bench (CVSS, _lower is better_)** | 1.2712 | 1.1233 |
| **CTI-Bench (ATE)** | 0.2721 | 0.3387 |
| **CyberMetric (500)** | 0.8560 | 0.8660 |
| **SecEval** | 0.4966 | 0.5062 |
| **Cissp (Exams in book)** | 0.7073 | 0.7191 |
| **_Agg._** | 2.29 | 2.63 ↑**14.84%** 🔥 |

CTI-Bench(CVSS) is scored using Mean Absolute Deviation (_lower is better_), CTI-ATE uses F1 score, and the others use accuracy. The aggregate score (_Agg._) is the sum of all benchmarks, with CTI-Bench(CVSS) negated.

References:
-  **CyberMetric**: [CyberMetric: A Benchmark Dataset based on Retrieval-Augmented...](https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.07688)
-  **CTI-Bench**: [CTIBench: A Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs in Cyber Threat Intelligence](https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.07599)
-  **SecEval**: [SecEval: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating Cybersecurity Knowledge of Foundation Models](https://xuanwuai.github.io/SecEval/)

  

#### Function Calling

  
| **Metric** | **Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct** | **Llama-Primus-Merged**|
|---------------|---------------------------|------------------------------|
| **BFCL (V2)** | 73.02 (prompt) | 74.77 (prompt) | - |

  

Reference:

- [BFCL (V2)](https://gorilla.cs.berkeley.edu/blogs/12_bfcl_v2_live.html)

  

### Safety & Toxicity

  

| **Metric** | **Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct** | **Llama-Primus-Merged** |
|----------------------------------|---------------------------|------------------------------|
| **dan (Jailbreak)** | 28.98% | 41.70% |
| **encoding (Jailbreak)** | 100.00% | 100.00% |
| **goodside (Hallucination/Injection)** | 77.08% | 72.10% |
| **latentinjection (Injection)** | 75.55% | 74.00% |
| **leakreplay (Copyright)** | 95.71% | 96.90% |
| **malwaregen (Disallowed)** | 14.34% | 29.00% |
| **realtoxicityprompts (Disallowed)** | 90.03% | 85.40% |
| **snowball (Hallucination)** | 59.67% | 84.20% |
| **xss (Injection)** | 100.00% | 98.30% |
| **XSTest (Over Refuse)** | 93.20% | 83.20% |

References:

-  **Garak**: [Garak Repository](https://github.com/leondz/garak)
-  **XSTest**: [XSTest Repository](https://github.com/paul-rottger/exaggerated-safety)

  
  

### Multilingual

  

| **Language** | **Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct** | **Llama-Primus-Merged** |
|---------------|---------------------------|------------------------------|
| **MMLU (English)** | 68.16% | 67.36% |
| **MMLU (Japanese)** | 49.22% | 47.85% |
| **MMLU (French)** | 58.91% | 58.14% |
| **MMLU (German)** | 57.70% | 56.68% |


References:
-  **English**: [MMLU Dataset](https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.03300)
-  **German/French**: [MLMM Evaluation](https://github.com/nlp-uoregon/mlmm-evaluation?tab=readme-ov-file)
-  **Japanese**: [Freedom Intelligence MMLU Japanese](https://huggingface.co/datasets/FreedomIntelligence/MMLU_Japanese)

  
  

#### General Chat Performance

| **Metric** | **Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct** | **Llama-Primus-Merged** |
|-----------------|---------------------------|------------------------------|
| **MT Bench** | 8.3491 | 8.29375 |

Reference:
- [MT Bench](https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.05685)

  

### Long-Context
 

| **Length** | **Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct** | **Llama-Primus-Merged** |
|------------|---------------------------|------------------------------|
| **8K+** | 51.08 | 50.66 |
| **16K+** | 29.18 | 27.13 |

Reference:
- [LongBench](https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.14508)

## About _Primus_
_Primus_ is Trend Micro's pioneering family of lightweight, state-of-the-art open cybersecurity language models and datasets. Developed through our cutting-edge research initiatives and advanced technology, these resources share the innovative foundation that powers our enterprise-class [Trend Cybertron](https://newsroom.trendmicro.com/2025-02-25-Trend-Micro-Puts-Industry-Ahead-of-Cyberattacks-with-Industrys-First-Proactive-Cybersecurity-AI) solution. As an industry leader in cybersecurity, Trend Micro is proud to contribute these powerful, efficiency-optimized models and datasets to the community, while maintaining the excellence and reliability that define our global security standards.

## License
This model is based on the MIT license, but you must also comply with the Llama 3.1 Community License Agreement.