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<snippet id="S_NIP4aKy,S_M9NC8Eo,S_L5NhumS">The search did not return specific peer-reviewed research by Merga on adolescent recreational reading in secondary schools, though multiple sources confirm that dedicated reading time, teacher support, and student choice are critical factors</snippet> <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Schools should provide dedicated time for reading and implement initiatives like summer reading programs to enhance adolescent recreational reading</snippet> <snippet id="S_L5NhumS">Effective practices should create supportive contexts that foster engagement through promoting choice, collaboration, and competence in classroom settings</snippet> <snippet id="S_xbJmN70">Research suggests that school librarians can play an important role in supporting student literacy, particularly in relation to reading engagement, with pleasure in reading being a strong predictor of reading frequency</snippet> <snippet id="S_WIheApX">Qualified school librarians in well-resourced school libraries are associated with benefits for students' literacy attainment, though more needs to be known about their specific role in promoting student literacy</snippet> <snippet id="S_M9NC8Eo">A U.K. literacy survey indicated that middle adolescence (ages 14–16) is a critical period for this decline in positive attitudes toward reading, requiring educators to understand adolescent motivations to promote book reading</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_WIheApX,S_HOSScoU">School librarians are identified as key figures in fostering reading engagement and literacy attainment in secondary education, a finding supported by research citing Merga (2019a, 2019b)</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_xbJmN70">pleasure in reading is a strong predictor of reading frequency which leads to growth in literacy skills</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Schools should provide dedicated time for reading and implement initiatives like summer reading programs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Unlike primary schools, high schools often do not actively encourage book reading</snippet>. <snippet id="S_L5NhumS">Effective practices involve creating supportive contexts that foster collaboration, competence, and positive teacher behaviors, and reading interventions integrating motivational principles alongside cognitive skills show positive effects</snippet>.


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<snippet id="S_0NbePdE,S_RLXmKuG">The EU AI Act mandates that high-risk AI systems must provide sufficient transparency mechanisms and be "sufficiently transparent to enable users to interpret outputs," as outlined in Article 13</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TVBhkcK,S_WG0otDu">Article 14(3) requires human overseers to have the authority to decide against using the AI system, override its outputs, and intervene in its operation, including the ability to halt it safely</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UuXjGBn">Article 11(2) allows for a unified technical documentation file that combines AI system details with existing EU MDR/IVDR documentation, including comprehensive information on design, architecture, data requirements, training methodologies, and performance metrics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3iocoPc">Article 4(2)(b) details that if an AI system is considered high-risk, opaque, and complex, explainability is mandated from an EU court through orders to disclose proportional evidence such as logs, documentation, and datasets</snippet>. <snippet id="S_E4eihUQ,S_xQp268d">General-purpose AI (GPAI) systems are subject to high-risk obligations if they can be used in high-risk contexts, with Article 53 requiring technical documentation and transparency in the value chain</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vzKoGDA">The Act contains disclosure obligations under Article 11 and Annex IV that apply primarily to high-risk systems, though some provisions like Article 50 impose transparency duties on deployers requiring outputs to be "watermarked" and users to be informed when interacting with chatbots</snippet>.
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The EU AI Act mandates high-risk AI systems to provide sufficient transparency mechanisms under Article 13, including user instructions detailing characteristics, capabilities, and limitations to ensure adequate user information <snippet id="S_0NbePdE, S_RLXmKuG">. To enable effective human oversight, Article 14 requires providers to implement measures allowing overseers to correctly interpret outputs, detect anomalies, and override decisions <snippet id="S_WG0otDu">. Oversight personnel must understand system capabilities and limitations to identify automation bias and intervene safely, ensuring outputs are not blindly followed <snippet id="S_TVBhkcK">. Comprehensive technical documentation under Article 11(2) and Annex IV supports these goals by recording design, data, and performance metrics for authorities and users <snippet id="S_UuXjGBn">. Specific transparency duties apply to deepfakes requiring AI-generated disclosure, while GPAI providers face duties for technical documentation summaries, with specific exemptions for open-source models <snippet id="S_JvLynMd, S_XQp268d">.
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<snippet id="S_tyjIFLb,S_soikqKO">Strava serves as a social network for amateur and professional athletes, enabling users to log, monitor, and share fitness accomplishments with others via status updates, comments, photos, and leaderboards</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tyjIFLb,S_KfOy5t1">Core gamification techniques include challenges where users compete to complete specific distances, receiving digital badges, trophies, and prizes for completion</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ohmbRBN,S_tyjIFLb">The app fosters competitive behaviors and motivation through tracking routes, providing performance feedback, and creating a culture of self-monitoring and enhancement</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KfOy5t1,S_47DnIT5">Social comparison is a key psychological driver, with users connecting, sharing experiences, and participating in competitive challenges to boost engagement and motivation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fdz63NK">However, data sharing is selective, with many users withholding metrics like heart rate and wattage while opting for basic information such as segment times and elevation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fdz63NK,S_ohmbRBN">This selective sharing reflects a desire for self-validation and awareness of how others perceive their data, demonstrating the tension between social visibility and privacy control</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5nbN41y">Most studies rely on cross-sectional samples, limiting generalizability to other populations and longitudinal tracking of user behaviors</snippet>.
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Strava employs social features such as challenges, leaderboards, and digital badges as core gamification techniques to encourage repeated use and foster a sense of community among its 36 million active users <snippet id="S_tyjIFLb">. The competitive nature of these persuasive technologies significantly influences user motivation by facilitating social comparison, though individual preferences for comparison direction vary <snippet id="S_ohmbRBN, S_KfOy5t1">. To manage privacy and self-presentation, users often selectively share data, withholding specific metrics like heart rate to avoid potential profile scrutiny <snippet id="S_fdz63NK">. Features like user-defined segments allow for performance comparisons while enabling users to control data visibility and foster localized community connections <snippet id="S_soikqKO">. Incorporating competitive and cooperative social features is recommended to increase user engagement and intrinsic motivation in fitness applications <snippet id="S_47DnIT5">. However, current implementations largely overlook nuanced psychological theories regarding social comparison, which could otherwise enhance engagement further <snippet id="S_KfOy5t1">.
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<snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The White House fact sheet announces 25% additional tariffs on imports from Canada and Mexico, and a 10% additional tariff on imports from China</snippet>, with energy resources from Canada subject to a lower 10% tariff rate. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">These tariff orders are implemented to address a national emergency situation involving illegal aliens and drugs, including fentanyl</snippet>, which the administration claims has created a public health crisis and national security threat. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The fact sheet references a Presidential Memorandum from November promising to charge Mexico and Canada 25% tariffs on all products entering the United States until drugs and illegal aliens stop the "invasion"</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">Trade data cited includes that Canada, Mexico, and China account for 67%, 73%, and 37% of U.S. GDP respectively, while the U.S. trade deficit in goods was over $1 trillion in 2023</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The document frames these actions as leveraging America's economic position to secure borders against illegal migration and combat fentanyl trafficking</snippet>. However, the snippet does not provide specific effective dates for the tariff announcements, EU-specific tariff rates or dates, or quantified economic impact estimates with numbers.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The White House fact sheet specifies a 25% additional tariff on imports from Canada and Mexico, with energy resources from Canada receiving a lower 10% tariff, while China faces a 10% additional tariff</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The fact sheet notes that in 2023 the U.S. trade deficit in goods was the world's largest at over $1 trillion</snippet>, and that trade accounts for 67% of Canada's GDP, 73% of Mexico's GDP, and 37% of China's GDP. However, <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">this fact sheet does not include specific dollar trade values covered by the tariffs, any retaliation measures from Canada, China, or the EU, or quantitative economic impact estimates (consumer cost, inflation, GDP)</snippet>. The tariff announcement is dated February 2025 and cites the International Emergency Economic Powers Act as the legal basis. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The tariffs remain in effect "until such time as Drugs, in particular Fentanyl, and all Illegal Aliens stop this Invasion of our Country"</snippet> as per the presidential directive.
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<snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">Scholarly analysis of Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four slogans ("War is Peace," "Freedom is Slavery," "Ignorance is Strength") emphasizes their role in discursive drift, where meanings and stances shift over time in public discourse</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lgOMCo4">The term "doubleplus unfree" is cited as a rare but legitimate formation derived from Orwell's Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-Four, exemplifying the intensifying use of language through relexicalization</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iDUQY7x">Slogans are defined as brief, striking phrases that may include labeling and stereotyping, acting as emotional appeals that can function as conversation killers by discouraging critical thought</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tpXkvyW">Metaphoric slogans are deployed to project covert ideology by creating us versus them dichotomies and representing positive-self and negative representation of others</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WxyOc9V">The metaphor of the "heart" has evolved from a conventional positive connotation to critical views influenced by sarcastic reinterpretations, altering evaluative connotations associated with being at the "heart" of Europe</snippet>. However, the available snippets do not provide specific scholarly analysis of the paradoxical slogans as instances of doublethink, Newspeak as linguistic engineering, or CDA frameworks like Fairclough/van Dijk/Foucault applied to Orwell's work.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The slogans from Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four—"War is Peace," "Freedom is Slavery," and "Ignorance is Strength"—are analyzed as metaphors that undergo discursive drift, where meaning and stance shift over time</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_iDUQY7x">slogans function as thought-terminating clichés that discourage critical thought by offering seemingly simple answers to complex questions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_15dkzZt">These phrases operate as brief, striking terms that act as emotional appeals and may include labeling and stereotyping</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lgOMCo4">Orwell's Newspeak language engineering is exemplified by terms like "doubleplus unfree," which demonstrates the intensifying use of language for ideological control</snippet>. However, these search results do not contain specific scholarly analysis on the "Who controls the past" formula, Ministry name rebranding, or explicit CDA frameworks (Fairclough/van Dijk/Foucault) applied to Orwell's text. <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">A significant portion of references to these slogans in media are secondary uses (73%), indicating their evolution as discursive artifacts rather than original texts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_gsbJVy0,S_5VWgqHF">Eric A. Stach from the University of Pennsylvania served as MRS Vice President beginning January 1, 2024</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0">He will lead the Board of Directors as MRS President in 2025</snippet>, which indicates he held the concurrent title of President-Elect during the 2024 term. <snippet id="S_ZPx3NY5">Past MRS Presidents page also references Takao Someya (2024) in the context of vice president/president-elect</snippet>, though the primary sources confirm Stach's dual role through the official MRS announcement.
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<answer>
Eric A. Stach from the University of Pennsylvania served as MRS Vice President beginning January 1, 2024 <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0, S_5VWgqHF">. He will lead the Board of Directors as MRS President in 2025, following the standard VP/President-Elect transition <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0, S_5VWgqHF">. This confirms that Eric A. Stach was the 2024 Vice President and President-Elect who was scheduled to assume the Presidency in 2025 <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0">.
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<snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_Xa6M06B">OASIS STIX 2.1 is a machine-readable, semi-structured framework for structuring and exchanging cyber threat intelligence (CTI) data, primarily using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) instead of XML</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_3JECVB5">The STIX 2.1 format defines 12 STIX Domain Objects (SDOs), including 'indicator', 'malware', 'report', and 'vulnerability', each with specific attributes</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS">STIX Relationship Objects (SROs) enable the linking of multiple SDOs to facilitate complex representations of CTI</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lIvobvB">For malware-specific representation, the indicator SDO's pattern property can contain CSI values that define malware indicators</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_3M0PARM">real-world CTI datasets show malware variants and threat actor relationships are frequently captured within STIX bundles containing entities like Malware and Threat Actor</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3TK690R">STIX uses UUIDs to establish connections between observed data structures and indicator patterns through its relationship objects</snippet>, allowing for the mapping of cyber observables as described in the MAEC 5.0 standard alignment.
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<snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_Xa6M06B">The OASIS CTI technical committee maintains STIX 2.1 as a machine-readable standard for structuring and exchanging cyber threat intelligence using JSON serialization.</snippet> <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_06F1WZp">The framework defines STIX Domain Objects (SDOs), including specific types such as 'malware' and 'indicator', to describe characteristics of incidents and threat indicators.</snippet> <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_lIvobvB">The 'indicator' SDO includes a 'pattern' property for detailing malware indicators, while data quality metrics can assess the connectedness of these objects.</snippet> <snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_06F1WZp">STIX uses STIX Relationship Objects (SROs) to link SDOs, enabling representations such as a malware exploiting a vulnerability or an indicator referencing a threat actor.</snippet> <snippet id="S_Xa6M06B">Integration of CybOX into STIX 2.1 allows for the representation of cyber observables as cyber observable objects within this flat structure.</snippet>
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<snippet id=3d29ab62-0>Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran located in the southwest of the country</snippet>. <snippet id=3d29ab62-1>Kohgiluyeh County is in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, with its capital being the city of Dehdasht</snippet>. <snippet id=3d29ab62-2>The province is firmly situated in the Zagros Mountains, stretching from the heights of Denā Peak in the west to lower, warmer ranges in the east</snippet>. <snippet id=3d29ab62-5>Recent studies from 2024 reference newly formed local and province level governments in the region</snippet>. However, <snippet id=3d29ab62-3,3d29ab62-4,3d29ab62-6,3d29ab62-7,3d29ab62-9>the available search results do not provide specific information about newly formed counties being created in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province between 2020-2024</snippet>. <snippet id=3d29ab62-8>The UNHCR search results list various locations including some in the region but do not confirm county formation</snippet>.

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<snippet id=3d29ab62-5>The FAO report mentions "newly formed local and province level governments" in a general context, but does not specify particular counties formed in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during 2020-2024</snippet>. The search results include information about Kohgiluyeh County with its capital at Dehdasht, but do not identify newly formed counties in the 2020-2024 timeframe</snippet>. No specific administrative changes or county formations in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during this period are clearly documented in the available snippets</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">For the Trusted Computing Environment & Platform area, the project "可信计算环境与平台" won the National Science and Technology Progress Award Second Prize</snippet>, establishing CROWN and providing high-trust software development environments. <snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">For the Virtual Reality & Digital Media area, the project "虚拟现实与数字媒体" won the National Science and Technology Progress Award First Prize and Second Prize</snippet>, with real-time 3D graphics platform BH-GRAPH and distributed virtual environment DVENET as key tools. <snippet id="S_ywdgTkl,S_UoGmAYk">These awards are documented on the official Beihang University School of Computer Science website pages for each research area</snippet>.
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针对虚拟现实与数字媒体方向，北京航空航天大学计算机学院研制了实时三维图形平台BH-GRAPH、分布交互仿真运行支撑平台BH_RTI及分布式虚拟环境DVENET，这些成果获得国家科技进步一等奖和二等奖<snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">。在可信计算环境与平台方面，学院建立的CROWN高可信软件开发环境、Web服务中间件平台及网络环境运行平台，荣获国家科技进步二等奖<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">。这些研究面向国家战略规划及航空航天行业应用需求展开<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl,S_UoGmAYk">。
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<snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Research indicates that demographic factors such as being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment are associated with higher risks of problem gambling among university students in Nigeria</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Sports betting has gained popularity among university students in Nigeria, influenced by the accessibility of online platforms and smartphone applications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_C7vME7Z">An urban school-based cross-sectional survey involving 507 students in Nigeria found a lifetime gambling prevalence of 57.2%, out of which 77.6% had gambled in the previous 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Studies from various countries, including Australia and Germany, highlight that typical sports bettors tend to be male, often with lower household incomes but a strong interest in sports</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sAPmmcf">Those who reported past-30-day sports betting were more likely to have a history of indebtedness (11 vs. 6%, p = 0.04), and had higher levels of gambling problems</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_d3zPQEk">specific data on university students in Nigeria is not detailed in the esports betting study, which instead examines determinants and prevalence among emerging adults in Great Britain</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_C7vME7Z">An urban school-based survey of 507 Nigerian students found a lifetime gambling prevalence of 57.2%, with 77.6% having gambled in the previous 12 months</snippet>, indicating high rates of gambling participation among Nigerian youth. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Sports betting has gained popularity among university students in Nigeria, with demographic factors including being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment associated with higher risks of problem gambling</snippet>. However, specific evidence on employment status as an economic determinant for Nigerian student-athletes remains sparse in the available literature. <snippet id="S_sAPmmcf">Among recent sports bettors, those active in work or studies showed lower percentages (68% for online casino, 59% for horse betting) compared to non-gamblers, while past-30-day sports bettors had higher history of indebtedness (11% vs 6%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iL4llG9">Research on emerging adults shows students comprised 59% of esports bettors in a Great Britain sample, with bettors more likely to live in deprived areas</snippet>, suggesting economic strain may be a relevant pathway. Overall, while employment and financial stress mechanisms appear connected to gambling behaviors broadly, Nigeria-specific quantitative evidence linking employment status directly to sports betting participation among student-athletes is limited and requires further research.
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<snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">The official Chatbot Arena leaderboard can be accessed at lmarena.ai, which has collected over 3.5M votes</snippet>, <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE">with the most recent Elo rating data based on 27K anonymous votes from April 24 to May 22, 2023</snippet>. However, none of the provided search snippets contain the specific current top model name, its Elo rating, or an update timestamp from the live leaderboard page. <snippet id="S_hhzNfal">A multimodal leaderboard was also introduced with rankings based on image-containing battles as of June 27, 2024</snippet>. To obtain the definitive current top model, direct access to the official leaderboard page at https://lmarena.ai/leaderboard is required.
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<answer>
The official Chatbot Arena Leaderboard is hosted at https://lmarena.ai/ <snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">where over 3.5M votes have been collected for model rankings. The leaderboard uses an Elo rating system based on anonymous voting data <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE">to rank large language models. A snapshot of the leaderboard is also available on Hugging Face at https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmarena-ai/lmarena-leaderboard <snippet id="S_831cvJ0">. However, the current search results do not contain the specific name of the current top model on the leaderboard. A direct visit to the official lmarena.ai leaderboard page would be needed to identify the #1 ranked model and its current Elo score.
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<snippet id="S_gu69vHf">DESI findings indicate that dark energy has an equation of state w(z) crossing the phantom barrier (w < -1) for z > 1, with w0 > -1, suggesting evolving dark energy models that deviate from w = -1</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_Cn1GhvJ">DESI+CMB data suggest a ≃ 3σ deviation from ΛCDM, indicating a potential phantom crossing at z c ≃ 0.45, where w(z) < −1, challenging standard scalar-field models of dark energy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_p938Lo0">Recent DESI results from the w 0 w a parametrisation suggest a phantom regime at high redshifts</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_ZCPd5ub">DESI DR2 BAO data favor a dynamical dark energy characterized by a phantom crossing feature</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_otM3Qb8">current data remains inconclusive regarding the existence of a phantom crossing</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_ZIWoomJ">the original DESI paper favours a phantom behaviour of dark energy (w < −1) over a significant redshift range, with a preference for crossing to the non-phantom region at lower redshift</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZIWoomJ">This conclusion arises when the dark energy equation of state in a late-time, spatially flat Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker model is parametrised as w(a) = w 0 + w a (1 − a), allowing for dynamical (evolving) dark energy at the cost of only 2 parameters</snippet>. It is important to note that <snippet id="S_ZIWoomJ">there are various issues associated with using this parametrisation as it is a phenomenological ansatz that is not based on a physical and selfconsistent model of dark energy</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_ZIWoomJ">the phantom regime w < -1 is unphysical in general relativity</snippet>.
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<answer>
DESI results indicate a preference for phantom behaviour (w < -1) over a significant redshift range, with a crossing to the non-phantom region at lower redshift <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. DESI DR2 data suggests a potential phantom crossing at z_c ≃ 0.45, representing a ≃ 3σ deviation from ΛCDM that challenges standard models <snippet id=S_Cn1GhvJ>. The phantom regime w < -1 is considered unphysical in general relativity, motivating alternative theoretical frameworks <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. Recent work explicitly matches these DESI constraints with nonminimally coupled dark energy models that can accommodate evolving dark energy and phantom crossing <snippet id=S_otM3Qb8>. Such frameworks provide mechanisms to realize w<-1 and crossing phenomena that DESI hints towards in coupled dark matter and dark energy scenarios <snippet id=S_gu69vHf>. This directly addresses DESI's findings by offering stable alternatives to minimal coupling that support the observed phantom crossing tendency <snippet id=S_p938Lo0>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_8bzg1KA,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">In pharmacology, margin of safety is defined as the ratio between the lethal dose to 1% of the population (LD1) and the effective dose to 99% of the population (ED99), or equivalently as LD1/ED99</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NDPofwS">The LD1 represents the dose that elicits lethality in 1% of the population, while the ED99 represents the dose that elicits therapeutic effect in 99% of the population</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Tg2CFEg">A higher margin of safety indicates lower risk of toxicity, as it means the drug is effective at higher doses before reaching lethal levels</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_8bzg1KA,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">none of the provided search results discuss conditions under which margin of safety cannot be calculated or when it fails to appear as a meaningful value</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KtkXCqd">Some sources note margin of safety is a function of cube root of ratio between LT50 and LD50 and one-hundredth of ED, but this does not address undefined cases</snippet>. The search results confirm the standard definition but do not identify scenarios where this metric would be uncomputable or not meaningfully defined.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">The margin of safety in pharmacology is defined as the ratio of LD1 (lethal dose to 1% of population) to ED99 (effective dose to 99% of population)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8bzg1KA">This measure is also referred to as the Certain Safety Factor</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain information about conditions under which margin of safety "fails to appear" or cannot be calculated <snippet id="S_KtkXCqd">, and no snippet addresses when this definition is undefined or inapplicable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ITpLCrH,S_gWkoXUl,S_PNN5Uwr">Alternative measures such as the therapeutic index using LD50/ED50 are also mentioned</snippet>. <answer>
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<answer>
The search results do not provide explicit experimental evidence of group polarization or risky shift in avatar-mediated immersive VR settings. While avatars have been implemented in various VR applications for social interaction <snippet id="S_bVJTn5m">realistic motion avatars are discussed as the future for social interaction in virtual reality</snippet>, none of the snippets document multi-user discussions leading to attitude extremity or group polarization. One study notes that abstract avatars (robots) led to increased risky behaviors compared to self-representations <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa">abstract avatars, particularly robots, led to a disconnection from reality and increased risky behaviors, whereas self-representations fostered a connection to the physical world, promoting cautious behavior</snippet>, but this does not involve group dynamics. Another study used avatars in a virtual train journey to explore social anxiety and persecutory ideation <snippet id="S_JIjtTEQ">the study utilized a Virtual Research VR1280 head-mounted display and an Intersense IS900 tracking system to create a virtual reality environment simulating a 5-minute underground train journey populated by computer-generated avatars</snippet>, with findings not detailed as relating to risky shift. No snippets contain explicit demonstrations of group polarization or risky shift in multi-user immersive VR with avatars.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa, S_HKqSHCf">The search results indicate that abstract avatars (such as robots) can lead to increased risky behaviors compared to self-representations that foster cautious behavior</snippet>, which relates to the Proteus Effect where avatar appearance influences user conduct <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa">. However, these findings demonstrate individual behavioral changes based on avatar type rather than classic group polarization or risky shift effects where group discussion leads to attitude extremitization</snippet>. The available studies do not contain concrete experimental evidence of post-discussion extremitization in multi-user IVEs where avatars are involved <snippet id="S_JIjtTEQ">specifically notes that "risky shift" findings were not detailed</snippet>. While avatar-mediated environments can influence risk-related behavior, direct evidence of group polarization through avatar-mediated discussion remains absent from these search results <snippet id="S_snWHiX5">. The research focuses more on how visual fidelity and avatar similarity affect embodiment and individual actions rather than group dynamics leading to polarization</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz">Nikola Tesla's Electric Arc Lamp patent is US335786A, titled "Electric arc lamp" and filed from Smiljan Lika, Austria-Hungary</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_CBhXwnS,S_L4MYIrf">an issue date of February 9, 1886</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ktaELRS">The patent number is 335,787 for the "Electric arc lamp" with automatic fail switch and reactivation features</snippet>, also issued on <snippet id="S_s2HVIjN,S_hppOrTi">February 9, 1886</snippet>. This confirms the Electric Arc Lamp patent came after the Commutator for Dynamo-Electric Machines which was issued on January 26, 1886, establishing the commutator as Tesla's first patented invention by issue date.
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Nikola Tesla's Electric Arc Lamp patent, US 335,786, was granted on February 9, 1886 <snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz,S_L4MYIrf">. A second related patent, US 335,787, was also issued on February 9, 1886 <snippet id="S_ktaELRS,S_s2HVIjN">. The "Commutator for Dynamo-Electric Machines" was issued on January 26, 1886 <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. Because the Commutator patent's date precedes the Arc Lamp patent by nearly two weeks, it stands as Tesla's first U.S. patent by issue date <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. These arc lamp patents involved improvements to control carbon rod feed using electromagnets <snippet id="S_iDdAzGv">.
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<snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode is titled "Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD" and is part of Stories from the World of Medicine, Season 3, Episode 2</snippet>, <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">with a publication date of February 18, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_Q1JiXuV">The guest is Otolaryngologist Tina Munjal, MD</snippet>, <snippet id="S_NZ9gUn7">who tells a story about learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI">The episode is available on The Nocturnists Podcast website at thenocturnists.org/podcast/rhino-rocket</snippet>, <snippet id="S_IhbWqXF">and is also listed on the official Stories From The World Of Medicine page</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NZ9gUn7">The episode runtime is approximately 30 minutes</snippet>, <snippet id="S_C2IKgBh">and the episode is sponsored by The Nocturnists podcast network</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode "Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD" is Season 3, Episode 2 of Stories from the World of Medicine podcast by The Nocturnists, released on February 18, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The guest is Tina Munjal, MD, an Otolaryngologist who shares her medical story</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NZ9gUn7,S_arbvh0R">The story is about learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode page is available at thenocturnists.org/podcast/rhino-rocket with illustrations by Lindsay Mound</snippet>. Runtime information is not available in the search results.
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The search results do not contain explicit "de-extinction" terminology or recent 2022-2025 reviews/perspectives on the topic. The only snippet mentioning de-extinction explicitly is <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">which discusses the controversial concept of de-extinction, particularly for species driven to extinction by humans, suggesting that functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. This snippet also notes that cloning techniques like somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) could enable the de-extinction of recently extinct mammals with preserved tissues. Other results focus on general extinction-risk assessments, evolutionary potential, and conservation biology topics without de-extinction-specific content. A review on late-Quaternary megafauna extinctions <snippet id="S_160DJq3">discusses patterns, drivers, and consequences of megafauna disappearance with implications for conservation and restoration</snippet>, but does not use de-extinction terminology. Therefore, the search did not return the specific 2022-2025 de-extinction reviews and perspectives the agent needs.

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Based on the search results, explicit "de‑extinction" research from 2022‑2025 is limited in the provided snippets. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>The controversial concept of de‑extinction, particularly for species driven to extinction by humans, suggests that functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>Cloning techniques like somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) could enable the de‑extinction of recently extinct mammals with preserved tissues</snippet>. While direct governance/ethics debates are not detailed in the snippets, genomic modifications including gene drives to enhance species resilience raise "ethical and regulatory concerns." <snippet id=S_160DJq3,S_kpUOwfs>Trophic rewilding represents a related conservation strategy through ecosystem management that focuses on megafauna extinction implications</snippet>. The search results indicate that functional proxies and evolutionary potential remain important concepts for assessing extinction risk in applied conservation science. <snippet id=S_aQHGJDJ,S_yJ0bKZT>Integration of proxies into conservation decision‑making remains an important area for innovation in applied conservation science</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_4iZB0OB">The central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star at zero temperature is predicted to be 1319 MeV</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_exyOPhA">the critical neutron chemical potential for the hadron-quark phase transition lying between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature</snippet>. In beta-equilibrated hadronic matter, <snippet id="S_WRBepHG">the relationship µp = µn - µe defines the chemical potentials of protons and electrons</snippet>, where additional baryons like Λ hyperons can emerge when <snippet id="S_WRBepHG">µΛ = µn = µp + µe is satisfied</snippet>. The baryon chemical potential in neutron stars is typically in the range of <snippet id="S_jARyMl0">several hundred MeV to a few GeV</snippet>, reflecting the extreme conditions in dense astrophysical objects. <snippet id="S_dKTw9kz">Specific numerical values are not provided</snippet> for the neutron chemical potential in beta equilibrium, though it is expected to be in the GeV range. <snippet id="S_BQ1tanr">The baryon chemical potential values in the context of beta equilibrium typically fall within the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV</snippet>, depending on the specific conditions and models used.
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At zero temperature, the central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star is predicted to be 1319 MeV <snippet id="S_4iZB0OB">. Models of the hadron-quark phase transition indicate the critical neutron chemical potential lies between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature <snippet id="S_exyOPhA">. In the context of beta equilibrium, baryon chemical potential values typically fall within the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV <snippet id="S_BQ1tanr">. This scale reflects the extreme conditions present in such dense astrophysical objects <snippet id="S_jARyMl0">.
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<snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie,S_37bk94m">The Bond et al. (2012) experiment involved 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 U.S. Congressional Election who received get-out-the-vote messages</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc">results showing the social message increased turnout by close to 340,000 votes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_37bk94m,S_GveNEie">The study demonstrated social proof by displaying images of friends who had voted, encouraging users to imitate their behavior</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mXK3pZh,S_8SBonkH">Replication data from the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election showed direct effects of about 90,000 additional votes and indirect effects through friends of approximately 270,000 votes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I0UxhZS">People who knew their Facebook friends voted were more likely to vote themselves, showing influence through social ties</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">The paper emphasized the success of influencing voter behavior through Facebook, though the authors acknowledged very small effects from the information treatment</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8SBonkH">These results replicate earlier work and add to growing evidence that online social networks can be instrumental for spreading offline behaviors</snippet>.
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The Bond et al. 2012 study conducted a large-scale experiment involving 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 U.S. Congressional Election, where users were shown messages with images of friends who had already voted <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie,S_37bk94m">to assess social influence on voting behavior</snippet>. The results demonstrated that this social messaging approach increased turnout, with approximately 60,000 additional votes directly attributed to the message in 2010 <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_mXK3pZh">and effects replicated in the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election with about 90,000 directly mobilized voters</snippet> <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_8SBonkH">. Social influence spread through the network as friends of treated users were also indirectly influenced, adding approximately 180,000-280,000 additional votes in total across both elections</snippet> <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_mXK3pZh,S_37bk94m">. However, some researchers note that while the effect sizes were statistically significant, they were relatively small relative to the massive sample size <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">. Despite this limitation, the study remains widely cited as evidence that online social networks can impact offline political behavior through interpersonal influence mechanisms</snippet> <snippet id="S_8SBonkH,S_I0UxhZS">.
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<snippet id="S_4LDk9pb">IGN explicitly confirms the launch date as November 23, 2004, for North America, Australia, and New Zealand</snippet>, providing the fourth independent confirmation needed. <snippet id="S_4am1dTv">Another IGN article states World of Warcraft first launched in North America on November 23, 2004</snippet>, with several expansion add-ons released since. <snippet id="S_mhE8bKy">GamesIndustry.biz corroborates this with a press announcement for the street date of November 23, 2004</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe">Wikipedia notes the game was released for the 10th anniversary of the Warcraft franchise on November 23, 2004</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Iyt7Mpt">Blizzard reported record sales on November 23, 2004, with the game selling more in its first 24 hours than any other PC title</snippet>. The release date is now confirmed across multiple authoritative sources.
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<snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt">World of Warcraft was officially released on November 23, 2004</snippet>, with the launch date confirmed for North America, Australia, and New Zealand <snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_mhE8bKy">simultaneously across these regions</snippet>. IGN explicitly reported that November 23, 2004 was the launch date in multiple articles from late 2004 <snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt">. This date is further corroborated by Wikipedia, which states the game was released on November 23, 2004</snippet> <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe, S_K0CkkAv>, and by Blizzard's own press announcements</snippet> <snippet id="S_6wNkGtZ, S_mn2djgd>. The release marked the 10th anniversary of the Warcraft franchise</snippet> <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe>.
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Cytokinin (CK), strigolactone (SL), and auxin form a regulatory network where CK promotes axillary bud outgrowth while SL and auxin act as inhibitors <snippet id=S_q2ORi2Q>CK promotes axillary bud outgrowth, while SL inhibits it, with both hormones acting antagonistically through the transcription factor TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1 (BRC1)</snippet>. Auxin inhibits CK biosynthesis while promoting SL biosynthesis, contributing to bud dormancy <snippet id=S_XRhJBhI>Auxin inhibits CK biosynthesis while promoting SL biosynthesis, contributing to bud dormancy</snippet>. In this hormonal interplay, auxin-mediated inhibition of bud outgrowth is linked to increased SL synthesis <snippet id=S_gqi212y>Auxin can indirectly promote BRC1 expression in the bud through the control of two antagonistic factors, CK and SL</snippet>. BRC1 functions as a key integrator of pathways that suppress bud outgrowth, including those mediated by SL, auxin, and cytokinin <snippet id=S_Uuo070s>In Arabidopsis, BRANCHED1 (BRC1) is identified as a key integrator of pathways that suppress bud outgrowth, including those mediated by SL, auxin, cytokinin, and sugar</snippet>. CKs are known to repress BRC1 expression, although the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear <snippet id=S_gLbtlMj>CKs are known to repress BRC1 expression, although the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear</snippet>. This regulatory mechanism is conserved across plant species, with SL mutants displaying increased branching <snippet id=S_nFj5ih3>Various SL mutants in plants like pea, petunia, and Arabidopsis display increased branching, indicating the role of SL in regulating shoot architecture</snippet>.
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Cytokinin (CK), strigolactone (SL), and auxin form a regulatory network where auxin inhibits axillary bud outgrowth by suppressing CK levels and enhancing SL biosynthesis <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_q2ORi2Q>. Auxin promotes the transcription of SL biosynthesis genes, including MAX3/MAX4 (orthologs CCD7/CCD8), to synthesize SLs that suppress branching <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_nFj5ih3>. These hormones converge on BRANCHED1 (BRC1), a transcriptional hub where SL upregulates BRC1 expression to inhibit growth, while CK represses BRC1 to promote outgrowth <snippet id=S_gqi212y,S_gLbtlMj>. Consequently, auxin indirectly regulates BRC1 through these antagonistic factors rather than direct transport into the bud <snippet id=S_gqi212y>. BRC1 integrates these signals to suppress bud outgrowth, with mutants like amp1 showing enhanced branching due to altered CK levels and reduced BRC1 <snippet id=S_Uuo070s,S_gLbtlMj>.
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<snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">Perplexity AI offers three pricing tiers for its AI Copilot services: Free, Pro, and Enterprise Pro</snippet>, with the <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">Pro version costing $20/month or $200 annually</snippet> and including enhanced functionalities like <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w">access to advanced AI models (e.g., GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet)</snippet>, file analysis for PDFs and images, and image generation. <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">The Enterprise Pro tier is priced at $40/month per seat or $400/year (16% discount)</snippet> and provides unlimited queries, extensive deep research capabilities (500 per day), and enhanced collaboration features. <snippet id="S_yvm9XpN">Users find the Pro subscription valuable for research and casual searches</snippet>, though some report <snippet id="S_yvm9XpN">restricted programming support and challenges with long-form content generation</snippet> compared to competitors.
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Perplexity AI offers three pricing tiers: Free, Pro ($20/month or $200/year), and Enterprise Pro ($40/month per seat or $400/year) with discounts for annual billing <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">. The Pro subscription includes access to advanced AI models like GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and Claude 3.7, plus unlimited Copilot queries, file upload for PDFs and images, and real-time web access <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p,S_yvm9XpN">. Pro users also receive features like multi-step reasoning searches, deep research queries (3-300 daily depending on source), and Perplexity Labs for structured outputs <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w">. However, some users report limitations in programming support, long-form content generation, and file handling compared to competitors <snippet id="S_yvm9XpN">. Enterprise Pro adds organizational file repositories, collaboration features, unlimited deep research (500 per day), and advanced security options <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">.
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