<answer>
<snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe,S_YKlYY4b">PPO (Proximal Policy Optimization) was introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017 as a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm that uses a clipped surrogate objective to optimize policy updates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_AuYFhyP,S_HkWtygo">The core idea involves a probability ratio \( r_t(\theta) = \frac{\pi_\theta(a_t|s_t)}{\pi_{\text{old}}(a_t|s_t)} \) between the current and old policies, which is clipped to a range defined by a hyperparameter \( \epsilon \) (typically 0.1-0.2) to prevent large deviations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_HkWtygo">This clipping mechanism ensures the new policy does not deviate significantly from the previous policy, reducing the risk of divergent behavior and making training more stable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP">The training loop involves collecting trajectories from parallel environments, computing advantage estimates using Generalized Advantage Estimation (GAE), and optimizing the policy parameters through gradient ascent on the clipped objective</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP">An entropy regularization term is also included to promote action diversity and ensure sufficient exploration during training</snippet>. <snippet id="S_r9aDbc9,S_XwtrQjp">PPO improves upon TRPO by clipping the surrogate objective, and the clipped objective function provides a pessimistic bound on the unclipped objective, meaning improvements correlate only when the ratio remains within the specified bounds</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_hXE5LYe,S_z9c3Jms">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">It utilizes a clipped surrogate objective function that constrains the probability ratio between the new and old policies within a range typically set to 1 ± ε</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">This objective takes the minimum of clipped and unclipped estimates, providing a lower bound that penalizes significant deviations from 1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YKlYY4b,S_CcbSYTJ,S_9Mgjk7i">During training, the algorithm collects trajectories, computes advantage estimates (often via Generalized Advantage Estimation), and optimizes the policy with a value network loss and entropy bonus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CcbSYTJ,S_HkWtygo,S_9Mgjk7i">This allows multiple update epochs per iteration and stabilizes training by preventing excessively large policy updates</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The Trump administration imposed tariffs on $283 billion of US imports in 2018, with rates ranging from 10% to 50%, without waiting for WTO authorization</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yHishm4">Countries including China, the European Union, and Canada filed cases against the US at the WTO and imposed retaliatory tariffs on approximately $121 billion of US exports, averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZSDo4iu">These actions were part of a populist agenda aimed at protecting American jobs amid US-China economic tensions, with over 50% of Chinese exports to the US facing tariffs by 2019</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I1oE0tb,S_bTYtYjO">Research indicates that trade-related job losses have a distinct anti-incumbent effect, while retaliatory tariffs predominantly affected areas that supported Trump in the 2016 presidential election</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4,S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb,S_bTYtYjO,S_ZSDo4iu">none of the available snippets provide explicit distributional/regressive incidence evidence on low-income households or the specific welfare costs borne by working-class/low-income households and regions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZSDo4iu">The Trump administration's shift towards protectionism is historically likened to late 19th-century mercantilist practices, contrasting with the US's post-1945 role as a proponent of trade liberalism</snippet>. The search results do not include Fajgelbaum et al. "The Return to Protectionism" or forward-looking estimates for a 10% universal tariff scenario.
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<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018-2019 Trump tariffs imposed $283 billion of US imports with rates from 10% to 50% on various goods, with China facing the most substantial tariffs totaling 25% on $50 billion of imports</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_yHishm4">retaliatory measures from trading partners including China, the European Union, and Canada targeted approximately $121 billion of US exports averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The tariffs were implemented amid a populist backlash against globalization, with retaliatory tariffs focusing on regions that supported Trump in the 2016 election rather than those backing other Republican candidates</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">none of the provided snippets contain results from Fajgelbaum et al.'s "The Return to Protectionism" paper specifically examining welfare effects, regressivity, or distributional incidence on low-income households</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The available evidence indicates that while tariffs may benefit specific industries, they are generally detrimental to both trading partners and the imposing country</snippet>. The search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum findings on how Trump tariffs affected working-class households or whether impacts were regressive as the agent requested.
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<snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">ZeRO-DP has three main optimization stages: Optimizer State Partitioning (P os ) provides 4x memory reduction with same communication volume, Gradient Partitioning (P os+g ) achieves 8x memory reduction with same communication volume, and Parameter Partitioning (P os+g+p ) enables linear memory reduction with DP degree N d , though this increases communication volume by ~50%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">ZeRO++ introduces three communication optimizations targeting ZeRO's main communication overheads: Quantized Weight Communication (qwZ) reduces parameter communication volume by half using INT8 quantization, Hierarchical Weight Partition (hpZ) trades GPU memory for communication by maintaining full model copies within each machine to replace cross-machine all-gather with intra-machine all-gather, and Quantized Gradient Communication (qgZ) reduces gradient communication costs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RRxd5ah">Hybrid ZeRO approaches like LoongTrain apply ZeRO across both data-parallel and sequence-parallel dimensions, distributing model states across more GPUs to reduce redundant memory usage, though communication overhead scales positively with the number of GPUs and requires balancing GPU memory usage and communication overhead</snippet>. <snippet id="S_j6ySuf6">Optimizer state sharding was introduced by DeepSpeed in Rajbhandari et al. (2020) and modifies data parallelism workflow so gradients are reduced at the rank storing optimizer state rather than all ranks, using a single allreduce operation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BWVyprV">DeepSpeed offers incremental optimization stages (stage-1, stage-2, stage-3) corresponding to sharding optimizer state, gradients, and model parameters across data parallel ranks respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LvWi5qs">ZeRO-Offload and ZeRO-Infinity extend ZeRO by utilizing CPU and NVMe memory to alleviate GPU memory pressure, with optimizer state and activations offloaded to CPU/NVMe while parameters remain on GPU</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_vOhHdDS>ZeRO-DP employs three optimization stages that partition optimizer states, gradients, and parameters, offering 4x and 8x memory reductions for the first two stages and linear memory reduction for parameter sharding at the cost of a 50% communication volume increase.</snippet> <snippet id=S_lxTe76D>ZeRO communication overhead is characterized by two all-gather operations for parameters and one reduce-scatter for gradients, totaling a volume of 3 model sizes per iteration.</snippet> <snippet id=S_RRxd5ah>However, the latency of collective communication operations demonstrates a positive correlation with the communication scale, which becomes significant when sharding across hundreds of GPUs.</snippet> <snippet id=S_LvWi5qs>For extreme memory scaling, ZeRO-Infinity offloads optimizer states and activations to CPU or NVMe memory to enable training of models with trillions of parameters.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Time-course single-cell transcriptomic analysis of human stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte-lineage-cells (hOLLCs) uncovers substantial transcriptional heterogeneity of PDGFRα-lineage hOLLCs and discovers sub-populations of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hOPCs), including a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">Single-cell RNA-seq on iPSC-derived OPCs indicates that while cells converge on similar transcriptional profiles, there may be small cohorts of differentially expressed genes that contribute to functional variability, with intrinsic epigenetic differences potentially existing between brain and spinal cord OPCs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0B4X0t7">Analysis of iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells reveals clear temporal segregation between embryonic and postnatal stages, with subsets of P7 brain and spinal cord cells found to intermingle, indicating close transcriptional similarities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity among these cells, particularly in their expression of cell-surface markers EGFR and PDGFRA, with four distinct immunophenotypic populations identified including putative pre-OPCs, OPCs, and more mature oligodendrocytes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell RNA sequencing of hiPSC-derived oligodendrocyte-lineage cells in 3D cultures identified distinct populations including OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes (NFOs), and myelinating oligodendrocytes, demonstrating developmental progression and heterogeneity within the OPC population</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RRYHqbB">Analysis of nonneuronal cell populations in the developing lateral geniculate nucleus characterized progenitor, intermediate, and mature oligodendrocyte populations with varying relative abundance across development, showing Pdgfra-positive cells enriched for chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 5 and matrix metalloproteinase 15</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Studies utilizing single-cell transcriptomics have identified substantial transcriptional heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells (hOLLCs), discovering sub-populations such as a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Specifically, single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity in cell-surface marker expression, categorizing cells into four distinct immunophenotypic populations including putative pre-OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes based on EGFR and PDGFRA levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell sequencing of 3D hiPSC-derived neural cultures further distinguished heterogeneity within the oligodendrocyte cluster, separating proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes, and myelinating oligodendrocytes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">Investigations employing both bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on iPSC-derived OPCs suggest that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity and intrinsic epigenetic differences between developmental cohorts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_QESxt6r">Transgenic cotton plants expressing dsRNA against HaHR3 (a molt-regulating transcription factor) have demonstrated high larval mortality and deformities in Helicoverpa armigera bioassays</snippet>, though this targets HaHR3 rather than A. grandis specifically. <snippet id="S_UDpXMMR">Transcriptome analysis of Anthonomus grandis identified contigs related to RNAi mechanisms, including PAZ Domains and SID-like sequences</snippet>, but no RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) gene was detected. <snippet id="S_tDo09SB">RNAi effectiveness in A. grandis is hindered by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, AgraNuc3), which degrade orally delivered dsRNA</snippet>, and silencing these nucleases can enhance gene silencing efficiency. <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">Research on RNAi against cotton boll weevil has not yielded results comparable to other coleopteran pests, though transgenic plants expressing dsRNAs against critical insect genes show promise in laboratory settings</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6Sv0Jhf">Transgenic cotton expressing Cry1Ia12 toxin has conferred resistance to both Fall Armyworm and Cotton Boll Weevil</snippet>, but this is Bt toxin-based rather than RNAi. <snippet id="S_TA2bEqI">Oral RNAi delivery to A. grandis remains challenging due to degradation by nucleases in the insect gut</snippet>, requiring improved delivery strategies. The available evidence shows some RNAi research on A. grandis in cotton, but comprehensive field trial data, Brazilian regulatory approval status (Embrapa/CTNBio), and detailed promoter/tissue specificity information are not present in these snippets.
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<snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising biotechnological approach for the cotton boll weevil, with research identifying targets like vitellogenin and chitin synthase genes for silencing</snippet>. <snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>Microinjection of dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 produced unviable eggs and malformed larvae, while vitellogenin knockdown significantly affected egg viability without altering egg laying numbers</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI>However, effective oral delivery of dsRNA via transgenic plants is limited by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, AgraNuc3) that degrade the RNA in the posterior midgut</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_fXsP2MN>While silencing these nucleases can enhance gene silencing efficiency against targets like chitin synthase II, attempts to apply RNAi against the boll weevil have not yielded results comparable to other coleopteran pests</snippet>. <snippet id=S_fXsP2MN>Although transgenic cotton plants expressing dsRNA are being developed, extensive field testing remains necessary to validate efficacy in agriculture</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_hTyNcJU">The Kuwait oil fires following the 1991 Gulf War produced a plume with a single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, which was characterized as "dirty pollution" with a single scattering albedo of 0.72 at 673 nm</snippet>. <snippet id="S_OLKZZOQ">The Kuwait oil fires of 1991 exhibited a net heating rate of up to 3.9 K/h at 1 h and 2.3 K/h at 3 h plume age, with the plume ascending at ≈0.1 m/s, indicating significant aerosol radiative forcing effects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vOW7FR3">The study indicates that the dilution in the lower part of the plume over Lindenberg was inhibited compared to a dilution proportional to t −1, with uncertainties in the coagulation rate causing a 20-40% uncertainty in the plume's radiative forcing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vaq6doy">This study investigates the radiative forcing effects of smoke aerosols from Kuwait oil fires in 1991, focusing on the uncertainties in surface and top-of-atmosphere forcing and their impacts on climate, including modifications to energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature and precipitation patterns</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0LL30pj">The State of Kuwait oil fires and military operations associated with the 1991 Gulf War resulted in substantially increased levels of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the region around it, namely, the GCC</snippet>. However, none of the available snippets provide specific measurements of boundary layer wind speed changes or direct evidence of turbine performance degradation from these events.
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The 1991 Kuwait oil fires produced significant aerosol radiative forcing with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour plume age, causing temperature differences of up to 6 K at 250-400 hPa and cooling of up to -3 K at 850 hPa <snippet id=S_OLKZZOQ>. These aerosol effects substantially modified energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature/precipitation patterns in the regional climate <snippet id=S_vaq6doy>. Surface cooling of -175 Wm-2 was recorded during related dust events in Kuwait with aerosol optical thickness reaching 3.617, indicating strong boundary layer perturbations <snippet id=S_dFPlFos>. The Kuwait oil fire plumes exhibited a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, confirming highly absorbing characteristics that influence radiative heating profiles <snippet id=S_hTyNcJU>. Radiative forcing uncertainties for such plumes range 20-40% depending on dilution rates and particle mixture state <snippet id=S_vOW7FR3>. These combined effects demonstrate how war-driven aerosols can alter boundary layer stability and surface wind conditions relevant to turbine operation <snippet id=S_0LL30pj>.
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<snippet id="S_UBzqh33">StealC V2 introduces several new features compared to V1, including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, enhanced payload execution methods, and the ability to decrypt stolen data server-side</snippet>. The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, and network communications now use RC4 encryption which was previously disabled <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">. Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook</snippet>. C2 communication has shifted to JSON-based requests and responses with a focus on unique access tokens and error handling <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">. Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses, while the control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_UBzqh33>StealC V2 introduces several new features including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, along with enhanced payload execution methods</snippet>, and it can decrypt stolen data server-side. The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, but has enabled RC4 encryption for network communications which was previously disabled. Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook, with C2 communication now using JSON-based requests and responses. The control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery. Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses <snippet id=S_UBzqh33>.
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<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">A cohort study using US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases followed 608,2018 veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19 between March 2020 and September 2021 to estimate risks and burdens of incident diabetes in the post-acute phase</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">In the post-acute phase of the disease, compared with the contemporary control group, people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1⋅40) and excess burden (13⋅46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Altogether, there is evidence to suggest that beyond the acute phase of COVID-19, survivors might be at an increased risk of developing incident diabetes, and increased risk of incident antihyperglycemic use in the post-acute phase of the disease</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HmTazVA">Non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients had a 25% (95% CI: 21%-29%) increased risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes, which rose to 173% in hospitalized patients and 276% in ICU patients</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X5WNd6v">Higher risk of incident diabetes post-acute COVID-19 was observed, with a consistent increase in risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes compared to severity-matched flu-like illness</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study used US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases to build a cohort of US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19</snippet> with two control groups for comparison. <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">Detailed analyses showed people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes compared with the contemporary control group</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Risks and burdens of post-acute diabetes increased in a graded fashion according to the severity of the acute phase, whether patients were non-hospitalised, hospitalized, or admitted to intensive care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study authors conclude diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, and post-acute care strategies should integrate screening and management of diabetes</snippet>.
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The search results confirm the existence of an article titled "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" by Sarwant Singh published on Forbes on January 22, 2025 <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">the article was published on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage data for global electricity from renewables in 2025 <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">the snippets only reference the article title and URL</snippet>. The actual percentage information would need to be accessed directly from the Forbes article <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was written by Sarwant Singh and published in Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage figure for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article exists and provide publication details, but do not include the actual renewable energy statistics from the article. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article URL is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>, but the renewable electricity percentage data is not accessible from these search results.
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<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_TUFN3jC,S_mBwOV4H">The 15th POMS-HK International Conference is scheduled to start on January 3, 2025, at The Chinese University of Hong Kong</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta (historically the 25th Annual Conference in 2014). <snippet id="S_jE7LWrz,S_Br57QvT,S_5nVopPR">Previous conferences were held in January 2024, 2023, and 2022 at various Hong Kong universities</snippet>. To determine which event starts earlier, the specific start date of the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta would need to be obtained from additional sources.
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<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_mBwOV4H">The POMS-HK International Conference is held annually in early January in Hong Kong, with the 15th conference scheduled for January 3-5, 2025, the 14th for January 5-6, 2024, and the 13th for January 7-8, 2023</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_jE7LWrz,S_TUFN3jC,S_DzBPmor,S_mBwOV4H,S_Br57QvT,S_ULVAUtt,S_wmyEfiy,S_5nVopPR">none of the provided search snippets contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta or its specific dates</snippet>. Therefore, I cannot definitively compare which conference starts first without additional search results about the Atlanta meeting.
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<snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse endogenous retroviruses are classified into three classes based on pol sequence similarity, with class I resembling gamma- and epsilon-retroviruses and class II resembling alpha-, beta-, and delta-retroviruses</snippet>. <snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse representatives of class I include elements similar to classical murine leukemia viruses (MLVs), while class II includes elements similar to the large intracisternal A-particle (IAP) superfamily with about 1000 copies/cell</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ejVsieR">Phylogenetic analyses of Pol proteins classify retroviruses into five major clades, with clades Jin and Mu including viruses related to gammaretroviruses and epsilon-retroviruses (class I ERVs) and clade Shui including viruses related to alpha-, beta-, delta-retroviruses (class II ERVs)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">Functional MLV elements in mice include Emv loci that can produce infectious recombinant MLVs, with restoration of replication competence observed in strains like C57BL/6 mice</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">IAP elements are murine-specific retroviral elements that contribute to genetic variation, with domesticus showing a higher proportion of variable bases from active IAP subtypes and an accumulation of full-length elements</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tzG3IdJ">XPR1-dependent MLV ERVs are present in all house mouse subspecies, with six functional XPR1 variants evolving to restrict different subsets of MLVs</snippet>. However, the provided snippets do not contain specific evidence of active IAP retrotransposition with documented de novo insertions and phenotypes like Avy agouti, nor do they provide quantitative details on ERV copy numbers, activity rates, or strain-specific differences in functional ERV1/ERV2 elements.
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Mouse endogenous retroviruses utilize a three-class system where MLV representatives belong to Class I (gammaretrovirus-like) and IAP elements belong to Class II (betaretrovirus-like), sharing nomenclature with human ERVs where Class I aligns with ERV1 and Class II with ERV2 <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_wHW5Oiu">. Functionally, endogenous MLVs such as Emv2 can undergo recombination to restore replication competence and produce infectious virus particles in strains like C57BL/6 mice <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. These infectious recombinant MLVs have been identified in murine cancer cell lines, where they contribute to leukemogenesis and tumor development <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. In contrast, IAP elements are autonomous long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons capable of active retrotransposition, contributing to genetic variation <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">. IAP elements are abundant, with approximately 1000 copies per cell, and specific subtypes like ID1 remain active in Mus musculus subspecies <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_VrGqnwN">. Active IAP insertions in Mus musculus domesticus account for a significant proportion of subspecies-specific polymorphisms, indicating ongoing mobilization <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">.
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<snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_jaGb9lk,S_Gj9myfY">Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs by retrieving evidence from external knowledge bases</snippet>, enabling models to generate responses conditioning on relevant evidence <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. However, RAG also suffers from hallucinations including potential error accumulation and irrelevant evidence propagation</snippet> <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. Research suggests that hallucinations can be diminished through RAG alongside advanced prompting and factuality-focused decoding methods</snippet> <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">. The effectiveness of RAG-based methods heavily relies on the quality of retrieval mechanisms, and existing RAG may suffer from a trade-off between diversity and factuality</snippet> <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">. Active retrieval strategies like ARA have shown promise in LVLMs by filtering out unreliable results and timing retrieval judiciously</snippet> <snippet id="S_MJvgffY,S_6v3TJp1">. These approaches have shown promising results in significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing the accuracy, reliability, and faithfulness of model outputs</snippet> <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">. However, they are not without limitations including challenges in parsing ambiguous queries and the need for high-quality retrieval mechanisms</snippet> <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">. Fact-checking and post-hoc verification remain important considerations for ensuring factual accuracy in RAG-generated content</snippet>.
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Research from 2023–2025 consistently demonstrates that Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. Multiple studies confirm that RAG enables models to generate responses conditioning on retrieved evidence from external knowledge bases, significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing factual accuracy <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY,S_PbQaaQw">. The technique works by retrieving reliable documents before generation, allowing LLMs to leverage external non-parameterized knowledge alongside internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_OARPrNN">. However, research also cautions that RAG's effectiveness heavily depends on retrieval mechanism quality, and the approach is not without limitations such as error accumulation and citation inaccuracies <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_Gj9myfY">. Several implementations, including Active Retrieval Augmentation frameworks, have empirically validated that optimal retrieval settings can significantly reduce hallucinations <snippet id="S_MJvgffY,S_6v3TJp1">.
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The search results do not contain any information about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill case history from ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean government sources. All available snippets reference the Deepwater Horizon (2010, Gulf of Mexico) spill instead, including ITOPF case history information <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ">the oil from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill in the Gulf of Mexico was documented by shoreline assessment teams as stranding on 1,773 km of shoreline</snippet>, <snippet id="S_DqGbf1z">dispersant was used both on the surface and at the leaking wellhead in the Gulf of Mexico</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_deSmbWp">about 1.84 million gallons of chemical dispersants were used to remediate the spill</snippet>. The search results also include general information about response capabilities in the Chinese Bohai Sea <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">response facilities are used to prevent or reduce the adverse socio-economic and environmental impact of spilled oil on the affected area</snippet> and <snippet id="S_Hub9Tvk">the Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China (MOT) provides a framework for assessing the capabilities of floating booms in oil spill responses</snippet>, but these do not contain specific Hebei Spirit incident details. No snippets mention SCAT use, waste management, fisheries closures, volunteer safety management, or command/coordination strategies for the Hebei Spirit spill.
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<snippet id="">No relevant information about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill was found in the search results.</snippet> The provided snippets all concern the Deepwater Horizon (2010, Gulf of Mexico) spill or general response capabilities in other regions like the Chinese Bohai Sea. Specifically, they discuss Deepwater Horizon shoreline oiling, SCAT surveys, dispersant use, boom and skimmer deployment, and cleanup worker participation. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ">Deepwater Horizon oil stranded on 1,773 km of shoreline with 660 km receiving authorized cleanup</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_i5aMNhp">18 SCAT teams surveyed over 7,058 kilometers of shoreline</snippet>. The Boi Sea snippets discuss mechanical facility storage quantities for skimmers and booms. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">The Bohai Sea survey found 133,420 m of floating booms, 9,632 kL/h for skimmers, and 100 vessels available</snippet>. No Hebei Spirit case history from ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean authorities was included in these results.
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<snippet id="S_QMZd9uN,S_NFdiZQm">Vertical eDNA distribution in lakes shows strong seasonal stratification, with warm-water fish eDNA concentrated above the thermocline and cold-water fish eDNA below, while during turnover the eDNA becomes homogenous throughout the water column</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eR9pNyf">Thermocline depths (metalimnion) range from 0.75 to 3.2 m, with sampling locations including 20 m offshore and nearshore within 1 m of the shoreline, indicating vertical distribution and stratification in littoral and pelagic zones</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DCoNvvE">eDNA in lakes is patchily distributed, necessitating multiple sampling points for detection, with vertical distribution influenced by thermal stratification</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nblzMDI">The thermocline was confirmed as being between 4.60-6.60 m from the surface, which corresponds to the depth transition where distinct community assemblages are detected above and below the thermocline</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7ms3BbK">During stratification, eDNA detection varied significantly by depth, with cold-water stenotherms like lake trout and slimy sculpin primarily found at the bottom, while warm-water minnows were more abundant at the surface</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Cx6Mojy">Stratification and mixing influence eDNA detection in littoral and pelagic zones, with distinct community assemblages detected above and below the thermocline</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_qZTbA6e,S_7ms3BbK>Stratification leads to distinct microhabitat isolation where cold-water stenotherms are detectable only in midwater and deep habitats while warm-water minnows are abundant at the surface</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_QMZd9uN,S_7ms3BbK>community detection becomes more uniform across depths during autumn turnover when water column mixing occurs</snippet>. <snippet id=S_eR9pNyf,S_nblzMDI>Thermocline depths vary significantly between lakes, ranging from 0.75 to 3.2 m in some cases to 4.60 to 6.60 m in others</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DCoNvvE,S_qZTbA6e>Patchy distribution necessitates multiple sampling points across depths rather than single samples to capture community heterogeneity</snippet>.
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<snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>The West Bank Premier League includes Shabab Al-Khalil from Hebron among its professional clubs</snippet>, which is one of the major cities in the Southern West Bank. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-6>FIFA has recognized clubs located in the West Bank, including Beitar Givat Ze'ev and Beitar Ironi Ariel</snippet>, though these are Israeli-based teams rather than Palestinian. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-1>Al-Bireh Institute is listed among football clubs in Palestine's West Bank</snippet>, but specific details about their cup victories are not provided in the search results. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-0>The National Football Teams page lists West Bank leagues with various clubs</snippet>, but does not specify which teams have won the Palestinian FA Cup multiple times. The search results do not contain sufficient information to identify a specific club that has won the Palestinian FA Cup multiple times under FIFA's regulations.
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Based on the search results, the major cities in the Southern West Bank include Hebron (Khalil), which has professional clubs like <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil</snippet>. The club Shabab Al-Dhahiriya from the city of Ad-Dhahiriya is also located in the Southern West Bank <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>. However, the search results do not contain sufficient information about which specific club has won the Palestinian Cup multiple times and plays in a nearby municipality rather than its home city. Additional research is needed to determine the exact club meeting all criteria mentioned in the query.
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<snippet id="S_LNwC0St">The U.S. Department of the Treasury provides Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates data for 2025</snippet>, with official rates available on their resource center page <snippet id="S_nEPDvRp">showing Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates, Daily Treasury Bill Rates, and other interest rate data</snippet>. A specific snapshot from September 18, 2025 shows a 3-month rate of 4.03% <snippet id="S_Ex1kQjb">, though this appears to be a par yield curve rate rather than a nominal Treasury bill yield</snippet>. The Treasury uses a monotone convex method to derive the official yield curve <snippet id="S_pwGFHPE">, and CMT yields are read directly from the daily par yield curve as bond equivalent yields</snippet>. However, the search results do not provide a complete 10-year Treasury yield curve for 2025, and the available data shows rates for 1-month through 3-year periods rather than the full 10-year curve.
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<snippet id=S_Ex1kQjb>As of September 18, 2025, the 3-month Treasury rate was 4.03%</snippet>. The Treasury provides official yield curve data through its Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates page <snippet id=S_LNwC0St,S_9NRdU6Z,S_Ex1kQjb>. The 10-year rate is available through the same data source, though the snippet cuts off after showing rates for maturities up to 3 years. The Treasury's yield curve methodology uses indicative, bid-side market price quotations to derive par yields <snippet id=S_pwGFHPE,S_AsPkpls>. Official rates can also be accessed via the Treasury's daily interest rate XML feed or API documentation <snippet id=S_2WbtkJ5,S_4AaXlpd>.
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<snippet id="S_hAqLMYW,S_VSuv8i0">Recent reviews on catastrophic climate change scenarios note that warming above 5 °C is considered "beyond catastrophic" and above 6 °C is deemed an "indisputable global catastrophe," though the term "catastrophic climate change" remains undefined in scientific literature</snippet>. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">A research agenda proposes four key strands including understanding extreme climate change dynamics, exploring climate-triggered pathways to mass morbidity and mortality, investigating social fragility, and synthesizing findings into integrated catastrophe assessments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">Global catastrophic risks (GCRs) related to food systems include abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios (ASRS), where sudden events releasing large amounts of aerosols into the stratosphere could disrupt sunlight and impact food production</snippet>. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">Tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon up to an eightfold increase in the optimal carbon price, with welfare estimates depending on fat tail risks</snippet>. However, these snippets do not provide comprehensive quantitative risk assessments for other domains like geomagnetic storms, supervolcanoes, asteroids, or AI/nuclear catastrophic risks that the agent identified as missing from the initial search.
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The recent search returned primarily climate-focused catastrophic risk literature, with "Climate Endgame" studies emerging as key references defining catastrophe thresholds. Warming above 5°C is categorized as "beyond catastrophic," while warming above 6°C constitutes an "indisputable global catastrophe," with 3°C by century's end marking extreme climate change <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">temperature thresholds for catastrophic outcomes are now being clarified</snippet>. Tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon to an eightfold increase in optimal carbon pricing <snippet id="S_60jj79u">tipping point probabilities demonstrate fat tail risk characteristics</snippet>. However, bad-to-worst-case climate scenarios remain poorly understood despite reasons to suspect they could drive worldwide societal collapse or eventual human extinction <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">catastrophic climate scenarios are underexplored yet critically important</snippet>. Food system risks include abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios that could trigger multiple bread-basket failures and global-scale well-being threats <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">global catastrophic food system risks are identified as existential threats</snippet>. Sea level rise research similarly defines "Extremely high risk" as exceeding socioecological coping capacity and possibly leading to existential or catastrophic outcomes <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">coastal settlement risks reach existential catastrophe thresholds at very high sea level rise</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">Phytochemicals show significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">Common challenges include low bioavailability and toxicity, which can be potentially overcome using nanoparticle delivery mechanisms, chemical analogs, and adjuvant therapies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_St3cdIq">Phytochemicals demonstrate potential against HPV-induced cervical cancer, necessitating further research on their efficacy and safety in treatment and prevention, particularly through concurrent therapies targeting HPV-mediated mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RE7a53S">Reviews on specific phytochemicals like pomegranate peel polyphenols have been published, with 110 articles meeting inclusion criteria after rigorous literature search</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">Recent literature searches (last five years) have been conducted using keywords like "natural product, cervical cancer" from PubMed and Google Scholar databases to elucidate anticancer effects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RulQFFI">Mechanistic research focuses on inflammatory pathways, with data cited from the 2010-2021 time frame for the most recent published studies</snippet>. However, these snippets provide only general review information without detailed data on specific agents' bioavailability, safety profiles, standardization challenges, or nanoformulation advances.
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Recent reviews have synthesized therapeutic effects of natural products on cervical cancer through inflammatory pathways, highlighting compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, curcumin, and paclitaxel with data primarily from 2010-2021 studies<snippet id="S_RulQFFI">. Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">. Challenges associated with phytochemical use include low bioavailability and toxicity, which may be addressed through chemical analogs, adjuvant therapies, and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms<snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">. Experimental evidence emphasizes chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of plant-derived substances, with combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs shown to enhance therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells<snippet id="S_bChTerS">. Research on phytochemicals against HPV-induced cervical cancer necessitates further investigation into efficacy and safety, particularly through concurrent therapies targeting HPV-mediated mechanisms<snippet id="S_St3cdIq">. Current literature reviews continue to collect experimental works from the last five years elucidating anticancer mechanisms of plant-derived natural products in cervical cancer treatment<snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">.
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<snippet id="S_r2sDDAL,S_R1PS8iU">Trust in AI within public institutions is influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers</snippet>, and public sector AI adoption differs from the private sector due to coercive elements, raising legitimacy questions where trust and legitimacy are foundational to public authority <snippet id="S_R1PS8iU">. </snippet>
<snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">Trust determinants include transparency, reliability, and task characteristics which predict cognitive trust in AI systems</snippet>, while tangibility and immediacy behaviors affect both cognitive and emotional trust <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">. </snippet>
<snippet id="S_F456mxb">Trust levels increase when AI adds perceived value and if humans remain involved, with transparency about AI use being essential for tracking trust changes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">Public trust in AI varies across domains, with participants evaluating AI abilities higher than benevolence, and technological competence, AI familiarity, and knowledge viewed AI as more capable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">Public perception dimensions including control of AI and ethics in AI are crucial for building trust, with concerns about privacy invasion requiring policies to minimize public concerns</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PgHhtbO">Trust in government significantly influences user experiences with AI-based self-service technology in public service delivery, where trust is identified as a key challenge in implementing AI in public governance</snippet>.
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<answer>
Trust in AI within public institutions is significantly influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems often viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers <snippet id="S_r2sDDAL,S_R1PS8iU">. Key determinants include transparency and explainability, which are essential for tracking trust changes and fostering responsible AI development <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp,S_1tU6Z3U">. Human oversight remains critical, as trust levels increase when humans remain involved in decision-making processes rather than being replaced entirely by AI <snippet id="S_F456mxb">. Reliability, tangibility, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust in AI systems, while anthropomorphism influences emotional trust <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">. Privacy concerns and data governance also negatively impact trust, particularly when citizens perceive potential privacy invasion <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">. Additionally, public perception of AI control, ethics, and perceived value of AI services are crucial determinants for acceptance in public service contexts <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U,S_F456mxb">. Technological competence and familiarity with AI also correlate with higher trust in AI capabilities across different public service domains <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">.
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<snippet id=b99d28d7-0>Clean is available to stream on AMC+, Disney Plus, Hulu, Sundance Now, Philo, The Roku Channel, Fandango at Home, Prime Video, or Apple TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-4>JustWatch confirms you can watch "Clean" streaming on Amazon Prime Video, Amazon Prime Video with Ads, or for free with ads on Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5>Philo also offers the movie for a free trial</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-8>Decider lists Tubi TV, Hulu, and AMC+ as streaming options for the 2022 release</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>Apple TV shows the film is available on AMC+, Sundance Now, Philo, Prime Video, Tubi, Disney+, and Hulu</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-6>Netflix also carries the film, described as a crime drama about a former hit man protecting a young neighbor</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=b99d28d7-0,b99d28d7-9>Clean is available to stream on multiple platforms including AMC+, Hulu, Prime Video, Apple TV, Tubi, and Roku</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>AMC+ is specifically mentioned as one of the available streaming services for the film</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-1,b99d28d7-2,b99d28d7-4>It can also be accessed through Hulu, Amazon Prime Video, and Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5,b99d28d7-8>Philo and other services like Sundance Now and Disney+ offer the movie as well</snippet>.
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The search results do not contain specific empirical evidence on the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or student co-creation in higher education. <snippet id="S_dUrCta4">While learning outcomes are widely used in higher education with assumed benefits, there are tensions and flexibility issues in their current operationalization</snippet>, but this does not address student involvement in assessment design. <snippet id="S_u5mSiUG">Evaluating learning outcomes is crucial for assessing educational intervention effectiveness, but the available literature focuses on general learning outcomes rather than negotiated or co-created assessment processes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">A systematic review of peer assessment notes that reliability and validity are often underreported, and psychological factors are overlooked</snippet>, but provides no data on student-generated assessments or negotiated formats. <snippet id="S_yevXI89">A meta-analysis of e-mental health interventions shows effectiveness on academic performance, but this does not address assessment design participation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_G7aERKv,S_10M2Vpc">Scoping reviews on teacher effectiveness discuss student-centered teaching and outcomes, but do not examine student involvement in assessment criteria or rubric design</snippet>. None of the retrieved snippets provide randomized controlled trial evidence specifically on negotiated assessment outcomes or student co-creation effectiveness.
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<answer>
The provided search results do not contain specific empirical evidence or randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or student co-created rubrics in higher education <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv,S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">. Instead, the available literature focuses on broader concepts such as Outcome-Based Education frameworks, general peer assessment design elements, and teacher effectiveness metrics <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv">. While one systematic review notes that reliability and validity are frequently underreported in peer assessment studies, it does not quantify the impact of student involvement in task design <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">. Additional snippets discuss conceptual tensions in learning outcomes or the influence of educational technology without addressing assessment negotiation specifically <snippet id="S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">.
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<snippet id="S_wzDgj5A">Endocytosis delivers extracellular materials to lysosomes for degradation, and trafficking between endosomes and the TGN is imperative for maintaining lysosomal fitness as it delivers enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_pfxfGLI">a general downregulation of endocytosis during aging or senescence has been observed, with components important for endocytosis regulation such as βPIX or GIT also downregulated in senescent cells</snippet>, suggesting endocytosis may decline rather than protect against lysosomal dysfunction in aging. <snippet id="S_BXMwwcV">Lipid nanocapsules were found to impair lysosomal function and endocytosis, potentially due to alterations in lysosomal pH</snippet>, indicating that endocytic pathways can be negatively impacted by lysosomal stress. <snippet id="S_EhS0ch1">Lysosomal exocytosis stimulation may have beneficial effects on the accumulation of unprocessed aggregates, leading to their extracellular elimination</snippet>, which suggests lysosomal exocytosis can help clear accumulated material. <snippet id="S_gvPHAb9">Lysosome exocytosis causes efflux of lysosomal enzymes that facilitate endocytosis-mediated removal and resealing of damaged plasma membrane</snippet>, showing a protective mechanism where lysosomal exocytosis aids in membrane repair. However, <snippet id="S_mWADzHZ">impaired lysosomal protease activity and consequent accumulation of undigested material can disrupt the endocytic recycling and impair engulfment of dying cells</snippet>, demonstrating that lysosomal dysfunction can negatively impact endocytic pathways. The available evidence does not provide direct experimental evidence that enhancing endocytosis specifically protects against lysosomal dysfunction, though lysosomal exocytosis appears to have protective roles in membrane repair and aggregate clearance.
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<snippet id=S_wzDgj5A,S_Y2SP2EN>Endocytosis maintains cellular homeostasis by delivering extracellular and intracellular materials to lysosomes, where they are degraded as part of the autophagy-lysosomal-endosomal system</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_wzDgj5A>Trafficking between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network is imperative for the maintenance of lysosomal fitness as it delivers enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id=S_gCWDTWV>Lysosome biogenesis also requires endocytic pathways, as lysosomal membrane proteins can be delivered via vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane followed by endocytosis</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC,S_Ykw4nQx">Calendar aging is primarily explained by the Arrhenius equation, where degradation rates increase with temperature</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">studies by Keil et al. (2016) found capacity fade did not increase linearly with SOC, with NMC cells experiencing accelerated fading at 100% SOC</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">cycle aging at low temperatures shows dramatic degradation, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C, and 75% capacity loss after 50 cycles at 5°C</snippet>, attributed to <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">lithium plating and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film growth competing under fast charging conditions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">The Arrhenius law describes the temperature dependence of reaction rates for both cyclic and calendar aging mechanisms</snippet>, but <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">the provided literature does not contain specific quantitative Arrhenius parameters or Keil & Jossen studies explicitly quantifying low-temperature calendar aging rate reductions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">SEI growth is identified as the dominant degradation mechanism in calendar aging, causing anode pore clogging and film resistance increase</snippet>. The available evidence suggests low temperatures accelerate cycling degradation through plating but does not provide direct comparisons of calendar vs cycling aging rate differences at sub-zero temperatures with Arrhenius modeling.
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<answer>
Calendar aging follows the Arrhenius equation, where elevated temperatures accelerate aging processes through increased reaction rates, making temperature regulation essential for reducing degradation <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">. SEI growth is the dominant calendar aging mechanism at high temperatures (e.g., 55°C storage), causing pore clogging and film resistance increase in anodes <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">. Higher temperatures and SOC levels significantly increase capacity degradation and internal resistance during calendar aging, with studies showing accelerated fading at 50-60°C storage <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">. In contrast, cyclic aging experiences dramatically accelerated degradation at low temperatures during charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C for graphite/NMC batteries <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. At 5°C, a 16 Ah graphite/NMC battery loses 75% capacity after only 50 cycles compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C, driven primarily by lithium plating rather than SEI growth <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. The Arrhenius law describes temperature dependence of cyclic aging reaction rates, though lithium plating at sub-zero temperatures creates an inflection point that fundamentally alters degradation mechanisms compared to calendar aging <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">.
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<answer>
The provided search results do not contain the specific threshold value from the Scientific Reports article about rC,ave and ΔGave. None of the snippets reference the target paper "The influence of Chinese scholars on global research" or provide the exact threshold value. The available snippets discuss general topics such as China's research evaluation reform, internationalization of Chinese universities, and the influence of Chinese scholars on global science, but none include the specific metric threshold from the requested article. <snippet id="S_PtOIRGk">China's research evaluation reform has significantly influenced global science by promoting the use of Science Citation Index (SCI) papers as a primary metric for assessing research quality</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RXJTnMw">In 2018, China significantly influenced global science, particularly in physical sciences STEM, where its share of Scopus papers rose from 8.5% in 2000 to 27.7%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_maWNX2u">Analysis of China-US co-authored papers from 2014 to 2018 reveals that Chinese scholars led 49% of the most cited papers, compared to 28% led by US scholars</snippet>. However, none of these sources contain the specific threshold value for rC,ave or ΔGave from the Scientific Reports article.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_NyxI5ht,S_RTxg6u0,S_PnWYPRp,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u">None of the provided search results contain information about a Scientific Reports article with the specific variables rC,ave and ΔGave or their critical threshold values</snippet>. The retrieved snippets discuss various aspects of Chinese research output, publication incentives, and global science influence, but none reference the target paper with the threshold information the agent is seeking <snippet id="S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t">The only mentions of "Chinese scholars" in global research context appear in titles without corresponding content</snippet>. The agent may need to refine their search with more specific terms such as "Scientific Reports rC,ave ΔGave threshold" without the broader China influence query to locate the exact paper.
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<snippet id="22895,68190,89881">Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) was an 18th-century Swedish naturalist who formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy</snippet>. <snippet id="22895,68190,89881">He introduced the two-part Latin species name (genus + specific epithet) and established hierarchical ranks including kingdom, class, order, genus, and species</snippet>. <snippet id="68190">His system standardized classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming</snippet>. <snippet id="22895">Linnaeus published Systema Naturae (first edition 1735) where he introduced these naming conventions</snippet>. <snippet id="89881">His botanical "sexual system" classified plants by stamens and pistils, which was popular and influential</snippet>. <snippet id="22895,89881">Linnaean taxonomy endures as the basis for naming and organizing biodiversity, though additional ranks and evolutionary concepts were later added</snippet>.
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<answer>
Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), an 18th-century Swedish naturalist, formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy <snippet id="22895, 68190">. He introduced a two-part Latin naming system (genus + specific epithet), such as Homo sapiens, through his publication of Systema Naturae (first edition 1735) <snippet id="22895, 89881">. Linnaeus also established hierarchical classification ranks including kingdom, class, order, genus, and species <snippet id="22895, 89881">. His system standardized biological classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming <snippet id="68190">. Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaean taxonomy continues to serve as the foundation for organizing biodiversity <snippet id="22895, 89881">.
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<answer>
<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist in question is Tony Horwitz, author of "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before," which retraces the voyages of Captain James Cook</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>Horwitz retraced Cook's voyages across the Pacific, following a specific route that took him through various locations including island countries in the Pacific and regions in northern England</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-3>His work at Harvard's Radcliffe Institute focused on early European exploration of the New World, though he also wrote about Frederick Law Olmsted's travels</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-7>Paul Salopek is another Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist who retraced global migration routes, but this work involves foot travel rather than ship reconstruction</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-8>Hampton Sides wrote about British explorer's final voyage to the Pacific islands, but this is not by a Pulitzer-winning journalist</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Tony Horwitz</snippet>, which retraces the voyages of British explorer Captain James Cook across the Pacific <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>. Cook was from Yorkshire, a county in northern England, and his historic HMS Endeavour has been reconstructed for modern voyages <snippet id=1701849e-6>. The book follows a specific route through Pacific island countries that Cook originally visited during his explorations <snippet id=1701849e-5>. Horwitz's approach combines historical research with personal adventure travel to explore Cook's legacy <snippet id=1701849e-1>. This work differed from Horwitz's previous books by focusing on a specific exploration route across the Pacific Ocean <snippet id=1701849e-6>.
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<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH">The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms for remote work</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_rm0f44F">remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet>, emphasizing the need for e-HRM and digitalization to enhance flexibility and productivity. <snippet id="S_sFMyq5N">Systematic literature reviews identify the pandemic has challenged the maintenance of conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention from the scientific community</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi">The CEDEL model (complicator–exposer–disruptor–enabler–legitimizer) is cited as a framework for understanding the role of COVID-19 in sustainable HRM</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_nIz8sUp,S_CbPhWNe">research examines economic–financial impacts, psychological drivers, and work-life balance implications of remote working and digital transformation during the pandemic</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_EFHhJY4">there is a noted lack of information in the literature regarding the factors that affect digitally transforming HR practices during COVID-19</snippet>, indicating a need for further systematic research on determinants and outcomes.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_CbPhWNe">The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), with remote work necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms and e-HRM practices</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH,Sn_rm0f44F">Research indicates this acceleration has been global in scope, with one study noting remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi,S_sFMyq5N">Systematic literature reviews characterize COVID-19 as a complicator-disruptor-enabler that challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">The crisis established lasting implications including more flexible, remote-friendly digital working norms that organizations must address through new policies and hybrid working models</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">bioRxiv does not perform peer review but implements a screening process to filter out inappropriate content and enhance submission utility</snippet>, with staff conducting internal checks including automated plagiarism detection and manual reviews for spam or inappropriate content <snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">, followed by a group of experienced scientists known as bioRxiv Affiliates who further review submissions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">ArXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns, which raises potential issues since it includes quantitative biology</snippet>, while medRxiv screens submissions for material that could endanger public health, including dual-use research <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">. Preprints on arXiv, MedRxiv, and bioRxiv are all described as lacking formal peer review</snippet> <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">, with platforms emphasizing that their materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">The pre-peer review screening process involves checks including plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language and quality of expression</snippet>, though the extent of these checks can vary significantly among different publications <snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">. Preprints undergo various quality control measures on platforms like arXiv, including author registration, completeness, relevance, plagiarism, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet> <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">. Despite the absence of peer review, preprints are still valuable to the research community, though they do not guarantee external quality control</snippet> <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">. Each preprint includes a warning indicating the lack of peer review, and MedRxiv specifically advises against relying on these preliminary reports for health-related decisions</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">arXiv performs pre-peer review screening that includes plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language quality</snippet>, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">but does not conduct formal peer review before posting</snippet>. Key quality control measures on arXiv include <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">author registration and endorsement requirements, completeness checks, relevance verification, plagiarism detection, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>, unlike bioRxiv and medRxiv which screen for material that could endanger public health or pose biosecurity risks. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">ArXiv emphasizes that its materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. Despite the absence of peer review, preprints on arXiv still undergo screening as a "coarse filter" to exclude nonscientific or inappropriate content, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">though this does not guarantee validity of the content</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: perceptive (focusing on letters and words), selective (assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice), interactive (involving engagement with longer texts), and extensive (encompassing longer readings such as articles and books)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown also outlines seven types of reading assessments, including cloze tasks, impromptu reading with comprehension questions, short answer tasks, editing longer texts, scanning for specific information, ordering tasks, and information transfer</snippet>. However, none of the available snippets explicitly define "intensive" reading or contrast it directly with extensive reading as a separate category. The framework focuses on the four reading types rather than a five-category system including intensive reading. <snippet id="S_kOME3NW">The interactive reading task is described as a framework for automatic item generation and automatic scoring of reading comprehension passages</snippet>, which may help clarify the distinction between interactive and extensive reading in assessment contexts. The user's reference to "intensive" reading may need to be reconciled with the four-category framework of perceptive, selective, interactive, and extensive reading types.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books.</snippet> <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams.</snippet>
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores for automatic medical fact-checking</snippet>. <snippet id="S_wkwj2K0">When fine-tuned on PUBHEALTH, SCIBERT and BIOBERT both showed improvements over original BERT for public health fact-checking label prediction</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">SCIBERT is trained on 1.14M Semantic Scholar articles relating to computer science and biomedical sciences, while BIOBERT is trained on PubMed abstracts and full article texts from PubMed Central</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">HEALTHVER is a dataset for evidence-based fact-checking of health-related claims that uses real-world claims retrieved from search engines with scientific literature for validation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RXgSB12">Experiments show that training deep learning-based fact-checking models on real-world and in-domain claims substantially improves performance compared to training on synthetic and open-domain claims</snippet>. However, the snippets do not provide explicit comparative performance numbers (e.g., F1 scores) showing domain-specific models consistently outperform general models like BERT on these medical fact-checking benchmarks.
</answer>

<answer>
Research on medical fact-checking shows that domain-specific language models often outperform general models on health claim verification tasks. On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores compared to BERT and other baseline models <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. BioBERT demonstrates higher accuracies than BERT for biomedical tasks including named entity recognition, relation extraction, and question answering in the biomedical domain <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. Similarly, SCIBERT shows improvements over the original BERT and outperforms it in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. However, performance varies by dataset; on SCIFACT, RoBERTa-large achieved the best performance among the sentence encoders tested, including SciBERT and BioMedRoBERTa <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. Additionally, training deep learning models on real-world medical claims substantially improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf,S_ouqwh6C">The waterfall model is a linear and sequential software development approach where progress flows through distinct phases: requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance</snippet>, with each phase completing before the next begins <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">and outputs being signed-off documents that serve as inputs for subsequent phases</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model, in contrast, allows for initial simplified implementations that evolve through multiple iterations with emphasis on incremental changes and repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">A hybrid "Waterfall-Iterative" or "Waterative" approach integrates waterfall phases executed iteratively, including requirement analysis for each iteration with feedback loops</snippet>. However, the provided snippets do not contain definitions of Agile methodology, the Agile Manifesto, or standard references like Scrum Guide or ISO/IEC/IEEE 12207 for proper Agile definition. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model is characterized by flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to waterfall, with projects divided into smaller parts that undergo repeated cycles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">The waterfall approach works well for simple, straightforward projects but struggles with complex projects requiring adaptability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX">Iterative development includes unit testing during sprints, followed by systems integration testing (SIT) and user acceptance testing (UAT) before deployment</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">The traditional waterfall model is defined as a linear, sequential software development approach where each phase must be completed before the next begins, with strict documentation and sign-offs required between stages</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">In contrast, "iterative waterfall" (also called "Waterative") executes waterfall phases iteratively as the project elaborates, incorporating requirement analysis for each iteration with design followed by product backlog creation using Scrum framework's agile principles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model allows incremental changes and divided project parts with repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation, enabling more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to waterfall</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">A key distinction is that waterfall accommodates substantial requirement changes with significant disruption, whereas iterative approaches emphasize evolving implementations with each cycle enhancing previous work</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz,S_u8WEXgX">Waterfall is characterized by sequential phases requiring strict documentation and end products per stage, while iterative/wative approaches include unit testing during sprints followed by systems integration testing and user acceptance testing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">Waterfall approaches work well for simple, straightforward projects, but are less suitable for complex projects requiring flexibility</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X">Digital transformation in banking is linked to enhanced financial inclusion and operational efficiency, with research showing a significant increase in digital payment intensity in recent years, particularly in the EU and Baltic countries</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IbmwH6I,S_ipBYA4S,S_kq45sEh">Digital banking has enhanced financial inclusion by offering accessible and affordable services, though traditional financial inclusion metrics often fail to adequately measure digital financial inclusion</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4uYEvn0,S_AlV0rKF">Empirical evidence indicates that increased financial inclusion correlates with lower account costs, higher savings, and positively impacts bank stability, while bank competition negatively affects stability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cecyK56">The economic impact of financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa varies, with digital financial inclusion being more significant in low-income countries due to inefficiencies in traditional banking</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gkl8lvJ">Mobile banking and e-payments have increased financial inclusion among developing countries, but challenges remain including consumer protection, data inequality, and regulatory arbitrage</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Q1OC4lz">Digitalisation can promote financial inclusion and positively impact economic growth, though there is uncertainty regarding whether digital financial services are genuinely inclusive for women and underprivileged communities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AlV0rKF">Policymakers should promote digital financial literacy to bolster bank stability and reduce insolvency risks, while enhancing bank competition to lower non-performing loans</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kq45sEh">Challenges include data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy, with the need for resilient financial systems revealed during the COVID-19 pandemic</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X>S digital transformation in banking is defined as the application of innovative technologies, particularly digital payments, to enhance financial inclusion and operational efficiency</snippet>, with research showing it <snippet id=S_4uYEvn0>S diminishes the impact of income levels on financial service access</snippet> while enhancing account ownership and savings. <snippet id=S_cecyK56>S Economic impact varies by income level: in low-income countries, digital financial inclusion is more significant than traditional finance due to banking inefficiencies</snippet>, whereas in middle-income countries both forms complement each other. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability (z-score) and negatively with non-performing loans</snippet>, though increased bank competition negatively affects stability according to the competition-fragility hypothesis. <snippet id=S_kq45sEh>S Challenges include data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy</snippet>, with findings from Sub-Saharan Africa, ASEAN, and EU contexts; <snippet id=S_cecyK56,S_Q1OC4lz>Yemen-specific evidence is sparse and limited by fragile state conditions</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Policy recommendations emphasize promoting digital financial literacy, regulatory frameworks treating digital and traditional finance as complementary</snippet>, and strategic measures to maintain bank stability alongside inclusion initiatives.
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<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776">Never Look Back (1952) was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>, with <snippet id="55190,81776">Hugh Sinclair appearing as a star alongside Rosamund John</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776">Harry H. Corbett has a confirmed credit in the film, appearing briefly as a policeman in the Wikipedia source and as a supporting cast member on IMDb</snippet>. The film was released in the UK on 26 May 1952 and runs for 73 minutes <snippet id="55190,86941">. It was shot at Mancunian Studios/Manchester Film Studios between 17 September and 19 October 1951</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The 1952 British drama Never Look Back was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett appears in a brief supporting role as a policeman</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Hugh Sinclair is confirmed as a main star in the cast, playing the prosecutor</snippet>. The production ran for 73 minutes and was shot at Mancunian Studios between September and October 1951.
</answer>


<answer>
The provided search results do not contain direct evidence linking visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation to specific beta-cell function metrics in adult humans. While several studies describe methods to calculate beta-cell function indices such as the insulinogenic index (IGI) and disposition index (DI), none report associations between VAT and these measures <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_2GRyVKu,S_i8R9nxi,S_C7yV87e">The snippets describe how to calculate insulinogenic index, disposition index, and other beta-cell function metrics using OGTT and IVGTT data</snippet>. One study did assess beta-cell function in obese adults using OGTT and calculated insulinogenic index and disposition index, but did not specifically link these to visceral fat measures <snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">The study assessed beta-cell function in obese adults through OGTT and calculated insulinogenic index and disposition index</snippet>. Another study proposed adjusting the disposition index for adipose insulin resistance in obese adults, suggesting adipose tissue's role in beta-cell function, but did not provide direct VAT-beta-cell function associations <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2">The study proposed an adjustment to the assessment of β-cell function in obese adults by incorporating adipose tissue insulin resistance into the disposition index</snippet>. The snippets confirm that beta-cell function can be measured using OGTT-derived indices like IGI and DI, but do not establish whether VAT accumulation independently predicts or impairs these specific beta-cell function parameters in adults <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_2GRyVKu,S_i8R9nxi,S_C7yV87e,S_UBkWxKP">Multiple studies describe the calculation and use of insulinogenic index, disposition index, and other beta-cell function measures in various populations</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
The provided search results do not directly address the relationship between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and pancreatic beta-cell function metrics in humans. The snippets primarily define how beta-cell function indices like the disposition index, insulinogenic index, and acute insulin response are calculated from OGTT or IVGTT data <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_77OipMD">the disposition index is calculated as the product of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion measures such as the insulinogenic index</snippet>. One study suggests adipose tissue insulin resistance affects beta-cell function assessment, noting that elevated plasma free fatty acids can impair β-cell function and proposing adjustments to the disposition index to account for adipose tissue <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2">incorporating adipose insulin resistance into assessments provides a more comprehensive index of β-cell function</snippet>. Another study reported that leptin and GM-CSF were negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI and hsCRP, indicating roles in inflammation and lipid metabolism <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">leptin and GM-CSF showed negative associations with the disposition index and positive correlations with BMI and inflammatory markers</snippet>. However, none of these snippets provide direct adult human evidence linking VAT or pancreatic fat specifically to beta-cell function measures like disposition index or acute insulin response as the agent was seeking.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A 2020 Facebook experiment with 23,377 US users found that reducing exposure to like-minded sources by one-third did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes, though it did increase exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduce uncivil language</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">Research on social media feed designs during the 2020 election compared chronological and engagement-based feeds, finding that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mUfOdDp">A 2020 study by Guess et al. found no significant long-term effects of Facebook and Instagram's algorithms on users' affective polarization over a three-month period</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EIYKoMB">Recent studies suggest that exposure to diverse perspectives can align local conflicts with broader partisan divides, supporting redesign of ranking algorithms to mitigate polarization</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sJfbnsu">The U.S. 2020 Facebook and Instagram Election Study was a large-scale collaboration between academics and Meta researchers that provided unprecedented access to platform data while including extensive safeguards for research integrity</snippet>. However, the snippets do not contain detailed primary text from the Science 2023 paper specifically quantifying chronological feed interventions or reshare effects, nor do they provide the primary text for the Allcott 2020 deactivation experiment or Levy 2021 randomized like/subscribe study that the agent identified as gaps.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>. The intervention aimed to decrease exposure to like-minded sources by one-third, which resulted in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">but did not lead to measurable changes in eight key political attitudes, including affective polarization and belief in false claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">An experiment compared various feed types, including chronological and engagement-based feeds, as well as innovative designs aimed at promoting democratic values</snippet>. Findings indicate that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans, but may inadvertently increase perceived threats to free speech among users <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">. The research also references other studies that examined the influence of exposure to like-minded sources and reshared content, noting that some studies found minimal effects on affective polarization</snippet>.

</answer>


<answer>
The search results do not contain specific documentation of FUND/PAGE models integrating tropical cyclone or flood damages. <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">The CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>, but this is not an IAM. <snippet id="S_VGFFWS5">The HWCM approach simulates high-resolution wind and rain fields for tropical cyclone risk assessments</snippet>, yet no IAM integration is described. <snippet id="S_93wqG64">CMIP6 HighResMIP ensemble projects future tropical cyclone activity under different forcings</snippet>, but this is climate model output rather than IAM damage functions. <snippet id="S_IAQSdJr">Synthetic tropical cyclone time series improve flood prediction accuracy in mangrove protection studies</snippet>, but this does not address IAM damage function implementation. None of the snippets provide evidence of how canonical IAMs (FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE) represent extreme weather events as stochastic shocks or calibrated impact categories.
</answer>

<answer>
Unfortunately, the provided search results do not contain specific information about how FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE, or other canonical IAMs incorporate extreme weather events into their damage functions. The available snippets focus on hazard modeling (CLIMADA model for tropical cyclones, mangrove flood protection services, hydrodynamic modeling) but do not document IAM integration methods <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>. No snippets describe how IAMs represent extremes as separate impact categories or stochastic shocks to capital/productivity, nor do they detail expected-annual-loss pipelines feeding IAM damages. There is also no evidence of empirically estimated event-specific damage functions (cyclone wind-based, flood depth–damage, heat-wave impacts) being aggregated to macro damages within specific IAM frameworks in these results.
</answer>


<answer>
HPV entry begins when the virus accesses the basal layer of epithelium through wounds or micro-damage, where L1 first binds to laminin-332 in the basement membrane <snippet id="S_9692W5p">HPV infection begins when the virus accesses the basal layer of the epithelium through wounds or micro-damage. The major capsid protein L1 first binds to laminin-332 in the basement membrane</snippet>. This interaction is followed by L1 being cleaved by kallikrein-8 (KLK8), which alters its conformation, and L1 then fuses with heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the cell surface <snippet id="S_9692W5p">L1 then fuses with heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the cell surface</snippet>. The initial binding of L1 to HSPGs occurs in the intraepithelial environment, facilitated by specific lysine-rich sites on the L1 protein <snippet id="S_ygceipK">The initial binding of L1 to HSPGs occurs in the intraepithelial environment, facilitated by specific lysine-rich sites on the L1 protein</snippet>. This process exposes the N-terminus of the L2 protein, which is subsequently cleaved by furin, reducing L1's affinity for HSPGs <snippet id="S_9692W5p">L1 then fuses with heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the cell surface, leading to further conformational changes due to interactions between L1's lysine residues and HSPGs, aided by cyclophilin B (CyPB). This process exposes the N-terminus of the L2 protein, which is subsequently cleaved by furin</snippet>. HPV enters cells through endocytosis, independent of clathrin, caveolin, lipid rafts, and dynamin <snippet id="S_Fgb4QWW">HPV enters host cells via endocytosis, independent of clathrin, caveolin, lipid rafts, and dynamin</snippet>. The virus is transported to the nucleus, where it releases its genome for replication <snippet id="S_IzJhLSD">The virus is transported to the nucleus, where it releases its genome for replication</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) entry typically begins at microlesions in the epithelium where the major capsid protein L1 binds to laminin-332 or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the basement membrane <S_9692W5p, S_06dh88l, S_ygceipK, S_4kyiDLH>. This initial attachment induces L1 conformational changes, often facilitated by Cyclophilin B, which exposes the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2 <S_9692W5p, S_ygceipK, S_sYaeZRH>. Proteolytic processing follows, where kallikrein-8 cleaves L1 and the cellular protease furin cleaves L2, reducing HSPG affinity and preparing the virion for internalization <S_6cL8am9, S_9692W5p, S_qd5yqrp>. Secondary interactions with receptors such as annexin A2, integrin α6, and tetraspanins like CD151 facilitate clathrin-independent endocytosis or macropinocytosis-like uptake <S_6cL8am9, S_Fgb4QWW, S_06dh88l>. Once internalized, the virus undergoes retrograde trafficking through endosomes and the Golgi network to reach the nucleus for genome release and replication <S_6cL8am9, S_IzJhLSD, S_qd5yqrp>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_FvypqMm">The Laplace mechanism has been applied to preserve privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions by adding noise from the Laplace distribution to numeric query results</snippet>, ensuring the output remains unaffected by the addition or removal of a single record. <snippet id="S_u2uIkcN">This approach enables privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions using calibrated Laplace noise with standard deviation √2b based on the function's sensitivity</snippet>. However, the search results do not provide specific case studies or empirical applications of the Laplace mechanism to sensitive financial data published in high-impact journals such as IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or top economics/finance journals (JFE, RFS, JF). Most snippets describe the theoretical properties and general definitions of the Laplace mechanism rather than concrete financial data applications. <snippet id="S_dR6xJKK">The Laplace mechanism is formally defined as adding noise from Lap(∆₁/ε) to query results, where it preserves (ε, 0)-differential privacy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gaV539r">The mechanism takes inputs including a database D, function f, and privacy parameter ε, returning the true output of f plus Laplacian noise drawn from a Laplace distribution with mean 0 and scale Δ(f)/ε</snippet>. The available evidence suggests the Laplace mechanism is applicable to financial data privacy, but specific high-impact journal case studies are not present in these search results.
</answer>

<answer>
The search results provide limited evidence of concrete case studies from high-impact journals applying the Laplace mechanism specifically to financial/banking/credit transaction data. Two snippets mention financial applications: S_FvypqMm notes the Laplace mechanism can preserve "user privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions" within parking recommender system research <snippet id=S_FvypqMm>, and S_u2uIkcN states the mechanism enables "privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions" for prospect theoretic analysis <snippet id=S_u2uIkcN>. However, neither snippet explicitly confirms publication in high-impact journals like IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or major finance/economics journals that the agent prioritized <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_3Vks9VQ>. Most other search results discuss the Laplace mechanism in medical data <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG>, social networks <snippet id=S_XWjGWtA,S_gaV539r>, or power flow systems <snippet id=S_3Vks9VQ> rather than verified financial case studies. Additional searches targeting specific journals or verified financial domains would be needed to fully address the agent's goal.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="21438">Jitendra Narayan (20 Dec 1886–20 Dec 1922) was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar</snippet>, and he founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916 <snippet id="21438">. As "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar" he played one first‑class cricket match (Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI v Lord Willingdon's XI) on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs in total</snippet>. However, <snippet id="21438">there is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>, which conflicts with the agent's hypothesis about a match against a team associated with a future British noble. <snippet id="57275">Sources indicate an association with a namesake Nripendra Narayan Academy and links to cricketing activity with a Prince of Wales's XI, but the crawled material is fragmentary</snippet>. The agent's plan to verify Jitendra Narayan's facts shows some gaps remain regarding the Prince of Wales XI connection.
</answer>

<answer>
Jitendra Narayan was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar <snippet id="21438">and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet> as an educational institution named after his father. He played one first‑class cricket match for "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI" against Lord Willingdon's XI on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs total <snippet id="21438">. There is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>, which contradicts one key element of the hypothesis that the match was against the Prince of Wales' XI during the 1921–22 India tour. Biographical details indicate he was linked to Cooch‑Behar Palace (also known as Victor Jubilee Palace) as the ruling Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar during his lifetime <snippet id="21438">, though succession by his offspring is not confirmed in the available snippets. Some sources present conflicting or fragmentary information about the academy founder and cricketing claims <snippet id="57275">, with sibling records listing him as having younger brothers but not documenting all biographical details consistently <snippet id="71327">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_gnrEepM">A study on LC-MS targeted quantification of therapeutic proteins found that using two stable signature peptides (SPs) was necessary for reliable results, with protein-level and hybrid calibrations achieving good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results between SPs (deviations < 15%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gnrEepM">Peptide-level calibration showed significant negative biases (−23 to −62%) and discordant results between SPs</snippet>, while extended-peptide calibration showed improvements but still lacked acceptable accuracy. <snippet id="S_BFG6czq">In contrast, extended stable isotope labeled (SIL) signature peptides were used as internal standards in the total antibody assessment to compensate for variability arising during digestion or instrumental analysis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kjDg3lX">The LC-MS/MS method involved focusing on surrogate peptides from Fab or Fc regions for quantification, with concentrations determined using multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides relative to standards</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1t8pQcf">The surrogate peptide method is a prevalent approach for quantifying total antibodies and drug levels in pharmacokinetic assessments of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), with stable isotopically labeled internal standards (SIL-IS) often used to enhance quantification accuracy</snippet>. However, none of the available snippets explicitly state that "one signature peptide is acceptable" versus "recommend two or more" for therapeutic mAbs in serum, nor do they provide validated examples of mAb assays using only one peptide successfully.
</answer>

<answer>
Current evidence suggests that using two signature peptides is recommended over a single peptide for reliable mAb quantification in serum. A study assessing calibration approaches for monoclonal antibody quantification emphasized "the importance of using two SPs for reliability" and found single peptide calibration had "significant negative biases" and "discordant results between SPs" <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>. Practical implementations in therapeutic protein studies typically employ multiple peptides; for instance, one Fc-engineered mAb PK assay determined concentrations using "multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides" <snippet id=S_kjDg3lX>. Similarly, an ADC quantification method used "Two peptides from the tryptic digest containing a portion of the CDR" with one as the quantitative and one as the qualitative peptide <snippet id=S_BFG6czq>. While single peptides can be detected, protein-level and hybrid calibrations with two SPs achieved "good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results" compared to peptide-level calibration which showed poor reliability <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>.
</answer>