<answer>
<snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">PPO (Proximal Policy Optimization) was introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017 as a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm that uses a clipped surrogate objective to optimize policy updates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_AuYFhyP">The core idea involves a probability ratio \( r_t(\theta) = \frac{p_{\theta}(a_t, s_t)}{p_{\theta_{\text{old}}}(a_t, s_t)} \) between the new and old policies, with a tunable hyper-parameter \( \epsilon \) (typically 0.1-0.2) used to clip this ratio to prevent large deviations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_r9aDbc9,S_HkWtygo">This clipping mechanism penalizes significant deviations of the ratio from 1, ensuring the new policy remains within a proximal region of the old policy and preventing unstable, divergent behavior</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_9Mgjk7i">The algorithm maximizes a modified policy gradient objective using the clipped surrogate objective, which incorporates an advantage function estimator to promote stable learning</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9Mgjk7i">The training loop involves initializing hyperparameters, collecting trajectories from parallel environments, and performing multiple update epochs based on these trajectories</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP">An entropy regularization term is included to promote action diversity and ensure sufficient exploration during training</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_hXE5LYe,S_z9c3Jms">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">It utilizes a clipped surrogate objective function that constrains the probability ratio between the new and old policies within a range typically set to 1 ± ε</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">This objective takes the minimum of clipped and unclipped estimates, providing a lower bound that penalizes significant deviations from 1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YKlYY4b,S_CcbSYTJ,S_9Mgjk7i">During training, the algorithm collects trajectories, computes advantage estimates (often via Generalized Advantage Estimation), and optimizes the policy with a value network loss and entropy bonus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CcbSYTJ,S_HkWtygo,S_9Mgjk7i">This allows multiple update epochs per iteration and stabilizes training by preventing excessively large policy updates</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018 Trump tariffs imposed duties on $283 billion of US imports with rates ranging from 10% to 50%, creating meaningful variations across products and time</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yHishm4">In retaliation, countries such as China, the European Union, and Canada filed cases against the US at the WTO and imposed their own tariffs on approximately $121 billion of US exports, averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I1oE0tb">Research indicates that trade-related job losses have a distinct anti-incumbent effect, while trade integration may increase perceived insecurity</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_bTYtYjO">the analysis reveals that retaliatory tariffs predominantly affected areas that supported Trump in the 2016 presidential election</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZSDo4iu">These actions were part of a populist agenda aimed at protecting American jobs amid US-China economic tensions, contrasting with the US's post-1945 role as a proponent of trade liberalism</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum et al. "The Return to Protectionism" paper details on distributional/regional impacts and regressivity that the agent was seeking.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018-2019 Trump tariffs imposed $283 billion of US imports with rates from 10% to 50% on various goods, with China facing the most substantial tariffs totaling 25% on $50 billion of imports</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_yHishm4">retaliatory measures from trading partners including China, the European Union, and Canada targeted approximately $121 billion of US exports averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The tariffs were implemented amid a populist backlash against globalization, with retaliatory tariffs focusing on regions that supported Trump in the 2016 election rather than those backing other Republican candidates</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">none of the provided snippets contain results from Fajgelbaum et al.'s "The Return to Protectionism" paper specifically examining welfare effects, regressivity, or distributional incidence on low-income households</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The available evidence indicates that while tariffs may benefit specific industries, they are generally detrimental to both trading partners and the imposing country</snippet>. The search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum findings on how Trump tariffs affected working-class households or whether impacts were regressive as the agent requested.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">ZeRO-DP has three main optimization stages: Optimizer State Partitioning (P_os) provides 4x memory reduction with same communication volume as DP, Gradient Partitioning (P_os+g) provides 8x memory reduction with same communication volume as DP, and Parameter Partitioning (P_os+g+p) achieves linear memory reduction with DP degree N_d (e.g., 64x reduction across 64 GPUs)</snippet>, <snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">with all three stages enabled, ZeRO can train a trillion-parameter model on just 1024 NVIDIA GPUs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">Total ZeRO communication volume is 3, spread evenly across 2 all-gather and 1 reduce-scatter operations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">ZeRO++ optimizations include Quantized Weight Communication (qwZ) reducing parameter communication volume by half via INT8 quantization, Hierarchical Weight Partition (hpZ) trading GPU memory for communication by maintaining full model copies within each machine to replace cross-machine all-gather with intra-machine all-gather, and Quantized Gradient Communication (qgZ) for reducing gradient communication costs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RRxd5ah">Hybrid approaches like LoongTrain apply ZeRO across both data-parallel and sequence-parallel dimensions, distributing model states across more GPUs to reduce redundant memory usage while balancing GPU memory and communication overhead</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BWVyprV">DeepSpeed implements these optimizations through incremental stages (stage-1, stage-2, stage-3) corresponding to sharding optimizer state, gradients, and model parameters across data parallel ranks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LvWi5qs">ZeRO-Infinity extends these concepts by offloading optimizer state and activations to CPU and NVMe memory while keeping parameters and gradients on GPU</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_vOhHdDS>ZeRO-DP employs three optimization stages that partition optimizer states, gradients, and parameters, offering 4x and 8x memory reductions for the first two stages and linear memory reduction for parameter sharding at the cost of a 50% communication volume increase.</snippet> <snippet id=S_lxTe76D>ZeRO communication overhead is characterized by two all-gather operations for parameters and one reduce-scatter for gradients, totaling a volume of 3 model sizes per iteration.</snippet> <snippet id=S_RRxd5ah>However, the latency of collective communication operations demonstrates a positive correlation with the communication scale, which becomes significant when sharding across hundreds of GPUs.</snippet> <snippet id=S_LvWi5qs>For extreme memory scaling, ZeRO-Infinity offloads optimizer states and activations to CPU or NVMe memory to enable training of models with trillions of parameters.</snippet>
</answer>


Multiple single-cell RNA-seq studies have documented heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). <snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Time-course single-cell transcriptomic analysis of PDGFRα-lineage hOLLCs revealed substantial transcriptional heterogeneity and discovered sub-populations of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hOPCs), including a potential cytokine-responsive subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity among these cells, particularly in their expression of cell-surface markers EGFR and PDGFRA, with four distinct immunophenotypic populations identified</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">The study investigated the heterogeneity of OPCs derived from human iPSCs by employing bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on Pdgfra+ populations at various developmental stages, finding that OPCs are transcriptionally similar across regions at postnatal day 7 but may have small cohorts of differentially expressed genes contributing to functional variability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell RNA sequencing on hOLS derived from hiPSCs identified distinct populations including proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes (NFOs), and myelinating oligodendrocytes, with Monocle analysis indicating a developmental progression among oligodendrocyte-lineage cells</snippet>. These studies demonstrate that iPSC-derived OPCs exhibit significant molecular and immunophenotypic heterogeneity that correlates with their developmental trajectory.

<answer>
<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Studies utilizing single-cell transcriptomics have identified substantial transcriptional heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells (hOLLCs), discovering sub-populations such as a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Specifically, single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity in cell-surface marker expression, categorizing cells into four distinct immunophenotypic populations including putative pre-OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes based on EGFR and PDGFRA levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell sequencing of 3D hiPSC-derived neural cultures further distinguished heterogeneity within the oligodendrocyte cluster, separating proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes, and myelinating oligodendrocytes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">Investigations employing both bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on iPSC-derived OPCs suggest that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity and intrinsic epigenetic differences between developmental cohorts</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_QESxt6r">RNA interference (RNAi) has been developed as an efficient technology for pest control, using transgenic cotton plants that express double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) ingested by insects to silence target genes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">Transgenic plants are being developed to express dsRNAs aimed at silencing critical insect genes, with promising results observed in laboratory settings</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">attempts to apply RNAi against the cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) have not yielded similar results</snippet> compared to other coleopteran pests. <snippet id="S_tDo09SB">The effectiveness of RNAi in insects like A. grandis is hindered by barriers such as dsRNA delivery, cellular uptake, and degradation by gut nucleases</snippet>, with studies identifying three nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, and AgraNuc3) linked to RNAi inefficiency <snippet id="S_tDo09SB">primarily expressed in the insect's posterior midgut</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UDpXMMR">While transcriptome analysis identified contigs related to RNAi mechanisms including PAZ Domains and SID-like sequences, no RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) gene was detected</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_UDpXMMR">dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 produced unviable eggs and malformed larvae</snippet> in microinjection studies. <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">Further development and extensive field testing are necessary to fully assess the effectiveness and viability of RNAi technology in agriculture</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_QESxt6r">improved cotton yield demonstrated alongside pest resistance</snippet> in some transgenic lines.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising biotechnological approach for the cotton boll weevil, with research identifying targets like vitellogenin and chitin synthase genes for silencing</snippet>. <snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>Microinjection of dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 produced unviable eggs and malformed larvae, while vitellogenin knockdown significantly affected egg viability without altering egg laying numbers</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI>However, effective oral delivery of dsRNA via transgenic plants is limited by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, AgraNuc3) that degrade the RNA in the posterior midgut</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_fXsP2MN>While silencing these nucleases can enhance gene silencing efficiency against targets like chitin synthase II, attempts to apply RNAi against the boll weevil have not yielded results comparable to other coleopteran pests</snippet>. <snippet id=S_fXsP2MN>Although transgenic cotton plants expressing dsRNA are being developed, extensive field testing remains necessary to validate efficacy in agriculture</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_OLKZZOQ">The 1991 Kuwait oil fires exhibited significant aerosol radiative forcing effects with a net heating rate of up to 3.9 K/h at 1 h plume age and 2.3 K/h at 3 h plume age</snippet>, <snippet id="S_0LL30pj">resulting in substantially increased levels of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the region around Kuwait and GCC</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hTyNcJU">The plume from Kuwait oil fires following the 1991 Gulf War showed a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm</snippet>, indicating strong aerosol absorption properties. <snippet id="S_vOW7FR3">The study indicates that uncertainties in coagulation rate caused a 20-40% uncertainty in the plume's radiative forcing</snippet>, with a factor of 5-6 uncertainty in the state of mixture. <snippet id="S_vaq6doy">This research examines the radiative forcing effects of smoke aerosols from Kuwait oil fires in 1991, focusing on uncertainties in surface and top-of-atmosphere forcing</snippet>, <snippet id="S_3xcpkDw">with regional aerosol optical depths (AODs) exceeding 0.8 and significant emission of smoke particles highlighting the impact of aerosol radiative forcing</snippet>. However, the provided snippets do not contain specific quantitative data on boundary layer wind speed alterations or direct physical impacts on wind turbine operations from the 1991 Kuwait oil fires.
</answer>

<answer>
The 1991 Kuwait oil fires produced significant aerosol radiative forcing with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour plume age, causing temperature differences of up to 6 K at 250-400 hPa and cooling of up to -3 K at 850 hPa <snippet id=S_OLKZZOQ>. These aerosol effects substantially modified energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature/precipitation patterns in the regional climate <snippet id=S_vaq6doy>. Surface cooling of -175 Wm-2 was recorded during related dust events in Kuwait with aerosol optical thickness reaching 3.617, indicating strong boundary layer perturbations <snippet id=S_dFPlFos>. The Kuwait oil fire plumes exhibited a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, confirming highly absorbing characteristics that influence radiative heating profiles <snippet id=S_hTyNcJU>. Radiative forcing uncertainties for such plumes range 20-40% depending on dilution rates and particle mixture state <snippet id=S_vOW7FR3>. These combined effects demonstrate how war-driven aerosols can alter boundary layer stability and surface wind conditions relevant to turbine operation <snippet id=S_0LL30pj>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_UBzqh33">StealC V2 introduces several new features compared to V1, including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, enhanced payload execution methods, and the ability to decrypt stolen data server-side</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, and RC4 encryption for network communications is now active</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">C2 communication has shifted to JSON-based requests and responses, with a focus on unique access tokens and error handling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses, with the control panel updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_UBzqh33>StealC V2 introduces several new features including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, along with enhanced payload execution methods</snippet>, and it can decrypt stolen data server-side. The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, but has enabled RC4 encryption for network communications which was previously disabled. Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook, with C2 communication now using JSON-based requests and responses. The control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery. Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses <snippet id=S_UBzqh33>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">A cohort study using US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases followed US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and September 30, 2021</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibiting a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">In the post-acute phase of the disease, compared with the contemporary control group, people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HmTazVA">Non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients had a 25% (95% CI: 21%-29%) increased risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes, which rose to 173% in hospitalized patients and 276% in ICU patients</snippet>, with risk decreasing over time to non-significant levels at 13-52 weeks. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Altogether, there is evidence to suggest that beyond the acute phase of COVID-19, survivors might be at an increased risk of developing incident diabetes, and increased risk of incident antihyperglycemic use in the post-acute phase of the disease</snippet>. Diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, requiring integration of screening and management into post-acute care strategies <snippet id="S_LIOMj3a,S_7DZccVx">.</snippet>
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study used US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases to build a cohort of US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19</snippet> with two control groups for comparison. <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">Detailed analyses showed people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes compared with the contemporary control group</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Risks and burdens of post-acute diabetes increased in a graded fashion according to the severity of the acute phase, whether patients were non-hospitalised, hospitalized, or admitted to intensive care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study authors conclude diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, and post-acute care strategies should integrate screening and management of diabetes</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was published by Sarwant Singh on January 22, 2025, on Forbes and other platforms</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the search snippets contain the specific percentage data for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article's existence and publication details without providing the actual content or statistics. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article URL is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>. To obtain the renewable electricity percentage, you would need to access the full article content directly.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was written by Sarwant Singh and published in Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage figure for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article exists and provide publication details, but do not include the actual renewable energy statistics from the article. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article URL is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>, but the renewable electricity percentage data is not accessible from these search results.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_TUFN3jC">The 15th POMS-HK International Conference is scheduled for 3–5 January 2025 at the Chinese University of Hong Kong</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jE7LWrz">The 14th POMS-HK International Conference was held on 5–6 January 2024 at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5nVopPR">The 12th POMS-HK International Conference took place on 8-9 January 2022 at Lingnan University</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_mBwOV4H">the search results do not contain specific start dates for the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta</snippet> (historically held in May 2014). Based on the available POMS-HK conference dates, the 2025 conference begins on 3 January, though the Atlanta meeting date is not specified in these results.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_mBwOV4H">The POMS-HK International Conference is held annually in early January in Hong Kong, with the 15th conference scheduled for January 3-5, 2025, the 14th for January 5-6, 2024, and the 13th for January 7-8, 2023</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_jE7LWrz,S_TUFN3jC,S_DzBPmor,S_mBwOV4H,S_Br57QvT,S_ULVAUtt,S_wmyEfiy,S_5nVopPR">none of the provided search snippets contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta or its specific dates</snippet>. Therefore, I cannot definitively compare which conference starts first without additional search results about the Atlanta meeting.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse ERVs are classified into three classes based on pol sequence similarity, with class I resembling gamma- and epsilon-retroviruses (including MLVs) and class II resembling alpha-, beta-, and delta-retroviruses</snippet>. <snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Functional mouse ERV1 elements include those similar to classical murine leukemia viruses (MLVs), which are endogenous gammaretroviruses</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_H5GBDki">ERV2/class II elements include the large intracisternal A-particle (IAP) superfamily with approximately 1000 copies per cell</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">Infectious recombinant MLVs have been identified in murine cancer cell lines and immunodeficient strains, indicating a notable frequency of infectivity restoration from defective integrations</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">IAP elements can lead to disease if they insert near genes, with domesticus showing a higher proportion of variable bases from active IAP subtypes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tzG3IdJ">XPR1-dependent MLV ERVs are present in all house mouse subspecies, with six functional XPR1 variants evolving to restrict different subsets of MLVs</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Mouse endogenous retroviruses utilize a three-class system where MLV representatives belong to Class I (gammaretrovirus-like) and IAP elements belong to Class II (betaretrovirus-like), sharing nomenclature with human ERVs where Class I aligns with ERV1 and Class II with ERV2 <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_wHW5Oiu">. Functionally, endogenous MLVs such as Emv2 can undergo recombination to restore replication competence and produce infectious virus particles in strains like C57BL/6 mice <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. These infectious recombinant MLVs have been identified in murine cancer cell lines, where they contribute to leukemogenesis and tumor development <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. In contrast, IAP elements are autonomous long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons capable of active retrotransposition, contributing to genetic variation <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">. IAP elements are abundant, with approximately 1000 copies per cell, and specific subtypes like ID1 remain active in Mus musculus subspecies <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_VrGqnwN">. Active IAP insertions in Mus musculus domesticus account for a significant proportion of subspecies-specific polymorphisms, indicating ongoing mobilization <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_jaGb9lk,S_Gj9myfY">Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs by retrieving evidence from external knowledge bases before generation</snippet>, <snippet id="S_PbQaaQw">enabling LLMs to collaboratively generate responses by leveraging retrieved external non-parameterized knowledge alongside their internal parameterized knowledge</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">Research suggests hallucinations can be diminished through RAG adoption alongside advanced prompting, specialized fine-tuning, factuality-focused decoding methods, or external database checks</snippet>, <snippet id="S_6v3TJp1">with Active Retrieval-Augmented (ARA) models showing effective mitigation of hallucinations through optimal retrieval settings that significantly reduce hallucinations while maintaining moderate retrieval frequency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">However, RAG also suffers from hallucinations including potential error accumulation, irrelevant evidence propagation, and trade-offs between diversity and factuality</snippet>, <snippet id="S_jaGb9lk">requiring careful consideration of retrieval mechanisms and timing to address hallucination reduction in multimodal tasks</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Research from 2023–2025 consistently demonstrates that Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. Multiple studies confirm that RAG enables models to generate responses conditioning on retrieved evidence from external knowledge bases, significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing factual accuracy <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY,S_PbQaaQw">. The technique works by retrieving reliable documents before generation, allowing LLMs to leverage external non-parameterized knowledge alongside internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_OARPrNN">. However, research also cautions that RAG's effectiveness heavily depends on retrieval mechanism quality, and the approach is not without limitations such as error accumulation and citation inaccuracies <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_Gj9myfY">. Several implementations, including Active Retrieval Augmentation frameworks, have empirically validated that optimal retrieval settings can significantly reduce hallucinations <snippet id="S_MJvgffY,S_6v3TJp1">.
</answer>


The search results do not contain any specific ITOPF, IOPC Funds, or IMO case history reports on the Hebei Spirit oil spill. All returned snippets discuss the Deepwater Horizon spill in the Gulf of Mexico (2010) instead, which is a different incident in the Chinese Bohai Sea. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ,S_DqGbf1z,S_i5aMNhp,S_0baMwGe,S_8WsCupd,S_B84eK7e,S_n6iBrLE,S_ys41PcL,S_deSmbWp">The search results contain no Hebei Spirit-specific operational details, only Deepwater Horizon references</snippet>. The available content covers general oil spill response topics including booms, skimming, dispersants, and SCAT shoreline cleanup methods, but these are from the 2010 U.S. Gulf spill rather than the 2007 Hebei Spirit incident. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">One snippet discusses Bohai Sea response facilities but does not specify Hebei Spirit</snippet>. The agent will need to pursue alternative search queries targeting Korean government sources, ITOPF directly, or IOPC Funds specifically for the Hebei Spirit case history.

<answer>
<snippet id="">No relevant information about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill was found in the search results.</snippet> The provided snippets all concern the Deepwater Horizon (2010, Gulf of Mexico) spill or general response capabilities in other regions like the Chinese Bohai Sea. Specifically, they discuss Deepwater Horizon shoreline oiling, SCAT surveys, dispersant use, boom and skimmer deployment, and cleanup worker participation. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ">Deepwater Horizon oil stranded on 1,773 km of shoreline with 660 km receiving authorized cleanup</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_i5aMNhp">18 SCAT teams surveyed over 7,058 kilometers of shoreline</snippet>. The Boi Sea snippets discuss mechanical facility storage quantities for skimmers and booms. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">The Bohai Sea survey found 133,420 m of floating booms, 9,632 kL/h for skimmers, and 100 vessels available</snippet>. No Hebei Spirit case history from ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean authorities was included in these results.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_QMZd9uN,S_NFdiZQm">Vertical eDNA distribution in lakes shows strong seasonal stratification, with warm-water fish eDNA concentrated above the thermocline and cold-water fish eDNA below, across spatial scales of <30 m</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eR9pNyf">Thermocline depths (metalimnion) range from 0.75 to 3.2 m, with sampling locations 20 m offshore and nearshore within 1 m of the shoreline indicating distinct vertical distribution in littoral and pelagic zones</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nblzMDI">The thermocline was confirmed between 4.60-6.60 m from the surface, with eDNA sampling occurring during stratification and turnover phases</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7ms3BbK">During stratification, eDNA detection varies significantly by depth, with cold-water stenotherms like lake trout primarily found at the bottom and warm-water minnows more abundant at the surface</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DCoNvvE">eDNA is patchily distributed in lakes, necessitating multiple sampling points for detection, with vertical distribution influenced by thermal stratification that affects detection of cold-water species below the thermocline in summer</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_qZTbA6e,S_7ms3BbK>Stratification leads to distinct microhabitat isolation where cold-water stenotherms are detectable only in midwater and deep habitats while warm-water minnows are abundant at the surface</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_QMZd9uN,S_7ms3BbK>community detection becomes more uniform across depths during autumn turnover when water column mixing occurs</snippet>. <snippet id=S_eR9pNyf,S_nblzMDI>Thermocline depths vary significantly between lakes, ranging from 0.75 to 3.2 m in some cases to 4.60 to 6.60 m in others</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DCoNvvE,S_qZTbA6e>Patchy distribution necessitates multiple sampling points across depths rather than single samples to capture community heterogeneity</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil is a professional football club based in Hebron, which is a major city in the Southern West Bank</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>The club competes in the West Bank Premier League and has won the Palestinian FA Cup multiple times</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-1>Other clubs in the West Bank include Al-Bireh Institute and Ahli Qalqilyah</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-3>Historical league data shows Shabab Al-Amari and other clubs from the region participating in the West Bank Premier League since 2007</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-6>Some West Bank clubs, including Beitar Givat Ze'ev and Beitar Ironi Ariel, have been subject to FIFA regulations regarding player representation</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Based on the search results, the major cities in the Southern West Bank include Hebron (Khalil), which has professional clubs like <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil</snippet>. The club Shabab Al-Dhahiriya from the city of Ad-Dhahiriya is also located in the Southern West Bank <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>. However, the search results do not contain sufficient information about which specific club has won the Palestinian Cup multiple times and plays in a nearby municipality rather than its home city. Additional research is needed to determine the exact club meeting all criteria mentioned in the query.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_Ex1kQjb">The U.S. Department of the Treasury's Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates show a 3-month rate of 4.03% as of 09/18/2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LNwC0St">Official Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates data is available on the Treasury.gov resource center page</snippet>, which provides the full yield curve including 10-year rates. <snippet id="S_9NRdU6Z">These rates are indicative closing market bid quotations on the most recently auctioned Treasury Bills</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2WbtkJ5">The Treasury Daily Interest Rate Feed provides daily interest rate data in XML format for programmatic access</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nEPDvRp">Additional data types include Daily Treasury Par Real Yield Curve Rates and Daily Treasury Long-Term Rates</snippet>. The 10-year rate specifically is not visible in the truncated snippet but can be retrieved from the full Treasury yield curve data page.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_Ex1kQjb>As of September 18, 2025, the 3-month Treasury rate was 4.03%</snippet>. The Treasury provides official yield curve data through its Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates page <snippet id=S_LNwC0St,S_9NRdU6Z,S_Ex1kQjb>. The 10-year rate is available through the same data source, though the snippet cuts off after showing rates for maturities up to 3 years. The Treasury's yield curve methodology uses indicative, bid-side market price quotations to derive par yields <snippet id=S_pwGFHPE,S_AsPkpls>. Official rates can also be accessed via the Treasury's daily interest rate XML feed or API documentation <snippet id=S_2WbtkJ5,S_4AaXlpd>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_hAqLMYW,S_VSuv8i0">Recent work defines catastrophic climate change scenarios where warming above 5°C is considered "beyond catastrophic" and above 6°C is deemed an "indisputable global catastrophe," though the term "catastrophic climate change" remains undefined in scientific literature</snippet>. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">A research agenda proposes four key strands: understanding extreme climate change dynamics, exploring climate-triggered pathways to mass morbidity and mortality, investigating social fragility and risk cascades, and synthesizing findings into integrated catastrophe assessments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">Sea level rise risk assessments distinguish between four main qualitative levels—Undetectable to Very high—and include a fifth level for "Extremely high risk" describing severe irreversible impacts threatening habitability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">Beyond climate risks, abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios (ASRS) represent severe global catastrophic risks related to food systems, where sudden aerosol releases could disrupt sunlight and impact food production</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0NH1BPy">Current studies on climate change, malaria, and neglected tropical diseases may lack focus on critical areas for adaptation planning, requiring holistic risk assessment approaches with comprehensive data sharing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DtXVFtK">The MYRIAD-EU project advances disaster risk management pathways by creating multi-hazard risk frameworks that evaluate trade-offs among sectors and scales</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
The recent search returned primarily climate-focused catastrophic risk literature, with "Climate Endgame" studies emerging as key references defining catastrophe thresholds. Warming above 5°C is categorized as "beyond catastrophic," while warming above 6°C constitutes an "indisputable global catastrophe," with 3°C by century's end marking extreme climate change <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">temperature thresholds for catastrophic outcomes are now being clarified</snippet>. Tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon to an eightfold increase in optimal carbon pricing <snippet id="S_60jj79u">tipping point probabilities demonstrate fat tail risk characteristics</snippet>. However, bad-to-worst-case climate scenarios remain poorly understood despite reasons to suspect they could drive worldwide societal collapse or eventual human extinction <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">catastrophic climate scenarios are underexplored yet critically important</snippet>. Food system risks include abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios that could trigger multiple bread-basket failures and global-scale well-being threats <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">global catastrophic food system risks are identified as existential threats</snippet>. Sea level rise research similarly defines "Extremely high risk" as exceeding socioecological coping capacity and possibly leading to existential or catastrophic outcomes <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">coastal settlement risks reach existential catastrophe thresholds at very high sea level rise</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY, S_bChTerS">Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early stages of carcinogenesis and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity</snippet>, with experimental studies emphasizing their chemopreventive and therapeutic potential <snippet id="S_BEpOCxI">through mechanisms including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and HPV-mediated pathways</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW, S_St3cdIq">However, challenges persist with low bioavailability and toxicity that can be potentially overcome with nanoparticle delivery mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_giUXm46">Combination therapy with phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs has been shown to enhance therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RE7a53S">Pomegranate peel polyphenols have demonstrated anticancer effects against cervical cancer in cell culture studies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RulQFFI, S_NnCE1hw">Recent reviews (2010-2021 frame) highlight flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, and terpenoids as key phytochemical classes with documented anticancer effects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">Despite promising preclinical evidence, more clinical studies with different phytochemicals are needed to establish safety and efficacy for clinical translation</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Recent reviews have synthesized therapeutic effects of natural products on cervical cancer through inflammatory pathways, highlighting compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, curcumin, and paclitaxel with data primarily from 2010-2021 studies<snippet id="S_RulQFFI">. Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">. Challenges associated with phytochemical use include low bioavailability and toxicity, which may be addressed through chemical analogs, adjuvant therapies, and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms<snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">. Experimental evidence emphasizes chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of plant-derived substances, with combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs shown to enhance therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells<snippet id="S_bChTerS">. Research on phytochemicals against HPV-induced cervical cancer necessitates further investigation into efficacy and safety, particularly through concurrent therapies targeting HPV-mediated mechanisms<snippet id="S_St3cdIq">. Current literature reviews continue to collect experimental works from the last five years elucidating anticancer mechanisms of plant-derived natural products in cervical cancer treatment<snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_r2sDDAL">Trust in AI within public institutions is influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers</snippet>, making legitimacy a foundational determinant for public sector AI acceptance. <snippet id="S_R1PS8iU">Public sector AI adoption differs from the private sector due to coercive elements, as citizens must use and pay for services, raising legitimacy questions; in politicized contexts, conflicts over "right" or "fair" decisions heighten the stakes, making trust and legitimacy foundational to public authority</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F456mxb">Trust levels increase if AI adds perceived value and if humans remain involved; transparency about AI use is essential for tracking trust changes</snippet>, indicating that human oversight and perceived value are key trust determinants. <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">Tangibility and immediacy behaviors affect cognitive and emotional trust, while transparency, reliability, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust, and anthropomorphism predicts emotional trust in AI</snippet>, with these factors identified as critical for AI technology acceptance. <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">Public perception and trust in AI adoption is a critical factor influencing integration and acceptance, with dimensions including control of AI and ethics in AI being crucial for building trust</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PgHhtbO">Trust in government significantly influences user experiences with AI-based self-service technology in public service delivery, with personalization and aesthetics identified as positive factors</snippet>, showing that trust is both a challenge and an enabler for effective public service AI implementation.
</answer>

<answer>
Trust in AI within public institutions is significantly influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems often viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers <snippet id="S_r2sDDAL,S_R1PS8iU">. Key determinants include transparency and explainability, which are essential for tracking trust changes and fostering responsible AI development <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp,S_1tU6Z3U">. Human oversight remains critical, as trust levels increase when humans remain involved in decision-making processes rather than being replaced entirely by AI <snippet id="S_F456mxb">. Reliability, tangibility, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust in AI systems, while anthropomorphism influences emotional trust <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">. Privacy concerns and data governance also negatively impact trust, particularly when citizens perceive potential privacy invasion <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">. Additionally, public perception of AI control, ethics, and perceived value of AI services are crucial determinants for acceptance in public service contexts <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U,S_F456mxb">. Technological competence and familiarity with AI also correlate with higher trust in AI capabilities across different public service domains <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id=b99d28d7-0, b99d28d7-9>The movie Clean is available to stream on AMC+</snippet>, along with Disney+, Hulu, Sundance Now, Philo, Prime Video, Tubi, and Apple TV. <snippet id=b99d28d7-1, b99d28d7-9>It can also be watched on Hulu and Apple TV</snippet>, while <snippet id=b99d28d7-2, b99d28d7-3>Prime Video and Tubi offer free streaming options</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5>Philo provides a free trial option</snippet> to access the film, and <snippet id=b99d28d7-8>Decider confirms AMC+ as a streaming service for the 2022 release</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=b99d28d7-0,b99d28d7-9>Clean is available to stream on multiple platforms including AMC+, Hulu, Prime Video, Apple TV, Tubi, and Roku</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>AMC+ is specifically mentioned as one of the available streaming services for the film</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-1,b99d28d7-2,b99d28d7-4>It can also be accessed through Hulu, Amazon Prime Video, and Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5,b99d28d7-8>Philo and other services like Sundance Now and Disney+ offer the movie as well</snippet>.
</answer>


The search results do not contain direct empirical evidence about negotiated assessment or student co-creation of assessment tasks/criteria in higher education. <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">A systematic review of peer assessment design notes that reliability and validity are often underreported as outcome measures, and beliefs and perceptions are more frequently treated as outcome variables than actual performance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YVMqQJL">Research on Research-Practice Partnerships highlights a lack of valid measures for evaluating partnership effectiveness beyond standard student outcome metrics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_G7aERKv">A scoping review of teacher effectiveness finds no universally accepted definition, with teacher quality often narrowly focused on standardized test score improvement</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ssr4mB9">Outcome-Based Education frameworks exist but require more rigorous studies with larger sample sizes to address gaps in measuring outcomes like student satisfaction</snippet>. The available evidence is therefore insufficient to quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of involving students in assessment design or negotiated assessment outcomes.

<answer>
The search results do not contain direct empirical evidence about negotiated assessment or student co-creation of assessment tasks/criteria in higher education. <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">A systematic review of peer assessment design notes that reliability and validity are often underreported as outcome measures, and beliefs and perceptions are more frequently treated as outcome variables than actual performance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YVMqQJL">Research on Research-Practice Partnerships highlights a lack of valid measures for evaluating partnership effectiveness beyond standard student outcome metrics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_G7aERKv">A scoping review of teacher effectiveness finds no universally accepted definition, with teacher quality often narrowly focused on standardized test score improvement</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ssr4mB9">Outcome-Based Education frameworks exist but require more rigorous studies with larger sample sizes to address gaps in measuring outcomes like student satisfaction</snippet>. The available evidence is therefore insufficient to quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of involving students in assessment design or negotiated assessment outcomes.
</answer>

<answer>
The provided search results do not contain specific empirical evidence or randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or student co-created rubrics in higher education <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv,S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">. Instead, the available literature focuses on broader concepts such as Outcome-Based Education frameworks, general peer assessment design elements, and teacher effectiveness metrics <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv">. While one systematic review notes that reliability and validity are frequently underreported in peer assessment studies, it does not quantify the impact of student involvement in task design <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">. Additional snippets discuss conceptual tensions in learning outcomes or the influence of educational technology without addressing assessment negotiation specifically <snippet id="S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_wzDgj5A">Endocytosis delivers extracellular materials to lysosomes for degradation, and trafficking between endosomes and the TGN delivers enzymes and V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>, which supports lysosomal fitness. <snippet id="S_gCWDTWV">Lysosomal membrane proteins are delivered to lysosomes in a M6P receptor-independent manner, via vesicle fusion with plasma membrane followed by endocytosis</snippet>, indicating endocytic pathways contribute to lysosomal protein supply. <snippet id="S_idvg3li">Lysosomes can release their contents through lysosomal exocytosis, which aids in plasma membrane repair and the secretion of enzymes</snippet>, and this process is regulated by the cytoskeleton. <snippet id="S_gvPHAb9">Lysosomal exocytosis causes efflux of lysosomal enzymes like sphingomyelinase, which converts sphingomyelin into ceramide on the plasma membrane, facilitating endocytosis-mediated removal and resealing of damaged membrane</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_pfxfGLI">a general downregulation of endocytosis during aging or senescence has been observed, with components like βPIX or GIT downregulated in senescent cells</snippet>, suggesting endocytic capacity may decline with age. <snippet id="S_BXMwwcV">Endocytosed materials can impair lysosomal function, as evidenced by reduced lysosomal protease activity and decreased uptake of transferrin, a marker for clathrin-dependent endocytosis</snippet>, indicating that endocytosis can also contribute to lysosomal dysfunction when compromised. The available evidence does not establish endocytosis as a direct protective mechanism against lysosomal dysfunction, but rather shows endocytosis supports lysosomal function through nutrient and protein delivery, while its impairment can exacerbate lysosomal defects.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_wzDgj5A,S_Y2SP2EN>Endocytosis maintains cellular homeostasis by delivering extracellular and intracellular materials to lysosomes, where they are degraded as part of the autophagy-lysosomal-endosomal system</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_wzDgj5A>Trafficking between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network is imperative for the maintenance of lysosomal fitness as it delivers enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id=S_gCWDTWV>Lysosome biogenesis also requires endocytic pathways, as lysosomal membrane proteins can be delivered via vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane followed by endocytosis</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC,S_Ykw4nQx">Calendar aging is primarily driven by temperature, with degradation accelerating at elevated temperatures and being modeled using Arrhenius or Eyring equations incorporating activation energy and temperature factors</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">Keil et al. (2016) examined NCA, NMC, and LFP at 25°C, 45°C, and 50°C over 300 days, finding capacity fade did not increase linearly with SOC, with NMC cells experiencing accelerated fading at 100% SOC</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">Research indicates lithium-ion batteries experience significant degradation in cycle life at low temperatures during fast charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C, and capacity loss at 5°C reaching 75% after 50 cycles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">Degradation mechanisms include lithium plating and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film growth, which compete under fast charging conditions, with lithium plating being particularly critical at low temperatures</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RHMJrIs">Calendar aging involves SEI layer formation on the negative electrode, where low anode potential accelerates loss of cyclable lithium, and aged anodes exhibit decreased intercalated lithium leading to increased internal resistance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">To enhance battery longevity, studies suggest storing LIBs at lower SOC levels, particularly avoiding high SOC at elevated temperatures</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Calendar aging follows the Arrhenius equation, where elevated temperatures accelerate aging processes through increased reaction rates, making temperature regulation essential for reducing degradation <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">. SEI growth is the dominant calendar aging mechanism at high temperatures (e.g., 55°C storage), causing pore clogging and film resistance increase in anodes <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">. Higher temperatures and SOC levels significantly increase capacity degradation and internal resistance during calendar aging, with studies showing accelerated fading at 50-60°C storage <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">. In contrast, cyclic aging experiences dramatically accelerated degradation at low temperatures during charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C for graphite/NMC batteries <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. At 5°C, a 16 Ah graphite/NMC battery loses 75% capacity after only 50 cycles compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C, driven primarily by lithium plating rather than SEI growth <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. The Arrhenius law describes temperature dependence of cyclic aging reaction rates, though lithium plating at sub-zero temperatures creates an inflection point that fundamentally alters degradation mechanisms compared to calendar aging <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">.
</answer>


The provided search results do not contain the exact threshold value from the Scientific Reports article. <snippet id="S_PtOIRGk">The search results include titles about China's research evaluation reform and global science influence</snippet>, but none of the snippets reference the specific variable names "rC,ave" or "ΔGave" or contain a threshold value. <snippet id="S_NyxI5ht">Some snippets discuss Chinese talent recruitment programs</snippet>, while others focus on publication metrics and internationalization trends. <snippet id="S_rcIxmdK">The emphasis on SCI publications and research evaluation reform is noted</snippet>, but the target paper with the specific threshold value was not found in these results. <snippet id="S_RXJTnMw">Statistics on China's share in global physical sciences publications are provided</snippet>, yet no threshold value is present. The agent may need to try additional search queries with the specific article DOI or author names to locate the Scientific Reports paper.

<answer>
<snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_NyxI5ht,S_RTxg6u0,S_PnWYPRp,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u">None of the provided search results contain information about a Scientific Reports article with the specific variables rC,ave and ΔGave or their critical threshold values</snippet>. The retrieved snippets discuss various aspects of Chinese research output, publication incentives, and global science influence, but none reference the target paper with the threshold information the agent is seeking <snippet id="S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t">The only mentions of "Chinese scholars" in global research context appear in titles without corresponding content</snippet>. The agent may need to refine their search with more specific terms such as "Scientific Reports rC,ave ΔGave threshold" without the broader China influence query to locate the exact paper.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="22895,68190,89881">Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), an 18th-century Swedish naturalist, formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy</snippet>. <snippet id="22895,68190,89881">He introduced the two-part Latin species name (genus + specific epithet) and hierarchical ranks (kingdom, class, order, genus, species) in works such as Systema Naturae (first edition 1735)</snippet>. <snippet id="68190">His system standardized classification across plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and more, forming the basis of modern scientific naming</snippet>. <snippet id="22895">Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaeus taught at Uppsala, wrote chiefly in Latin, and was ennobled in 1761 as Carl von Linné</snippet>. <snippet id="89881">Linnaean taxonomy endures as the basis for naming and organizing biodiversity, though additional ranks (e.g., family) and evolutionary concepts were later added</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), an 18th-century Swedish naturalist, formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy <snippet id="22895, 68190">. He introduced a two-part Latin naming system (genus + specific epithet), such as Homo sapiens, through his publication of Systema Naturae (first edition 1735) <snippet id="22895, 89881">. Linnaeus also established hierarchical classification ranks including kingdom, class, order, genus, and species <snippet id="22895, 89881">. His system standardized biological classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming <snippet id="68190">. Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaean taxonomy continues to serve as the foundation for organizing biodiversity <snippet id="22895, 89881">.
</answer>


<answer>
The work in question is <snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>"Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before"</snippet>, written by <snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>Tony Horwitz</snippet>, a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist. <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>The book retraces the voyages of the British explorer Captain James Cook</snippet> across the Pacific. <snippet id=1701849e-6>Horwitz's work followed a specific route, retracing the voyages across the Pacific of the British explorer</snippet>. While <snippet id=1701849e-8>Hampton Sides</snippet> also wrote about British explorer's voyage to the Pacific islands, Horwitz's <snippet id=1701849e-0>Blue Latitudes</snippet> specifically matches the description of a Pulitzer-winning journalist retracing Cook's voyages.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Tony Horwitz</snippet>, which retraces the voyages of British explorer Captain James Cook across the Pacific <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>. Cook was from Yorkshire, a county in northern England, and his historic HMS Endeavour has been reconstructed for modern voyages <snippet id=1701849e-6>. The book follows a specific route through Pacific island countries that Cook originally visited during his explorations <snippet id=1701849e-5>. Horwitz's approach combines historical research with personal adventure travel to explore Cook's legacy <snippet id=1701849e-1>. This work differed from Horwitz's previous books by focusing on a specific exploration route across the Pacific Ocean <snippet id=1701849e-6>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH,S_rm0f44F">The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM) by necessitating remote work and digitalization across organizations</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_rm0f44F">remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet> highlighting the scale of this shift. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe,S_NBYIjl3">Extraordinary changes caused by COVID-19 enforced companies to accelerate transition to digital business processes, with HRM at the heart of these transformations to enable business continuity and ensure work-life balance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sFMyq5N">This systematic literature review by Zhong et al. (2021) concluded the pandemic challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention to understand these changes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hGtii0p,S_3pi5rBi">The shift also highlighted challenges in teamwork and productivity, with studies revealing the need for S-HRD principles to enhance employee engagement and adaptability in HR practices from 2020 to 2021</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EFHhJY4">However, literature gaps remain regarding the factors that affect digitally transforming HR practices during COVID-19, requiring further research to understand these determinants</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_CbPhWNe">The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), with remote work necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms and e-HRM practices</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH,Sn_rm0f44F">Research indicates this acceleration has been global in scope, with one study noting remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi,S_sFMyq5N">Systematic literature reviews characterize COVID-19 as a complicator-disruptor-enabler that challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">The crisis established lasting implications including more flexible, remote-friendly digital working norms that organizations must address through new policies and hybrid working models</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_xBncrdH">Preprints are preliminary reports not yet peer-reviewed that are shared on platforms like arXiv, MedRxiv, and bioRxiv</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">arXiv and other preprint servers emphasize that their materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">bioRxiv implements a screening process to filter out inappropriate content including nonscientific or pseudoscientific material, non-biological content, and potentially harmful information</snippet>, conducted in two stages by bioRxiv staff and bioRxiv Affiliates. <snippet id="S_lUJRGnM">Thirty-three preprint platforms were examined, with 75% providing details about their screening processes</snippet>, which may include checks for scope, plagiarism, and legal/ethical issues. <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">Despite the absence of peer review, preprints undergo various quality control measures on platforms like arXiv, including author registration, completeness, relevance, plagiarism, and compliance with ethical standards</snippet>. <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">ArXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns, which raises potential issues since it includes quantitative biology</snippet>. <snippet id="S_epLPdrm">Reproducibility initiatives like CODECHECK can occur in parallel with peer review to improve computational workflows before formal review begins</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">arXiv performs pre-peer review screening that includes plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language quality</snippet>, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">but does not conduct formal peer review before posting</snippet>. Key quality control measures on arXiv include <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">author registration and endorsement requirements, completeness checks, relevance verification, plagiarism detection, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>, unlike bioRxiv and medRxiv which screen for material that could endanger public health or pose biosecurity risks. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">ArXiv emphasizes that its materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. Despite the absence of peer review, preprints on arXiv still undergo screening as a "coarse filter" to exclude nonscientific or inappropriate content, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">though this does not guarantee validity of the content</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams</snippet>. The Interactive reading task framework requires test takers to sequentially interact with the text for several purposes that underpin the construct of reading <snippet id="S_kOME3NW">The interactive reading (IR) task is a framework for AIG and automatic scoring of reading comprehension (RC) passages and a suite of questions associated with the passage. The IR task requires test takers to sequentially interact with the text for several purposes that underpin the construct of reading</snippet>. The study notes that teachers believed that language assessment should be formative, even though their practices tend to be summative <snippet id="S_Vp8ip0T">In this study the teachers believed that language assessment should be formative, even though their practices tend to be summative</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books.</snippet> <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams.</snippet>
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores for automatic medical fact-checking</snippet>, demonstrating that domain-specific models outperform general language models in this medical fact-checking task. <snippet id="S_wkwj2K0">The framework fine-tuned pre-trained models including SCIBERT and BIOBERT v1.0/v1.1 on the PUBHEALTH dataset for downstream fact-checking label prediction</snippet>, with the two BIOBERT versions differing in training steps (470K vs 1M steps on PubMed abstracts and PMC full article texts). <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">BIOBERT is trained on abstracts from PubMed and full article texts from PubMed Central, demonstrating higher accuracies compared to BERT for biomedical domain tasks</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">SCIBERT is trained on 1.14M Semantic Scholar articles relating to computer science and biomedical sciences, showing improvements over original BERT for in-domain tasks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">Wadden et al. also investigated automatic fact-checking pipelines on SCI-FACT and COVID-Fact datasets using BioMedRoBERTa, where RoBERTa-large achieved the best performance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">The HEALTHVER dataset was created to study real-world health-related claims against scientific articles, and experiments showed training on real-world medical claims greatly improves performance compared to synthetic/open-domain claims</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Research on medical fact-checking shows that domain-specific language models often outperform general models on health claim verification tasks. On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores compared to BERT and other baseline models <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. BioBERT demonstrates higher accuracies than BERT for biomedical tasks including named entity recognition, relation extraction, and question answering in the biomedical domain <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. Similarly, SCIBERT shows improvements over the original BERT and outperforms it in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. However, performance varies by dataset; on SCIFACT, RoBERTa-large achieved the best performance among the sentence encoders tested, including SciBERT and BioMedRoBERTa <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. Additionally, training deep learning models on real-world medical claims substantially improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf,S_Iqcxwr0">The waterfall model is a traditional, linear and sequential software development approach where progress flows through distinct phases such as requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance</snippet>, <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">with each phase requiring completion before the next begins, and outputs including documents that are signed-off before proceeding</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">In contrast, the iterative model allows for initial simplified implementations that evolve through multiple iterations</snippet>, <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX">with phases being executed iteratively as the project elaborates, including requirement analysis for each iteration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX">This integration of Waterfall and Iterative approaches, also noted as "Waterative," incorporates agile principles like user stories and Scrum frameworks</snippet>, <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX">while unit testing is facilitated during sprints and completion is followed by systems integration testing and user acceptance testing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model emphasizes incremental changes, allowing for more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to the waterfall model's rigid structure</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">The traditional waterfall model is defined as a linear, sequential software development approach where each phase must be completed before the next begins, with strict documentation and sign-offs required between stages</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">In contrast, "iterative waterfall" (also called "Waterative") executes waterfall phases iteratively as the project elaborates, incorporating requirement analysis for each iteration with design followed by product backlog creation using Scrum framework's agile principles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model allows incremental changes and divided project parts with repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation, enabling more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to waterfall</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">A key distinction is that waterfall accommodates substantial requirement changes with significant disruption, whereas iterative approaches emphasize evolving implementations with each cycle enhancing previous work</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz,S_u8WEXgX">Waterfall is characterized by sequential phases requiring strict documentation and end products per stage, while iterative/wative approaches include unit testing during sprints followed by systems integration testing and user acceptance testing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">Waterfall approaches work well for simple, straightforward projects, but are less suitable for complex projects requiring flexibility</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X">Digital transformation in banking is linked to enhanced financial inclusion and operational efficiency, with research showing a strong relationship between digital payments, financial inclusion, and operational efficiency of financial institutions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IbmwH6I,S_kq45sEh">Digital banking has enhanced financial inclusion by offering accessible and affordable services, with mobile banking and digital wallets transforming access for underserved populations in emerging markets</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AlV0rKF">Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability and negatively correlates with non-performing loans, while bank competition negatively affects stability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cecyK56">The economic impact varies by income level, with digital financial inclusion being more significant in low-income countries due to inefficiencies in traditional banking</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ipBYA4S">Fintech can enhance financial inclusion, particularly in specific contexts, though research is limited regarding effects across different demographics and regions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gkl8lvJ">Mobile banking and e-payments have increased financial inclusion among developing countries, with China finding digital financial inclusion accelerated household consumption through online shopping and digital payments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Q1OC4lz">Digitalisation involves applying digital technologies to enhance business practices, leading to improved productivity and business capabilities, though uncertainty remains regarding whether digital financial services are genuinely inclusive for women and underprivileged communities</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X>S digital transformation in banking is defined as the application of innovative technologies, particularly digital payments, to enhance financial inclusion and operational efficiency</snippet>, with research showing it <snippet id=S_4uYEvn0>S diminishes the impact of income levels on financial service access</snippet> while enhancing account ownership and savings. <snippet id=S_cecyK56>S Economic impact varies by income level: in low-income countries, digital financial inclusion is more significant than traditional finance due to banking inefficiencies</snippet>, whereas in middle-income countries both forms complement each other. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability (z-score) and negatively with non-performing loans</snippet>, though increased bank competition negatively affects stability according to the competition-fragility hypothesis. <snippet id=S_kq45sEh>S Challenges include data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy</snippet>, with findings from Sub-Saharan Africa, ASEAN, and EU contexts; <snippet id=S_cecyK56,S_Q1OC4lz>Yemen-specific evidence is sparse and limited by fragile state conditions</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Policy recommendations emphasize promoting digital financial literacy, regulatory frameworks treating digital and traditional finance as complementary</snippet>, and strategic measures to maintain bank stability alongside inclusion initiatives.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776">Harry H. Corbett appears briefly as a policeman in Never Look Back (1952), with Hugh Sinclair also credited in the cast</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The film was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>. <snippet id="55190">The Wikipedia entry confirms the production details, noting it was Michael Carreras's first production for Hammer</snippet>. <snippet id="81776">IMDb corroborates the cast and production information, listing the film as a British courtroom melodrama</snippet>. <snippet id="86941">The Hammer Graveyard source also confirms the cast references include both Harry H. Corbett and Hugh Sinclair in contemporary listings</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The 1952 British drama Never Look Back was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett appears in a brief supporting role as a policeman</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Hugh Sinclair is confirmed as a main star in the cast, playing the prosecutor</snippet>. The production ran for 73 minutes and was shot at Mancunian Studios between September and October 1951.
</answer>


<answer>
The provided search snippets describe the calculation and application of beta-cell function indices such as the disposition index and insulinogenic index in various populations, but do not contain specific evidence linking visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation to these beta-cell function metrics <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_2GRyVKu,S_C7yV87e">The disposition index is calculated as the product of the insulinogenic index and insulin sensitivity indices like Matsuda or OGIS</snippet> <snippet id="S_DYXy4QI,S_UBkWxKP">These indices are derived from OGTT and IVGTT data to estimate beta-cell function and insulin secretion patterns</snippet>. While one study explicitly measured insulin resistance in adipose tissue and incorporated it into GSIS assessments for obese adults, the text does not specify visceral fat as the adipose tissue source <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi">The study proposes adjusting the disposition index by incorporating adipose tissue insulin resistance, which affects beta-cell function</snippet>. Another snippet notes that leptin and GM-CSF are negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI, but does not clarify whether this reflects visceral adipose tissue specifically <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">Leptin and GM-CSF showed correlations with various lipid classes and were strongly negatively associated with the disposition index</snippet>. The available results do not provide the adult human evidence the agent is seeking regarding VAT's direct relationship with beta-cell function indices or interventional evidence showing reversibility with visceral fat reduction.
</answer>

<answer>
The provided search results do not directly address the relationship between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and pancreatic beta-cell function metrics in humans. The snippets primarily define how beta-cell function indices like the disposition index, insulinogenic index, and acute insulin response are calculated from OGTT or IVGTT data <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_77OipMD">the disposition index is calculated as the product of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion measures such as the insulinogenic index</snippet>. One study suggests adipose tissue insulin resistance affects beta-cell function assessment, noting that elevated plasma free fatty acids can impair β-cell function and proposing adjustments to the disposition index to account for adipose tissue <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2">incorporating adipose insulin resistance into assessments provides a more comprehensive index of β-cell function</snippet>. Another study reported that leptin and GM-CSF were negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI and hsCRP, indicating roles in inflammation and lipid metabolism <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">leptin and GM-CSF showed negative associations with the disposition index and positive correlations with BMI and inflammatory markers</snippet>. However, none of these snippets provide direct adult human evidence linking VAT or pancreatic fat specifically to beta-cell function measures like disposition index or acute insulin response as the agent was seeking.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources by one-third did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>, though it did increase exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduce uncivil language. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">Research on social media feed designs compared chronological and engagement-based feeds, finding that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mUfOdDp">However, a 2020 study by Guess et al. found no significant long-term effects of Facebook and Instagram's algorithms on users' affective polarization over a three-month period</snippet>, suggesting the impact of social media algorithms on long-term beliefs is complex. <snippet id="S_sJfbnsu">The U.S. 2020 Facebook and Instagram Election Study was a collaboration between academics and Meta researchers that provided unprecedented access to platform data and algorithms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EIYKoMB">Recent studies suggest that exposure to diverse perspectives can align local conflicts with broader partisan divides, supporting redesigns to reduce exposure to like-minded content and reshared posts</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>. The intervention aimed to decrease exposure to like-minded sources by one-third, which resulted in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">but did not lead to measurable changes in eight key political attitudes, including affective polarization and belief in false claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">An experiment compared various feed types, including chronological and engagement-based feeds, as well as innovative designs aimed at promoting democratic values</snippet>. Findings indicate that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans, but may inadvertently increase perceived threats to free speech among users <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">. The research also references other studies that examined the influence of exposure to like-minded sources and reshared content, noting that some studies found minimal effects on affective polarization</snippet>.

</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_StdTMvV">The CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h from tropical cyclones to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>, but none of the retrieved snippets specifically document FUND/PAGE/DICE/RICE IAM integration of storm and flood damage modules. <snippet id="S_VGFFWS5">The HWCM approach enhances tropical cyclone risk assessments by simulating high-resolution wind and rain fields to evaluate storm flood damages in vulnerable communities</snippet>, though this focuses on risk assessment rather than IAM damage functions. <snippet id="S_93wqG64">CMIP6 HighResMIP multimodel ensemble projects future tropical cyclone activity changes by 2050, with overall improvements in frequency, spatial distribution, and intensity in models at 25 km resolution</snippet>, but does not detail IAM-specific damage representation. The search results do not contain explicit documentation of canonical IAMs (FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE) representing extreme weather as separate impact categories or stochastic shocks to capital/productivity. <snippet id="S_IAQSdJr">Synthetic tropical cyclone time series (1,000 years) improve flood predictions accuracy by 43 ha, 357 people, and US$ 0.46 million in mangrove protection assessments</snippet>, but this does not address IAM economic damage functions. I found no direct evidence of the specific IAM integration methods the agent is seeking in these search results.
</answer>

<answer>
Unfortunately, the provided search results do not contain specific information about how FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE, or other canonical IAMs incorporate extreme weather events into their damage functions. The available snippets focus on hazard modeling (CLIMADA model for tropical cyclones, mangrove flood protection services, hydrodynamic modeling) but do not document IAM integration methods <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>. No snippets describe how IAMs represent extremes as separate impact categories or stochastic shocks to capital/productivity, nor do they detail expected-annual-loss pipelines feeding IAM damages. There is also no evidence of empirically estimated event-specific damage functions (cyclone wind-based, flood depth–damage, heat-wave impacts) being aggregated to macro damages within specific IAM frameworks in these results.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK">HPV entry begins with the major capsid protein L1 binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) or Heparan Sulfate Syndecan (Sdc) proteoglycans on the cell membrane</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_4kyiDLH">L1 also binding to laminin-332 in the basement membrane</snippet> before <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_ygceipK">cyclophilin B-induced conformational changes expose the N-terminus of the L2 protein</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_qd5yqrp">This exposed L2 epitope is cleaved by the cellular protease furin</snippet>, which <snippet id="S_9692W5p">reduces L1's affinity for HSPGs</snippet> and prepares the viral particle for entry. <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_06dh88l">L2 then binds to secondary receptors including the S100A10 subunit of annexin A2</snippet>, facilitating <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_Fgb4QWW">clathrin-independent endocytosis</snippet> of HPV into the cell. <snippet id="S_06dh88l">Acidification of the endocytic vesicle induces partial uncoating, triggering insertion of the L2 protein into the endocytic membrane</snippet>, and the virus <snippet id="S_qd5yqrp">reaches the nucleus within approximately 24 hours via post-endocytic trafficking through endosomes, the Golgi network, and the endoplasmic reticulum</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) entry typically begins at microlesions in the epithelium where the major capsid protein L1 binds to laminin-332 or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the basement membrane <S_9692W5p, S_06dh88l, S_ygceipK, S_4kyiDLH>. This initial attachment induces L1 conformational changes, often facilitated by Cyclophilin B, which exposes the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2 <S_9692W5p, S_ygceipK, S_sYaeZRH>. Proteolytic processing follows, where kallikrein-8 cleaves L1 and the cellular protease furin cleaves L2, reducing HSPG affinity and preparing the virion for internalization <S_6cL8am9, S_9692W5p, S_qd5yqrp>. Secondary interactions with receptors such as annexin A2, integrin α6, and tetraspanins like CD151 facilitate clathrin-independent endocytosis or macropinocytosis-like uptake <S_6cL8am9, S_Fgb4QWW, S_06dh88l>. Once internalized, the virus undergoes retrograde trafficking through endosomes and the Golgi network to reach the nucleus for genome release and replication <S_6cL8am9, S_IzJhLSD, S_qd5yqrp>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_FvypqMm">The Laplace mechanism has been applied to preserve privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions</snippet> and <snippet id="S_u2uIkcN">prospect theoretic analysis of privacy-preserving mechanisms enables privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions</snippet> using noise calibrated with standard deviation of √2b based on function sensitivity. <snippet id="S_3Vks9VQ">The Laplace mechanism is defined by M(d) := M(d) + Y where Y i ∼ L (∆ 1 / ) are independent and identically distributed for i = 1, . . . , r and ∆ 1 is the L 1-sensitivity of the query</snippet>, with the property that <snippet id="S_dR6xJKK">the Laplace mechanism preserves ( , 0)-differential privacy</snippet> for any function f. <snippet id="S_gaV539r">The mechanism takes as inputs a database (or stream of data) D, function f, and privacy parameter ε (privacy budget) and returns the true output of f plus some Laplacian noise</snippet>, where the noise is drawn from a Laplace distribution with mean 0 and scale of Δ(f)/ε. <snippet id="S_5htVDhJ">Laplace noise can be added to a function output to produce a differentially private output</snippet> with the scale determined by the function's sensitivity ∆f. However, none of the provided search results explicitly confirm applications in the specific high-impact journals mentioned (IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, Nature Scientific Data, PNAS, Management Science, Operations Research, Information Systems Research, JRSS, Annals of Applied Statistics, JFE, RFS, JF) or identify case studies involving bank transactions, credit/loan data, insurance claims, trading data, or firm-level financials.
</answer>

<answer>
The search results provide limited evidence of concrete case studies from high-impact journals applying the Laplace mechanism specifically to financial/banking/credit transaction data. Two snippets mention financial applications: S_FvypqMm notes the Laplace mechanism can preserve "user privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions" within parking recommender system research <snippet id=S_FvypqMm>, and S_u2uIkcN states the mechanism enables "privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions" for prospect theoretic analysis <snippet id=S_u2uIkcN>. However, neither snippet explicitly confirms publication in high-impact journals like IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or major finance/economics journals that the agent prioritized <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_3Vks9VQ>. Most other search results discuss the Laplace mechanism in medical data <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG>, social networks <snippet id=S_XWjGWtA,S_gaV539r>, or power flow systems <snippet id=S_3Vks9VQ> rather than verified financial case studies. Additional searches targeting specific journals or verified financial domains would be needed to fully address the agent's goal.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="21438">Jitendra Narayan (20 Dec 1886–20 Dec 1922) was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar</snippet> and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916. <snippet id="21438">As "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar" he played one first‑class cricket match (Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI v Lord Willingdon's XI) on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs in total</snippet>. However, <snippet id="21438">there is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>. <snippet id="57275">Nripendra Narayan was Maharajah of Cooch Behar with sources indicating an association with a namesake Nripendra Narayan Academy and links to cricketing activity</snippet>, though the crawled material is fragmentary and does not confirm definitively the academy's founder. <snippet id="71327">The source lists biographical/military and civic roles for Victor and Hitendra but does not mention founding a Nripendra Narayan Academy or any first-class cricket/Prince of Wales XI involvement</snippet>. The agent's hypothesis about a Prince of Wales XI opponent remains unverified in the available search results.
</answer>

<answer>
Jitendra Narayan was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar <snippet id="21438">and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet> as an educational institution named after his father. He played one first‑class cricket match for "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI" against Lord Willingdon's XI on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs total <snippet id="21438">. There is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>, which contradicts one key element of the hypothesis that the match was against the Prince of Wales' XI during the 1921–22 India tour. Biographical details indicate he was linked to Cooch‑Behar Palace (also known as Victor Jubilee Palace) as the ruling Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar during his lifetime <snippet id="21438">, though succession by his offspring is not confirmed in the available snippets. Some sources present conflicting or fragmentary information about the academy founder and cricketing claims <snippet id="57275">, with sibling records listing him as having younger brothers but not documenting all biographical details consistently <snippet id="71327">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_gnrEepM">For LC-MS targeted quantification of therapeutic proteins, using two stable signature peptides (SPs) is emphasized for reliability, with protein-level and hybrid calibrations achieving good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results between SPs (deviations < 15%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gnrEepM">Peptide-level calibration showed significant negative biases (−23 to −62%) and discordant results between SPs</snippet>, while extended-peptide calibration showed improvements but still lacked acceptable accuracy. <snippet id="S_BFG6czq">In the case of antibody-drug conjugates, two peptides from the tryptic digest containing a portion of the CDR were identified and used as signature peptides for the total antibody assay</snippet>, with one serving as the quantitative peptide and the other as the qualitative peptide. <snippet id="S_kjDg3lX">For Fc-engineered monoclonal antibodies, the LC-MS/MS method involved focusing on surrogate peptides from Fab or Fc regions for quantification, with concentrations determined using multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides relative to standards</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1t8pQcf">The surrogate peptide method is a prevalent approach for quantifying total antibodies in pharmacokinetic assessments of antibody-drug conjugates, with stable isotopically labeled internal standards (SIL-IS) often used to enhance quantification accuracy</snippet>. The provided search results do not contain explicit regulatory guidance (e.g., AAPS/ASMS/FDA) statements about whether a single signature peptide can be acceptable for therapeutic mAbs in serum.
</answer>

<answer>
Current evidence suggests that using two signature peptides is recommended over a single peptide for reliable mAb quantification in serum. A study assessing calibration approaches for monoclonal antibody quantification emphasized "the importance of using two SPs for reliability" and found single peptide calibration had "significant negative biases" and "discordant results between SPs" <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>. Practical implementations in therapeutic protein studies typically employ multiple peptides; for instance, one Fc-engineered mAb PK assay determined concentrations using "multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides" <snippet id=S_kjDg3lX>. Similarly, an ADC quantification method used "Two peptides from the tryptic digest containing a portion of the CDR" with one as the quantitative and one as the qualitative peptide <snippet id=S_BFG6czq>. While single peptides can be detected, protein-level and hybrid calibrations with two SPs achieved "good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results" compared to peptide-level calibration which showed poor reliability <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_SvIkmlU,S_rtPxhtT">Umbrella reviews indicate that resistance training time of day does not significantly affect increases in muscle strength or hypertrophy, with both morning and evening training yielding similar results</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU">However, one review notes that hypertrophy adaptations were similar regardless of training time, though more research is needed to verify if differences exist between morning versus evening hours</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JKFS2Wu">A 24-week study suggested that evening resistance training may lead to greater muscle hypertrophy compared to morning training, with Sedliak et al. observing similar trends that were statistically insignificant</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HhyT8Rz">Research indicates that time of day for strength training can influence performance based on an individual's chronotype, with morning training reducing diurnal variation and evening training enhancing it</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gRYJWoz">Gender-specific findings show that morning exercise in women enhances abdominal fat loss and increases lower body muscle power, while evening exercise in men greatly increases upper body muscle strength and power</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU,S_rtPxhtT">Overall, the evidence suggests personal preference should guide training timing, with future studies needing to assess individual responses based on chronotype and habitual sleep cycles</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Umbrella reviews indicate that increases in muscle strength and mass do not significantly differ between morning and evening resistance training <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT,S_SvIkmlU>. Acute performance metrics typically peak around 6:00 p.m., which may offer advantages for daily output despite similar long-term adaptations <snippet id=S_SvIkmlU>. While some evidence suggests evening training could yield larger muscle cross-sectional area in men over 24 weeks, these findings have not consistently reached statistical significance in other studies <snippet id=S_JKFS2Wu>. Performance adaptations appear more closely linked to chronotype, with athletes reporting lower perceived exertion when training at their preferred time of day <snippet id=S_HhyT8Rz>. Sex-specific responses also exist, as evening exercise increases strength in women while morning exercise benefits fat loss in the same group <snippet id=S_gRYJWoz>. Therefore, experts recommend selecting training times based on personal preference to maximize adherence given the lack of clear superiority between schedules <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT>.
</answer>