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---
license: gemma
library_name: transformers
pipeline_tag: text-generation
extra_gated_button_content: Acknowledge license
tags:
- conversational
language:
- ar
- en
model-index:
- name: SILMA-9B-Instruct-v1.0
results:
- task:
type: text-generation
dataset:
name: Arabic Broad Benchmark (ABB)
type: silma-ai/arabic-broad-benchmark
metrics:
- name: benchmark_score
type: acc (1-10)
value: 6.15
source:
name: Arabic Broad Leaderboard (ABL)
url: https://huggingface.co/spaces/silma-ai/Arabic-LLM-Broad-Leaderboard
- task:
type: text-generation
dataset:
name: MMLU (Arabic)
type: OALL/Arabic_MMLU
metrics:
- name: acc_norm
type: loglikelihood_acc_norm
value: 52.55
source:
name: Open Arabic LLM Leaderboard
url: https://huggingface.co/spaces/OALL/Open-Arabic-LLM-Leaderboard-v1
- task:
type: text-generation
dataset:
name: AlGhafa
type: OALL/AlGhafa-Arabic-LLM-Benchmark-Native
metrics:
- name: acc_norm
type: loglikelihood_acc_norm
value: 71.85
source:
name: Open Arabic LLM Leaderboard
url: https://huggingface.co/spaces/OALL/Open-Arabic-LLM-Leaderboard-v1
- task:
type: text-generation
dataset:
name: ARC Challenge (Arabic)
type: OALL/AlGhafa-Arabic-LLM-Benchmark-Translated
metrics:
- name: acc_norm
type: loglikelihood_acc_norm
value: 78.19
source:
name: Open Arabic LLM Leaderboard
url: https://huggingface.co/spaces/OALL/Open-Arabic-LLM-Leaderboard-v1
- task:
type: text-generation
dataset:
name: ACVA
type: OALL/ACVA
metrics:
- name: acc_norm
type: loglikelihood_acc_norm
value: 78.89
source:
name: Open Arabic LLM Leaderboard
url: https://huggingface.co/spaces/OALL/Open-Arabic-LLM-Leaderboard-v1
- task:
type: text-generation
dataset:
name: Arabic_EXAMS
type: OALL/Arabic_EXAMS
metrics:
- name: acc_norm
type: loglikelihood_acc_norm
value: 51.4
source:
name: Open Arabic LLM Leaderboard
url: https://huggingface.co/spaces/OALL/Open-Arabic-LLM-Leaderboard-v1
- task:
type: text-generation
dataset:
name: ARC Easy
type: OALL/AlGhafa-Arabic-LLM-Benchmark-Translated
metrics:
- name: acc_norm
type: loglikelihood_acc_norm
value: 86
source:
name: Open Arabic LLM Leaderboard
url: https://huggingface.co/spaces/OALL/Open-Arabic-LLM-Leaderboard-v1
- task:
type: text-generation
dataset:
name: BOOLQ (Arabic)
type: OALL/AlGhafa-Arabic-LLM-Benchmark-Translated
metrics:
- name: acc_norm
type: loglikelihood_acc_norm
value: 64.05
source:
name: Open Arabic LLM Leaderboard
url: https://huggingface.co/spaces/OALL/Open-Arabic-LLM-Leaderboard-v1
- task:
type: text-generation
dataset:
name: COPA (Arabic)
type: OALL/AlGhafa-Arabic-LLM-Benchmark-Translated
metrics:
- name: acc_norm
type: loglikelihood_acc_norm
value: 78.89
source:
name: Open Arabic LLM Leaderboard
url: https://huggingface.co/spaces/OALL/Open-Arabic-LLM-Leaderboard-v1
- task:
type: text-generation
dataset:
name: HELLASWAG (Arabic)
type: OALL/AlGhafa-Arabic-LLM-Benchmark-Translated
metrics:
- name: acc_norm
type: loglikelihood_acc_norm
value: 47.64
source:
name: Open Arabic LLM Leaderboard
url: https://huggingface.co/spaces/OALL/Open-Arabic-LLM-Leaderboard-v1
- task:
type: text-generation
dataset:
name: OPENBOOK QA (Arabic)
type: OALL/AlGhafa-Arabic-LLM-Benchmark-Translated
metrics:
- name: acc_norm
type: loglikelihood_acc_norm
value: 72.93
source:
name: Open Arabic LLM Leaderboard
url: https://huggingface.co/spaces/OALL/Open-Arabic-LLM-Leaderboard-v1
- task:
type: text-generation
dataset:
name: PIQA (Arabic)
type: OALL/AlGhafa-Arabic-LLM-Benchmark-Translated
metrics:
- name: acc_norm
type: loglikelihood_acc_norm
value: 71.96
source:
name: Open Arabic LLM Leaderboard
url: https://huggingface.co/spaces/OALL/Open-Arabic-LLM-Leaderboard-v1
- task:
type: text-generation
dataset:
name: RACE (Arabic)
type: OALL/AlGhafa-Arabic-LLM-Benchmark-Translated
metrics:
- name: acc_norm
type: loglikelihood_acc_norm
value: 75.55
source:
name: Open Arabic LLM Leaderboard
url: https://huggingface.co/spaces/OALL/Open-Arabic-LLM-Leaderboard-v1
- task:
type: text-generation
dataset:
name: SCIQ (Arabic)
type: OALL/AlGhafa-Arabic-LLM-Benchmark-Translated
metrics:
- name: acc_norm
type: loglikelihood_acc_norm
value: 91.26
source:
name: Open Arabic LLM Leaderboard
url: https://huggingface.co/spaces/OALL/Open-Arabic-LLM-Leaderboard-v1
- task:
type: text-generation
dataset:
name: TOXIGEN (Arabic)
type: OALL/AlGhafa-Arabic-LLM-Benchmark-Translated
metrics:
- name: acc_norm
type: loglikelihood_acc_norm
value: 67.59
source:
name: Open Arabic LLM Leaderboard
url: https://huggingface.co/spaces/OALL/Open-Arabic-LLM-Leaderboard-v1
- task:
type: text-generation
name: Text Generation
dataset:
name: IFEval (0-Shot)
type: HuggingFaceH4/ifeval
args:
num_few_shot: 0
metrics:
- type: inst_level_strict_acc and prompt_level_strict_acc
value: 58.42
name: strict accuracy
source:
url: https://huggingface.co/spaces/open-llm-leaderboard/open_llm_leaderboard?query=silma-ai/SILMA-9B-Instruct-v1.0
name: Open LLM Leaderboard
- task:
type: text-generation
name: Text Generation
dataset:
name: BBH (3-Shot)
type: BBH
args:
num_few_shot: 3
metrics:
- type: acc_norm
value: 30.71
name: normalized accuracy
source:
url: https://huggingface.co/spaces/open-llm-leaderboard/open_llm_leaderboard?query=silma-ai/SILMA-9B-Instruct-v1.0
name: Open LLM Leaderboard
- task:
type: text-generation
name: Text Generation
dataset:
name: MATH Lvl 5 (4-Shot)
type: hendrycks/competition_math
args:
num_few_shot: 4
metrics:
- type: exact_match
value: 0.0
name: exact match
source:
url: https://huggingface.co/spaces/open-llm-leaderboard/open_llm_leaderboard?query=silma-ai/SILMA-9B-Instruct-v1.0
name: Open LLM Leaderboard
- task:
type: text-generation
name: Text Generation
dataset:
name: GPQA (0-shot)
type: Idavidrein/gpqa
args:
num_few_shot: 0
metrics:
- type: acc_norm
value: 7.38
name: acc_norm
source:
url: https://huggingface.co/spaces/open-llm-leaderboard/open_llm_leaderboard?query=silma-ai/SILMA-9B-Instruct-v1.0
name: Open LLM Leaderboard
- task:
type: text-generation
name: Text Generation
dataset:
name: MuSR (0-shot)
type: TAUR-Lab/MuSR
args:
num_few_shot: 0
metrics:
- type: acc_norm
value: 17.26
name: acc_norm
source:
url: https://huggingface.co/spaces/open-llm-leaderboard/open_llm_leaderboard?query=silma-ai/SILMA-9B-Instruct-v1.0
name: Open LLM Leaderboard
- task:
type: text-generation
name: Text Generation
dataset:
name: MMLU-PRO (5-shot)
type: TIGER-Lab/MMLU-Pro
config: main
split: test
args:
num_few_shot: 5
metrics:
- type: acc
value: 32.44
name: accuracy
source:
url: https://huggingface.co/spaces/open-llm-leaderboard/open_llm_leaderboard?query=silma-ai/SILMA-9B-Instruct-v1.0
name: Open LLM Leaderboard
---
# SILMA AI
SILMA.AI is a leading Generative AI startup dedicated to empowering Arabic speakers with state-of-the-art AI solutions.
## 🚀 Our Flagship Model: SILMA 1.0 🚀
* **SILMA 1.0** was the **TOP-RANKED** open-weights Arabic LLM (Until February 2025) with an impressive **9 billion parameter size**, surpassing models that are over seven times larger 🏆
**Important Tip:** 💡 For RAG use-cases please use [SILMA Kashif v1.0](https://huggingface.co/silma-ai/SILMA-Kashif-2B-Instruct-v1.0) as it has been specifically trained for Question Answering tasks.
## What makes SILMA exceptional?
* SIMLA is a small language model outperforming 72B models in most arabic language tasks, thus more practical for business use-cases
* SILMA is built over the robust foundational models of Google Gemma, combining the strengths of both to provide you with unparalleled performance
* SILMA is an open-weight model, free to use in accordance with our open license
## 👥 Our Team
We are a team of seasoned **Arabic AI experts** who understand the nuances of the language and cultural considerations, enabling us to build solutions that truly resonate with Arabic users.
**Authors**: [silma.ai](https://silma.ai)
### Usage
Below we share some code snippets on how to get quickly started with running the model. First, install the Transformers library with:
```sh
pip install -U transformers sentencepiece
```
Then, copy the snippet from the section that is relevant for your usecase.
#### Running with the `pipeline` API
```python
import torch
from transformers import pipeline
pipe = pipeline(
"text-generation",
model="silma-ai/SILMA-9B-Instruct-v1.0",
model_kwargs={"torch_dtype": torch.bfloat16},
device="cuda", # replace with "mps" to run on a Mac device
)
messages = [
{"role": "user", "content": "اكتب رسالة تعتذر فيها لمديري في العمل عن الحضور اليوم لأسباب مرضية."},
]
outputs = pipe(messages, max_new_tokens=256)
assistant_response = outputs[0]["generated_text"][-1]["content"].strip()
print(assistant_response)
```
- Response:
```text
السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
أودّ أن أعتذر عن عدم الحضور إلى العمل اليوم بسبب مرضي. أشعر بالسوء الشديد وأحتاج إلى الراحة. سأعود إلى العمل فور تعافيي.
شكراً لتفهمكم.
مع تحياتي،
[اسمك]
```
#### Running the model on a single / multi GPU
```sh
pip install accelerate
```
```python
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
import torch
model_id = "silma-ai/SILMA-9B-Instruct-v1.0"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
model_id,
device_map="auto",
torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
)
messages = [
{"role": "system", "content": "أنت مساعد ذكي للإجابة عن أسئلة المستخدمين."},
{"role": "user", "content": "أيهما أبعد عن الأرض, الشمس أم القمر؟"},
]
input_ids = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages, return_tensors="pt", return_dict=True).to("cuda")
outputs = model.generate(**input_ids, max_new_tokens=256)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))
```
- Response:
```text
الشمس
```
You can ensure the correct chat template is applied by using `tokenizer.apply_chat_template` as follows:
```python
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
import torch
model_id = "silma-ai/SILMA-9B-Instruct-v1.0"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
model_id,
device_map="auto",
torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
)
messages = [
{"role": "system", "content": "أنت مساعد ذكي للإجابة عن أسئلة المستخدمين."},
{"role": "user", "content": "اكتب كود بايثون لتوليد متسلسلة أرقام زوجية."},
]
input_ids = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages, return_tensors="pt", return_dict=True).to("cuda")
outputs = model.generate(**input_ids, max_new_tokens=256)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]).split("<start_of_turn>model")[-1])
```
- Response:
```python
def generate_even_numbers(n):
"""
This function generates a list of even numbers from 1 to n.
Args:
n: The upper limit of the range.
Returns:
A list of even numbers.
"""
return [i for i in range(1, n + 1) if i % 2 == 0]
# Example usage
n = 10
even_numbers = generate_even_numbers(n)
print(f"The first {n} even numbers are: {even_numbers}")
```
#### Quantized Versions through `bitsandbytes`
<details>
<summary>
Using 8-bit precision (int8)
</summary>
```sh
pip install bitsandbytes accelerate
```
```python
# pip install bitsandbytes accelerate
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM, BitsAndBytesConfig
model_id = "silma-ai/SILMA-9B-Instruct-v1.0"
quantization_config = BitsAndBytesConfig(load_in_8bit=True)
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
model_id,
quantization_config=quantization_config,
)
messages = [
{"role": "system", "content": "أنت مساعد ذكي للإجابة عن أسئلة المستخدمين."},
{"role": "user", "content": "اذكر خمس انواع فواكه بها نسب عالية من فيتامين ج."},
]
input_ids = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages, return_tensors="pt", return_dict=True).to("cuda")
outputs = model.generate(**input_ids, max_new_tokens=256)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]).split("<start_of_turn>model")[-1])
```
- Response:
```text
الليمون، البرتقال، الموز، الكيوي، الفراولة
```
</details>
<details>
<summary>
Using 4-bit precision
</summary>
```python
# pip install bitsandbytes accelerate
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM, BitsAndBytesConfig
model_id = "silma-ai/SILMA-9B-Instruct-v1.0"
quantization_config = BitsAndBytesConfig(load_in_4bit=True)
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
model_id,
quantization_config=quantization_config,
)
messages = [
{"role": "system", "content": "أنت مساعد ذكي للإجابة عن أسئلة المستخدمين."},
{"role": "user", "content": "في أي عام توفى صلاح الدين الأيوبي؟"},
]
input_ids = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages, return_tensors="pt", return_dict=True).to("cuda")
outputs = model.generate(**input_ids, max_new_tokens=256)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]).split("<start_of_turn>model")[-1])
```
- Response:
```text
1193
```
</details>
#### Advanced Usage
<details>
<summary>
Torch compile
</summary>
[Torch compile](https://pytorch.org/tutorials/intermediate/torch_compile_tutorial.html) is a method for speeding-up the
inference of PyTorch modules. The Silma model can be run up to 6x faster by leveraging torch compile.
Note that two warm-up steps are required before the full inference speed is realised:
```python
import os
os.environ["TOKENIZERS_PARALLELISM"] = "false"
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, Gemma2ForCausalLM
from transformers.cache_utils import HybridCache
import torch
torch.set_float32_matmul_precision("high")
# load the model + tokenizer
model_id = "silma-ai/SILMA-9B-Instruct-v1.0"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
model = Gemma2ForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_id, torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16)
model.to("cuda")
# apply the torch compile transformation
model.forward = torch.compile(model.forward, mode="reduce-overhead", fullgraph=True)
# pre-process inputs
messages = [
{"role": "system", "content": "أنت مساعد ذكي للإجابة عن أسئلة المستخدمين."},
{"role": "user", "content": "من الرئيس الذي تولى المنصب في أمريكا بعد دونالد ترامب؟"},
]
model_inputs = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages, return_tensors="pt", return_dict=True).to("cuda")
input_text = "من الرئيس الذي تولى المنصب في أمريكا بعد دونالد ترامب؟"
model_inputs = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").to("cuda")
prompt_length = model_inputs.input_ids.shape[1]
# set-up k/v cache
past_key_values = HybridCache(
config=model.config,
max_batch_size=1,
max_cache_len=model.config.max_position_embeddings,
device=model.device,
dtype=model.dtype
)
# enable passing kv cache to generate
model._supports_cache_class = True
model.generation_config.cache_implementation = None
# two warm-up steps
for idx in range(2):
outputs = model.generate(**model_inputs, past_key_values=past_key_values, do_sample=True, temperature=1.0, max_new_tokens=128)
past_key_values.reset()
# fast run
outputs = model.generate(**model_inputs, past_key_values=past_key_values, do_sample=True, temperature=1.0, max_new_tokens=128)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0], skip_special_tokens=True))
```
- Response:
```text
جو بايدن
```
For more details, refer to the [Transformers documentation](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/main/en/llm_optims?static-kv=basic+usage%3A+generation_config).
</details>
### Chat Template
The instruction-tuned models use a chat template that must be adhered to for conversational use.
The easiest way to apply it is using the tokenizer's built-in chat template, as shown in the following snippet.
Let's load the model and apply the chat template to a conversation. In this example, we'll start with a single user interaction:
```python
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
import transformers
import torch
model_id = "silma-ai/SILMA-9B-Instruct-v1.0"
dtype = torch.bfloat16
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
model_id,
device_map="cuda",
torch_dtype=dtype,)
chat = [
{ "role": "user", "content": "ما اشهر اطارات العمل في البايثون لبناء نماذج الذكاء الاصطناعي؟" },
]
prompt = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(chat, tokenize=False, add_generation_prompt=True)
```
At this point, the prompt contains the following text:
```
<bos><start_of_turn>user
ما اشهر اطارات العمل في البايثون لبناء نماذج الذكاء الاصطناعي؟<end_of_turn>
<start_of_turn>model
```
As you can see, each turn is preceded by a `<start_of_turn>` delimiter and then the role of the entity
(either `user`, for content supplied by the user, or `model` for LLM responses). Turns finish with
the `<end_of_turn>` token.
You can follow this format to build the prompt manually, if you need to do it without the tokenizer's
chat template.
After the prompt is ready, generation can be performed like this:
```python
inputs = tokenizer.encode(prompt, add_special_tokens=False, return_tensors="pt")
outputs = model.generate(input_ids=inputs.to(model.device), max_new_tokens=150)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))
```
### Inputs and outputs
* **Input:** Text string, such as a question, a prompt, or a document to be
summarized.
* **Output:** Generated Arabic or English text in response to the input, such
as an answer to a question, or a summary of a document.
### GPU Requirements
The following are the minimum/recommended GPU requirements for running inference:
* Recommended
* At least one GPU with a minimum of 48 GB of GPU memory
* Examples: Nvidia A40, L40, RTX A6000
* Minimum
* At least one GPU with 16-24 GB of GPU memory
* Examples: Nvidia RTX 4090, RTX 4000, L4
* Assuming that the model is loaded in either 8-bit or 4-bit [Quantization mode](https://huggingface.co/silma-ai/SILMA-9B-Instruct-v1.0#quantized-versions-through-bitsandbytes)
### Citation
```bibtex
@misc{silma-9b-2024,
author = {{silma-ai}},
title = {SILMA 9B Instruct v1.0},
year = {2024},
howpublished = {\url{https://huggingface.co/silma-ai/SILMA-9B-Instruct-v1.0}}
}
```
## Usage and Limitations
These models have certain limitations that users should be aware of.
### Intended Usage
Open Large Language Models (LLMs) have a wide range of applications across
various industries and domains. The following list of potential uses is not
comprehensive. The purpose of this list is to provide contextual information
about the possible use-cases that the model creators considered as part of model
training and development.
* Content Creation and Communication
* Text Generation: These models can be used to generate creative text formats
such as poems, scripts, code, marketing copy, and email drafts.
* Chatbots and Conversational AI: Power conversational interfaces for customer
service, virtual assistants, or interactive applications.
* Text Summarization: Generate concise summaries of a text corpus, research
papers, or reports.
* Research and Education
* Natural Language Processing (NLP) Research: These models can serve as a
foundation for researchers to experiment with NLP techniques, develop
algorithms, and contribute to the advancement of the field.
* Language Learning Tools: Support interactive language learning experiences,
aiding in grammar correction or providing writing practice.
* Knowledge Exploration: Assist researchers in exploring large bodies of text
by generating summaries or answering questions about specific topics.
### Limitations
* Training Data
* The quality and diversity of the training data significantly influence the
model's capabilities. Biases or gaps in the training data can lead to
limitations in the model's responses.
* The scope of the training dataset determines the subject areas the model can
handle effectively.
* Context and Task Complexity
* LLMs are better at tasks that can be framed with clear prompts and
instructions. Open-ended or highly complex tasks might be challenging.
* A model's performance can be influenced by the amount of context provided
(longer context generally leads to better outputs, up to a certain point).
* Language Ambiguity and Nuance
* Natural language is inherently complex. LLMs might struggle to grasp subtle
nuances, sarcasm, or figurative language.
* Factual Accuracy
* LLMs generate responses based on information they learned from their
training datasets, but they are not knowledge bases. They may generate
incorrect or outdated factual statements.
* Common Sense
* LLMs rely on statistical patterns in language. They might lack the ability
to apply common sense reasoning in certain situations.
### Ethical Considerations and Risks
The development of large language models (LLMs) raises several ethical concerns.
In creating an open model, we have carefully considered the following:
* Bias and Fairness
* LLMs trained on large-scale, real-world text data can reflect socio-cultural
biases embedded in the training material.
* Misinformation and Misuse
* LLMs can be misused to generate text that is false, misleading, or harmful.
* Guidelines are provided for responsible use with the model, see the
[Responsible Generative AI Toolkit][rai-toolkit].
* Transparency and Accountability:
* This model card summarizes details on the models' architecture,
capabilities, limitations, and evaluation processes.
* A responsibly developed open model offers the opportunity to share
innovation by making LLM technology accessible to developers and researchers
across the AI ecosystem.
Risks identified and mitigations:
* Perpetuation of biases: It's encouraged to perform continuous monitoring
(using evaluation metrics, human review) and the exploration of de-biasing
techniques during model training, fine-tuning, and other use cases.
* Generation of harmful content: Mechanisms and guidelines for content safety
are essential. Developers are encouraged to exercise caution and implement
appropriate content safety safeguards based on their specific product policies
and application use cases.
* Privacy violations: Models were trained on data filtered for removal of PII
(Personally Identifiable Information). Developers are encouraged to adhere to
privacy regulations with privacy-preserving techniques.