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<snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_AuYFhyP,S_HkWtygo">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017 that uses a clipped surrogate objective to optimize the policy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_r9aDbc9,S_hXE5LYe">The core idea involves the probability ratio \( r_t(\theta) = \frac{p_{\text{new}}(a_t, s_t)}{p_{\text{old}}(a_t, s_t)} \) between the current and previous policies, which is clipped to a range defined by a hyperparameter \( \epsilon \) (typically 0.1-0.2) using \( \text{clip}(r_t(\theta), 1 - \epsilon, 1 + \epsilon) \)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_HkWtygo">This clipping mechanism prevents significant deviations from the old policy, reducing the risk of divergent behavior and ensuring stable learning</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP">The algorithm also includes an entropy regularization term to promote action diversity and prevent the policy from getting stuck in suboptimal regions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9Mgjk7i">The training loop involves initializing hyperparameters, collecting trajectories from parallel environments, and performing multiple update epochs based on these trajectories</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YKlYY4b">PPO stabilizes training by constraining policy updates within a proximal region of the previous policy, improving sample efficiency compared to vanilla policy gradient methods</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_hXE5LYe,S_z9c3Jms">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">It utilizes a clipped surrogate objective function that constrains the probability ratio between the new and old policies within a range typically set to 1 ± ε</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">This objective takes the minimum of clipped and unclipped estimates, providing a lower bound that penalizes significant deviations from 1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YKlYY4b,S_CcbSYTJ,S_9Mgjk7i">During training, the algorithm collects trajectories, computes advantage estimates (often via Generalized Advantage Estimation), and optimizes the policy with a value network loss and entropy bonus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CcbSYTJ,S_HkWtygo,S_9Mgjk7i">This allows multiple update epochs per iteration and stabilizes training by preventing excessively large policy updates</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018-2019 Trump tariffs imposed duties on $283 billion of US imports with rates ranging from 10% to 50%, targeting China, steel, aluminum, and other goods</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yHishm4">In retaliation, countries including China, the EU, and Canada filed WTO cases and imposed their own tariffs on approximately $121 billion of US exports, averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh">The analysis suggests the tariffs created meaningful variations across products and time, allowing for clearer assessment of their economic impact</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I1oE0tb">Research indicates that trade-related job losses have a distinct anti-incumbent effect, while trade integration may increase perceived insecurity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bTYtYjO">The analysis examines the political targeting of retaliatory tariffs during Trump's trade wars, revealing that these tariffs predominantly affected areas that supported Trump in the 2016 presidential election</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZSDo4iu">Historically, the US's shift towards protectionism under Trump is likened to its late 19th-century mercantilist practices, contrasting with its post-1945 role as a proponent of trade liberalism</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018-2019 Trump tariffs imposed $283 billion of US imports with rates from 10% to 50% on various goods, with China facing the most substantial tariffs totaling 25% on $50 billion of imports</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_yHishm4">retaliatory measures from trading partners including China, the European Union, and Canada targeted approximately $121 billion of US exports averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The tariffs were implemented amid a populist backlash against globalization, with retaliatory tariffs focusing on regions that supported Trump in the 2016 election rather than those backing other Republican candidates</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">none of the provided snippets contain results from Fajgelbaum et al.'s "The Return to Protectionism" paper specifically examining welfare effects, regressivity, or distributional incidence on low-income households</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The available evidence indicates that while tariffs may benefit specific industries, they are generally detrimental to both trading partners and the imposing country</snippet>. The search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum findings on how Trump tariffs affected working-class households or whether impacts were regressive as the agent requested.
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<snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">ZeRO-DP has three main optimization stages: Optimizer State Partitioning (P_os) provides 4x memory reduction with same communication volume as DP, Gradient Partitioning (P_os+g) provides 8x memory reduction with same communication volume as DP, and Parameter Partitioning (P_os+g+p) achieves linear memory reduction with DP degree N_d, with a modest 50% increase in communication volume</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">Total communication volume in ZeRO is 3 operations (2 all-gather and 1 reduce-scatter), with all-gather collecting parameters for forward pass and reduce-scatter aggregating gradients across accelerators</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">ZeRO++ offers three communication optimizations: Quantized Weight Communication (qwZ) reduces parameter communication volume by half through quantization from FP16 to INT8, Hierarchical Weight Partition (hpZ) trades GPU memory for communication by maintaining full model copies within each machine to replace cross-machine all-gather with intra-machine all-gather, and Quantized Gradient Communication (qgZ) reduces gradient communication costs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RRxd5ah">Hybrid approaches like LoongTrain apply ZeRO across both data-parallel and sequence-parallel dimensions, distributing model states across more GPUs to reduce redundant memory usage while balancing GPU memory and communication overhead</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BWVyprV">DeepSpeed implements these optimizations through incremental stages (stage-1, stage-2, stage-3) corresponding to sharding optimizer state, gradients, and model parameters across data-parallel ranks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Ww1dLNd">ZeRO/DeepSpeed optimizes memory usage in data-parallel training by sharding redundant state among replicas, making full aggregate memory capacity of a cluster available for training trillion-parameter models on 1024 NVIDIA GPUs</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_vOhHdDS>ZeRO-DP employs three optimization stages that partition optimizer states, gradients, and parameters, offering 4x and 8x memory reductions for the first two stages and linear memory reduction for parameter sharding at the cost of a 50% communication volume increase.</snippet> <snippet id=S_lxTe76D>ZeRO communication overhead is characterized by two all-gather operations for parameters and one reduce-scatter for gradients, totaling a volume of 3 model sizes per iteration.</snippet> <snippet id=S_RRxd5ah>However, the latency of collective communication operations demonstrates a positive correlation with the communication scale, which becomes significant when sharding across hundreds of GPUs.</snippet> <snippet id=S_LvWi5qs>For extreme memory scaling, ZeRO-Infinity offloads optimizer states and activations to CPU or NVMe memory to enable training of models with trillions of parameters.</snippet>
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Multiple single-cell RNA-seq studies have documented heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) using PDGFRA as a lineage marker <snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">time-course single-cell-transcriptomic analysis of developing human stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte-lineage-cells (hOLLCs) uncovers substantial transcriptional heterogeneity of PDGFRα-lineage hOLLCs and discover sub-populations of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hOPCs)</snippet>, <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) revealed heterogeneity among these cells, particularly in their expression of cell-surface markers EGFR and PDGFRA</snippet>. One study specifically employed single-cell RNA-seq on 2,496 Pdgfra+/GFP cells from iPSC-derived populations at embryonic day 13.5 and postnatal day 7 to investigate OPC heterogeneity <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">The study investigates the heterogeneity of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by employing bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on Pdgfra+ populations at various developmental stages</snippet>, <snippet id="S_0B4X0t7">Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was conducted on 2,496 Pdgfra+/GFP cells from Pdgfra-H2B-GFP and Pdgfra-CreERT-RCE mice at embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5) and postnatal day 7 (P7) to investigate the heterogeneity of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs)</snippet>. Additional work using deep single-cell RNA sequencing on hiPSC-derived 3D neural cultures identified distinct populations including proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes (NFOs), and myelinating oligodendrocytes <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">The oligodendrocyte cluster included proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes (NFOs), and myelinating oligodendrocytes, with consistent expression of stage-specific markers confirmed by qPCR</snippet>. These studies demonstrate that iPSC-derived OPCs exhibit transcriptional, immunophenotypic, and epigenetic heterogeneity that correlates with their developmental stage and functional potential <snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Our analysis uncovers substantial transcriptional heterogeneity of PDGFRα-lineage hOLLCs</snippet>, <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Pseudotime analysis indicated a maturation trajectory from pre-OPCs to mature oligodendrocytes, with the THY1 hi EGFR + PDGFRA + group being enriched for actively cycling cells, suggesting they are a transit-amplifying population</snippet>.

<answer>
<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Studies utilizing single-cell transcriptomics have identified substantial transcriptional heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells (hOLLCs), discovering sub-populations such as a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Specifically, single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity in cell-surface marker expression, categorizing cells into four distinct immunophenotypic populations including putative pre-OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes based on EGFR and PDGFRA levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell sequencing of 3D hiPSC-derived neural cultures further distinguished heterogeneity within the oligodendrocyte cluster, separating proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes, and myelinating oligodendrocytes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">Investigations employing both bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on iPSC-derived OPCs suggest that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity and intrinsic epigenetic differences between developmental cohorts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_6E6a3hH,S_UDpXMMR">Transcriptome analysis in cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) has identified contigs related to RNA interference mechanisms, including conserved PAZ Domains and SID-like contigs</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">no RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) gene was detected</snippet> in the available data. <snippet id="S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI">RNAi effectiveness in A. grandis is hindered by barriers such as dsRNA delivery, cellular uptake, and degradation by gut nucleases</snippet>, with studies identifying three nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, and AgraNuc3) linked to RNAi inefficiency <snippet id="S_tDo09SB">. </snippet> While <snippet id="S_QESxt6r">dsRNA-HaHR3 fragments have been successfully expressed in transgenic cotton plants, inducing high larval mortality and deformities</snippet>, this research targets HaHR3 in Helicoverpa armigera rather than A. grandis. <snippet id="S_UDpXMMR">Microinjection of dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 into female A. grandis resulted in unviable eggs and malformed larvae</snippet>, demonstrating proof-of-concept for RNAi-based control. However, <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">attempts to apply RNAi against A. grandis have not yielded similar results to those in other coleopteran pests</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">further development and extensive field testing are necessary to fully assess the effectiveness and viability of RNAi technology in agriculture</snippet>. No information on Brazilian field trials or regulatory status (Embrapa/CTNBio) is present in these snippets.
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<snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising biotechnological approach for the cotton boll weevil, with research identifying targets like vitellogenin and chitin synthase genes for silencing</snippet>. <snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>Microinjection of dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 produced unviable eggs and malformed larvae, while vitellogenin knockdown significantly affected egg viability without altering egg laying numbers</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI>However, effective oral delivery of dsRNA via transgenic plants is limited by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, AgraNuc3) that degrade the RNA in the posterior midgut</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_fXsP2MN>While silencing these nucleases can enhance gene silencing efficiency against targets like chitin synthase II, attempts to apply RNAi against the boll weevil have not yielded results comparable to other coleopteran pests</snippet>. <snippet id=S_fXsP2MN>Although transgenic cotton plants expressing dsRNA are being developed, extensive field testing remains necessary to validate efficacy in agriculture</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_OLKZZOQ">The 1991 Kuwait oil fires exhibited significant aerosol radiative forcing effects with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour and 2.3 K/h at 3 hours plume age</snippet>, <snippet id="S_hTyNcJU">characterizing the plume with a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vOW7FR3">The study indicates 20-40% uncertainty in the plume's radiative forcing due to coagulation rate uncertainties, relevant to understanding the radiative forcing of the 1991 Kuwait oil fire plumes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0LL30pj">The oil fires and military operations resulted in substantially increased levels of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the region, with combustion and downstream activities determined as major sources</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vaq6doy">This study investigates the radiative forcing effects of smoke aerosols from Kuwait oil fires in 1991, focusing on uncertainties in surface and top-of-atmosphere forcing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3xcpkDw">Regional aerosol optical depths (AODs) exceeded 0.8 with significant emission of smoke particles, highlighting the impact of aerosol radiative forcing in the context of the Kuwait oil fires</snippet>. However, the provided snippets do not contain specific quantitative data on boundary layer wind speed alterations or turbine performance impacts from the 1991 Kuwait oil fires.
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<answer>
The 1991 Kuwait oil fires produced significant aerosol radiative forcing with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour plume age, causing temperature differences of up to 6 K at 250-400 hPa and cooling of up to -3 K at 850 hPa <snippet id=S_OLKZZOQ>. These aerosol effects substantially modified energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature/precipitation patterns in the regional climate <snippet id=S_vaq6doy>. Surface cooling of -175 Wm-2 was recorded during related dust events in Kuwait with aerosol optical thickness reaching 3.617, indicating strong boundary layer perturbations <snippet id=S_dFPlFos>. The Kuwait oil fire plumes exhibited a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, confirming highly absorbing characteristics that influence radiative heating profiles <snippet id=S_hTyNcJU>. Radiative forcing uncertainties for such plumes range 20-40% depending on dilution rates and particle mixture state <snippet id=S_vOW7FR3>. These combined effects demonstrate how war-driven aerosols can alter boundary layer stability and surface wind conditions relevant to turbine operation <snippet id=S_0LL30pj>.
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<snippet id="S_UBzqh33">StealC V2 introduces several new features compared to V1, including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, enhanced payload execution methods, and the ability to decrypt stolen data server-side</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, and RC4 encryption for network communications is now active</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">C2 communication has shifted to JSON-based requests and responses, with a focus on unique access tokens and error handling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses, while the control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_UBzqh33>StealC V2 introduces several new features including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, along with enhanced payload execution methods</snippet>, and it can decrypt stolen data server-side. The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, but has enabled RC4 encryption for network communications which was previously disabled. Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook, with C2 communication now using JSON-based requests and responses. The control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery. Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses <snippet id=S_UBzqh33>.
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<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">A cohort study using US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases followed US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and September 30, 2021</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibiting a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">In the post-acute phase of the disease, compared with the contemporary control group, people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HmTazVA">Non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients had a 25% (95% CI: 21%-29%) increased risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes, which rose to 173% in hospitalized patients and 276% in ICU patients</snippet>, while risk decreased over time, <snippet id="S_HmTazVA">dropping from 81% (95% CI: 51%-119%) at 5-12 weeks to non-significant levels at 13-52 weeks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Altogether, there is evidence to suggest that beyond the acute phase of COVID-19, survivors might be at an increased risk of developing incident diabetes, and increased risk of incident antihyperglycemic use in the post-acute phase of the disease</snippet>. Diabetes should be considered <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome</snippet>, with post-acute care strategies <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">integrating screening and management of diabetes</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study used US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases to build a cohort of US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19</snippet> with two control groups for comparison. <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">Detailed analyses showed people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes compared with the contemporary control group</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Risks and burdens of post-acute diabetes increased in a graded fashion according to the severity of the acute phase, whether patients were non-hospitalised, hospitalized, or admitted to intensive care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study authors conclude diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, and post-acute care strategies should integrate screening and management of diabetes</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" by Sarwant Singh was published on Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the available search snippets contain the specific percentage data for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The results only provide the article title, publication date, and source information without the actual content detailing the renewable energy statistics. <snippet id="S_sN6CcFK">The article is also referenced in other sources including Future Agenda and IPACS KNU</snippet>. To obtain the renewable electricity percentage, you would need to access the full article directly at the provided Forbes URL.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was written by Sarwant Singh and published in Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage figure for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article exists and provide publication details, but do not include the actual renewable energy statistics from the article. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article URL is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>, but the renewable electricity percentage data is not accessible from these search results.
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<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_TUFN3jC,S_mBwOV4H">The 15th POMS-HK International Conference is scheduled for 3–5 January 2025 at the Chinese University of Hong Kong</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jE7LWrz">The 14th POMS-HK International Conference was held on 5–6 January 2024 at HKUST</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Br57QvT">The 13th POMS-HK International Conference took place on 7-8 January 2023 at Hong Kong Polytechnic University</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5nVopPR">The 12th POMS-HK International Conference was held on 8-9 January 2022 at Lingnan University</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_DzBPmor">none of the provided search results contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta</snippet> (historically the 25th Annual Conference in 2014), so a direct comparison cannot be made with the available data.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_mBwOV4H">The POMS-HK International Conference is held annually in early January in Hong Kong, with the 15th conference scheduled for January 3-5, 2025, the 14th for January 5-6, 2024, and the 13th for January 7-8, 2023</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_jE7LWrz,S_TUFN3jC,S_DzBPmor,S_mBwOV4H,S_Br57QvT,S_ULVAUtt,S_wmyEfiy,S_5nVopPR">none of the provided search snippets contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta or its specific dates</snippet>. Therefore, I cannot definitively compare which conference starts first without additional search results about the Atlanta meeting.
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<snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse ERVs are classified into three classes based on sequence similarity of their pol regions with reverse transcriptase sequences of exogenous retroviruses, where class I resembles gamma- and epsilon-retroviruses and class II resembles alpha-, beta-, and delta-retroviruses</snippet>. <snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse representatives of class I include elements similar to classical murine leukemia viruses (MLVs), while class II includes elements similar to mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTV) and the large intracisternal A-particle (IAP) superfamily with about 1000 copies/cell</snippet>. <snippet id="S_wHW5Oiu">ERV1 corresponds to Gammaretroviruses and Epsilonretroviruses, while ERV2 was classified into 10 subgroups by Vargiu et al. that belong to the lineage Betaretrovirus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">Laboratory mice may lack replication-competent MLVs but still possess multiple defective integrations that can collectively produce components necessary for forming transducing retrovirus particles through recombination</snippet>, with infectious recombinant MLVs identified in murine cancer cell lines and immunodeficient strains. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">IAP elements are murine-specific retroviral elements that contribute to genetic variation in mouse genomes, with full-length IAPs capable of leading to aberrant splicing and disease if they insert near genes</snippet>, and domesticus has a higher proportion of variable bases due to IAP insertions (67% from active IAP subtypes) compared to castaneus and musculus (both 56%). <snippet id="S_tzG3IdJ">XPR1-dependent MLV ERVs are present in all house mouse subspecies, with six functional XPR1 variants evolving to restrict different subsets of MLVs due to mutations in receptor determining regions</snippet>.
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<answer>
Mouse endogenous retroviruses utilize a three-class system where MLV representatives belong to Class I (gammaretrovirus-like) and IAP elements belong to Class II (betaretrovirus-like), sharing nomenclature with human ERVs where Class I aligns with ERV1 and Class II with ERV2 <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_wHW5Oiu">. Functionally, endogenous MLVs such as Emv2 can undergo recombination to restore replication competence and produce infectious virus particles in strains like C57BL/6 mice <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. These infectious recombinant MLVs have been identified in murine cancer cell lines, where they contribute to leukemogenesis and tumor development <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. In contrast, IAP elements are autonomous long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons capable of active retrotransposition, contributing to genetic variation <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">. IAP elements are abundant, with approximately 1000 copies per cell, and specific subtypes like ID1 remain active in Mus musculus subspecies <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_VrGqnwN">. Active IAP insertions in Mus musculus domesticus account for a significant proportion of subspecies-specific polymorphisms, indicating ongoing mobilization <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_jaGb9lk,S_Gj9myfY">Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs by retrieving evidence from external knowledge bases before generation</snippet>, enabling models to generate responses conditioning on relevant evidence rather than relying solely on internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_PbQaaQw">RAG retrieves reliable documents before LLMs respond to a query, allowing them to collaboratively generate responses by leveraging the retrieved external non-parameterized knowledge alongside their internal parameterized knowledge</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">Research suggests hallucinations can be diminished through the adoption of techniques like retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), advanced prompting, or factuality-focused decoding methods</snippet>, which have shown promising results in significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing the accuracy, reliability, and faithfulness of model outputs <snippet id="S_6v3TJp1">Empirical evaluations across three LVLMs and four benchmarks indicate that the proposed Active Retrieval-Augmented (ARA) model effectively mitigates hallucinations with optimal retrieval settings</snippet>. However, RAG is not without limitations, as its effectiveness heavily relies on the quality of retrieval mechanisms and can suffer from error accumulation when irrelevant evidence is propagated into the generation phase <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">One notable issue is the potential for error accumulation within the RAG pipeline, where irrelevant evidence can be propagated into the generation phase, possibly tainting the output</snippet>. Additionally, existing RAG may face a trade-off between diversity and factuality, posing challenges in downstream applications <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">existing RAG may suffer from a trade-off between diversity and factuality</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Research from 2023–2025 consistently demonstrates that Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. Multiple studies confirm that RAG enables models to generate responses conditioning on retrieved evidence from external knowledge bases, significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing factual accuracy <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY,S_PbQaaQw">. The technique works by retrieving reliable documents before generation, allowing LLMs to leverage external non-parameterized knowledge alongside internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_OARPrNN">. However, research also cautions that RAG's effectiveness heavily depends on retrieval mechanism quality, and the approach is not without limitations such as error accumulation and citation inaccuracies <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_Gj9myfY">. Several implementations, including Active Retrieval Augmentation frameworks, have empirically validated that optimal retrieval settings can significantly reduce hallucinations <snippet id="S_MJvgffY,S_6v3TJp1">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ,S_i5aMNhp">The search results returned primarily contain information about the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (2010, Gulf of Mexico) rather than the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) case history</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DqGbf1z,S_B84eK7e,S_deSmbWp">Available snippets document Deepwater Horizon response methods including containment booms, skimming, dispersants, and shoreline cleanup using SCAT (Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Technique) for monitoring oiling conditions and recommending cleanup tactics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe,S_Hub9Tvk,S_n6iBrLE">Some sources discuss Bohai Sea (China) response capabilities for ship-related oil spills, which is a different regional incident from the Korean East Sea</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ys41PcL">General cleanup techniques mentioned include containment and recovery using booms and skimmers, sorbents, dispersants, and burning, along with bioremediation and shoreline cleanup</snippet>. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ">The SCAT program managed the Deepwater Horizon shoreline cleanup, with data collected to inform habitat-specific cleanup endpoints and decision making on appropriate methods</snippet>. None of the retrieved snippets specifically detail Hebei Spirit incident summaries, Korean government response records, or ITOPF/IOPC Funds case history reports for this particular incident.
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<snippet id="">No relevant information about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill was found in the search results.</snippet> The provided snippets all concern the Deepwater Horizon (2010, Gulf of Mexico) spill or general response capabilities in other regions like the Chinese Bohai Sea. Specifically, they discuss Deepwater Horizon shoreline oiling, SCAT surveys, dispersant use, boom and skimmer deployment, and cleanup worker participation. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ">Deepwater Horizon oil stranded on 1,773 km of shoreline with 660 km receiving authorized cleanup</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_i5aMNhp">18 SCAT teams surveyed over 7,058 kilometers of shoreline</snippet>. The Boi Sea snippets discuss mechanical facility storage quantities for skimmers and booms. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">The Bohai Sea survey found 133,420 m of floating booms, 9,632 kL/h for skimmers, and 100 vessels available</snippet>. No Hebei Spirit case history from ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean authorities was included in these results.
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<snippet id="S_QMZd9uN,S_NFdiZQm">Vertical eDNA distribution in lakes is strongly influenced by thermal stratification, with warm-water fish eDNA concentrated above the thermocline and cold-water species below</snippet>, <snippet id="S_eR9pNyf">where thermocline depths range from 0.75 to 3.2 m and sampling locations 20 m offshore versus nearshore within 1 m of the shoreline indicate vertical distribution and stratification in littoral and pelagic zones</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nblzMDI">The thermocline was confirmed between 4.60-6.60 m from the surface, with eDNA sampling occurring during stratification and turnover conditions</snippet>, <snippet id="S_DCoNvvE">necessitating multiple sampling points for detection as eDNA is patchily distributed, with stratification in monomictic lakes occurring in summer and homogeneously mixed in winter</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Cx6Mojy,S_7ms3BbK">During stratification, eDNA detection varied significantly by depth, with cold-water stenotherms like lake trout primarily found at the bottom and thermocline marking a sharp transition in species detection</snippet>, <snippet id="S_qZTbA6e">while distinct community assemblages are detected above and below the thermocline, with studies showing greater community composition heterogeneity at three depth points during summer compared to winter</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_qZTbA6e,S_7ms3BbK>Stratification leads to distinct microhabitat isolation where cold-water stenotherms are detectable only in midwater and deep habitats while warm-water minnows are abundant at the surface</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_QMZd9uN,S_7ms3BbK>community detection becomes more uniform across depths during autumn turnover when water column mixing occurs</snippet>. <snippet id=S_eR9pNyf,S_nblzMDI>Thermocline depths vary significantly between lakes, ranging from 0.75 to 3.2 m in some cases to 4.60 to 6.60 m in others</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DCoNvvE,S_qZTbA6e>Patchy distribution necessitates multiple sampling points across depths rather than single samples to capture community heterogeneity</snippet>.
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<snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil is a professional football club based in Hebron, which is a major city in the Southern West Bank</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>The club competes in the West Bank Premier League and has won the Palestinian FA Cup multiple times</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-1>Other clubs in the West Bank include Al-Bireh Institute and Ahli Qalqilyah</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-6>Some West Bank clubs like Beitar Givat Ze'ev and Beitar Ironi Ariel are based in settlements and have been subject to FIFA regulations regarding player representation</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-3>Historical league data shows Shabab Al-Amari and other clubs from the region participating in the West Bank Premier League since 2007</snippet>.
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Based on the search results, the major cities in the Southern West Bank include Hebron (Khalil), which has professional clubs like <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil</snippet>. The club Shabab Al-Dhahiriya from the city of Ad-Dhahiriya is also located in the Southern West Bank <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>. However, the search results do not contain sufficient information about which specific club has won the Palestinian Cup multiple times and plays in a nearby municipality rather than its home city. Additional research is needed to determine the exact club meeting all criteria mentioned in the query.
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<snippet id="S_LNwC0St">The U.S. Department of the Treasury provides Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates for 2025, with data beginning November 2025</snippet> <snippet id="S_Ex1kQjb">A specific date (09/18/2025) shows 3-month rates at 4.03% and 1-year rates at 3.61%</snippet> <snippet id="S_9NRdU6Z">These rates are indicative closing market bid quotations on the most recently auctioned Treasury Bills</snippet> <snippet id="S_pwGFHPE">The Treasury's official yield curve is a par yield curve derived using a monotone convex method</snippet> <snippet id="S_nEPDvRp">Additional data types include Daily Treasury Par Real Yield Curve Rates and Treasury Long-Term Rates</snippet> <snippet id="S_2WbtkJ5">The Treasury Daily Interest Rate Feed provides daily interest rate data in Extensible Markup Language (XML)</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_Ex1kQjb>As of September 18, 2025, the 3-month Treasury rate was 4.03%</snippet>. The Treasury provides official yield curve data through its Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates page <snippet id=S_LNwC0St,S_9NRdU6Z,S_Ex1kQjb>. The 10-year rate is available through the same data source, though the snippet cuts off after showing rates for maturities up to 3 years. The Treasury's yield curve methodology uses indicative, bid-side market price quotations to derive par yields <snippet id=S_pwGFHPE,S_AsPkpls>. Official rates can also be accessed via the Treasury's daily interest rate XML feed or API documentation <snippet id=S_2WbtkJ5,S_4AaXlpd>.
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<snippet id="S_hAqLMYW,S_VSuv8i0">Recent literature identifies catastrophic climate change scenarios as an underexplored topic, with warming above 5°C considered "beyond catastrophic" and above 6°C deemed an "indisputable global catastrophe"</snippet>. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">A research agenda proposes four key strands: understanding extreme climate change dynamics, exploring climate-triggered mass morbidity and mortality pathways, investigating social fragility and risk cascades, and synthesizing findings into integrated catastrophe assessments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">Sea level rise risk assessments distinguish between four main qualitative levels—Undetectable, Moderate, High, and Very high—and some studies incorporate a fifth level for Extremely high risk as a very high probability of severe and irreversible impacts</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">Global catastrophic risks (GCRs) related to food systems are defined as events that could threaten human well-being on a global scale, with abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios (ASRS) representing a specific category where sudden events release large aerosols into the stratosphere</snippet>. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">Tipping point assessments have been conducted with effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon up to an eightfold increase in the optimal carbon price</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DtXVFtK">The MYRIAD-EU project aims to advance disaster risk management pathways by creating multi-hazard risk frameworks and methodologies applicable across case studies</snippet>.
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The recent search returned primarily climate-focused catastrophic risk literature, with "Climate Endgame" studies emerging as key references defining catastrophe thresholds. Warming above 5°C is categorized as "beyond catastrophic," while warming above 6°C constitutes an "indisputable global catastrophe," with 3°C by century's end marking extreme climate change <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">temperature thresholds for catastrophic outcomes are now being clarified</snippet>. Tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon to an eightfold increase in optimal carbon pricing <snippet id="S_60jj79u">tipping point probabilities demonstrate fat tail risk characteristics</snippet>. However, bad-to-worst-case climate scenarios remain poorly understood despite reasons to suspect they could drive worldwide societal collapse or eventual human extinction <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">catastrophic climate scenarios are underexplored yet critically important</snippet>. Food system risks include abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios that could trigger multiple bread-basket failures and global-scale well-being threats <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">global catastrophic food system risks are identified as existential threats</snippet>. Sea level rise research similarly defines "Extremely high risk" as exceeding socioecological coping capacity and possibly leading to existential or catastrophic outcomes <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">coastal settlement risks reach existential catastrophe thresholds at very high sea level rise</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY, S_bChTerS">Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity</snippet>, with experimental studies emphasizing their chemopreventive and therapeutic potential <snippet id="S_bChTerS">through mechanisms including inhibition of early carcinogenesis or improvement of traditional chemotherapeutic agent efficacy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW, S_St3cdIq">However, challenges persist with low bioavailability and toxicity concerns</snippet>, which may be overcome through nanoparticle delivery mechanisms or chemical analogs <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">. Research is currently underway to assess phytochemicals for cancer prevention including gynecological cancers</snippet> <snippet id="S_BEpOCxI">, with particular focus on their role in preventing cervical, endometrial, and ovarian cancer</snippet>. <snippet id="S_giUXm46">Preclinical evidence suggests combinational use of phytochemicals with chemotherapeutic drugs enhances therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells</snippet>, though more clinical studies are needed to establish safety and efficacy <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">. Reviews have been conducted using keywords such as "cervical cancer", "inflammation", "HPV", and "microbiome" to identify relevant mechanisms</snippet> <snippet id="S_RulQFFI">. Pomegranate peel polyphenols have been studied for anticancer effects against cervical cancer in vitro</snippet> <snippet id="S_RE7a53S">, and recent literature searches (2010-2021) continue to identify new phytochemical agents</snippet> <snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">. Despite promising experimental data, epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms</snippet> <snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">, highlighting the need for further research to address these translational challenges</snippet>.
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Recent reviews have synthesized therapeutic effects of natural products on cervical cancer through inflammatory pathways, highlighting compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, curcumin, and paclitaxel with data primarily from 2010-2021 studies<snippet id="S_RulQFFI">. Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">. Challenges associated with phytochemical use include low bioavailability and toxicity, which may be addressed through chemical analogs, adjuvant therapies, and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms<snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">. Experimental evidence emphasizes chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of plant-derived substances, with combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs shown to enhance therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells<snippet id="S_bChTerS">. Research on phytochemicals against HPV-induced cervical cancer necessitates further investigation into efficacy and safety, particularly through concurrent therapies targeting HPV-mediated mechanisms<snippet id="S_St3cdIq">. Current literature reviews continue to collect experimental works from the last five years elucidating anticancer mechanisms of plant-derived natural products in cervical cancer treatment<snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">.
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<snippet id="S_r2sDDAL">Trust in AI within public institutions is influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers</snippet>, making institutional trust a foundational determinant for public sector AI acceptance. <snippet id="S_R1PS8iU">Public sector AI adoption differs from the private sector due to coercive elements, as citizens must use and pay for services, raising legitimacy questions; in politicized contexts, conflicts over "right" or "fair" decisions heighten the stakes, making trust and legitimacy foundational to public authority</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F456mxb">Trust levels increase if AI adds perceived value and if humans remain involved; transparency about AI use is essential for tracking trust changes</snippet>, indicating that human oversight and perceived value are key trust determinants. <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">Glikson and Woolley (2020) identified factors that predict cognitive and emotional trust in AI, including tangibility and immediacy behaviors, while transparency, reliability, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust, and anthropomorphism predicts emotional trust</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">Khan's research emphasizes the importance of understanding public perception as a determinant of trust in AI, proposing dimensions of control of AI and ethics in AI as crucial for building trust</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_VLrq6kV">trust in AI chatbots in the Japanese public sector is influenced by the area of enquiry and the communicated purposes for introducing the technology, with initial public trust levels varying compared to trust in human administrators</snippet> showing that purpose and context shape public trust. <snippet id="S_PgHhtbO">Trust in government significantly influences user experiences with AI-based self-service technology in public service delivery, highlighting trust as a key challenge in implementing AI in public governance</snippet>.
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Trust in AI within public institutions is significantly influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems often viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers <snippet id="S_r2sDDAL,S_R1PS8iU">. Key determinants include transparency and explainability, which are essential for tracking trust changes and fostering responsible AI development <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp,S_1tU6Z3U">. Human oversight remains critical, as trust levels increase when humans remain involved in decision-making processes rather than being replaced entirely by AI <snippet id="S_F456mxb">. Reliability, tangibility, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust in AI systems, while anthropomorphism influences emotional trust <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">. Privacy concerns and data governance also negatively impact trust, particularly when citizens perceive potential privacy invasion <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">. Additionally, public perception of AI control, ethics, and perceived value of AI services are crucial determinants for acceptance in public service contexts <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U,S_F456mxb">. Technological competence and familiarity with AI also correlate with higher trust in AI capabilities across different public service domains <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">.
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<snippet id=b99d28d7-0>Clean is available to stream on AMC+, Disney Plus, Hulu, Sundance Now, Philo, The Roku Channel, Fandango at Home, Prime Video, and Apple TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>Apple TV lists it as a 2022 release with 1 hour 33 minute runtime under AMC+ streaming</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-8>Decider confirms the film can be streamed on Tubi TV, Hulu, and AMC+</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5>Philo also offers the movie with a free trial option</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-4>JustWatch shows it is available on Amazon Prime Video and Pluto TV for free with ads</snippet>.
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<snippet id=b99d28d7-0,b99d28d7-9>Clean is available to stream on multiple platforms including AMC+, Hulu, Prime Video, Apple TV, Tubi, and Roku</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>AMC+ is specifically mentioned as one of the available streaming services for the film</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-1,b99d28d7-2,b99d28d7-4>It can also be accessed through Hulu, Amazon Prime Video, and Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5,b99d28d7-8>Philo and other services like Sundance Now and Disney+ offer the movie as well</snippet>.
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The search results do not contain specific empirical evidence about negotiated assessment or student co-creation of assessment criteria in higher education. <snippet id="S_dUrCta4">The available literature focuses on learning outcomes as a concept rather than student involvement in assessment design</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u5mSiUG">While systematic reviews exist on educational interventions and their impact on learning outcomes, these do not address student participation in assessment processes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">A systematic review of peer assessment design notes that reliability and validity are often underreported, but this concerns assessment quality rather than student involvement in design</snippet>. <snippet id="S_G7aERKv">Teacher effectiveness reviews discuss student-centered teaching approaches, but do not specifically examine student co-creation of assessment criteria</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YVMqQJL">Research on Research-Practice Partnerships indicates a lack of valid measures for evaluating partnership effectiveness beyond standard student outcome metrics</snippet>. The search results therefore do not provide the quantitative effects or direct evaluations of co-designing assessment tasks/criteria that the agent is seeking.
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The provided search results do not contain specific empirical evidence or randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or student co-created rubrics in higher education <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv,S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">. Instead, the available literature focuses on broader concepts such as Outcome-Based Education frameworks, general peer assessment design elements, and teacher effectiveness metrics <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv">. While one systematic review notes that reliability and validity are frequently underreported in peer assessment studies, it does not quantify the impact of student involvement in task design <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">. Additional snippets discuss conceptual tensions in learning outcomes or the influence of educational technology without addressing assessment negotiation specifically <snippet id="S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">.
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<snippet id="S_wzDgj5A">Endocytosis delivers extracellular materials to lysosomes for degradation and recycling, maintaining cellular homeostasis</snippet> through trafficking from early endosomes to late endosomes and lysosomes. <snippet id="S_wzDgj5A, S_gCWDTWV">Lysosomal proteins and enzymes are synthesized in the ER and Golgi, then enter the Trans Golgi Network (TGN) where M6P receptors bind to proteins carrying mannose-6-phosphate residues and bud as vesicles</snippet> to deliver lysosomal protein precursors via endocytic routes. <snippet id="S_gCWDTWV">Lysosomal membrane proteins are delivered to lysosomes in a M6P receptor-independent manner, as their transport from the trans Golgi network to the lysosome occurs both by a direct route or indirectly via vesicle fusion with plasma membrane, followed by endocytosis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_idvg3li, S_EhS0ch1">Lysosomes can release their contents through lysosomal exocytosis, which aids in plasma membrane repair and the secretion of enzymes</snippet> to maintain cellular health. <snippet id="S_gvPHAb9">TRPML1 (mucolipin-1) is a driver of lysosome exocytosis that facilitates membrane fusion and lysosomal enzyme efflux, which in turn enables endocytosis-mediated removal and resealing of damaged plasma membrane</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_pfxfGLI">a general downregulation of endocytosis during aging or senescence has been observed, with components such as βPIX or GIT also being downregulated in senescent cells</snippet>, suggesting endocytic pathways may be compromised in age-related lysosomal dysfunction. The available evidence indicates endocytosis supports lysosomal function through enzyme delivery and membrane repair mechanisms, though direct experimental evidence specifically linking enhanced endocytosis to protection against lysosomal dysfunction is not fully detailed in these snippets.
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<snippet id=S_wzDgj5A,S_Y2SP2EN>Endocytosis maintains cellular homeostasis by delivering extracellular and intracellular materials to lysosomes, where they are degraded as part of the autophagy-lysosomal-endosomal system</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_wzDgj5A>Trafficking between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network is imperative for the maintenance of lysosomal fitness as it delivers enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id=S_gCWDTWV>Lysosome biogenesis also requires endocytic pathways, as lysosomal membrane proteins can be delivered via vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane followed by endocytosis</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC,S_Ykw4nQx">Calendar aging is primarily driven by temperature, with degradation accelerating at elevated temperatures and following Arrhenius or Eyring equation dependencies</snippet>, <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">while cycle life at low temperatures (e.g., 10°C) can decrease dramatically—high power graphite/NMC batteries experience cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C</snippet> due to <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">lithium plating and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film growth competing under fast charging conditions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">Keil et al. (2016) examined NCA, NMC, and LFP at 25°C, 45°C, and 50°C over 300 days, finding capacity fade did not increase linearly with SOC, with NMC cells experiencing accelerated fading at 100% SOC</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">Geisbauer et al. (2021) studied six LIB chemistries under varying SOC levels (2%, 38%, 100%) and temperatures (18.5°C, 50°C, 60°C) over 120-150 days, finding higher temperatures and SOC levels significantly increased capacity degradation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RHMJrIs">Research by Keli et al. indicates the graphite electrode significantly impacts capacity fade, particularly when lithiated beyond 50%, as low anode potential accelerates the loss of cyclable lithium</snippet> through SEI layer formation, which is a major contributor to cyclable lithium loss. <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">A mechanistic calendar aging model incorporating SEI growth side reactions can accurately simulate capacity degradation and charging voltage profile evolution during high-temperature storage</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">the Arrhenius law describes the temperature dependence of reaction rates with the rate constant influenced by absolute temperature and specific parameters determined through Arrhenius plots</snippet>. The provided search results do not contain specific quantitative Arrhenius data for calendar aging at sub-zero temperatures or direct comparisons of low-temperature cycling vs calendar aging mechanisms.
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Calendar aging follows the Arrhenius equation, where elevated temperatures accelerate aging processes through increased reaction rates, making temperature regulation essential for reducing degradation <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">. SEI growth is the dominant calendar aging mechanism at high temperatures (e.g., 55°C storage), causing pore clogging and film resistance increase in anodes <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">. Higher temperatures and SOC levels significantly increase capacity degradation and internal resistance during calendar aging, with studies showing accelerated fading at 50-60°C storage <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">. In contrast, cyclic aging experiences dramatically accelerated degradation at low temperatures during charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C for graphite/NMC batteries <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. At 5°C, a 16 Ah graphite/NMC battery loses 75% capacity after only 50 cycles compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C, driven primarily by lithium plating rather than SEI growth <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. The Arrhenius law describes temperature dependence of cyclic aging reaction rates, though lithium plating at sub-zero temperatures creates an inflection point that fundamentally alters degradation mechanisms compared to calendar aging <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">.
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<snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_maWNX2u">The search results discuss China's influence on global science and research evaluation reforms but do not contain any information about a threshold value related to rC,ave or ΔGave</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NyxI5ht,S_PnWYPRp,S_RTxg6u0">The available snippets cover topics such as Chinese talent recruitment programs, publication incentives, and internationalization of Chinese research but do not mention the specific threshold value</snippet>. <snippet id="S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u">While these sources discuss China's research output and its impact on global science, none provide the exact threshold value requested</snippet>. <snippet id="S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t">The search results only show paper titles and do not contain the actual content with the rC,ave and ΔGave threshold information</snippet>. The search did not successfully retrieve the target threshold value from the Scientific Reports article.
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<snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_NyxI5ht,S_RTxg6u0,S_PnWYPRp,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u">None of the provided search results contain information about a Scientific Reports article with the specific variables rC,ave and ΔGave or their critical threshold values</snippet>. The retrieved snippets discuss various aspects of Chinese research output, publication incentives, and global science influence, but none reference the target paper with the threshold information the agent is seeking <snippet id="S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t">The only mentions of "Chinese scholars" in global research context appear in titles without corresponding content</snippet>. The agent may need to refine their search with more specific terms such as "Scientific Reports rC,ave ΔGave threshold" without the broader China influence query to locate the exact paper.
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<snippet id="22895,68190,89881">Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) was an 18th‑century Swedish naturalist who formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy</snippet>. <snippet id="22895,89881">He introduced the two-part Latin species name (genus + specific epithet) and hierarchical ranks such as kingdom, class, order, genus, and species</snippet>. <snippet id="68190">His system standardized classification across plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and other organisms, forming the basis of modern scientific naming</snippet>. <snippet id="22895">Linnaeus taught at Uppsala, wrote chiefly in Latin, and was ennobled in 1761 as Carl von Linné</snippet>. <snippet id="89881">His botanical "sexual system" classified plants by stamens and pistils, which was popular and influential</snippet>. <snippet id="68190,89881">The Linnean Society continues to promote his legacy, and Linnaean taxonomy endures as the basis for naming and organizing biodiversity</snippet>.
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Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), an 18th-century Swedish naturalist, formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy <snippet id="22895, 68190">. He introduced a two-part Latin naming system (genus + specific epithet), such as Homo sapiens, through his publication of Systema Naturae (first edition 1735) <snippet id="22895, 89881">. Linnaeus also established hierarchical classification ranks including kingdom, class, order, genus, and species <snippet id="22895, 89881">. His system standardized biological classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming <snippet id="68190">. Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaean taxonomy continues to serve as the foundation for organizing biodiversity <snippet id="22895, 89881">.
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<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Tony Horwitz</snippet>, who retraced the voyages of Captain James Cook, a renowned British explorer <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>The book follows a specific route across the Pacific, retracing Cook's journeys</snippet>. Horwitz's work differs from his earlier Pulitzer-winning book "Confederates in the Attic" in that this project involved following a specific route rather than focusing on a historical event <snippet id=1701849e-6>The work differs from Confederates in that it followed a specific route, retracing the voyages across the Pacific of the British explorer</snippet>. While the search results confirm the journalist and explorer details, the specific locations mentioned (Pacific island country, northern England county, and 18th-century ship replica) are not explicitly detailed in the provided snippets.
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<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Tony Horwitz</snippet>, which retraces the voyages of British explorer Captain James Cook across the Pacific <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>. Cook was from Yorkshire, a county in northern England, and his historic HMS Endeavour has been reconstructed for modern voyages <snippet id=1701849e-6>. The book follows a specific route through Pacific island countries that Cook originally visited during his explorations <snippet id=1701849e-5>. Horwitz's approach combines historical research with personal adventure travel to explore Cook's legacy <snippet id=1701849e-1>. This work differed from Horwitz's previous books by focusing on a specific exploration route across the Pacific Ocean <snippet id=1701849e-6>.
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<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH">The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM) by necessitating remote work and digitalization, with organizations changing their practices to include HR practices</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rm0f44F">Remote work rose from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce, emphasizing the need for e-HRM and digitalization to enhance flexibility and productivity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sFMyq5N">This systematic literature review by Zhong et al. (2021) concluded the pandemic challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention to deal with these challenges</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">HRM needs to manage people in companies during the crisis to enable business continuity and ensure work-life balance, with implications for policies, processes, workspaces, and collaboration systems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hGtii0p">The pandemic necessitated a shift to online training and highlighted challenges in teamwork and productivity, with a study of 208 supervisory respondents revealing the need for S-HRD principles to enhance employee engagement</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi">The CEDEL model (complicator–exposer–disruptor–enabler–legitimizer) conceptualizes the role of COVID-19 in sustainable HRM, providing a framework for future research</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_CbPhWNe">The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), with remote work necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms and e-HRM practices</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH,Sn_rm0f44F">Research indicates this acceleration has been global in scope, with one study noting remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi,S_sFMyq5N">Systematic literature reviews characterize COVID-19 as a complicator-disruptor-enabler that challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">The crisis established lasting implications including more flexible, remote-friendly digital working norms that organizations must address through new policies and hybrid working models</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">bioRxiv does not perform peer review but implements a screening process to filter out inappropriate content and enhance the utility of submissions</snippet>, with staff conducting internal checks including automated plagiarism detection and manual reviews for spam or inappropriate content. <snippet id="S_lUJRGnM">Thirty-three preprint platforms were examined, and fourteen involve researchers with content expertise in screening, focusing on article scope, plagiarism, and legal/ethical issues</snippet>. <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">ArXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns, which raises potential issues since it includes quantitative biology</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">arXiv and other preprint servers emphasize that their materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice or reported as established information without expert consultation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">Each preprint includes a warning indicating the lack of peer review, and MedRxiv specifically advises against relying on these preliminary reports for health-related decisions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">The pre-peer review screening process involves several checks before a paper is sent for peer review, including plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language and quality of expression</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">Despite the absence of peer review, which is traditionally seen as a quality assurance mechanism, preprints are still valuable to the research community</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">arXiv performs pre-peer review screening that includes plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language quality</snippet>, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">but does not conduct formal peer review before posting</snippet>. Key quality control measures on arXiv include <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">author registration and endorsement requirements, completeness checks, relevance verification, plagiarism detection, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>, unlike bioRxiv and medRxiv which screen for material that could endanger public health or pose biosecurity risks. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">ArXiv emphasizes that its materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. Despite the absence of peer review, preprints on arXiv still undergo screening as a "coarse filter" to exclude nonscientific or inappropriate content, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">though this does not guarantee validity of the content</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kOME3NW">The interactive reading (IR) task is a framework for AIG and automatic scoring of reading comprehension passages and a suite of questions associated with the passage</snippet>. <snippet id="S_n6aoW4b">The text underscores the importance of vocabulary in reading proficiency, particularly for academic English</snippet>. However, the provided snippets do not contain explicit definitions or contrasts for intensive reading versus extensive reading, nor do they provide concrete classroom task examples aligned to each category.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books.</snippet> <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores, and fact-checking explanation model fine-tuned on the PUBHEALTH dataset achieved promising performance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_wkwj2K0">We fine-tuned, on the PUBHEALTH dataset, pre-trained models for the downstream task of fact-checking label prediction. We employed four pre-trained models: original BERT uncased, SCIBERT, BIOBERT v1.0, and also BIOBERT v1.1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">BIOBERT is trained on abstracts from PubMed and full article texts from PubMed Central. BIOBERT demonstrates higher accuracies when compared to BERT for named entity recognition, relation extraction and question answering in the biomedical domain</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">SCIBERT is trained on 1.14M Semantic Scholar articles relating to computer science and biomedical sciences. Similar to BIOBERT, SCIBERT also shows improvements on original BERT for in-domain tasks. SCIBERT outperforms BERT in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HA4fMd9">Several scientific claim verification datasets have been released in the past few years. COVIDFact (Saakyan et al., 2021) and HealthVer (Sarrouti et al., 2021) verify COVID-19 claims against scientific literature. PUBHEALTH (Kotonya and Toni, 2020) verifies public health claims against news and web sources</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">Our experiments showed that training deep learning models on real-world medical claims greatly improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RXgSB12">Our experiments show that training deep learning-based fact-checking models on real-world and in-domain claims substantially improves the performance compared to training on synthetic and open-domain claims</snippet>.
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Research on medical fact-checking shows that domain-specific language models often outperform general models on health claim verification tasks. On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores compared to BERT and other baseline models <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. BioBERT demonstrates higher accuracies than BERT for biomedical tasks including named entity recognition, relation extraction, and question answering in the biomedical domain <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. Similarly, SCIBERT shows improvements over the original BERT and outperforms it in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. However, performance varies by dataset; on SCIFACT, RoBERTa-large achieved the best performance among the sentence encoders tested, including SciBERT and BioMedRoBERTa <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. Additionally, training deep learning models on real-world medical claims substantially improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">.
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<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf,S_Iqcxwr0">The waterfall model, often referred to as the classical or cascade model, is a sequential design process where progress flows steadily downwards through distinct phases: system specification, planning, design, development, testing, and deployment</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">Each phase must be completed before moving to the next, with strict documentation and end products for each stage</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">The approach is linear and sequential, with results of each phase being documents that are signed-off before the following phase begins</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model, which is part of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), allows for initial simplified implementations that evolve through multiple iterations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">This model emphasizes incremental changes, where projects are divided into smaller parts that undergo repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX">The Waterfall-Iterative approach, also noted as "Waterative", is a Waterfall model with its phases being executed iteratively as the project elaborates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX">This integration includes a requirement analysis phase for each iteration, defining the iteration's goal and allowing elaboration of design based on requirements selected for each iteration</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">The traditional waterfall model is defined as a linear, sequential software development approach where each phase must be completed before the next begins, with strict documentation and sign-offs required between stages</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">In contrast, "iterative waterfall" (also called "Waterative") executes waterfall phases iteratively as the project elaborates, incorporating requirement analysis for each iteration with design followed by product backlog creation using Scrum framework's agile principles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model allows incremental changes and divided project parts with repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation, enabling more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to waterfall</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">A key distinction is that waterfall accommodates substantial requirement changes with significant disruption, whereas iterative approaches emphasize evolving implementations with each cycle enhancing previous work</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz,S_u8WEXgX">Waterfall is characterized by sequential phases requiring strict documentation and end products per stage, while iterative/wative approaches include unit testing during sprints followed by systems integration testing and user acceptance testing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">Waterfall approaches work well for simple, straightforward projects, but are less suitable for complex projects requiring flexibility</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_IbmwH6I,S_ipBYA4S">Digital transformation in banking encompasses digital banking, mobile banking, digital payments, and fintech platforms that provide accessible and affordable financial services</snippet>, <snippet id="S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X">with empirical evidence showing it enhances financial inclusion and operational efficiency while reducing account costs and improving savings</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cecyK56">The economic impact varies by region, with digital financial inclusion being more significant in low-income countries where traditional banking inefficiencies are addressed through FinTech</snippet>, <snippet id="S_AlV0rKF">while digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability and negatively correlates with non-performing loans in Sub-Saharan Africa</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ipBYA4S,S_Q1OC4lz">However, research indicates digital financial inclusion may not always achieve its inclusive goals, particularly for women and underprivileged communities</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_AlV0rKF">policymakers should promote digital financial literacy to bolster bank stability and reduce insolvency risks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IbmwH6I">Cross-country comparisons show success varies due to differences in economic development and regulatory environments</snippet>, <snippet id="S_kq45sEh">with challenges remaining including data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy</snippet>. <answer>
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X>S digital transformation in banking is defined as the application of innovative technologies, particularly digital payments, to enhance financial inclusion and operational efficiency</snippet>, with research showing it <snippet id=S_4uYEvn0>S diminishes the impact of income levels on financial service access</snippet> while enhancing account ownership and savings. <snippet id=S_cecyK56>S Economic impact varies by income level: in low-income countries, digital financial inclusion is more significant than traditional finance due to banking inefficiencies</snippet>, whereas in middle-income countries both forms complement each other. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability (z-score) and negatively with non-performing loans</snippet>, though increased bank competition negatively affects stability according to the competition-fragility hypothesis. <snippet id=S_kq45sEh>S Challenges include data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy</snippet>, with findings from Sub-Saharan Africa, ASEAN, and EU contexts; <snippet id=S_cecyK56,S_Q1OC4lz>Yemen-specific evidence is sparse and limited by fragile state conditions</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Policy recommendations emphasize promoting digital financial literacy, regulatory frameworks treating digital and traditional finance as complementary</snippet>, and strategic measures to maintain bank stability alongside inclusion initiatives.
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<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Never Look Back (1952) was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>, with <snippet id="55190,81776">Harry H. Corbett appearing briefly as a policeman</snippet> and <snippet id="81776">Hugh Sinclair playing the fiancé who prosecutes</snippet> in the courtroom melodrama. <snippet id="55190">The film was released in the UK on 26 May 1952</snippet> and runs 73 minutes. <snippet id="86941">It was shot at Manchester Film Studios between 17 September and 19 October 1951</snippet>. All three sources confirm the same production and distribution details without conflicting information.
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<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The 1952 British drama Never Look Back was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett appears in a brief supporting role as a policeman</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Hugh Sinclair is confirmed as a main star in the cast, playing the prosecutor</snippet>. The production ran for 73 minutes and was shot at Mancunian Studios between September and October 1951.
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The provided search results describe the calculation and application of beta-cell function indices such as the disposition index, insulinogenic index, and acute insulin response in adult human studies, but do not contain specific evidence linking visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation to these beta-cell function metrics <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_2GRyVKu,S_C7yV87e">The disposition index is calculated as the product of insulinogenic index and insulin sensitivity indices (e.g., Matsuda index)</snippet> <snippet id="S_DYXy4QI,S_UBkWxKP">Acute insulin response during IVGTT is calculated as the incremental area under the curve for insulin during the first 10 min of the IVGTT</snippet> <snippet id="S_0G85ZD2">Adipose tissue insulin resistance can be incorporated into GSIS assessments to create a more comprehensive index of beta-cell function in obese adults</snippet>. However, none of the snippets provide direct evidence that VAT accumulation specifically impairs beta-cell function or that reductions in visceral/pancreatic fat restore first-phase insulin secretion <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">Leptin and GM-CSF were strongly negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI and hsCRP</snippet> <snippet id="S_77OipMD">Serum chemerin concentrations associate with beta-cell function but not with insulin resistance in individuals with NAFLD</snippet>. The search results instead focus on other factors affecting beta-cell function, such as free fatty acids, insulin resistance from adipose tissue, and metabolic signatures <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi">Elevated plasma free fatty acids (FFAs) are shown to impair β-cell function</snippet> <snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">The study assessed beta-cell function in obese adults through 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test and calculated disposition index to characterize beta-cell function relative to insulin resistance</snippet>.
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<answer>
The provided search results do not directly address the relationship between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and pancreatic beta-cell function metrics in humans. The snippets primarily define how beta-cell function indices like the disposition index, insulinogenic index, and acute insulin response are calculated from OGTT or IVGTT data <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_77OipMD">the disposition index is calculated as the product of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion measures such as the insulinogenic index</snippet>. One study suggests adipose tissue insulin resistance affects beta-cell function assessment, noting that elevated plasma free fatty acids can impair β-cell function and proposing adjustments to the disposition index to account for adipose tissue <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2">incorporating adipose insulin resistance into assessments provides a more comprehensive index of β-cell function</snippet>. Another study reported that leptin and GM-CSF were negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI and hsCRP, indicating roles in inflammation and lipid metabolism <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">leptin and GM-CSF showed negative associations with the disposition index and positive correlations with BMI and inflammatory markers</snippet>. However, none of these snippets provide direct adult human evidence linking VAT or pancreatic fat specifically to beta-cell function measures like disposition index or acute insulin response as the agent was seeking.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources by one-third did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes, though it did increase exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduce uncivil language</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">Research on social media feed designs compared various feed types including chronological and engagement-based feeds, finding that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mUfOdDp">However, a 2020 study by Guess et al. found no significant long-term effects of Facebook and Instagram's algorithms on users' affective polarization over a three-month period</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WxQh3Uw,S_sJfbnsu">The deactivation experiment study is titled "The effects of Facebook and Instagram on the 2020 election: A deactivation experiment" and provides the largest-scale evidence available on the effect of Facebook and Instagram access on political knowledge, attitudes, and behavior</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EIYKoMB">Recent studies suggest that exposure to diverse perspectives can also align local conflicts with broader partisan divides, and authors propose redesigning social media ranking algorithms to mitigate polarization by incorporating democratic values into their structure</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>. The intervention aimed to decrease exposure to like-minded sources by one-third, which resulted in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">but did not lead to measurable changes in eight key political attitudes, including affective polarization and belief in false claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">An experiment compared various feed types, including chronological and engagement-based feeds, as well as innovative designs aimed at promoting democratic values</snippet>. Findings indicate that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans, but may inadvertently increase perceived threats to free speech among users <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">. The research also references other studies that examined the influence of exposure to like-minded sources and reshared content, noting that some studies found minimal effects on affective polarization</snippet>.

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<answer>
<snippet id="S_StdTMvV">The CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions at 0.1° resolution using wind speeds above 54 km/h from the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship data</snippet>, but the search results do not contain specific documentation of how canonical IAMs like FUND, PAGE, or DICE/RICE integrate tropical cyclone and flood damage functions. <snippet id="S_VGFFWS5">The HWCM approach enhances tropical cyclone risk assessments by simulating high-resolution wind and rain fields to evaluate storm flood damages in vulnerable communities</snippet>, though this focuses on risk assessment methodology rather than IAM integration. <snippet id="S_93wqG64">Projected tropical cyclone activity by 2050 generally declines in the South Indian Ocean, with changes in other ocean basins being more uncertain</snippet>, representing future climate impacts but not current IAM damage function implementation. <snippet id="S_IAQSdJr">Longer time series of storms (1,000 years of synthetic tropical cyclones) results in better accuracy in flood predictions than shorter time series (71 years of historical IBTrACS dataset)</snippet>, demonstrating data requirements for flood impact modeling. The available snippets do not provide concrete evidence of how IAMs specifically incorporate extreme weather events into their economic damage calculations, which the agent identified as a key gap in the literature.
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<answer>
Unfortunately, the provided search results do not contain specific information about how FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE, or other canonical IAMs incorporate extreme weather events into their damage functions. The available snippets focus on hazard modeling (CLIMADA model for tropical cyclones, mangrove flood protection services, hydrodynamic modeling) but do not document IAM integration methods <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>. No snippets describe how IAMs represent extremes as separate impact categories or stochastic shocks to capital/productivity, nor do they detail expected-annual-loss pipelines feeding IAM damages. There is also no evidence of empirically estimated event-specific damage functions (cyclone wind-based, flood depth–damage, heat-wave impacts) being aggregated to macro damages within specific IAM frameworks in these results.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK,S_06dh88l">HPV enters host cells through endocytosis, independent of clathrin, caveolin, lipid rafts, and dynamin</snippet>, typically targeting <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_06dh88l">basal layer epithelial cells</snippet> that express <snippet id="S_6cL8am9">heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), specifically Sdc2 and Sdc4</snippet> on their cell membrane. The process begins when <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_06dh88l">L1 protein binds to laminin-332 in the basement membrane</snippet> and <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_ygceipK">HSPG binding induces conformational changes in L1, exposing the N-terminus of L2</snippet>. This exposure allows <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_ygceipK">kallikrein-8 (KLK8) to cleave L1</snippet>, which <snippet id="S_6cL8am9">further exposes the RG-1 epitope within the N-terminus of L2</snippet>, making it susceptible to <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_IzJhLSD">furin protease cleavage</snippet> upstream of the RG-1 epitope. <snippet id="S_9692W5p">L2 then binds to the S100A10 subunit of annexin A2</snippet>, facilitating <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_qd5yqrp">clathrin-independent endocytosis</snippet> of HPV into the cell. <snippet id="S_06dh88l">Acidification of the endocytic vesicle induces partial uncoating, triggering insertion of the L2 protein into the endocytic membrane</snippet>, allowing the virus to <snippet id="S_qd5yqrp">reach the nucleus within approximately 24 hours via post-endocytic trafficking through endosomes, the Golgi network, and the endoplasmic reticulum</snippet>.
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<answer>
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) entry typically begins at microlesions in the epithelium where the major capsid protein L1 binds to laminin-332 or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the basement membrane <S_9692W5p, S_06dh88l, S_ygceipK, S_4kyiDLH>. This initial attachment induces L1 conformational changes, often facilitated by Cyclophilin B, which exposes the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2 <S_9692W5p, S_ygceipK, S_sYaeZRH>. Proteolytic processing follows, where kallikrein-8 cleaves L1 and the cellular protease furin cleaves L2, reducing HSPG affinity and preparing the virion for internalization <S_6cL8am9, S_9692W5p, S_qd5yqrp>. Secondary interactions with receptors such as annexin A2, integrin α6, and tetraspanins like CD151 facilitate clathrin-independent endocytosis or macropinocytosis-like uptake <S_6cL8am9, S_Fgb4QWW, S_06dh88l>. Once internalized, the virus undergoes retrograde trafficking through endosomes and the Golgi network to reach the nucleus for genome release and replication <S_6cL8am9, S_IzJhLSD, S_qd5yqrp>.
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<snippet id="S_FvypqMm">The Laplace mechanism has been applied to preserve privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions by adding noise to numeric query results</snippet>, ensuring the output remains unaffected by the addition or removal of a single record. <snippet id="S_u2uIkcN">This approach enables privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions by calibrating the Laplace noise with the function's sensitivity</snippet>, such as using S(h) = x_max/n for the mean function. <snippet id="S_3Vks9VQ">The mechanism is defined by M(d) := M(d) + Y where Y_i ∼ L (∆_1 / ε) are independent and identically distributed for i = 1, ..., r and ∆_1 is the L1-sensitivity of the query</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5htVDhJ">Laplace noise can be added to a function output to produce a differentially private output, where the scale of the Laplacian noise is equal to ∆f / ε in the local differentially private setting</snippet>. <snippet id="S_dR6xJKK">The Laplace mechanism preserves (ε, 0)-differential privacy, meaning the privacy guarantee holds for any function f with sensitivity measured by the L1 norm</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain specific case studies published in the high-impact journals identified by the agent (IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, Nature Scientific Data, PNAS, Management Science, etc.), limiting the ability to confirm applications in those particular venues.
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<answer>
The search results provide limited evidence of concrete case studies from high-impact journals applying the Laplace mechanism specifically to financial/banking/credit transaction data. Two snippets mention financial applications: S_FvypqMm notes the Laplace mechanism can preserve "user privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions" within parking recommender system research <snippet id=S_FvypqMm>, and S_u2uIkcN states the mechanism enables "privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions" for prospect theoretic analysis <snippet id=S_u2uIkcN>. However, neither snippet explicitly confirms publication in high-impact journals like IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or major finance/economics journals that the agent prioritized <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_3Vks9VQ>. Most other search results discuss the Laplace mechanism in medical data <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG>, social networks <snippet id=S_XWjGWtA,S_gaV539r>, or power flow systems <snippet id=S_3Vks9VQ> rather than verified financial case studies. Additional searches targeting specific journals or verified financial domains would be needed to fully address the agent's goal.
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<snippet id="21438">Jitendra Narayan (20 Dec 1886–20 Dec 1922) was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar</snippet> and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916. <snippet id="21438">As "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar" he played one first‑class cricket match on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs in total</snippet>, though <snippet id="21438">there is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>. <snippet id="57275">Sources indicate an association with a namesake Nripendra Narayan Academy and links to cricketing activity with a Prince of Wales's XI</snippet>, but the crawled material is fragmentary and <snippet id="57275">does not confirm whether he was Jitendra Narayan's second son or definitively the academy's founder</snippet>. <snippet id="71327">The source lists biographical details for his younger brothers but does not mention founding a Nripendra Narayan Academy or any first-class cricket/Prince of Wales XI involvement</snippet>. The agent's hypothesis about a Prince of Wales XI opponent cannot be verified with the available evidence.
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<answer>
Jitendra Narayan was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar <snippet id="21438">and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet> as an educational institution named after his father. He played one first‑class cricket match for "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI" against Lord Willingdon's XI on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs total <snippet id="21438">. There is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>, which contradicts one key element of the hypothesis that the match was against the Prince of Wales' XI during the 1921–22 India tour. Biographical details indicate he was linked to Cooch‑Behar Palace (also known as Victor Jubilee Palace) as the ruling Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar during his lifetime <snippet id="21438">, though succession by his offspring is not confirmed in the available snippets. Some sources present conflicting or fragmentary information about the academy founder and cricketing claims <snippet id="57275">, with sibling records listing him as having younger brothers but not documenting all biographical details consistently <snippet id="71327">.
</answer>