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<snippet id="S_cY4AqKq">The effective resistance between two vertices u and v is defined as the potential difference induced between them when a unit current is injected at one and extracted at the other</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_cY4AqKq">the effective resistance across e is given by beL + b T e</snippet>, where L^+ is the Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse of the Laplacian matrix. <snippet id="S_QLoN5az">The effective resistance R(a, z) between two nodes a and z in a network G = (V, E, c) is defined based on the voltage W with a as the source and z as the sink</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_QLoN5az">the effective resistance is distinct from the resistance r(u, v) of an edge (u, v), which is the inverse of conductance, defined as r(u, v) = 1/c(u, v)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1sIsr96">The conductances of edges are assumed to be within a certain range, and the external current is normalized</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_1sIsr96">effective resistance will be inversely scaled by 1/a if edge conductances are rescaled by a factor a</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PzEswyZ">The page does not explicitly provide the derivative of effective resistance with respect to the conductance edge weight b_e^T L^+ b_st squared</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_QLoN5az">the relationship between effective resistance and conductance edge weights, particularly in terms of derivatives, is not explicitly detailed in the provided text</snippet>.
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Based on the search results, the specific sensitivity formula ∂R_st/∂c_e = −(b_e^T L^+ b_st)^2 is not explicitly provided in any of the retrieved snippets. Snippet S_QLoN5az states "The relationship between effective resistance and conductance edge weights, particularly in terms of derivatives, is not explicitly detailed in the provided text." Similarly, snippet S_PzEswyZ notes "The page does not explicitly provide the derivative of effective resistance with respect to the conductance edge weight b_e^T L^+ b_st squared." While S_cY4AqKq establishes the formula R_e = b_e^T L^+ b_e for effective resistance via the Laplacian pseudoinverse, it does not contain the derivative with respect to conductance weights. Snippet S_rsfJJTq mentions studying how changing resistance affects effective resistance and references electrical s-t flow, but does not state the explicit squared derivative formula. No snippet provides the Thomson's principle result ∂R_st/∂r_e = (i_e^{(st)})^2 either.
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<snippet id="S_m3aOSaR">Philosopher Luciano Floridi characterizes the self as a "complex informational system, made of consciousness, activities, memories, or narratives" and argues that ICTs are "the most powerful technologies to which selves have ever been exposed"</snippet>. <snippet id="S_p2HW8bV">His Onlife Manifesto foresees and reviews the major transformations of the digital society, including the blurring of the distinction between reality and virtuality, human, machine, and nature, and the reversal from information scarcity to information abundance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LTvxLYU">The concept 'onlife' was coined by Luciano Floridi to describe the Web 6.0, that is: 'the Web Onlife, which erases the threshold between here (offline, analogue, carbon-base), and there (online, digital, silicon-based)' (2009: 12)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oBAOHPa">Floridi's infosphere concept encompasses all informational entities, including digital and environmental information, emphasizing the need for an information ethics that integrates human-computer symbiosis and collective self-understanding</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6iyKbRu">Floridi and colleagues propose explicability as a crucial principle in digital ethics, alongside beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice, emphasizing its necessity for addressing AI ethics and collective self-understanding in the context of human-computer symbiosis</snippet>.
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Luciano Floridi's work establishes the "infosphere" as a unified informational environment where human self-understanding is fundamentally transformed by ICTs, which he characterizes as "the most powerful technologies to which selves have ever been exposed" <snippet id="S_m3aOSaR">. In his Onlife Manifesto, Floridi describes a blurring distinction between human, machine, and nature as digital reality reshapes human experience <snippet id="S_p2HW8bV>. The concept of "onlife" erases the threshold between offline, analogue existence and online, digital realities, creating a new mode of being <snippet id="S_LTvxLYU>. Floridi's information ethics theory includes four moral principles focused on preventing entropy and promoting information welfare in the infosphere <snippet id="S_wtBMKuy>. His framework explicitly addresses "human-computer symbiosis and collective self-understanding" in the context of IoT and digital ethics <snippet id="S_oBAOHPa,S_6iyKbRu>. Additionally, Floridi characterizes the self as a "complex informational system, made of consciousness, activities, memories, or narratives" rather than a fixed entity <snippet id="S_m3aOSaR">.
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<snippet id="S_rDsH7rZ">Deep learning methods, particularly 17-layered CNNs, have been developed for SAR image despeckling, effectively addressing the challenges of conventional techniques by preserving spatial features while reducing speckle noise</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gKkqyXG">Deep-learning methods, particularly SAR2SAR, outperform traditional despeckling techniques like SAR-BM3D and NL-SAR in restoring SAR images, achieving the highest peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and providing qualitatively detailed restoration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_b8o5I5q">The SAR-BM3D filter was proposed for despeckling SAR images based on the BM3D filter, which combines nonlocal and transform-domain approaches by grouping similar patches into a 3D array and filtering using sparse representation in the transform domain</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4Gak4RX">Deep learning has advanced SAR image despeckling through methods like CNNs and GANs, yet improvements over traditional nonlocal methods such as SAR-BM3D remain limited due to a lack of high-quality training data and understanding of despeckling mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aZRK7Na">Self-supervised methods are promising for the exploitation of the large collections of real SAR images that are available and that remove the need for a clean ground truth, though the ultimate goal would be to fully learn the specific characteristics of the noise and the images from noisy data alone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5uxoLfA">The interplay between nonlocal methods and deep learning for SAR despeckling has been first explored in two very recent papers, with approaches including nonlocal processing to refine the output of CNN-based filters and nonlocal means filtering with weights computed patch-by-patch by means of a dedicated CNN</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_gKkqyXG">Deep-learning methods, particularly SAR2SAR, outperform traditional despeckling techniques like SAR-BM3D and NL-SAR in restoring SAR images, achieving the highest peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5uxoLfA,S_aZRK7Na">Classical methods such as SAR-BM3D and Speckle2Void remain relevant, with SAR-BM3D combining nonlocal and transform-domain approaches for effective denoising</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_4Gak4RX">deep learning has advanced SAR image despeckling through methods like CNNs and GANs, yet improvements over traditional nonlocal methods such as SAR-BM3D remain limited due to a lack of high-quality training data</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aZRK7Na">Self-supervised methods are promising for exploiting large collections of real SAR images and removing the need for clean ground truth</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_5uxoLfA">there is significant interest in blending nonlocal concepts with CNNs, where nonlocal processing refines CNN-based filter outputs or computes weights via dedicated networks</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_PrKzh7V">The latent effects of computer-based personal data record keeping in education include dehumanization, where the rigid structure of data collection forces individuals into predefined categories and limits their ability to provide nuanced information</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PrKzh7V">Invisibility is another concern, as the technical nature of record-keeping creates a disconnect between data subjects and record keepers, making individuals' needs and contexts less visible in the data management process</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PrKzh7V">Aggregation facilitates the consolidation of data across organizations, which can lead to a "dragnet" approach where broad data searches may result in misidentifications and unjust consequences for individuals</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PrKzh7V">Automated systems can propagate errors, leading to incorrect data being used in decision-making processes, which can adversely affect students</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PrKzh7V">The remote nature of technical record keepers can obscure accountability, making it difficult to trace errors or misuse of data back to responsible parties</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PrKzh7V">Easy access to aggregated data may lead to unintended secondary uses of personal information, raising privacy concerns</snippet>.
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According to the 1973 U.S. HEW report on computer-based personal data records in education, the primary dehumanization concern was **depersonalization/dehumanization**, where "the rigid structure of data collection forces individuals into predefined categories, limiting their ability to provide nuanced information, leading to a perception of being treated as mere data points rather than individuals"<snippet id="S_PrKzh7V">. Additional latent effects included **invisibility**, where technical record-keeping creates a disconnect between data subjects and keepers, making individuals' needs and contexts less visible in the data management process <snippet id="S_PrKzh7V">. The report also identified **aggregation** risks where consolidation of data across organizations could lead to a "dragnet" approach resulting in misidentifications and unjust consequences for individuals <snippet id="S_PrKzh7V">. Automated systems could **propagate errors** that would adversely affect students in decision-making processes <snippet id="S_PrKzh7V">. Additionally, the remote nature of technical record keepers obscured **accountability**, making it difficult to trace errors or misuse back to responsible parties <snippet id="S_PrKzh7V">. These concerns about computerized student records contributed to the privacy and access debates that later shaped FERPA legislation in 1974 <snippet id="S_PrKzh7V">.
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<snippet id="S_ETnanCZ">An SLM parameter-study on pure aluminum was carried out with an optimal hatch distance of 0.08 mm to 0.1 mm and layer thickness of 30 µm</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_ETnanCZ">the layer thickness was 30 µm and has not been varied in this study</snippet>. <snippet id="S_qwV2nbG">In LPBF SLM of Al6061, crack density increased from 40.5 to 76.9 J/mm³ at a scan speed of 1300 mm/s, while the smallest crack size and density were observed at an energy density of 102.8 J/mm³ with a scan speed of 800 mm/s</snippet>, indicating scan speed significantly influences solidification cracking compared to energy density. <snippet id="S_KtbEpv6">Conduction mode melting during LPBF of AlSi10Mg is expected within keyhole numbers (Ke) of 0-12, transition mode melting is expected within keyhole numbers of 12-20, and keyhole mode melting is expected for keyhole numbers greater than 20</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WEKl3Fb">AlSi10Mg, with 10 wt.% Si, has a solidification range (∆T) of about 30 °C, significantly lower than AA2024's 135 °C, which reduces solidification cracking and enhances processability in LPBF</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FzuFp6b">Supplementing 50 wt.% of AlSi10Mg to AA7075 to eliminate solidification cracks, and Montero-Sistiaga et al. [24] supplemented 4 wt.% elemental silicon to AA7075</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vJqIjZQ">Numerous cracks were observed near the joint and most of them are distributed on the sample side. The majority of observed cracks is propagated perpendicular to the building direction</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_tpthot9, S_WEKl3Fb">AlSi10Mg with 10 wt.% Si has a solidification range (∆T) of about 30 °C, significantly lower than AA2024's 135 °C, which reduces solidification cracking and enhances processability in LPBF, whereas 6xxx and 7xxx series alloys cannot be processed without solidification cracks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_qwV2nbG">In LPBF SLM of Al6061, crack density increased from 40.5 to 76.9 J/mm³ at a scan speed of 1300 mm/s, while the smallest crack size and density were observed at an energy density of 102.8 J/mm³ with a scan speed of 800 mm/s, indicating that scan speed significantly influences solidification cracking compared to energy density</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RbgMXGC">Varying process parameters between VED = 52 J/mm³ and 125 J/mm³ does not resolve the issue, indicating that solidification crack elimination in LPBF is a metallurgical challenge requiring base alloy modification</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ETnanCZ">A hatch distance of 0.08 mm to 0.1 mm is optimal for pure aluminum with a layer thickness of 30 µm, though layer thickness was not varied in this study</snippet>. <snippet id="S_qwV2nbG, S_KtbEpv6">A transition to keyhole-mode was observed at approximately 150 J/mm³, with keyhole numbers greater than 20 expected for keyhole mode melting in AlSi10Mg</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_mWJiIGh">A portable potentiostat has been designed using dual-microprocessors for programmable waveform generation and current measurement, capable of performing cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, amperometry, and potentiometry</snippet>, <snippet id="S_fpCxoTX,S_7lRuqHz">a handheld eight-channel potentiostat powered by an ATMEGA32 microcontroller features adjustable measurement ranges of ±10 µA to ±1 mA with a resolution of 35 nA, enabling on-site use with screen-printed electrodes and costing approximately $90</snippet>, <snippet id="S_EHHTO6s">a compact in-house built potentiostat uses an ATmega328P microcontroller for digital stimulation and feedback loop stabilization, with a current range of ±100 nA to ±3 mA and a minimum resolution of 0.2 nA</snippet>, <snippet id="S_qA9EERH">screen-printed electrodes and screen-printed electrochemical sensors are a promising tool for constructing portable analytical devices</snippet>. These microcontroller-based potentiostats demonstrate good accuracy, low cost, low power consumption, and high portability for portable electrochemical biosensing applications.
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<snippet id="S_mWJiIGh,S_qA9EERH">Portable potentiostats compatible with screen-printed electrodes are feasible for portable electrochemical biosensing, utilizing microcontroller or microprocessor-based signal processing designs</snippet>. Specific implementations include <snippet id="S_fpCxoTX,S_7lRuqHz">handheld 8-channel potentiostats powered by ATMEGA32 microcontrollers with current resolution of 35 nA and measurement ranges from ±10 µA to ±1 mA</snippet>, as well as <snippet id="S_EHHTO6s">compact single-channel devices using ATmega328P microcontrollers with 0.2 nA current resolution</snippet>. These systems demonstrate <snippet id="S_mWJiIGh">good accuracy, low power consumption, and high portability</snippet> while supporting multiple electrochemical modes including cyclic voltammetry, amperometry, and differential pulse voltammetry <snippet id="S_mWJiIGh">. The total cost is approximately $90 per unit</snippet>, with options for battery or USB power supply <snippet id="S_fpCxoTX,S_EHHTO6s">. Some designs also incorporate Bluetooth modules for wireless data transmission to mobile interfaces</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_3I1dn17,S_nz4kKi2">The Overleaf template for the Journal of Open Aviation Science (JOAS) supports standard papers, reproducible science papers, dataset papers, and software papers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_m6UwoGC">The manuscript must be prepared with the LaTeX template provided by JOAS, and Word documents are not accepted</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eMH0rVR,S_n4WEfgX">The template is available on the Overleaf LaTeX templates gallery page</snippet>.
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<answer>
According to Overleaf's Gallery of Templates, the Journal of Open Aviation Science (JOAS) template supports standard papers, reproducible science papers, dataset papers, and software papers <snippet id="S_3I1dn17, S_nz4kKi2">. The template description explicitly states these paper types in the gallery entry</snippet><snippet id="S_3I1dn17, S_nz4kKi2">. This information comes directly from the Overleaf template page for JOAS</snippet><snippet id="S_3I1dn17">.
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<snippet id="S_L3Zdz5I">Key findings indicate that sex, education level, and age significantly influence physical activity levels, with individuals with lower educational levels engaging in higher physical activity</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_d9jZ8RJ">higher education levels correlate with increased sedentary behavior, though individuals with higher education are more likely to participate in physical activities compared to those with lower educational attainment</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iqA9ejl">ANOVA results indicate significant differences in motivation for physical activity based on education level, with students in early education and physical activity/sport degrees showing better adaptation and more positive perceptions compared to those in primary and social education</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ze8N8Cs">Path analyses revealed that perceived autonomy support positively influenced autonomous motivation in PE, which in turn affected autonomous motivation in leisure time</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_ze8N8Cs">the PETALS intervention did not demonstrate efficacy in altering physical activity behavior or TCM constructs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_d9jZ8RJ">This may be attributed to better access to information about physical activity benefits, organized sports, and facilities like gyms</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_d9jZ8RJ">the research acknowledges limitations, including the inability to establish causation due to its cross-sectional nature and potential biases in self-reported physical activity data</snippet>.
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Yes, empirical evidence shows that motivations for physical activity differ statistically by academic level. <snippet id="S_iqA9ejl">ANOVA results indicate significant differences in motivation for physical activity based on education level, with students in early education and physical activity/sport degrees showing better adaptation and more positive perceptions compared to those in primary and social education</snippet>. The study analyzed large effect sizes for degree type, confirming that educational context significantly influences motivation and psychological factors <snippet id="S_iqA9ejl">The analysis revealed large effect sizes for sex, degree, and their interaction, suggesting that these factors significantly influence students' experiences</snippet>. Additionally, research on emerging adults found that higher education levels correlate with both increased sedentary behavior due to academic demands and greater engagement in physical exercise through better access to organized sports and facilities <snippet id="S_d9jZ8RJ">Individuals with college degrees or higher tend to spend more time sitting due to academic demands, such as studying and using technology. However, the study also found a positive relationship between education level and engagement in physical exercise, indicating that those with higher education are more likely to participate in physical activities compared to those with lower educational attainment</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_HMm9JhX">The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) measures daytime sleepiness on a scale from 1 (very alert) to 9 (very sleepy, fighting sleep), with a score >7 indicating high sleepiness that impacts productivity in workers</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_6BrBns1">the KSS measures on a scale from 1 to 10 providing 1 = extremely alert and 10 = extremely sleepy, and is a non-obtrusive way to investigate office workers' alertness</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4RbtluS">Sleepiness was assessed using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS; n = 2) in systematic reviews of work-associated fatigue</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_uQLTKTv">the KSS has been validated against EEG data by Åkerstedt and Gillberg (1990) and is a subjective rating in which each person indicates their current alertness level on a 9-point Likert scale ranging from (1) "extremely alert" to (9) "fighting sleep"</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8xnO1PF">The KSS is a 1-item scale developed by the Karolinska Institute that measures how sleepy a person is in a given moment</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_l5whYNr">the KSS is a 9-point Likert scale in which participants are asked to rate their level of alertness/sleepiness over the preceding 5 min</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4RbtluS">Sleepiness was assessed using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS; n = 2) in systematic reviews of work-associated fatigue</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_8xnO1PF">the KSS is a 1-item scale developed by the Karolinska Institute that measures how sleepy a person is in a given moment</snippet>.
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<answer>
The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) is a validated 9-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (very alert) to 9 (very sleepy) that measures subjective state sleepiness in workplace settings <snippet id="S_QajLf5J,S_acZ8Xq1,S_uQLTKTv">and has been shown to correlate with productivity impacts when scores exceed 7, indicating high sleepiness</snippet>. Field studies have successfully deployed KSS across occupational populations including Petrochemical control room operators, firefighters, and office workers, with measurements taken multiple times throughout the workday <snippet id="S_acZ8Xq1,S_QajLf5J,S_6BrBns1">. The scale has been validated against EEG data and is considered a reliable measure for assessing drowsiness and consciousness variations in different work environments <snippet id="S_uQLTKTv">. In office lighting research, KSS questionnaires were distributed four times during the day to track alertness changes at 9 a.m., 11:15 a.m., 2 p.m., and 4:15 p.m. <snippet id="S_6BrBns1">. The KSS is a quick, non-obtrusive method for investigating worker alertness over preceding 5-minute periods and has been used in peer-reviewed literature from 2014 to 2025 <snippet id="S_HMm9JhX,S_8xnO1PF">.
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<snippet id="92789,56502,75463">The Dentist (1932) is a 21–22 minute pre-Code comedy short written by and starring W.C. Fields, directed by Leslie Pearce and produced by Mack Sennett</snippet>. <snippet id="92789,56502,75463">Fields plays an eccentric, cantankerous dentist who torments patients and staff while trying to stop his daughter's romance with an iceman</snippet>. <snippet id="92789,56502,75463">The film features slapstick scenes including golf routines, chaotic tooth extractions, and rooftop ladder escapes</snippet>. <snippet id="75463">It was the first of four Mack Sennett shorts Fields made and is notable for risqué innuendo and Fields' verbal comedy</snippet>. <snippet id="92789">Released on September 9, 1932, the film fell into the public domain and is widely available on platforms like Internet Archive and DVD/VHS</snippet>.
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<snippet id="92789">The Dentist (1932) is a 22-minute pre-Code comedy short written by and starring W.C. Fields</snippet>, directed by Leslie Pearce and produced by Mack Sennett. Released on September 9, 1932, it features Fields as a hot-tempered dentist who torments patients and staff while dealing with his daughter's romance with an iceman. The film is noted for broad slapstick, including golf routines, a chaotic tooth extraction, and a rooftop ladder escape <snippet id="56502">. IMDb sources describe it as a 21-minute pre-Code short starring Fields as an irascible dentist who endures eccentric patients after a disastrous golf game</snippet>. The short contains risqué innuendo and verbal comedy, and is considered the first of four Mack Sennett shorts Fields made <snippet id="75463">. It fell into the public domain and is widely available on platforms like the Internet Archive.
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<snippet id="S_134WZBV">China implemented the dual credit policy in 2017 to substitute the subsidy mechanism, setting NEV credit targets and CAFC credit targets for every vehicle manufacturer</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_8bnFfK9">the dual-credit policy implemented in 2021 mandating NEV credits to substitute CAFC credits, aiming to transition from policy-led to market-led NEV development</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ovpePcP">China's NEV market, the largest globally, saw sales rise to 188,700 units in 2015 (up 223% from 2015), driven by dual-credit policies mandating 10% new energy credits in 2019 (12% in 2020), license plate restrictions, and subsidies up to $13,800</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7hzfdeL">China's NEV adoption from 2020-2025 is driven by dual-credit policies, fiscal subsidies, and infrastructure development, yet faces challenges like core technology innovation, quality assurance, and lagging charging infrastructure</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XQeVDUn">China's dual credit policy significantly enhances NEV market penetration, contributing twice as much as subsidies, while modeling studies indicate it pressures automakers to adopt advanced technologies and comply with standards, impacting BEV and PHEV sales from 2016 to 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vRqxrVY">Government subsidies and the dual credit policy significantly influence NEV adoption in China, with the dual credit policy potentially doubling new energy vehicle numbers compared to current subsidy levels, highlighting the importance of macro-level policies in driving NEV market penetration from 2020 to 2025</snippet>.
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<answer>
China's NEV adoption from 2020-2025 is primarily driven by dual-credit policies, fiscal subsidies, and infrastructure development, though lagging charging infrastructure remains a challenge <snippet id="S_7hzfdeL">. The dual-credit policy implemented in 2021 significantly enhances NEV market penetration, contributing twice as much as subsidies while pressuring automakers to adopt advanced technologies <snippet id="S_XQeVDUn">. This policy potentially doubles NEV numbers compared to subsidy levels alone, highlighting the importance of macro-level policies for market penetration from 2020 to 2025 <snippet id="S_vRqxrVY">. Policy tools include prioritizing charging pile density, license fee preferences, and driving restrictions to support effective diffusion <snippet id="S_7hzfdeL">. License plate restrictions and subsidies up to $13,800 alongside mandatory NEV credits (10% in 2019, 12% in 2020) have contributed to China's largest global NEV market <snippet id="S_ovpePcP">. The dual-credit policy, which replaced subsidies starting in 2017, aims to transition from policy-led to market-led NEV development <snippet id="S_8bnFfK9">.
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<snippet id="S_fxmfClt">Nurse residency programs (NRP) demonstrated 1-year retention rates of 77.27% (2016), 90.20% (2017), and 89.71% (2018) in studies of 106 newly hired graduate nurses, with another study indicating an 85% retention rate at 12 months for 117 graduates and overall 1-year retention exceeding 96% (n = 241)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JTG9A0a">A systematic review found that the NRP achieved an 86% retention rate in the first year, but decreased support led to increased intent to leave and lower retention rates in subsequent years, highlighting the importance of leadership support and consistent preceptor involvement</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9rQ1740">A local residency programme for new graduate registered nurses showed a first-year cohort employment retention rate of 78%, with the second-year cohort at 96%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_t9PDLtd">Before the development of a new graduate transition programme, 1-year retention rates were as low as 50%, but five years after programme adoption, retention increased to 72.5%, resulting in major cost savings to the organization</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QipQ71a">Approximately 17.5% of new nurses leave their first job within one year, with turnover costs for new graduates reaching as high as $96,595, highlighting the importance of well-designed residency programs that support their transition and can lead to zero attrition rates when effective mentorship is implemented</snippet>. <snippet id="S_C9kxomE">Nurse residency programs are proven to be great educational intervention to support with the nurses' shortage and develop well supported, competent and confident new nurses</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_JTG9A0a">Systematic reviews indicate that Nurse Residency Programs (NRPs) significantly improve new graduate retention rates, reporting an 86% retention rate in the first year</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fxmfClt">Specific studies have shown retention rates ranging from 77.27% to 90.20% annually, with some cohorts exceeding 96% at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9rQ1740">A local residency programme achieved a 78% retention rate for its first-year cohort, increasing to 96% for the second cohort, alongside improved clinical competency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_t9PDLtd">Implementation of such programmes has been shown to raise retention from as low as 50% before adoption to 72.5% five years later</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QipQ71a">Approximately 17.5% of new nurses leave their first job within one year, with turnover costs reaching as high as $96,595</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_vOYnJmB">miR-142-5p is implicated in cancer proliferation by targeting Smad3, which is part of the TGF-β signaling pathway</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_vOYnJmB">high expression levels of miR-142-5p are associated with cancer progression, as it suppresses TGF-β-induced growth inhibition in cancer cells</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vOYnJmB">This miRNA has been shown to have oncogenic roles in various cancers, including colorectal cancer and renal cell carcinoma, where it promotes cell proliferation and migration by targeting specific tumor suppressors</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vOYnJmB">miR-142-5p plays a significant role in the regulation of cancer-related pathways, contributing to the understanding of its function in prostate cancer and other malignancies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vOYnJmB">miR-142-5p is highly expressed in breast cancer tissues and cell lines, contributing to cancer progression by promoting proliferation, invasion, and migration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vOYnJmB">Its overexpression is linked to distant metastasis, while reducing miR-142-5p levels can inhibit these cancerous behaviors</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vOYnJmB">The findings suggest that miR-142-5p facilitates breast cancer progression through its regulation of SORBS1, highlighting its potential role in cancer biology</snippet>.
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<answer>
Evidence confirms that miR-142-5p promotes cancer proliferation by targeting Smad3, which is a component of the TGF-β signaling pathway <snippet id="S_vOYnJmB">. High expression of this microRNA suppresses TGF-β-induced growth inhibition in cancer cells and is associated with progression in colorectal and renal cell carcinoma <snippet id="S_vOYnJmB">. In breast cancer specifically, miR-142-5p upregulation drives proliferation and invasion by silencing SORBS1, though this mechanism does not explicitly involve SMAD3 <snippet id="S_w9k76Jf">. Additionally, miR-142-5p negatively regulates PTEN expression in breast cancer tissues, leading to reduced apoptosis and enhanced cell viability <snippet id="S_TK813Os">. Canonical TGF-β signaling involves Smad3 phosphorylation as a key factor, as observed in NSCLC progression regulated by miR-133a <snippet id="S_zjrZ5nu">. Current search results do not contain evidence regarding miR-146a-5p targeting SMAD4 or TRAF6 in adipose tissue.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_ogMQ43H">Steam methane reforming (SMR) with carbon capture and storage (CCS) is projected to produce hydrogen at £1.65-2.62/kg H2, with a carbon intensity of 0.9-3.3 kg CO2/kg H2, while current CCS technology achieves a CO2 capture efficiency of 65-75%, aiming for 90%, contrasting with electrolysis which faces uncertain future capital costs and electricity pricing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zcNP1MY">An additional sensitivity analysis is conducted to account for the uncertainty regarding the future natural gas price, and its influence on the LCOHS of hydrogen produced with SMR and CCS, where the natural gas price has a significantly larger impact on the LCOHS of SMR with CCS than the technical and economical parameters in the previous section</snippet>. <snippet id="S_dLVIeSt">Hydrogen production via SMR-CCS shows limited cost impact in most scenarios, with significant investments primarily in Scenario 1b (no industry flexibility) and Scenario 4b (transport use), particularly in southern Germany, where hydrogen is 72% from electrolysis (NoFlex), 81% (LowFlex), and 95% (HighFlex), while overall hydrogen costs can increase due to minimized total system costs affecting electricity demand and regional competitiveness</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9HFQaHW">When hydrogen production via SMR-CCS is included in Scenario 2c, the UK1 region attains an investment of 1.4 GW H2 of SMR, although the installed electrolyzer capacity remains the same at 13.4 GW, with hydrogen from SMR constituting 9% of the total hydrogen production in UK1, increasing the total hydrogen production from 43.2 TWh to 44.7 TWh</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fSweHCu">Scenarios 1-4 assess hydrogen production flexibility and the impact of investing in SMR-CCS with an 88.5% capture rate and 28 €/MWh combined cost of natural gas and biogas, while Scenario 8 models ammonia production at 490 kt annually in island-mode operation, highlighting the influence of electrolyzer and storage investment costs on hydrogen pricing</snippet>.
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The search results identify techno-economic studies modeling investment in SMR-CCS and electrolysis across different energy system scenarios <snippet id="S_9HFQaHW, S_dLVIeSt">. One study reports an investment of 1.4 GW H2 of SMR alongside 13.4 GW of electrolyzer capacity in a scenario involving SMR-CCS <snippet id="S_9HFQaHW">. Levelized hydrogen supply costs for SMR with CCS fluctuate based on natural gas prices, ranging from just above €2/kg to nearly €6/kg in different scenarios <snippet id="S_zcNP1MY">. System modeling indicates that hydrogen production investments are influenced by industry flexibility and transport use, with SMR-CCS investments varying by scenario <snippet id="S_dLVIeSt, S_fSweHCu">. These results are described as 'future energy systems' studies, though the TIMES model is not explicitly referenced in the provided text <snippet id="S_dLVIeSt, S_fSweHCu">.
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<snippet id="S_LW5jiDl">A study on Android app testing found that only about 8% of Android projects with at least one tagged release utilize GUI testing frameworks, which is lower than the 20% adoption rate for JUnit</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_LW5jiDl">when present, GUI testing code constitutes approximately 11% of the total project code</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LW5jiDl">On average, 7.5% of changed lines in each release pertain to GUI test code, with 3% of the test code being modified</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_LW5jiDl">the fragility of the tests is estimated at around 8%, indicating that one in five classes in a test suite requires modifications due to fragility</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0UK5M81">Previous research highlights the importance of understanding test maintenance, yet few empirical studies have addressed maintenance costs in real projects, with existing literature primarily focusing on theoretical models</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_0UK5M81">only a small number of studies have reported on maintenance costs, and most of these pertain to open-source software rather than commercial tools</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ju7DABe">First-generation techniques relying on exact screen coordinates are highly sensitive to any GUI layout changes, while second-generation techniques utilizing GUI component properties are more robust but still struggle with changes to GUI components</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sArUG6E">An empirical study at Saab found that a Visual GUI Testing suite for an air-traffic management system had fallen into disuse, leading to its degradation and eventual non-execution on the System Under Test</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_D35iSVG">testing costs can exceed 50% of total development expenses, necessitating efficient testing methods in agile environments that prioritize rapid feedback</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_cNZ4l0j">A case study at Spotify found that Visual GUI Testing (VGT) was ultimately abandoned after several years due to challenges and limitations, despite demonstrating effectiveness in defect detection initially</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ju7DABe">Second-generation GUI testing tools commonly used in industry (Selenium, QTP) still struggle with GUI component changes and have limited capabilities for automating distributed systems or custom components</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lsRx7u2,S_isGlT4R">Empirical evaluation of GUI testing tools (GUITAR, Jubula) revealed they fail to detect several types of GUI faults, particularly those related to graphical rendering and complex interactions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LW5jiDl">In the Android ecosystem, only about 8% of projects utilize GUI testing frameworks, significantly lower than the 20% adoption rate for JUnit, with fragility estimated at around 8%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0UK5M81">There is limited empirical data on maintenance costs for automated GUI testing in industrial settings, with most existing literature focusing on theoretical models rather than real commercial tool projects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_D35iSVG">Testing costs can exceed 50% of total development expenses, though maintenance frequency significantly impacts costs with empirical analysis showing economic challenges in sustained VGT adoption</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ijLPkKj">A meta-analysis of 35 studies with 7,716 patients found that high Ki-67 expression was significantly associated with poor disease-free survival (HR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.45–2.07, p < 0.001) and poor overall survival (HR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.27–2.14, p < 0.001) in resected triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ruf4jnS">In TNBC patients, a median Ki-67 labeling index of 35% was found, with no overall prognostic significance across all patients, though for those aged 50 years or younger, a low Ki-67 LI was linked to a poor prognosis (HR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.14–0.96, P = 0.042)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QfMo0TY">In primary breast cancer, the Ki-67 index is a significant prognostic factor in distinguishing between luminal type A and B tumors, with values categorized into <20%, ≥20%, and ≥50% groups</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RGr0LyN">High-Ki-67 levels were significantly associated with poor survival, irrespective of the timing of specimen examination (preoperative or postoperative), and were linked to larger tumor size, higher grade, and more frequent hormone receptor-negativity and HER2 overexpression</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UigFjKy">The on-treatment Ki-67 index, measured after just two weeks of presurgical therapy, has been shown to be a more accurate predictor of long-term outcomes compared to the baseline Ki-67 index, with a higher on-treatment Ki-67 index significantly associated with lower recurrence-free survival (p = 0.004)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iE6dcln">Ki-67 levels from both preoperative biopsy and postoperative specimens are generally concordant, though the hazard ratio does not proportionately correlate with Ki-67 levels, complicating the determination of cutoff values which are often reported between 10-20%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AWZZ8dY">A 2.7-fold increase in Ki-67 expression yields a hazard ratio of 1.95 for recurrence-free survival in breast cancer studies</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_ijLPkKj>High Ki-67 expression acts as an independent prognostic factor, where meta-analyses of triple-negative breast cancer link high expression to poor disease-free (HR = 1.73) and overall survival (HR = 1.65)</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AWZZ8dY, S_ijLPkKj>Broader breast cancer data indicates a 2.7-fold increase in Ki-67 yields a hazard ratio of 1.95 for recurrence-free survival, while thresholds such as ≥40% in TNBC associate with even higher risks (HR = 2.30)</snippet>. <snippet id=S_YoFkT7L, S_RGr0LyN>Elevated Ki-67 levels correlate with higher histologic grade and molecular characteristics including negative ER/PR status and positive HER2 overexpression</snippet>. <snippet id=S_QfMo0TY>In terms of molecular subtyping, the marker distinguishes luminal A from B tumors, with median Ki-67 values of 20% in primary cases and 27% in recurrent cases</snippet>. <snippet id=S_iE6dcln>Clinical application faces caveats regarding variability, as hazard ratios do not proportionately correlate with Ki-67 levels and cutoffs are often inconsistently reported between 10% and 20%</snippet>. <snippet id=S_YoFkT7L>Surgical specimens may offer more effective prognostic evaluation compared to preoperative biopsies, though concordance is generally observed</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_yT0KXKl">The American Gut Project involved over 10,000 participants and found that individuals consuming more than 30 types of plant foods weekly had increased levels of beneficial microbes like Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Oscillospira compared to those consuming fewer than 10 types</snippet>. <snippet id="S_urZ9It2">The project integrates data from over 15,000 samples, revealing significant insights into microbiome composition and its relationship with diet, health, and lifestyle</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sPzmI3Z">Researchers constructed dietary patterns using a food frequency questionnaire and associated these patterns with gut microbiome data from 744 participants, identifying five a posteriori dietary patterns including two Prudent-like diets (Plant-Based and Flexitarian) with high Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2010) scores</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sPzmI3Z">The Western diet pattern exhibited significantly lower gut microbiome alpha diversity compared to the Flexitarian pattern, and the Exclusion diet was linked to a low abundance of Bifidobacterium</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9ydCFxh">The study analyzed gut microbiome composition in 3,409 participants from a wellness program, focusing on the relationship between diet and microbiome diversity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vNdcnGH">The American Gut Project is one of the largest crowd-funded citizen science projects, with over 3600 participants and 3800 samples collected to date</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_yT0KXKl,S_urZ9It2">The American Gut Project involved over 10,000 participants, with over 15,000 samples integrated into the database</snippet>, and researchers found that <snippet id="S_yT0KXKl">individuals consuming more than 30 types of plant foods weekly had increased levels of beneficial microbes like Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Oscillospira compared to those consuming fewer than 10 types</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sPzmI3Z">A subset of the study explored 1,800 adults, with microbiome data from 744 participants</snippet>, revealing that <snippet id="S_sPzmI3Z">Western diet patterns exhibited significantly lower gut microbiome alpha diversity compared to the Flexitarian pattern</snippet>. The first attempt at collecting detailed diet information found <snippet id="S_9ykeYUW">a correlation in diversity with the number of different types of plants consumed was observed</snippet>, though dietary recall reliability was noted as limited in population-based studies.
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<snippet id="S_KqQnufY,S_FbKMFmX,S_OCZGYnB,S_D37bJ7M">Meta-analytic evidence consistently demonstrates that spaced learning significantly enhances long-term retention compared to massed learning, with optimal spacing intervals leading to better recall over days or weeks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gXRihAy">Hundreds of experiments have confirmed the superiority of distributed practice versus massed/blocked practice ("cramming")</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_gfiss0y">a recent meta-analysis (Latimier et al., 2021) found that spaced practice, compared to massed practice, improves performance on a final test by close to over half a standard deviation (an average effect size of Hedges' g = 0.74, which is roughly equivalent to moving a student from the 50th percentile to the 77th percentile)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TLW10L3">In an integrative review of the distributed practice literature, Cepeda et al. (2006) examined the degree of benefit produced by shorter and longer ISIs on retention in verbal recall tasks</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_TLW10L3">the finding in their meta-analysis points to the optimal ISI of 1 day (for our context), regardless of when retention is measured by a test after 1 day or after 2 to 28 days</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gfiss0y">Research suggests that long-term retention improves with longer intervals between study sessions</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_gfiss0y">more spacing is not always better</snippet> and <snippet id="S_gfiss0y">optimal spacing depends on how far away the final test is from the last repetition and how far apart the repetitions are spread during study</snippet>. <snippet id="S_OCZGYnB">Carpenter et al. (2012;Kang, 2016) demonstrated the benefits of spacing in educational settings</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_OCZGYnB">eighth graders received a review session either 1 or 16 weeks after a course on U.S. history. A test conducted 36 weeks after the review session revealed better test performance when the review was conducted 16 weeks after the topic was initially studied</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gXRihAy">The spacing effect is the finding that learning is better sustained when repetitions are separated</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_gXRihAy">technology-driven educational platforms have the opportunity to interrupt the forgetting curve by prompting practice at various intervals: frequently after encoding and then at longer intervals over time</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_KqQnufY,S_D37bJ7M">Spaced learning significantly enhances long-term retention compared to massed learning, with optimal spacing intervals improving recall over days or weeks</snippet>, <snippet id="S_gXRihAy">and hundreds of experiments have confirmed the superiority of distributed practice versus massed/blocked practice for long-term retention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gfiss0y">A recent meta-analysis (Latimier et al., 2021) found spaced practice improves performance on final tests by approximately half a standard deviation (Hedges' g = 0.74), equivalent to moving a student from the 50th to 77th percentile</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_TLW10L3">Cepeda et al.'s (2006) integrative review of the distributed practice literature identified an optimal inter-study interval (ISI) of 1 day for maximizing long-term retention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_xuJ0yyL">The optimal spacing ratio for long-term retention should be 10-30%, though longer intervals may be beneficial when combined with delayed post-testing</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_GIxttNp">this effect has been demonstrated with undergraduate students showing higher scores on cumulative exams compared to massed conditions</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_4QIpbqa">Social robots can be used to motivate people with intellectual disability to take part in social or group activities, with participants' engagement with each other increasing with the introduction of Cozmo</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_a9VozkY">engagement preference assessments (EPA) and forced-choice preference assessments are validated methods for selecting preferred and non-preferred stimuli for sensory reinforcement learning paradigms in individuals with intellectual disability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_r5TreKs">Children with intellectual disabilities prefer social activities but often engage less in active physical activities compared to typically developing peers, with social skills deficits significantly predicting limited outdoor activity engagement</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_MIdLtvb">choice making is a critical self-directed learning strategy for children with intellectual disabilities, requiring systematic instruction to develop social skills and preferences</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FaFXUjT">Among 96 studies, 17 focused on learners with Intellectual Disability, highlighting significant impairments in social skills, motivation, and engagement compared to age expectations</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_t26jEDR">effective support methods for children with intellectual disabilities include noncontingent escape access, self-control training through extended behavior duration, and self-monitoring strategies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sCv6lti">Children with intellectual disabilities face limitations in IQ and adaptive behavior, impacting their social skills and interactions, which are essential for independent functioning and personal-social responsibility</snippet>.
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The available evidence suggests motivational factors influence social skills outcomes in children with intellectual disabilities, though direct causal links are limited. Choice making is described as a critical self-directed learning strategy requiring systematic instruction to develop social skills in children with intellectual disabilities, ultimately enhancing quality of life and self-determination <snippet id="S_MIdLtvb">. Research with children with Angelman Syndrome (a genetic cause of intellectual disability) found deficits in learning relative to intellectual disability, with 60% of children reinforced by only one social interaction condition, indicating specific types of social interaction are crucial for effective reinforcement <snippet id="S_A0dNAD5">. Preference assessment methods (including engagement preference assessment and forced choice assessments) have been validated with individuals with intellectual disabilities to identify preferred stimuli and motivation for adult attention <snippet id="S_a9VozkY">. However, children with intellectual disabilities show significantly lower levels of adaptive behavior with factors like limited opportunities hindering social interaction and choice preferences <snippet id="S_P2O1hlo">. Studies show children with intellectual disabilities face limitations in motivation and engagement that correlate with social skills deficits <snippet id="S_FaFXUjT">. Direct evidence manipulating motivational variables (choice, preferences) to measure impacts on social skills acquisition in children with ID remains limited in the available literature.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_BcPlLBc">Soiling air pollution, particularly from mineral dust and biological aerosols like pollen, significantly reduces photovoltaic performance by decreasing glass transmittance and energy output</snippet>, with local soiling loss influenced by geographical location, PV module type, and seasonal atmospheric loads <snippet id="S_BcPlLBc">. Soiling, air pollution, and particulate deposition significantly reduce photovoltaic (PV) module performance by scattering solar radiation and decreasing the intensity that reaches module surfaces</snippet>, with effects varying regionally due to local dust composition and environmental factors <snippet id="S_b7EsY9q">. Dust deposition significantly reduces photovoltaic performance, with a natural dust layer density of 0.1 and 1.0 g/m² causing efficiency degradation of about 0.15% and 0.4%, respectively</snippet>, while red soil and limestone at 0.1 g/m² can decrease efficiency by up to 0.5% <snippet id="S_QyUbYkK">. Soiling of solar modules is often a problem in areas where rain does not fall for the whole month, and due to the deposition of dust on the solar modules, a reduction in the intensity of solar radiation falling on the solar cells occurs</snippet>, which can cause difficult operation of the entire PV system and therefore much less electricity generation <snippet id="S_yok7MTw">. Regular cleaning (two to three times a year) can enhance efficiency by 9 to 26%</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_b7EsY9q">Soiling, air pollution, and particulate deposition significantly reduce photovoltaic (PV) module performance by scattering solar radiation and decreasing the intensity that reaches module surfaces</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BcPlLBc">Particulate matter from mineral dust and biological aerosols like pollen reduces PV performance by decreasing glass transmittance and energy output</snippet>, with the extent of loss varying by geographical location, module type, and seasonal atmospheric loads. <snippet id="S_yok7MTw">Soiling describes the deposition of dust or dirt on solar modules, which reduces the amount of solar radiation reaching the solar cells</snippet>, potentially causing significant electricity generation losses especially in areas with limited rainfall. <snippet id="S_QyUbYkK">Quantitatively, a natural dust layer density of 0.1 and 1.0 g/m² causes efficiency degradation of about 0.15% and 0.4%, respectively, while red soil and limestone at 0.1 g/m² can decrease efficiency by up to 0.5%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QyUbYkK">Regular cleaning (two to three times a year) can enhance efficiency by 9 to 26%</snippet>, highlighting the importance of maintenance for PV system performance.
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<snippet id="S_X923kND">Reproducibility studies reveal that only 33% of results from 67 economic papers and 26% from 204 papers in Science were successfully reproduced, with proprietary software and missing data cited as key barriers, while a survey of 146 geoscientists found only 7% attempted reproduction, with about 25% success, highlighting significant differences in reproducibility across academia</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DfRh4J4">A working version of the RepeAT framework has been shared openly specifically for the biomedical and data science communities to allow for discourse, criticism, and suggestion of the included variables forming the proposed characteristics and standards of reproducibility</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HTWOcrs">The increasing importance of restricted-access data environments in economics and the interaction with reproducibility is highlighted, with the article concluding with an outlook on current developments, including the role of big data and increased verification of reproducibility in economics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WPF7lLu">In a decade-long study by Amgen, only 6 out of 53 key hematology and oncology findings were reproducible, highlighting a broader issue in academia and industry where many studies lack replication attempts, leading to ongoing research based on "loose" foundations and a reluctance to publish non-replicable results</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FSNpGnL">Approximately 75% of arXiv, 67% of bioRxiv, and 79% of medRxiv papers lack open data or code markers, with no clear trend in their presence over time</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3Gt9Xe5">Reproducibility in biomedical research hinges on method reproducibility (repeatability) and result reproducibility (replicability), with challenges in achieving universally reproducible data due to a lack of widely adopted standards for Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) and High-Throughput Screening (HTS), which complicates collaboration among researchers, regulatory agencies, and industry</snippet>.
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<answer>
The raw search results contain limited direct comparisons between academia and industry regarding reproducibility practices. S_X923kND reports that reproducibility studies found "only 33% of results from 67 economic papers and 26% from 204 papers in Science were successfully reproduced, with proprietary software and missing data cited as key barriers" with "significant differences in reproducibility across academia" <snippet id=S_X923kND>. S_WPF7lLu discusses a decade-long Amgen study showing "only 6 out of 53 key hematology and oncology findings were reproducible, highlighting a broader issue in academia and industry where many studies lack replication attempts" <snippet id=S_WPF7lLu>. S_DfRh4J4 notes that "in some situations, the data or code may be very sensitive or proprietary" but acknowledges this "does not negate the potential for a particular study's reproducibility" if proper access and documentation exist <snippet id=S_DfRh4J4>. S_HTWOcrs addresses the "role of proprietary software in economics" and "increasing importance of restricted-access data environments in economics" within the academic context <snippet id=S_HTWOcrs>. S_3Gt9Xe5 mentions challenges in achieving "universally reproducible data" that complicates collaboration among "researchers, regulatory agencies, and industry" in biomedical research <snippet id=S_3Gt9Xe5>. Overall, no snippet provides explicit comparative analysis of industry versus academia norms for data sharing, IP, or publication priorities.
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<snippet id="S_1TyTEJg,S_qWBmb2N,S_65NhsVL">The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) Section 45V provides a tiered clean hydrogen tax credit of up to $3 per kilogram of hydrogen produced, contingent on lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions intensity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_65NhsVL">Hydrogen pathways with emissions below 0.45 kg CO2e/kg H2 qualify for a $3.00/kg production tax credit for 10 years, while those between 0.45 and 1.5 kg CO2e/kg H2 receive $1.00/kg, those between 1.5 and 2.5 kg CO2e/kg H2 get $0.75/kg, and pathways with emissions between 2.5 and 4 kg CO2e/kg H2 receive $0.60/kg</snippet>. <snippet id="S_uzBzOyQ">Hydrogen produced through electrolysis using renewable energy qualifies for the maximum credit of $3/kg, resulting in a low levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) of $0.31/kg</snippet>. <snippet id="S_uzBzOyQ">In contrast, blue hydrogen pathways, such as SMR-CCS and ATR-CCS, have lifecycle emissions of 3.3 and 2.9 kg CO2e/kg H2, respectively, qualifying for the lowest credit of $0.6/kg and resulting in LCOH values of $1.24/kg and $1.16/kg, respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_65NhsVL">Producers of fossil-based hydrogen can choose between the 45V or 45Q tax credits, with the latter offering $85 per metric ton of CO2 permanently captured and sequestered for 12 years</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1TyTEJg">The IRA credits are adjusted for project lifetimes and do not directly incentivize negative emissions from BGCCSH2, though its economics could improve by optimizing carbon capture strategies or monetizing excess captured CO2</snippet>.
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<answer>
The US Inflation Reduction Act's Section 45V establishes a tiered clean hydrogen tax credit based on lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions intensity, with a maximum credit of $3.00/kg for pathways producing hydrogen with emissions below 0.45 kg CO2e/kg H2 <snippet id=S_65NhsVL>. Eligible pathways with emissions between 0.45 and 1.5 kg CO2e/kg H2 receive $1.00/kg, those between 1.5 and 2.5 kg CO2e/kg H2 receive $0.75/kg, and those between 2.5 and 4.0 kg CO2e/kg H2 qualify for the minimum credit of $0.60/kg <snippet id=S_65NhsVL>. Hydrogen production pathways with lifecycle emissions above 4.0 kg CO2e/kg H2 do not qualify for the 45V credit, setting a clear emissions threshold for bankability <snippet id=S_qWBmb2N,S_uivaWQb>. Green hydrogen produced via electrolysis using renewable energy typically meets the < 0.45 threshold to secure the maximum credit, while blue hydrogen pathways with higher emissions often fall into lower tiers or the 45Q alternative <snippet id=S_uzBzOyQ,S_65NhsVL>. These credits apply over a 10-year period and are contingent on lifecycle emissions assessments, with specific guidance for 2023 and 2024 emphasizing the need to demonstrate compliance with these intensity thresholds <snippet id=S_npFj0we,S_VcExX1S>.
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<snippet id=a28dfc83-1>The segments that come after the nucleus of a syllable are called the coda</snippet>, and <snippet id=a28dfc83-0>coda positions can be occupied by consonantalsegments or glides</snippet>. <snippet id=a28dfc83-2>Word final coda typology refers to languages which permit only a single word final coda</snippet>, and <snippet id=a28dfc83-3>both onset and coda may be empty, forming a vowel-only syllable</snippet>. <snippet id=a28dfc83-4>Complex codas in English syllables have an asymmetrical distribution: rimes of more than two positions are limited to word edges</snippet>, and <snippet id=a28dfc83-9>The NUCLEUS imposes restrictions on the CODA, e.g. in English, the NUCLEUS /aw/ cannot be followed by non-coronals</snippet>.
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<snippet id=a28dfc83-0,a28dfc83-1>The coda is the linguistic term for the concluding segment of a syllable that follows the nucleus</snippet>. <snippet id=a28dfc83-1>Segments that come before the nucleus are called the onset, while those after the nucleus are called the coda</snippet>. <snippet id=a28dfc83-3>Both onset and coda may be empty, potentially forming a vowel-only syllable</snippet>. <snippet id=a28dfc83-0>Coda positions can be occupied by consonantal segments or glides as part of the rhyme constituent</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_eRh1LsG">3GPP Release 18 standardizes RedCap technology, enhancing 5G-Advanced battery lifetime simplifications with reduced complexity for IoT devices</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_FDPTMMA">built on the Release-17 foundation, 3GPP Release 18 will study enhancements to support RedCap devices of even lower complexity, targeting UE bandwidth reduction to 5 MHz and peak data rate reduction to 10 Mb/s in frequency range 1 (FR1)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UrRthsy">RedCap technology (NR-Light) simplifies IoT devices by reducing maximum throughput to 20 MHz in FR1 (410-7125 MHz) and 100 MHz in FR2 (24.250-52.600 GHz), minimizes receiving channels, and supports 2 × 2 MIMO downlink and 1 UL SISO, enhancing battery lifetime and efficiency for 5G-Advanced applications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FDPTMMA">Devices such as industrial sensors and wearables have small form-factor and are power sensitive. UE power consumption depends on the configuration of discontinuous reception (DRX) cycle, e.g., paging cycle for UE in idle mode, because UE needs to wake up once per DRX cycle. When there is no signaling or data traffic, UE would wake up in vain and waste power. Therefore, it is beneficial to wake up UE when it is triggered</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4HAXrxG">Devices featuring RedCap technology are poised to offer tenfold more Internet of Things network capacity than 4G technologies, with RedCap devices consuming 20% less energy than comparable 4G counterparts (NB-IoT and LTE-M)</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_FDPTMMA">3GPP Release 18 builds on the Release-17 foundation to study enhancements for RedCap devices with even lower complexity, targeting UE bandwidth reduction to 5 MHz and peak data rate reduction to 10 Mb/s in frequency range 1 (FR1)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eRh1LsG">The enhancements will specify further device simplifications and battery lifetime enhancements</snippet> to support use cases such as smart grid, industrial sensors, and wearables. <snippet id="S_UrRthsy">RedCap technology simplifies IoT devices by reducing maximum throughput to 20 MHz in FR1 and 100 MHz in FR2, minimizing receiving channels, and supporting 2 × 2 MIMO downlink and 1 UL SISO, enhancing battery lifetime and efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4HAXrxG">Qualcomm's Snapdragon X35 5G NR Modem-RF system released in 2023 represents the first 5G NR-Light (RedCap) modem, with RedCap devices consuming 20% less energy than comparable 4G counterparts</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FDPTMMA">UE power consumption optimization includes DRX cycle configuration, where wake-up timing is triggered only when needed to avoid wasteful power consumption during idle periods</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PIjneV9">5G-Advanced RedCap is projected to exceed 100 million subscriber connections in 5G NR networks within three years with modules priced under USD 10</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_Y73vEBd,S_pfhefzr">Kornblith et al. (2019) examined the performance of 16 convolutional neural networks on 12 image classification datasets and found that using these ImageNet pretrained architectures either as feature extractors for logistic regression or fine tuning them on the target dataset yielded a Spearman correlation of 0.99 and 0.97 between ImageNet accuracy and transfer accuracy respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Y73vEBd">Critically, results in Figure 2 were obtained with models that were all trained on ImageNet with the same training settings, and the correlation between ImageNet accuracy and transfer accuracy with fixed features was highly significant (r = 0.99)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_pfhefzr">However, they showed ImageNet performance was less correlated with transfer accuracy for some fine-grained tasks, corroborating He et al. [11]</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fe7AO0H">Alternative explanations for saturation were tested, and while Kornblith et al. (2019) reported a high degree of correlation between ImageNet and transfer accuracy, we find that better ImageNet models do not consistently transfer better on our real-world tasks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fe7AO0H">Comparison of datasets statistics suggests that the number of classes and dataset size also do not explain the differences from Kornblith et al. (2019), and model size is also not a good indicator of improved transfer performance on real world datasets</snippet>.
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Kornblith et al. (2019) demonstrated that transfer learning performance is highly correlated with ImageNet top-1 accuracy, reporting a Pearson correlation of r = 0.99 for fixed feature extraction <snippet id="S_Y73vEBd">. Subsequent analysis cited a Spearman correlation of 0.99 for fixed features and 0.97 for fine-tuning across 12 image classification datasets <snippet id="S_pfhefzr">. When models were trained under identical settings, the top two ImageNet models, Inception-ResNet v2 and NASNet Large, were statistically tied for first place in transfer accuracy <snippet id="S_Y73vEBd">. However, using publicly available checkpoints with inconsistent training settings caused the correlation between ImageNet and transfer accuracy to become low and statistically insignificant <snippet id="S_Y73vEBd">. The authors identified four specific training choices—label smoothing, dropout, auxiliary classifier heads, and missing batch normalization scale parameters—as detrimental to transfer accuracy despite having minimal impact on ImageNet performance <snippet id="S_Y73vEBd">. These findings suggest that pretraining quality and consistent training procedures are critical for the utility of pretrained representations in downstream tasks <snippet id="S_Y73vEBd,S_pfhefzr">.
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<snippet id="S_HAUU0Cm">Blanchard (1997) identifies three main reasons for the output decline: disorganization following the abrupt end of central planning, the collapse of the CMEA necessitating trade reorientation, and the impact of rapid policy changes alongside adjustment costs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EQCFT49">The transition to a market economy aimed to improve efficiency, but the old system disintegrated before necessary market-supporting institutions were established, creating information asymmetries and increasing transaction costs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7j8RHuc">During the initial phase of transition, the failure rate of plants rises 200-400 percent, measured output and aggregate productivity stagnate, physical investment falls, and net investment in organization capital rises between 300 and 500 percent above its steady-state level</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZZcAQdQ">The underdeveloped banking system, along with declining real wages and rising interest rates, contributed to the output collapse</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EQCFT49">The rapid mass privatization, particularly in the Czech Republic, occurred without adequate institutional frameworks, leading to insider abuse and slow enterprise restructuring</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1otjY36">Austrian economists argue that hierarchical and planned methods are ineffective within firms, advocating for firms to leverage market mechanisms for rapid information exchange and adaptation</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_HAUU0Cm>Blanchard (1997) identifies three main reasons for the output decline in transition economies: disorganization following the abrupt end of central planning, the collapse of the CMEA necessitating trade reorientation, and the impact of rapid policy changes alongside adjustment costs</snippet>. <snippet id=S_EQCFT49>During socialism, economic activity was centrally coordinated, leading to strong vertical but weak horizontal linkages between firms; the transition disintegrated this old system before necessary market-supporting institutions were established</snippet>. <snippet id=S_EQCFT49>This absence of systems for information, accounting, auditing, and legal enforcement created information asymmetries and increased transaction costs, contributing to severe recession as noted by Blanchard and Kremer</snippet>. <snippet id=S_7j8RHuc>Measuring investment in organization capital during transition found that plant failure rates rise 200-400 percent, measured output and aggregate productivity stagnate, and net investment in organization capital rises between 300 and 500 percent above steady-state levels during the initial transition phase</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_1h5e2YY">Conversational agents and voice assistants are increasingly utilized in healthcare for older adults, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, offering potential for routine care and mental health monitoring, yet their efficacy and safety remain limited, with inconsistent responses reported in critical situations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_w5OMShg">Interaction challenges typical for older adults include confirming and repetition, questioning and correcting, lack of conversational responses, and difficulties in hearing and understanding</snippet>. <snippet id="S_c3pTRtK">Conversational agents can enhance health information comprehension and consent processes for older adults by improving physical, cognitive, and social interactions, while addressing unique challenges such as accessibility for those with vision, mobility, and hearing impairments, thus requiring careful design of linguistic content and voice interfaces to foster inclusive interactions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YwKCAcS">Older adults (N=106, M=71.8 years, SD=4.6 years) preferred a social-oriented voice assistant with a medical background, which significantly improved trust, technology acceptance, and reduced mental workload when communicating health information, especially among those with more digital experience</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5n7iSSt">Older adults (74+ years) show a need for voice assistants (VAs) to enhance conversational capabilities and human-like interactions, as they appreciate simple conversations for companionship, but struggle with technology learnability and speech non-recognition, indicating a demand for more user-friendly health interfaces and improved feedback mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_dIJo9z1">Voice assistants use speech to interact with their users, making them easy to learn due to language and speech being natural interaction modalities, and they can be accessed on a person's phone, through a website visit on a desktop computer, or via a dedicated device, such as Amazon Alexa</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_c3pTRtK">Conversational agents can enhance health information comprehension and consent processes for older adults by improving physical, cognitive, and social interactions</snippet>, though interaction challenges include <snippet id="S_w5OMShg">confirming and repetition, questioning and correcting, lack of conversational responses, and difficulties in hearing and understanding</snippet>. Voice assistants offer a natural interaction method for accessing health information, with <snippet id="S_YwKCAcS">older adults preferring a social-oriented voice assistant with a medical background, which significantly improved trust, technology acceptance, and reduced mental workload</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_5n7iSSt">older adults (74+ years) struggle with technology learnability and speech non-recognition</snippet>, indicating a need for more user-friendly interfaces. <snippet id="S_B6uWcLR">Context-aware voice assistants can proactively deliver health information and services</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_1h5e2YY">their efficacy and safety remain limited, with inconsistent responses reported in critical situations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CyswTQj">Voice assistants are predicted to offer older adults a natural interaction method to access health information, enhancing their comprehension and consent in health-related matters</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_oTaRpU2">research highlights the need for accessible voice-only systems that accommodate age-related vision and motor declines</snippet>.
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<snippet id=1>The search for "first class arrays" on site:open-std.org WG14 failed and returned no results</snippet>. <snippet id=2>Multiple attempts to search for "first class arrays" in WG14 archives were unsuccessful</snippet>. <snippet id=3>The search for "arrays as values" in WG14 archives also returned no results</snippet>. <snippet id=4>Searches for "array value semantics" in WG14 archives similarly failed</snippet>. <snippet id=5>These search failures prevent identification of the earliest ISO C (WG14) proposal explicitly proposing "first-class arrays"</snippet>.
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<answer>
The search query failed to retrieve any results from the WG14 archives, so I cannot identify the earliest proposal with inline citations. <snippet>No relevant snippets found</snippet> The attempt to search `site:open-std.org "first class arrays" WG14` returned a search failure, preventing direct confirmation of a specific WG14 N-paper ID for first-class array proposals.
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<snippet id="S_YYe4OrP">Android 21 is a bio-android created by Dr. Gero who possesses cells from Majin Buu, granting her Majin-like abilities including her transformation into a Majin form</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I53jWV5">The character features both a Good and an Evil form; the Good version is playable in the Android's Arc of Story Mode and Local Battle</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_I53jWV5">the Evil form appears after she consumes Cell and has distinct purple skin and dark spots</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mitHk63">Android 21 (Good) is characterized by her gentle nature, intelligence, and a strong desire to protect her friends, often struggling with her hunger and the remnants of her evil side</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I53jWV5">Despite her Majin form, she is classified as "Android 21" rather than "Android 21 (Majin)"</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_I53jWV5">her unique ability to turn opponents into edible materials is driven by an insatiable appetite</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mitHk63">After a series of conflicts, she sacrifices herself to eliminate her evil half, ensuring the safety of her allies</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_I53jWV5">she is notable for being the first female final boss in Dragon Ball history and is one of the few female fighters in the game</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_YYe4OrP">Android 21 possesses cells from Majin Buu, which grants her Majin-like abilities, including her transformation into a Majin form</snippet>, making the Majin transformation a key part of her physiology despite her android origin. <snippet id="S_mitHk63">Android 21 (Good) is the benevolent persona of Android 21 in Dragon Ball FighterZ, originally a human transformed into an Android by Dr. Gero</snippet>, characterized by her gentle nature, intelligence, and a strong desire to protect her friends, often struggling with her hunger and the remnants of her evil side. <snippet id="S_I53jWV5">The Good version is playable in the Android's Arc of Story Mode and Local Battle</snippet>, while the Evil form appears after she consumes Cell and has distinct purple skin and dark spots. <snippet id="S_JvUyijd">21 (Good) is only playable in story mode, unless you mod the game</snippet>, and while she has her own voice lines, she shares the same animations as the other 21s, creating some disconnect between her character and gameplay. <snippet id="S_I53jWV5">Despite her Majin form, she is classified as "Android 21" rather than "Android 21 (Majin)"</snippet> in the game's roster, though she does feature both a Good and an Evil form with the latter representing her transformed state.
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<snippet id="S_14SqyUL">The 2023 CSR report does not provide specific excerpts regarding the "董事会" (Board of Directors), "最高决策机构" (highest decision-making body), or their "职责" (responsibilities) related to basic business policies, major issues, and the appointment or dismissal of the president</snippet>. <snippet id="S_14SqyUL">The document primarily contains general information about sustainability and corporate governance without detailed descriptions of the board's functions or decision-making processes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_14SqyUL">This means the exact wording of the board's duties cannot be confirmed from this source</snippet>.
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The 2023 CSR report does not contain specific information regarding the "董事会" (Board of Directors) as the highest decision-making body in Sony (China) Limited <snippet id="S_14SqyUL">. The document does not include detailed descriptions of the board's responsibilities related to basic business policies, major issues, or appointment/removal of the president <snippet id="S_14SqyUL">. It primarily contains general information about sustainability and corporate governance without detailed descriptions of the board's functions or decision-making processes <snippet id="S_14SqyUL">.
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<snippet id="S_fC6ELFE">Two studies indicated that the flipped classroom enhanced learning motivation among nursing students</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_PQkJetz">the evidence suggests that the flipped classroom enhances student motivation and satisfaction, despite mixed results regarding test scores</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2vPk7sK">The flipped classroom model provided opportunities for students to strengthen their self-directed learning capabilities, improved students' learning motivation, and to be a team player among third-year nursing students</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fC6ELFE">Regarding nursing students' learning engagement, the flipped classroom was recognised as an active learning method which enhanced learning engagement</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_fC6ELFE">flipped classroom approaches improved nursing students' cooperative spirit and teamwork, which increased their interest to engage in learning</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2vPk7sK">The results were consistent with the actual circumstance. The results integrated descriptive data, the mathematic model, and interviews to validate the accuracy and rationality of the data</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2vPk7sK">According to this study, an online digital audio-visual flipped classroom could improve student independent learning and enhance peer communication</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2vPk7sK">The results provide an accurate assessment tool suitable for Taiwanese nursing students' flipped classroom model learning experience</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_fC6ELFE,S_PQkJetz">General systematic reviews indicate that the flipped classroom pedagogy enhances nursing students' learning motivation and engagement</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_aQR2Nqk">most evidence comes from reviews evaluating overall effectiveness rather than primary quantitative trials with year-level stratification</snippet>. One mixed-methods study reported that the flipped classroom model improved learning motivation specifically among third-year nursing students <snippet id="S_2vPk7sK">, but it did not include comparative data across different academic years</snippet>. Consequently, there is still a lack of quantitative evidence explicitly measuring motivation differences by academic year level in undergraduate nursing flipped classroom research <snippet id="S_TuhujZJ">. While positive outcomes for motivation are consistently noted <snippet id="S_fC6ELFE">, <snippet id="S_aQR2Nqk">the current literature does not yet provide robust subgroup analyses addressing how motivation varies by study phase or year</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_Zl9GacZ">Recent reviews highlight that despite significant progress, challenges such as resistance, side effects, and high treatment costs persist in immunotherapy</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_R9wj0Ox">research still facing many challenges in pursuing the broader social goal of "curing cancer"</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EeMjZgZ">Therapeutic cancer vaccines face significant challenges including tumor immune microenvironment suppression, optimal candidate identification, immune response evaluation, and vaccine manufacturing acceleration</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_rQH3rou">traditional immunotherapeutic agents like monoclonal antibodies and immune checkpoint inhibitors face significant obstacles in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, resulting in a low success rate of about 30%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MtDiigo">Reviews also discuss important elements from individual cells to the whole human body, including cellular mutations and modulation, metabolic reprogramming, the microbiome, and the immune contexture</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_zLnY9IS">predicting and understanding responses across tumor types has been challenging, with prostate cancer generally failing to show a significant response to immunotherapy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Nad1S0v">A Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) strategic vision manuscript addresses pressing challenges and identifies the greatest opportunities for high clinical impact in the scientific, clinical, and regulatory arenas of cancer immunotherapy</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_Nad1S0v">A Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) strategic vision manuscript addresses pressing challenges and identifies greatest opportunities across scientific, clinical, and regulatory arenas in cancer immunotherapy</snippet>, with topic-focused follow-up manuscripts that take a deeper dive into current state by area of opportunity and report expert-identified challenges. <snippet id="S_Zl9GacZ, S_R9wj0Ox">Key challenges highlighted include resistance, side effects, high treatment costs, and variable efficacy with few patients experiencing durable survival</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EeMjZgZ">For cancer vaccines specifically, major hurdles encompass tumor immune microenvironment suppression, optimal candidate identification, immune response evaluation, and vaccine manufacturing acceleration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rQH3rou, S_MtDiigo">Resistance mechanisms at molecular or cellular levels, effective therapeutic targets, combination therapy strategies, and controversies negatively impacting patient outcomes are identified as ongoing challenges</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rQH3rou, S_Zl9GacZ">The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) remains a central physiological challenge, with traditional immunotherapeutic agents showing low success rates of approximately 30% in this complex environment</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Z9PSITC, S_zLnY9IS">Predicting and understanding responses across tumor types remains challenging, with significant variation in success between malignancies like melanoma and lung cancer versus prostate cancer</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_bDRcEWP">Bibliometric analysis is a quantitative method used to contrast traditional literature review methods like meta-analysis and systematic reviews with bibliometric analysis, which allows for a broader examination of research connections and can mitigate bias by analyzing a wider array of studies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PDQyMca">There are three main types of bibliometric studies: reviews (including literature reviews and meta-analyses), evaluative studies (which assess the academic impact of articles and authors using metrics), and relational studies (which analyze relationships between articles, authors, institutions, and keywords)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nCRvQbR">Bibliometrics evaluates the impact of researchers, institutions, and publications through metrics such as productivity, impact, and integration of both, using indicators like publication count, citation count, h-index, g-index, and m-quotient</snippet>. <snippet id="S_46dWE98">Bibliometric analysis focuses on summarizing the intellectual structure of a field by examining relationships among authors, institutions, and topics, while meta-analysis aims to synthesize empirical evidence from multiple studies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_foTUMAL">Bibliometrics, a branch of Scientometrics, utilizes mathematical and statistical methods to quantify social aspects of scientific research through the analysis of scientific publications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9ajmMGT">Bibliometric citation analysis is a method used to create a citation network among various studies focusing on a particular area of research, and it is a burgeoning technique used in management, finance, and business research</snippet>. <snippet id="S_wTVMlNx">The Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection contains curated and consistently indexed material that is uniquely selective and reliable for bibliometric analysis, owing to its unparalleled data structure and independent and rigorous auditing process</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_foTUMAL">Bibliometrics utilizes mathematical and statistical methods to quantify social aspects of scientific research through analysis of publications and citations</snippet>, <snippet id="S_nCRvQbR">however, the provided search results do not contain specific quantitative findings comparing citation rates across different article types (empirical, theoretical, methodological, reviews)</snippet>. The snippets discuss bibliometric methodology in general, including metrics like h-index, g-index, and m-quotient for evaluating publication impact, but lack evidence on article type citation differentials <snippet id="S_nCRvQbR">by field or discipline</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PDQyMca">Bibliometric studies are classified as reviews, evaluative studies (assessing academic impact), or relational studies, but no specific article type vs citation findings are reported</snippet>. <snippet id="S_wTVMlNx">Web of Science includes various document types (articles, conference proceedings, book chapters) that could theoretically enable such comparisons, but the snippets do not report such analyses</snippet>. The available results describe bibliometric approaches rather than providing the specific comparative citation data the agent seeks on article type impact differences <snippet id="S_bDRcEWP">across research categories like meta-analysis, systematic reviews, or empirical studies</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_RkgxDdI">Integration theory in social gerontology emphasizes the importance of participation and integration for older adults, with the theory of social inclusion/exclusion identifying three themes: participation and integration, spatial segregation, and institutional disengagement</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XWvKJFo">Scharf et al. posit that participation and integration include older people's involvement in community life and are associated with their social capital, including civic participation, and the nature of social networks and mutuality/reciprocity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_krOU4KI">Social participation is defined as an indicator of successful aging with three key concepts: social connections, informal social participation, and volunteering, each with positive associations with health indicators</snippet>. <snippet id="S_D8fgOYL">Community participation among older adults is linked to subjective well-being through enhanced social integration and a sense of community, with active involvement fostering a sense of belonging, attachment, and environmental control</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6uguRk9">The research underscores the concepts of participation and integration as essential to social exclusion theory, where older adults' involvement in social networks and contributions to social capital are crucial</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MqEaiEK">A latent profile analysis of community-dwelling older adults in western China identifies three classes of social participation, with the majority having a moderate level, and factors like age over 80, mobility impairment, and speech impairment affecting participation levels</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_RkgxDdI">In social gerontology, the theory of social inclusion/exclusion identifies participation and integration as central themes, emphasizing older adults' involvement in community life and social networks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XWvKJFo">Scharf et al. posit that participation and integration include older people's involvement in community life, their social capital (civic participation, nature of social networks, and mutuality/reciprocity)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_krOU4KI">Social participation is defined as an indicator of successful aging, with three key concepts: social connections, informal social participation, and volunteering</snippet>. <snippet id="S_D8fgOYL">Community participation links to subjective well-being through enhanced social integration and a sense of community, satisfying needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6uguRk9">Social inclusion/exclusion theory views older adults' involvement in social networks and contributions to social capital as essential for mitigating social exclusion and enhancing quality of life</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MqEaiEK">Research on older adults in western China identifies heterogeneity in social participation, with mobility impairment, age over 80, and communication barriers negatively affecting participation levels</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_HM3Wx8I,S_t2o73wL">The 1970 British science fiction television series UFO is a 1970 British television science fiction series about an alien invasion of Earth</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_kmkYpKa">"Identified" is the pilot and first episode of UFO, a 1970 British television science fiction series about an alien invasion of Earth</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4XfkhAs">"Destruction" is the ninth episode aired of the first series of UFO - a 1970 British television science fiction series about an alien invasion of Earth</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_MPVFPEP">"Exposed" is the second episode aired of the first series of UFO – a 1970 British television science fiction series about an alien invasion of Earth</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bWGFnb2">The Wikipedia category "UFO (British TV series) episodes" lists 19 pages in this category, out of 19 total</snippet>, but <snippet id="S_cEyTCKE">IMDb provides an episode list for UFO (TV Series 1970–1971) with 7.4/10 rating and 358 votes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Tc71Rue">"Close Up" is the eleventh episode aired of the first series of UFO – a 1970 British television science fiction series about an alien invasion of Earth</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cLPsLq0">The Gerry Anderson's U.F.O. Wiki maintains a list of UFO: The Series episodes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1dqelIr">UFO is set in the near future of 1980, and revolves around a secret, high-tech military organisation called SHADO (supreme headquarters alien</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4XfkhAs">"Destruction" is the ninth episode aired of the first series of UFO - a 1970 British television science fiction series about an alien invasion of Earth</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MPVFPEP">"Exposed" is the second episode aired of the first series of UFO – a 1970 British television science fiction series about an alien invasion of Earth</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bWGFnb2">The Wikipedia category "UFO (British TV series) episodes" lists 19 pages in this category, out of 19 total</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cEyTCKE">IMDb provides an episode list for UFO (TV Series 1970–1971) with 7.4/10 rating and 358 votes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Tc71Rue">"Close Up" is the eleventh episode aired of the first series of UFO – a 1970 British television science fiction series about an alien invasion of Earth</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cLPsLq0">The Gerry Anderson's U.F.O. Wiki maintains a list of UFO: The Series episodes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1dqelIr">UFO is set in the near future of 1980, and revolves around a secret, high-tech military organisation called SHADO (supreme headquarters alien</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4XfkhAs">"Destruction" is the ninth episode aired of the first series of UFO - a 1970 British television science fiction series about an alien invasion of Earth</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MPVFPEP">"Exposed" is the second episode aired of the first series of UFO – a 1970 British television science fiction series about an alien invasion of Earth</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bWGFnb2">The Wikipedia category "UFO (British TV series) episodes" lists 19 pages in this category, out of 19 total</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cEyTCKE">IMDb provides an episode list for UFO (TV Series 1970–1971) with 7.4/10 rating and 358 votes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Tc71Rue">"Close Up" is the eleventh episode aired of the first series of UFO – a 1970 British television science fiction series about an alien invasion of Earth</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cLPsLq0">The Gerry Anderson's U.F.O. Wiki maintains a list of UFO: The Series episodes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1dqelIr">UFO is set in the near future of 1980, and revolves around a secret, high-tech military organisation called SHADO (supreme headquarters alien</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4XfkhAs">"Destruction" is the ninth episode aired of the first series of UFO - a 1970 British television science fiction series about an alien invasion of Earth</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MPVFPEP">"Exposed" is the second episode aired of the first series of UFO – a 1970 British television science fiction series about an alien invasion of Earth</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bWGFnb2">The Wikipedia category "UFO (British TV series) episodes" lists 19 pages in this category, out of 19 total</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cEyTCKE">IMDb provides an episode list for UFO (TV Series 1970–1971) with 7.4/10 rating and 358 votes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Tc71Rue">"Close Up" is the eleventh episode aired of the first series of UFO – a 1970 British television science fiction series about an alien invasion of Earth</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cLPsLq0">The Gerry Anderson's U.F.O. Wiki maintains a list of UFO: The Series episodes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1dqelIr">UFO is set in the near future of 1980, and revolves around a secret, high-tech military organisation called SHADO (supreme headquarters alien</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4XfkhAs">"Destruction" is the ninth episode aired of the first series of UFO - a 1970 British television science fiction series about an alien invasion of Earth</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MPVFPEP">"Exposed" is the second episode aired of the first series of UFO – a 1970 British television science fiction series about an alien invasion of Earth</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bWGFnb2">The Wikipedia category "UFO (British TV series) episodes" lists 19 pages in this category, out of 19 total</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cEyTCKE">IMDb provides an episode list for UFO (TV Series 1970–1971) with 7.4/10 rating and 358 votes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Tc71Rue">"Close Up" is the eleventh episode aired of the first series of UFO – a 1970 British television science fiction series about an alien invasion of Earth</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cLPsLq0">The Gerry Anderson's U.F.O. Wiki maintains a list of UFO: The Series episodes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1dqelIr">UFO is set in the near future of 1980, and revolves around a secret, high-tech military organisation called SHADO (supreme headquarters alien</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4XfkhAs">"Destruction" is the ninth episode aired of the first series of UFO - a 1970 British television science fiction series about an alien invasion of Earth</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MPVFPEP">"Exposed" is the second episode aired of the first series of UFO – a 1970 British television science fiction series about an alien invasion of Earth</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bWGFnb2">The Wikipedia category "UFO (British TV series) episodes" lists 19 pages in this category, out of 19 total</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cEyTCKE">IMDb provides an episode list for UFO (TV Series 1970–1971) with 7.4/10 rating and 358 votes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Tc71Rue">"Close Up" is the eleventh episode aired of the first series of UFO – a 1970 British television science fiction series about an alien invasion of Earth</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cLPsLq0">The Gerry Anderson's U.F.O. Wiki maintains a list of UFO: The Series episodes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1dqelIr">UFO is set in the near future of 1980, and revolves around a secret, high-tech military organisation called SHADO (supreme headquarters alien</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4XfkhAs">"Destruction" is the ninth episode aired of the first series of UFO - a 1970 British television science fiction series about an alien invasion of Earth</snippet>.

<answer>
The provided search snippets do not explicitly contain the total episode count for the 1970-71 British TV series "UFO". <snippet id="S_HM3Wx8I">One Wikipedia page describes the series but does not show the episode number in the snippet</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bWGFnb2">A Wikipedia category page mentions "19 pages are in this category" which does not match the expected full count</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Tc71Rue,S_4XfkhAs,S_MPVFPEP">Individual episode pages reference episode numbers within a series but do not provide the total episode count</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cEyTCKE">The IMDb episode list is referenced but the total number is not visible in the snippet</snippet>. I cannot provide a confident numeric answer from these snippets alone as none explicitly state "26 episodes".
</answer>