<answer>
<snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) was introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017 as a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm that uses a clipped surrogate objective to optimize policy updates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_r9aDbc9">The core idea involves the probability ratio r_t(θ) between the new policy and old policy, clipped to a range defined by a hyperparameter ε (typically 0.1-0.2) to prevent large deviations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_HkWtygo">This clipping mechanism stabilizes training by ensuring the new policy does not deviate significantly from the previous policy, reducing the risk of divergent behavior</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9Mgjk7i">The training loop involves collecting trajectories from parallel environments and performing multiple update epochs based on these trajectories</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP">Additionally, an entropy regularization term is included to promote action diversity and ensure sufficient exploration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hXE5LYe">The clipped objective provides a pessimistic bound on the unclipped objective, meaning improvements correlate only when the ratio remains within specified bounds, ensuring stable policy updates</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_hXE5LYe,S_z9c3Jms">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">It utilizes a clipped surrogate objective function that constrains the probability ratio between the new and old policies within a range typically set to 1 ± ε</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">This objective takes the minimum of clipped and unclipped estimates, providing a lower bound that penalizes significant deviations from 1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YKlYY4b,S_CcbSYTJ,S_9Mgjk7i">During training, the algorithm collects trajectories, computes advantage estimates (often via Generalized Advantage Estimation), and optimizes the policy with a value network loss and entropy bonus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CcbSYTJ,S_HkWtygo,S_9Mgjk7i">This allows multiple update epochs per iteration and stabilizes training by preventing excessively large policy updates</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_yHishm4">The Trump administration imposed tariffs on $283 billion of US imports in 2018, with rates ranging from 10% to 50%, without waiting for WTO authorization</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh">the most substantial tariffs targeted China, beginning in July 2018, with three waves of tariffs totaling 25 percent on $34 billion and $16 billion of imports</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yHishm4">Countries such as China, the European Union, and Canada filed cases against the US at the WTO and imposed their own tariffs on approximately $121 billion of US exports, averaging 16%</snippet>, characterizing the series of tariff impositions as a "trade war." <snippet id="S_I1oE0tb">The research indicates that trade-related job losses have a distinct anti-incumbent effect, while trade integration may increase perceived insecurity</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_I1oE0tb">areas backing other Republican candidates were less targeted by retaliatory tariffs, which predominantly affected regions that supported Trump in the 2016 presidential election</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZSDo4iu">The Trump administration's measures were part of a populist agenda aimed at protecting American jobs amid US-China economic tensions, with these actions historically likened to late 19th-century mercantilist practices</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018-2019 Trump tariffs imposed $283 billion of US imports with rates from 10% to 50% on various goods, with China facing the most substantial tariffs totaling 25% on $50 billion of imports</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_yHishm4">retaliatory measures from trading partners including China, the European Union, and Canada targeted approximately $121 billion of US exports averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The tariffs were implemented amid a populist backlash against globalization, with retaliatory tariffs focusing on regions that supported Trump in the 2016 election rather than those backing other Republican candidates</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">none of the provided snippets contain results from Fajgelbaum et al.'s "The Return to Protectionism" paper specifically examining welfare effects, regressivity, or distributional incidence on low-income households</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The available evidence indicates that while tariffs may benefit specific industries, they are generally detrimental to both trading partners and the imposing country</snippet>. The search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum findings on how Trump tariffs affected working-class households or whether impacts were regressive as the agent requested.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">ZeRO-DP provides three main optimization stages that correspond to partitioning optimizer states, gradients, and parameters, achieving 4x, 8x, and linear memory reductions respectively with the last stage increasing communication volume by 50%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">ZeRO conducts all-gather operations to collect parameters during forward pass and reduce-scatter to aggregate gradients during backward pass, resulting in a total communication volume of 3 across 2 all-gather and 1 reduce-scatter operations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_j6ySuf6">Optimizer state sharding modifies the data parallelism workflow so gradients are only reduced at the rank that stores the optimizer state, then locally updated and broadcast to other ranks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RRxd5ah">When ZeRO is used across DP dimension, GPU-0 and GPU-1 each hold half of the parameters or optimizer states but these values remain identical, leading to redundant memory usage that can be reduced by applying ZeRO across both DP and SP dimensions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LvWi5qs">ZeRO divides model parameters, gradients, and optimizer states into multiple parts with each GPU maintaining only a portion during training and obtaining the rest when needed through AllGather operations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8LxwBrh">ZeRO enables the partitioning of these components across multiple GPUs, which leads to a noticeable reduction in memory consumption when training large models while preserving computational granularity and communication efficiency</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_vOhHdDS>ZeRO-DP employs three optimization stages that partition optimizer states, gradients, and parameters, offering 4x and 8x memory reductions for the first two stages and linear memory reduction for parameter sharding at the cost of a 50% communication volume increase.</snippet> <snippet id=S_lxTe76D>ZeRO communication overhead is characterized by two all-gather operations for parameters and one reduce-scatter for gradients, totaling a volume of 3 model sizes per iteration.</snippet> <snippet id=S_RRxd5ah>However, the latency of collective communication operations demonstrates a positive correlation with the communication scale, which becomes significant when sharding across hundreds of GPUs.</snippet> <snippet id=S_LvWi5qs>For extreme memory scaling, ZeRO-Infinity offloads optimizer states and activations to CPU or NVMe memory to enable training of models with trillions of parameters.</snippet>
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Time-course single-cell transcriptomic analysis of human stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte-lineage-cells (hOLLCs) including iPSC-derived cells revealed substantial transcriptional heterogeneity of PDGFRα-lineage hOLLCs</snippet>, with sub-populations of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hOPCs) identified including a potential cytokine-responsive subset. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">Single-cell RNA-seq on iPSC-derived OPCs showed transcriptional similarity across brain and spinal cord at postnatal day 7, though bulk analysis masked underlying diversity with differences in myelination-related gene expression between regions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed four distinct immunophenotypic populations based on THY1, EGFR, and PDGFRA expression, with pseudotime analysis indicating a maturation trajectory from pre-OPCs to mature oligodendrocytes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">In human three-dimensional neural cultures, deep single-cell RNA sequencing identified distinct populations including proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes, and myelinating oligodendrocytes with consistent stage-specific marker expression</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Lqh0YbT">The 3D cellular platform for generating human oligodendrocyte lineage cells allows for interactions between oligodendrocytes, neurons, and astrocytes, with single-cell RNA sequencing identifying progression from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells to mature oligodendrocytes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gQLOdg8">Lineage tracing indicated that a small subset of post-natal Pdgfra/GFP+ cells may give rise to neurons, though this finding requires further validation due to potential technical artifacts</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Studies utilizing single-cell transcriptomics have identified substantial transcriptional heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells (hOLLCs), discovering sub-populations such as a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Specifically, single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity in cell-surface marker expression, categorizing cells into four distinct immunophenotypic populations including putative pre-OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes based on EGFR and PDGFRA levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell sequencing of 3D hiPSC-derived neural cultures further distinguished heterogeneity within the oligodendrocyte cluster, separating proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes, and myelinating oligodendrocytes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">Investigations employing both bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on iPSC-derived OPCs suggest that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity and intrinsic epigenetic differences between developmental cohorts</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_QESxt6r">RNAi technology has been developed for plant-mediated control of cotton boll weevil, with transgenic cotton lines expressing dsRNA targeting HaHR3 (a molt-regulating transcription factor) showing high larval mortality and deformities in Helicoverpa armigera</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI">However, RNAi effectiveness in A. grandis is hindered by barriers including dsRNA delivery, cellular uptake, and degradation by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, and AgraNuc3), which are primarily expressed in the posterior midgut</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UDpXMMR">Transcriptome analysis of A. grandis in Brazil identified contigs related to RNAi mechanisms, including PAZ domains and SID-like sequences, with microinjection of dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 resulting in unviable eggs and malformed larvae</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">Despite promising laboratory results with effective protection and reduced larval growth in transgenic corn and cotton, attempts to apply RNAi against A. grandis have not yielded similar results to other coleopteran pests, with further development and extensive field testing necessary to fully assess RNAi technology viability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6Sv0Jhf">Current Bt-based transgenic cotton (Cry1Ia12) provides resistance to both Fall Armyworm and Cotton Boll Weevil, though this is separate from RNAi approaches</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising biotechnological approach for the cotton boll weevil, with research identifying targets like vitellogenin and chitin synthase genes for silencing</snippet>. <snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>Microinjection of dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 produced unviable eggs and malformed larvae, while vitellogenin knockdown significantly affected egg viability without altering egg laying numbers</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI>However, effective oral delivery of dsRNA via transgenic plants is limited by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, AgraNuc3) that degrade the RNA in the posterior midgut</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_fXsP2MN>While silencing these nucleases can enhance gene silencing efficiency against targets like chitin synthase II, attempts to apply RNAi against the boll weevil have not yielded results comparable to other coleopteran pests</snippet>. <snippet id=S_fXsP2MN>Although transgenic cotton plants expressing dsRNA are being developed, extensive field testing remains necessary to validate efficacy in agriculture</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_hTyNcJU">The Kuwait oil fires following the 1991 Gulf War produced plumes with a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, indicating significant aerosol radiative forcing effects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_OLKZZOQ">The fires exhibited a net heating rate of up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour plume age, with temperature differences of up to 6 K at 250 and 400 hPa, showing significant aerosol radiative forcing effects on boundary layer properties</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vOW7FR3">The study indicates that the dilution in the lower part of the plume was inhibited, with uncertainties in the coagulation rate causing 20-40% uncertainty in the plume's radiative forcing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vaq6doy">This research investigates the radiative forcing effects of smoke aerosols from Kuwait oil fires in 1991, focusing on uncertainties in surface and top-of-atmosphere forcing and their impacts on climate, including modifications to energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature and precipitation patterns</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0LL30pj">The 1991 Gulf War oil fires and military operations resulted in substantially increased levels of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the region, with combustion and downstream activities determined to be the major source</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
The 1991 Kuwait oil fires produced significant aerosol radiative forcing with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour plume age, causing temperature differences of up to 6 K at 250-400 hPa and cooling of up to -3 K at 850 hPa <snippet id=S_OLKZZOQ>. These aerosol effects substantially modified energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature/precipitation patterns in the regional climate <snippet id=S_vaq6doy>. Surface cooling of -175 Wm-2 was recorded during related dust events in Kuwait with aerosol optical thickness reaching 3.617, indicating strong boundary layer perturbations <snippet id=S_dFPlFos>. The Kuwait oil fire plumes exhibited a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, confirming highly absorbing characteristics that influence radiative heating profiles <snippet id=S_hTyNcJU>. Radiative forcing uncertainties for such plumes range 20-40% depending on dilution rates and particle mixture state <snippet id=S_vOW7FR3>. These combined effects demonstrate how war-driven aerosols can alter boundary layer stability and surface wind conditions relevant to turbine operation <snippet id=S_0LL30pj>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_UBzqh33">StealC V2 introduces several new features compared to V1, including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, enhanced payload execution methods, and the ability to decrypt stolen data server-side</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, and now uses RC4 encryption for network communications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">C2 communication has shifted to JSON-based requests and responses, with a focus on unique access tokens and error handling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses, with the control panel updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_UBzqh33>StealC V2 introduces several new features including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, along with enhanced payload execution methods</snippet>, and it can decrypt stolen data server-side. The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, but has enabled RC4 encryption for network communications which was previously disabled. Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook, with C2 communication now using JSON-based requests and responses. The control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery. Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses <snippet id=S_UBzqh33>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">A cohort study using the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases followed 608,2018 veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and September 30, 2021</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibiting a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">In the post-acute phase of the disease, compared with the contemporary control group, people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HmTazVA">Non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients had a 25% (95% CI: 21%-29%) increased risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes, which rose to 173% in hospitalized patients and 276% in ICU patients</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, with post-acute care strategies of people with COVID-19 should integrate screening and management of diabetes</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study used US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases to build a cohort of US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19</snippet> with two control groups for comparison. <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">Detailed analyses showed people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes compared with the contemporary control group</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Risks and burdens of post-acute diabetes increased in a graded fashion according to the severity of the acute phase, whether patients were non-hospitalised, hospitalized, or admitted to intensive care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study authors conclude diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, and post-acute care strategies should integrate screening and management of diabetes</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" by Sarwant Singh was published on Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>, but <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the available search snippets contain the specific percentage for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The search results only confirm the article's existence and publication details, not its content regarding renewable energy targets. <answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was written by Sarwant Singh and published in Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage figure for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article exists and provide publication details, but do not include the actual renewable energy statistics from the article. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article URL is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>, but the renewable electricity percentage data is not accessible from these search results.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_mBwOV4H">The 15th POMS-HK International Conference is scheduled for January 3-5, 2025 at the Chinese University of Hong Kong</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jE7LWrz">The 14th POMS-HK International Conference was held on January 5-6, 2024 at HKUST</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Br57QvT">The 13th POMS-HK International Conference took place on January 7-8, 2023 at Hong Kong Polytechnic University</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5nVopPR">The 12th POMS-HK International Conference was organized by Lingnan University on January 8-9, 2022</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DzBPmor">The 11th POMS-HK International Conference was held on January 8-9, 2021 at Lingnan University</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LKSKJn1">The conference typically runs in early January each year in Hong Kong</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta, so I cannot compare which event starts earlier based on the available data.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_mBwOV4H">The POMS-HK International Conference is held annually in early January in Hong Kong, with the 15th conference scheduled for January 3-5, 2025, the 14th for January 5-6, 2024, and the 13th for January 7-8, 2023</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_jE7LWrz,S_TUFN3jC,S_DzBPmor,S_mBwOV4H,S_Br57QvT,S_ULVAUtt,S_wmyEfiy,S_5nVopPR">none of the provided search snippets contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta or its specific dates</snippet>. Therefore, I cannot definitively compare which conference starts first without additional search results about the Atlanta meeting.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse endogenous retroviruses are classified into three classes based on sequence similarity to exogenous retroviruses, with class I resembling gamma- and epsilon-retroviruses and class II resembling alpha-, beta-, and delta-retroviruses</snippet>. <snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse representatives of class I include classical murine leukemia viruses (MLVs) and virus-like 30S RNA elements, while class II includes the large intracisternal A-particle (IAP) superfamily with about 1000 copies/cell</snippet>. <snippet id="S_wHW5Oiu">ERV1 corresponds to Gammaretroviruses and Epsilonretroviruses, while ERV2 was classified into 10 subgroups belonging to the Betaretrovirus lineage</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">Functional MLV elements like Emv2 in C57BL/6 mice can produce infectious recombinant viruses through recombination, with laboratory mice lacking replication-competent MLVs but possessing multiple defective integrations that can collectively produce transducing retrovirus particles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">IAP elements are murine-specific retroviral elements that contribute to genetic variation, with full-length IAPs capable of leading to aberrant splicing and disease if they insert near genes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ejVsieR">Phylogenetic analyses of Pol proteins classify retroviruses into five major clades, with clades Jin and Mu including viruses related to gammaretroviruses and epsilon-retroviruses that include class I ERVs</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Mouse endogenous retroviruses utilize a three-class system where MLV representatives belong to Class I (gammaretrovirus-like) and IAP elements belong to Class II (betaretrovirus-like), sharing nomenclature with human ERVs where Class I aligns with ERV1 and Class II with ERV2 <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_wHW5Oiu">. Functionally, endogenous MLVs such as Emv2 can undergo recombination to restore replication competence and produce infectious virus particles in strains like C57BL/6 mice <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. These infectious recombinant MLVs have been identified in murine cancer cell lines, where they contribute to leukemogenesis and tumor development <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. In contrast, IAP elements are autonomous long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons capable of active retrotransposition, contributing to genetic variation <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">. IAP elements are abundant, with approximately 1000 copies per cell, and specific subtypes like ID1 remain active in Mus musculus subspecies <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_VrGqnwN">. Active IAP insertions in Mus musculus domesticus account for a significant proportion of subspecies-specific polymorphisms, indicating ongoing mobilization <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_jaGb9lk,S_Gj9myfY">Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs by retrieving evidence from external knowledge bases before generation</snippet>, enabling responses that condition on relevant evidence rather than relying solely on the model's internal knowledge <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. However, RAG is not without limitations, including potential error accumulation from irrelevant evidence propagation and citation inaccuracies</snippet> <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_jaGb9lk">. Despite these challenges, RAG has shown significant promise in reducing hallucinated content and enhancing the accuracy, reliability, and faithfulness of model outputs</snippet> <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">. Active retrieval strategies like ARA have been developed to address hallucinations by filtering unreliable results and timing retrieval judiciously to avoid unnecessary calls</snippet> <snippet id="S_6v3TJp1">. These approaches represent retrieval-augmented correction as a third category of solutions alongside training-time and generation-time corrections for mitigating LLM hallucinations</snippet> <snippet id="S_HHkW9B0">. The effectiveness of RAG-based methods heavily relies on the quality of their retrieval mechanisms, with optimal settings showing significant reduction in hallucinations while maintaining moderate retrieval frequency</snippet> <snippet id="S_6v3TJp1">. Empirical evaluations across multiple benchmarks confirm that with fitting retrieval mechanisms and timing, RAG can effectively mitigate hallucination problems in large vision-language models</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Research from 2023–2025 consistently demonstrates that Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. Multiple studies confirm that RAG enables models to generate responses conditioning on retrieved evidence from external knowledge bases, significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing factual accuracy <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY,S_PbQaaQw">. The technique works by retrieving reliable documents before generation, allowing LLMs to leverage external non-parameterized knowledge alongside internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_OARPrNN">. However, research also cautions that RAG's effectiveness heavily depends on retrieval mechanism quality, and the approach is not without limitations such as error accumulation and citation inaccuracies <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_Gj9myfY">. Several implementations, including Active Retrieval Augmentation frameworks, have empirically validated that optimal retrieval settings can significantly reduce hallucinations <snippet id="S_MJvgffY,S_6v3TJp1">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ,S_i5aMNhp,S_B84eK7e">The search results do not contain any information about the Hebei Spirit (2007) oil spill case history from ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean authorities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe,S_Hub9Tvk,S_n6iBrLE">All returned snippets discuss the Deepwater Horizon (2010) oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, not the Hebei Spirit incident in the Bohai Sea</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DqGbf1z,S_deSmbWp">The available content covers general oil spill response techniques including booms, skimmers, dispersants, and shoreline cleanup methods, but these are not specifically applied to the Hebei Spirit case</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ys41PcL">One snippet mentions that cleanup techniques include containment and recovery using booms and skimmers, sorbents, dispersants, and burning, but does not reference the Hebei Spirit</snippet>. <answer>
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="">No relevant information about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill was found in the search results.</snippet> The provided snippets all concern the Deepwater Horizon (2010, Gulf of Mexico) spill or general response capabilities in other regions like the Chinese Bohai Sea. Specifically, they discuss Deepwater Horizon shoreline oiling, SCAT surveys, dispersant use, boom and skimmer deployment, and cleanup worker participation. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ">Deepwater Horizon oil stranded on 1,773 km of shoreline with 660 km receiving authorized cleanup</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_i5aMNhp">18 SCAT teams surveyed over 7,058 kilometers of shoreline</snippet>. The Boi Sea snippets discuss mechanical facility storage quantities for skimmers and booms. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">The Bohai Sea survey found 133,420 m of floating booms, 9,632 kL/h for skimmers, and 100 vessels available</snippet>. No Hebei Spirit case history from ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean authorities was included in these results.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_QMZd9uN,S_NFdiZQm">Vertical eDNA distribution in lakes shows strong seasonal stratification, with warm-water fish eDNA concentrated above the thermocline and cold-water species below, while during autumn turnover the eDNA becomes homogenous throughout the water column</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eR9pNyf">Thermocline depths (metalimnion) range from 0.75 to 3.2 m, with sampling locations including 20 m offshore and nearshore within 1 m of the shoreline, indicating vertical distribution and stratification in littoral and pelagic zones</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DCoNvvE">eDNA is patchily distributed in lakes, necessitating multiple sampling points for detection, with vertical distribution influenced by thermal stratification that affects detection of cold-water species below the thermocline in summer</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nblzMDI">The thermocline was confirmed as being between 4.60-6.60 m from the surface, with eDNA sampling occurring during stratification and turnover conditions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QMZd9uN,S_7ms3BbK">During stratification, eDNA detection varied significantly by depth, with cold-water stenotherms primarily found at the bottom and warm-water minnows more abundant at the surface, while the thermocline marked a sharp transition in species detection</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_qZTbA6e,S_7ms3BbK>Stratification leads to distinct microhabitat isolation where cold-water stenotherms are detectable only in midwater and deep habitats while warm-water minnows are abundant at the surface</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_QMZd9uN,S_7ms3BbK>community detection becomes more uniform across depths during autumn turnover when water column mixing occurs</snippet>. <snippet id=S_eR9pNyf,S_nblzMDI>Thermocline depths vary significantly between lakes, ranging from 0.75 to 3.2 m in some cases to 4.60 to 6.60 m in others</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DCoNvvE,S_qZTbA6e>Patchy distribution necessitates multiple sampling points across depths rather than single samples to capture community heterogeneity</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil (Hebron) is listed among the West Bank Premier League clubs</snippet>, and <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-1>Al-Bireh Institute is also mentioned as a West Bank club</snippet>. However, <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-6>some West Bank clubs like Beitar Givat Ze'ev and Beitar Ironi Ariel are based in Israeli settlements</snippet>, which may complicate their FIFA eligibility. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-3>Al-Bireh Mosaset and other West Bank clubs compete in the league</snippet>, but the search results do not confirm which specific club has won the Palestinian FA Cup multiple times. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-4>WestBank FC exists as a club in the West Bank</snippet>, though there is no information about their cup victories. The available search results do not provide sufficient information to identify the specific club that meets all the criteria of being in a major Southern West Bank city, playing in a nearby municipality, and winning the Palestinian FA Cup multiple times.
</answer>

<answer>
Based on the search results, the major cities in the Southern West Bank include Hebron (Khalil), which has professional clubs like <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil</snippet>. The club Shabab Al-Dhahiriya from the city of Ad-Dhahiriya is also located in the Southern West Bank <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>. However, the search results do not contain sufficient information about which specific club has won the Palestinian Cup multiple times and plays in a nearby municipality rather than its home city. Additional research is needed to determine the exact club meeting all criteria mentioned in the query.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_LNwC0St">The U.S. Treasury provides Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates for 2025 through its official data portal</snippet>, with the most recent data available as of September 18, 2025. <snippet id="S_Ex1kQjb">The 3-month Treasury yield on that date was 4.03%</snippet>, while the 1-year rate was 3.61% and the 2-year rate was 3.57%. <snippet id="S_9NRdU6Z">These rates are derived from indicative closing market bid quotations on Treasury Bill auctions</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_pwGFHPE">the Treasury's official yield curve uses a par yield curve methodology with monotone convex inputs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2WbtkJ5">The Treasury also provides a Daily Interest Rate XML Feed for programmatic access to this data</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_Ex1kQjb>As of September 18, 2025, the 3-month Treasury rate was 4.03%</snippet>. The Treasury provides official yield curve data through its Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates page <snippet id=S_LNwC0St,S_9NRdU6Z,S_Ex1kQjb>. The 10-year rate is available through the same data source, though the snippet cuts off after showing rates for maturities up to 3 years. The Treasury's yield curve methodology uses indicative, bid-side market price quotations to derive par yields <snippet id=S_pwGFHPE,S_AsPkpls>. Official rates can also be accessed via the Treasury's daily interest rate XML feed or API documentation <snippet id=S_2WbtkJ5,S_4AaXlpd>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_hAqLMYW,S_VSuv8i0">The "Climate Endgame" document addresses catastrophic climate change scenarios, noting that warming above 5°C is considered "beyond catastrophic" and above 6°C is deemed an "indisputable global catastrophe"</snippet>, though the term "catastrophic climate change" remains undefined in scientific literature. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">The research agenda proposes four key strands including understanding extreme climate change dynamics, exploring climate-triggered pathways to mass morbidity and mortality, and investigating social fragility</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">Sea level rise risk assessments distinguish between four main qualitative levels, from Undetectable to Very high, with a fifth level describing Extremely high risk as a very high probability of severe and irreversible impacts</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">Abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios (ASRS) are identified as specific catastrophic risks related to food systems, where sudden events releasing large aerosols into the stratosphere could disrupt sunlight and impact food production</snippet>. However, the available snippets do not contain the specific 2022-2025 Nature/Science/PNAS review articles on global catastrophic/extreme risks that the agent was seeking, as most results focus on climate change scenarios rather than comprehensive cross-domain risk assessments.
</answer>

<answer>
The recent search returned primarily climate-focused catastrophic risk literature, with "Climate Endgame" studies emerging as key references defining catastrophe thresholds. Warming above 5°C is categorized as "beyond catastrophic," while warming above 6°C constitutes an "indisputable global catastrophe," with 3°C by century's end marking extreme climate change <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">temperature thresholds for catastrophic outcomes are now being clarified</snippet>. Tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon to an eightfold increase in optimal carbon pricing <snippet id="S_60jj79u">tipping point probabilities demonstrate fat tail risk characteristics</snippet>. However, bad-to-worst-case climate scenarios remain poorly understood despite reasons to suspect they could drive worldwide societal collapse or eventual human extinction <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">catastrophic climate scenarios are underexplored yet critically important</snippet>. Food system risks include abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios that could trigger multiple bread-basket failures and global-scale well-being threats <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">global catastrophic food system risks are identified as existential threats</snippet>. Sea level rise research similarly defines "Extremely high risk" as exceeding socioecological coping capacity and possibly leading to existential or catastrophic outcomes <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">coastal settlement risks reach existential catastrophe thresholds at very high sea level rise</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">Phytochemicals show significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">Major challenges include low bioavailability and toxicity, which can be potentially overcome through nanoparticle delivery mechanisms and chemical analogs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_St3cdIq">Phytochemicals demonstrate potential against HPV-induced cervical cancer, necessitating further research on their efficacy and safety in concurrent HPV-mediated therapies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RE7a53S">Pomegranate peel polyphenols have been studied in cervical cancer with 110 articles identified in the literature, including cell culture studies reporting bioactive effects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_giUXm46">Preclinical evidence indicates that combinational use of phytochemicals with chemotherapeutic drugs enhances therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RulQFFI">Recent research (2010-2021) has focused on natural products including flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, and terpenoids with mechanisms involving inflammatory pathways and HPV-related mechanisms</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Recent reviews have synthesized therapeutic effects of natural products on cervical cancer through inflammatory pathways, highlighting compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, curcumin, and paclitaxel with data primarily from 2010-2021 studies<snippet id="S_RulQFFI">. Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">. Challenges associated with phytochemical use include low bioavailability and toxicity, which may be addressed through chemical analogs, adjuvant therapies, and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms<snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">. Experimental evidence emphasizes chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of plant-derived substances, with combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs shown to enhance therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells<snippet id="S_bChTerS">. Research on phytochemicals against HPV-induced cervical cancer necessitates further investigation into efficacy and safety, particularly through concurrent therapies targeting HPV-mediated mechanisms<snippet id="S_St3cdIq">. Current literature reviews continue to collect experimental works from the last five years elucidating anticancer mechanisms of plant-derived natural products in cervical cancer treatment<snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_r2sDDAL">Trust in AI within public institutions is influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F456mxb">Trust levels increase when AI adds perceived value and when humans remain involved, with transparency about AI use being essential for tracking trust changes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">Public trust in AI systems varies across domains, with participants evaluating AI abilities higher than benevolence, and technological competence, AI familiarity, and knowledge influencing trust perceptions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">Public perception of AI is shaped by control of AI and ethics dimensions, with privacy invasion concerns remaining a critical determinant of trust in government deploying AI</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PgHhtbO">Trust in government significantly influences user experiences with AI-based self-service technology in public service delivery, with personalization and aesthetics identified as key factors affecting trust</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R1PS8iU">Public sector AI adoption differs from the private sector due to coercive elements, as citizens must use and pay for services, raising legitimacy questions that make trust and legitimacy foundational to public authority</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Trust in AI within public institutions is significantly influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems often viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers <snippet id="S_r2sDDAL,S_R1PS8iU">. Key determinants include transparency and explainability, which are essential for tracking trust changes and fostering responsible AI development <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp,S_1tU6Z3U">. Human oversight remains critical, as trust levels increase when humans remain involved in decision-making processes rather than being replaced entirely by AI <snippet id="S_F456mxb">. Reliability, tangibility, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust in AI systems, while anthropomorphism influences emotional trust <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">. Privacy concerns and data governance also negatively impact trust, particularly when citizens perceive potential privacy invasion <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">. Additionally, public perception of AI control, ethics, and perceived value of AI services are crucial determinants for acceptance in public service contexts <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U,S_F456mxb">. Technological competence and familiarity with AI also correlate with higher trust in AI capabilities across different public service domains <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id=b99d28d7-0>The 2021 action movie Clean is available to stream on AMC+, Disney Plus, Hulu, Sundance Now, Philo, The Roku Channel, Fandango at Home, Prime Video, and Apple TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-1>It can also be watched on Hulu</snippet>, and <snippet id=b99d28d7-2>is available on Amazon Prime Video</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-3>It is also streamable on Tubi</snippet>, with <snippet id=b99d28d7-5>Philo offering a free trial to watch the film</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>Apple TV confirms availability on AMC+, Sundance Now, Philo, Prime Video, Tubi, Disney+, Hulu, and Sling TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-8>Decider lists Tubi TV, Hulu, and AMC+ as streaming options for the film</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=b99d28d7-0,b99d28d7-9>Clean is available to stream on multiple platforms including AMC+, Hulu, Prime Video, Apple TV, Tubi, and Roku</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>AMC+ is specifically mentioned as one of the available streaming services for the film</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-1,b99d28d7-2,b99d28d7-4>It can also be accessed through Hulu, Amazon Prime Video, and Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5,b99d28d7-8>Philo and other services like Sundance Now and Disney+ offer the movie as well</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_dUrCta4">The search results discuss learning outcomes and their operationalization in higher education, noting tensions associated with prescribed pre-articulated learning outcomes</snippet>, but <snippet id="S_u5mSiUG,S_db6DLhs,S_YVMqQJL,S_1YjeXyJ,S_r34NY6x,S_yevXI89,S_ssr4mB9,S_G7aERKv,S_10M2Vpc">none of the provided snippets contain specific empirical evidence on the effectiveness of negotiated assessment, student co-creation of rubrics/criteria, or student-generated assessments in randomized controlled trials from 2018–2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">One systematic review on peer assessment notes that reliability and validity are often underreported, with beliefs and perceptions more frequently treated as outcome variables than actual performance</snippet>, but this does not address student involvement in assessment design. <snippet id="S_G7aERKv,S_10M2Vpc">Teacher effectiveness reviews discuss student-centered teaching approaches and assessment instruments, but do not specifically evaluate negotiated assessment outcomes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yevXI89">A meta-analysis on e-mental health interventions in higher education includes randomized controlled trials, but focuses on mental health outcomes rather than assessment design participation</snippet>. The current search results do not provide the quantitative evidence on student co-creation in assessment design that the agent is seeking.
</answer>

<answer>
The provided search results do not contain specific empirical evidence or randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or student co-created rubrics in higher education <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv,S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">. Instead, the available literature focuses on broader concepts such as Outcome-Based Education frameworks, general peer assessment design elements, and teacher effectiveness metrics <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv">. While one systematic review notes that reliability and validity are frequently underreported in peer assessment studies, it does not quantify the impact of student involvement in task design <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">. Additional snippets discuss conceptual tensions in learning outcomes or the influence of educational technology without addressing assessment negotiation specifically <snippet id="S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_wzDgj5A">Endocytosis delivers extracellular materials to lysosomes for degradation and provides a route for trafficking lysosomal enzymes and V-ATPase pumps from the trans-Golgi network to lysosomes</snippet>, <snippet id="S_gCWDTWV">lysosomal membrane proteins are delivered to lysosomes in a M6P receptor-independent manner through endocytic routes that fuse with endosomes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EhS0ch1">Lysosomal exocytosis stimulation may have beneficial effects on the accumulation of unprocessed aggregates, leading to their extracellular elimination</snippet>, which suggests endocytic pathways contribute to lysosomal repair and function. <snippet id="S_gvPHAb9">Lysosomal exocytosis causes efflux of lysosomal enzymes like sphingomyelinase that facilitates endocytosis-mediated removal and resealing of the damaged plasma membrane</snippet>, indicating a protective mechanism where endocytosis aids in membrane repair following lysosomal damage. However, <snippet id="S_pfxfGLI">a general downregulation of endocytosis during aging or senescence has been observed, with components important for endocytosis regulation being downregulated in senescent cells</snippet>, suggesting endocytosis may become less protective with age. <snippet id="S_mWADzHZ">Impaired lysosomal acidification and reduced hydrolase activity can adversely impact the ability of macrophages to handle exogenous phagocytic cargo, disrupting endocytic recycling</snippet>, demonstrating that lysosomal dysfunction can impair endocytosis rather than protecting against it.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_wzDgj5A,S_Y2SP2EN>Endocytosis maintains cellular homeostasis by delivering extracellular and intracellular materials to lysosomes, where they are degraded as part of the autophagy-lysosomal-endosomal system</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_wzDgj5A>Trafficking between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network is imperative for the maintenance of lysosomal fitness as it delivers enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id=S_gCWDTWV>Lysosome biogenesis also requires endocytic pathways, as lysosomal membrane proteins can be delivered via vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane followed by endocytosis</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC,S_Ykw4nQx">Calendar aging in lithium-ion batteries is primarily driven by temperature, with degradation processes accelerated by elevated temperatures, and can be modeled using the Arrhenius equation or Eyring equation incorporating activation energy and temperature</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">Cycling aging experiences dramatic degradation at low temperatures during fast charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C, and capacity loss at 5°C reaching 75% after 50 cycles compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">The degradation mechanisms include lithium plating and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film growth, which compete under fast charging conditions, with lithium plating identified as a critical factor in cycle life at low temperatures</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">Studies by Keil et al. (2016) and Geisbauer et al. (2021) examined NMC, NCA, and LFP chemistries at varying temperatures (25°C-60°C) and SOC levels, finding that higher temperatures and SOC levels significantly increase capacity degradation and internal resistance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RHMJrIs">The thermal behavior of aged batteries differs from fresh cells due to the more pronounced SEI layer, which undergoes exothermic breakdown, lowering the onset temperature and reducing energy release</snippet>. <snippet id="S_i5GqNoW,S_8QEqNAS">Calendar aging is primarily a function of time and temperature, with ambient temperature and storage conditions playing crucial roles in influencing the rate of calendar aging</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Calendar aging follows the Arrhenius equation, where elevated temperatures accelerate aging processes through increased reaction rates, making temperature regulation essential for reducing degradation <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">. SEI growth is the dominant calendar aging mechanism at high temperatures (e.g., 55°C storage), causing pore clogging and film resistance increase in anodes <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">. Higher temperatures and SOC levels significantly increase capacity degradation and internal resistance during calendar aging, with studies showing accelerated fading at 50-60°C storage <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">. In contrast, cyclic aging experiences dramatically accelerated degradation at low temperatures during charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C for graphite/NMC batteries <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. At 5°C, a 16 Ah graphite/NMC battery loses 75% capacity after only 50 cycles compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C, driven primarily by lithium plating rather than SEI growth <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. The Arrhenius law describes temperature dependence of cyclic aging reaction rates, though lithium plating at sub-zero temperatures creates an inflection point that fundamentally alters degradation mechanisms compared to calendar aging <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_NyxI5ht,S_RTxg6u0,S_PnWYPRp,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u,S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t">None of the provided search results contain the specific threshold value from the Scientific Reports article that you are looking for</snippet>. The snippets discuss general topics about China's research evaluation reform, internationalization of Chinese higher education, and the influence of Chinese scholars on global science, but do not include any content about the variables "rC,ave" or "ΔGave" or a critical threshold value in the context of the Scientific Reports journal. <snippet id="S_RXJTnMw">One snippet mentions China's share of Scopus papers in physical sciences STEM rose from 8.5% in 2000 to 27.7% in 2018</snippet>, but this does not address the specific threshold value. <snippet id="S_maWNX2u">Another snippet notes Chinese scholars led 49% of the most cited papers from 2014 to 2018</snippet>, but this is about citation impact, not a threshold value. The search results do not contain the exact threshold value from the Scientific Reports article with the specified variable names.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_NyxI5ht,S_RTxg6u0,S_PnWYPRp,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u">None of the provided search results contain information about a Scientific Reports article with the specific variables rC,ave and ΔGave or their critical threshold values</snippet>. The retrieved snippets discuss various aspects of Chinese research output, publication incentives, and global science influence, but none reference the target paper with the threshold information the agent is seeking <snippet id="S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t">The only mentions of "Chinese scholars" in global research context appear in titles without corresponding content</snippet>. The agent may need to refine their search with more specific terms such as "Scientific Reports rC,ave ΔGave threshold" without the broader China influence query to locate the exact paper.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="22895,68190,89881">Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) was an 18th‑century Swedish naturalist who formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy</snippet>. <snippet id="22895,68190,89881">He introduced the two-part Latin species name (genus + specific epithet) and established hierarchical ranks including kingdom, class, order, genus, and species</snippet>. <snippet id="68190">His system standardized classification across plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and more, forming the basis of modern scientific naming</snippet>. <snippet id="22895">Linnaeus taught at Uppsala, wrote chiefly in Latin, and was ennobled in 1761 as Carl von Linné</snippet>. <snippet id="89881">Linnaean taxonomy endures as the basis for naming and organizing biodiversity, though additional ranks and evolutionary concepts were later added</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), an 18th-century Swedish naturalist, formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy <snippet id="22895, 68190">. He introduced a two-part Latin naming system (genus + specific epithet), such as Homo sapiens, through his publication of Systema Naturae (first edition 1735) <snippet id="22895, 89881">. Linnaeus also established hierarchical classification ranks including kingdom, class, order, genus, and species <snippet id="22895, 89881">. His system standardized biological classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming <snippet id="68190">. Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaean taxonomy continues to serve as the foundation for organizing biodiversity <snippet id="22895, 89881">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The Pulitzer Prize-winning author of "Confederates in the Attic" retraces the voyages of Captain James Cook in the book "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before"</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-5>Tony Horwitz discusses the journeys he took retracing Cook's voyages across the Pacific, how Cook is regarded by native peoples and what his voyages mean to</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-6>This work differed from "Confederates in that it followed a specific route, retracing the voyages across the Pacific of the British explorer</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-8>In "The Wide Wide Sea," Hampton Sides offers a fuller picture of the British explorer's final voyage to the Pacific islands</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-9>The White Darkness by David Grann is a short opus dedicated to the adventures of British explorer Henry Worsley</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Tony Horwitz</snippet>, which retraces the voyages of British explorer Captain James Cook across the Pacific <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>. Cook was from Yorkshire, a county in northern England, and his historic HMS Endeavour has been reconstructed for modern voyages <snippet id=1701849e-6>. The book follows a specific route through Pacific island countries that Cook originally visited during his explorations <snippet id=1701849e-5>. Horwitz's approach combines historical research with personal adventure travel to explore Cook's legacy <snippet id=1701849e-1>. This work differed from Horwitz's previous books by focusing on a specific exploration route across the Pacific Ocean <snippet id=1701849e-6>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH">The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms for remote work</snippet>, with most organizational practices being conducted virtually as employees work from home <snippet id="S_EFHhJY4">. The shift accelerated remote work from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce, emphasizing the need for e-HRM and digitalization to enhance flexibility and productivity</snippet> <snippet id="S_rm0f44F">. This acceleration impacted employee adaptability and work-life balance while highlighting the critical role of HRM in navigating these changes from 2020 to 2025</snippet> <snippet id="S_NBYIjl3">. However, the literature indicates a lack of information regarding the factors that affect digitally transforming HR practices during COVID-19</snippet> <snippet id="S_EFHhJY4">. The pandemic challenged the maintenance of conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention from the scientific community</snippet> <snippet id="S_sFMyq5N">. A systematic literature review by Zhong et al. (2021) concluded the pandemic has challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding attention to mitigate unequal work experiences</snippet> <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi">. The CEDEL model (complicator–exposer–disruptor–enabler–legitimizer) conceptualizes the role of COVID-19 in sustainable HRM</snippet> <snippet id="S_Ya2VSZy">. Despite these findings, there are very few studies that have investigated the impact of COVID-19 on HRM, with most research focusing on general literature reviews rather than systematic empirical studies</snippet> <snippet id="S_Ya2VSZy">. The available evidence suggests HRM needs to manage people during the crisis to enable business continuity and ensure work-life balance</snippet> <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">. Expert interviews indicate HRM should develop new policies for hybrid working models as a response to the current pandemic crisis</snippet> <snippet id="S_hGtii0p">. The shift also necessitated a move to online training, highlighting challenges in teamwork and productivity among HRD professionals</snippet> <snippet id="S_rm0f44F">. Overall, the pandemic demonstrated the critical need for e-HRM and digitalization to address employee wellbeing and organizational resilience</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_CbPhWNe">The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), with remote work necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms and e-HRM practices</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH,Sn_rm0f44F">Research indicates this acceleration has been global in scope, with one study noting remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi,S_sFMyq5N">Systematic literature reviews characterize COVID-19 as a complicator-disruptor-enabler that challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">The crisis established lasting implications including more flexible, remote-friendly digital working norms that organizations must address through new policies and hybrid working models</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">bioRxiv does not perform peer review but implements a screening process to filter out inappropriate content and enhance the utility of submissions</snippet>, with the screening conducted in two stages including automated plagiarism detection and manual reviews for spam or inappropriate content <snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">by bioRxiv staff and a group of experienced scientists known as bioRxiv Affiliates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">ArXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_lUJRGnM">seventy-five percent of preprint platforms examined provided details about their screening processes</snippet>, with some relying on user moderation post-publication <snippet id="S_lUJRGnM">while others, like ViXra, do not screen but can retract problematic articles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">Preprints, while lacking formal peer review, undergo various quality control measures on platforms like arXiv</snippet>, including author registration, completeness checks, relevance assessment, plagiarism detection, and compliance with ethical and legal standards. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">arXiv and other preprint servers emphasize that their materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>, with each preprint including a warning indicating the lack of peer review. <snippet id="S_lUJRGnM">Fourteen platforms involve researchers with content expertise in screening, focusing on article scope, plagiarism, and legal/ethical issues</snippet>, while only three platforms (Research Square, bioRxiv, medRxiv) specifically check for unfounded medical claims.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">arXiv performs pre-peer review screening that includes plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language quality</snippet>, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">but does not conduct formal peer review before posting</snippet>. Key quality control measures on arXiv include <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">author registration and endorsement requirements, completeness checks, relevance verification, plagiarism detection, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>, unlike bioRxiv and medRxiv which screen for material that could endanger public health or pose biosecurity risks. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">ArXiv emphasizes that its materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. Despite the absence of peer review, preprints on arXiv still undergo screening as a "coarse filter" to exclude nonscientific or inappropriate content, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">though this does not guarantee validity of the content</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kOME3NW">The interactive reading (IR) task is a framework for AIG and automatic scoring of reading comprehension that requires test takers to sequentially interact with the text for several purposes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_n6aoW4b">The text underscores the importance of vocabulary in reading proficiency, particularly for academic English, with bottom-up processes including recognizing written words and grammatical information</snippet>. However, the provided snippets do not contain explicit definitions or contrasts for "intensive" reading as a category separate from "interactive" or "extensive" reading.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books.</snippet> <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams.</snippet>
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores, and fact-checking explanation model fine-tuned on the PUBHEALTH dataset achieved promising performance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_wkwj2K0">The framework employed four pre-trained models: original BERT uncased, SCIBERT, BIOBERT v1.0, and BIOBERT v1.1, with the two versions of BIOBERT differing in training steps on PubMed abstracts and full article texts</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">BIOBERT demonstrates higher accuracies when compared to BERT for named entity recognition, relation extraction and question answering in the biomedical domain, while SCIBERT outperforms BERT in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">Wadden et al proposed automatic fact-checking pipelines with SCI-FACT that uses BERT-based related language models, where RoBERTa-large achieves the best performance on label prediction</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">HEALTHVER is a new dataset for evidence-based fact-checking of health-related claims that allows to study the validity of real-world claims by evaluating their truthfulness against scientific articles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RXgSB12">Our experiments show that training deep learning-based fact-checking models on real-world and in-domain claims substantially improves the performance compared to training on synthetic and open-domain claims</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Research on medical fact-checking shows that domain-specific language models often outperform general models on health claim verification tasks. On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores compared to BERT and other baseline models <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. BioBERT demonstrates higher accuracies than BERT for biomedical tasks including named entity recognition, relation extraction, and question answering in the biomedical domain <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. Similarly, SCIBERT shows improvements over the original BERT and outperforms it in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. However, performance varies by dataset; on SCIFACT, RoBERTa-large achieved the best performance among the sentence encoders tested, including SciBERT and BioMedRoBERTa <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. Additionally, training deep learning models on real-world medical claims substantially improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf,S_Iqcxwr0">The waterfall model is a linear and sequential software development approach where progress flows through distinct phases such as system specification, planning, design, development, testing, and deployment, with each phase completed before the next begins</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model, which is part of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), allows for initial simplified implementations that evolve through multiple iterations, emphasizing incremental changes and flexibility compared to the waterfall model</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX">The Waterfall-Iterative approach, also noted as "Waterative", is a hybrid model where the waterfall model's phases are executed iteratively as the project elaborates, combining structured planning with iterative development</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model is increasingly favored in industries like finance for digitalization, while the waterfall model remains common in banking and finance due to its strict documentation and structured approach</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ">However, the classic waterfall model has limited ability to accommodate substantial requirements changes without significant disruption, whereas iterative approaches allow for more flexibility and quicker adjustments</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">The traditional waterfall model is defined as a linear, sequential software development approach where each phase must be completed before the next begins, with strict documentation and sign-offs required between stages</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">In contrast, "iterative waterfall" (also called "Waterative") executes waterfall phases iteratively as the project elaborates, incorporating requirement analysis for each iteration with design followed by product backlog creation using Scrum framework's agile principles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model allows incremental changes and divided project parts with repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation, enabling more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to waterfall</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">A key distinction is that waterfall accommodates substantial requirement changes with significant disruption, whereas iterative approaches emphasize evolving implementations with each cycle enhancing previous work</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz,S_u8WEXgX">Waterfall is characterized by sequential phases requiring strict documentation and end products per stage, while iterative/wative approaches include unit testing during sprints followed by systems integration testing and user acceptance testing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">Waterfall approaches work well for simple, straightforward projects, but are less suitable for complex projects requiring flexibility</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_IbmwH6I,S_ipBYA4S">Digital banking and fintech have enhanced financial inclusion by offering accessible and affordable services, with mobile banking and digital payments showing rapid growth in emerging markets despite infrastructural and regulatory challenges</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X">Digital transformation in the financial sector is linked to enhanced financial inclusion and operational efficiency, with research showing digital payments enhance account ownership and savings while reducing operational costs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cecyK56">The economic impact of financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa varies by income level, with digital financial inclusion being more significant in low-income countries due to inefficiencies in traditional banking</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AlV0rKF">Empirical evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa indicates digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability and negatively correlates with non-performing loans, though increased bank competition negatively affects stability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kq45sEh">Challenges remain including data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy, with the COVID-19 pandemic highlighting vulnerabilities in resilient financial systems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gkl8lvJ">Mobile banking and e-payments have increased financial inclusion among developing countries, with China finding digital financial inclusion accelerated household consumption through online shopping and digital payments</snippet>. <answer>
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X>S digital transformation in banking is defined as the application of innovative technologies, particularly digital payments, to enhance financial inclusion and operational efficiency</snippet>, with research showing it <snippet id=S_4uYEvn0>S diminishes the impact of income levels on financial service access</snippet> while enhancing account ownership and savings. <snippet id=S_cecyK56>S Economic impact varies by income level: in low-income countries, digital financial inclusion is more significant than traditional finance due to banking inefficiencies</snippet>, whereas in middle-income countries both forms complement each other. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability (z-score) and negatively with non-performing loans</snippet>, though increased bank competition negatively affects stability according to the competition-fragility hypothesis. <snippet id=S_kq45sEh>S Challenges include data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy</snippet>, with findings from Sub-Saharan Africa, ASEAN, and EU contexts; <snippet id=S_cecyK56,S_Q1OC4lz>Yemen-specific evidence is sparse and limited by fragile state conditions</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Policy recommendations emphasize promoting digital financial literacy, regulatory frameworks treating digital and traditional finance as complementary</snippet>, and strategic measures to maintain bank stability alongside inclusion initiatives.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776">Never Look Back (1952) is a British courtroom melodrama produced by Exclusive Films/Hammer and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>, with <snippet id="55190,81776">Harry H. Corbett appearing briefly as a policeman in the cast</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776">Hugh Sinclair is confirmed as a cast member, playing the fiancé who prosecutes</snippet>, while <snippet id="55190">the film was directed by Francis Searle and released 26 May 1952 in the UK</snippet>. <snippet id="86941">The production was shot at Manchester Film Studios from 17 September to 19 October 1951</snippet>, and <snippet id="55190">it runs 73 minutes as a B‑drama</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The 1952 British drama Never Look Back was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett appears in a brief supporting role as a policeman</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Hugh Sinclair is confirmed as a main star in the cast, playing the prosecutor</snippet>. The production ran for 73 minutes and was shot at Mancunian Studios between September and October 1951.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_2GRyVKu,S_C7yV87e">The disposition index (DI) is a composite measure that captures both insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion, calculated as the product of insulinogenic index (IGI) and insulin sensitivity indices such as Matsuda or Gutt</snippet>. <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2">Adipose tissue insulin resistance, assessed through plasma free fatty acid turnover and fasting insulin, must be incorporated into β-cell function calculations to account for its significant role in insulin resistance affecting β-cell function in obesity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">This approach allows for comprehensive evaluation of beta-cell function in relation to visceral adipose tissue and insulin response during glucose challenges</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">However, the provided snippets do not contain direct evidence linking visceral adipose tissue accumulation to specific beta-cell function metrics such as insulinogenic index, acute insulin response, or disposition index in adult human studies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_2GRyVKu,S_C7yV87e">The insulinogenic index (IGI) represents early-phase insulin secretion and is calculated from the ratio of incremental insulin to glucose responses at 30 minutes after the oral glucose challenge</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0G85ZD2">The study suggests that incorporating adipose insulin resistance into GSIS assessments provides a more comprehensive index of β-cell function, enhancing understanding of the role of adipose tissue in glucose regulation in obese individuals</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
The provided search results do not directly address the relationship between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and pancreatic beta-cell function metrics in humans. The snippets primarily define how beta-cell function indices like the disposition index, insulinogenic index, and acute insulin response are calculated from OGTT or IVGTT data <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_77OipMD">the disposition index is calculated as the product of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion measures such as the insulinogenic index</snippet>. One study suggests adipose tissue insulin resistance affects beta-cell function assessment, noting that elevated plasma free fatty acids can impair β-cell function and proposing adjustments to the disposition index to account for adipose tissue <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2">incorporating adipose insulin resistance into assessments provides a more comprehensive index of β-cell function</snippet>. Another study reported that leptin and GM-CSF were negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI and hsCRP, indicating roles in inflammation and lipid metabolism <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">leptin and GM-CSF showed negative associations with the disposition index and positive correlations with BMI and inflammatory markers</snippet>. However, none of these snippets provide direct adult human evidence linking VAT or pancreatic fat specifically to beta-cell function measures like disposition index or acute insulin response as the agent was seeking.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A 2020 Facebook experiment with 23,377 US users found that reducing exposure to like-minded sources by one-third did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes, though it did increase exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduce uncivil language</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">The 2020 US presidential election study compared chronological and engagement-based feed designs, finding that feeds reflecting democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mUfOdDp">However, a 2020 study by Guess et al. found no significant long-term effects of Facebook and Instagram's algorithms on users' affective polarization over a three-month period</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EIYKoMB">The research suggests that while algorithms can influence in-group and out-group perceptions, the impact on long-term beliefs is complex and requires further investigation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sJfbnsu">The U.S. 2020 Facebook and Instagram Election Study was a collaboration between academics and Meta researchers that provided unprecedented access to platform data and algorithms</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>. The intervention aimed to decrease exposure to like-minded sources by one-third, which resulted in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">but did not lead to measurable changes in eight key political attitudes, including affective polarization and belief in false claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">An experiment compared various feed types, including chronological and engagement-based feeds, as well as innovative designs aimed at promoting democratic values</snippet>. Findings indicate that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans, but may inadvertently increase perceived threats to free speech among users <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">. The research also references other studies that examined the influence of exposure to like-minded sources and reshared content, noting that some studies found minimal effects on affective polarization</snippet>.

</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_StdTMvV">The CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level based on International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship data</snippet>, though this does not directly address IAM integration. <snippet id="S_VGFFWS5">The HWCM approach enhances tropical cyclone risk assessments by simulating high-resolution wind and rain fields, generating multiple impact scenarios for evaluating storm flood damages in vulnerable communities</snippet>, but no specific IAMs are named in this context. <snippet id="S_93wqG64">Projected tropical cyclone activity by 2050 generally declines in the South Indian Ocean, with coupled models suggesting a slight increase in average TC 10 m wind speeds by 2050</snippet>, providing climate change projections without IAM damage function details. <snippet id="S_IAQSdJr">Synthetic tropical cyclone time series (1,000 years) improve flood predictions compared to historical IBTrACS data, with risk assessments increasing by up to US$ 0.46 million in presence of mangroves</snippet>, demonstrating hazard modeling approaches rather than IAM integration. The provided search results do not contain specific documentation on canonical IAMs (FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE) representing extreme weather damages or their stochastic shock mechanisms.
</answer>

<answer>
Unfortunately, the provided search results do not contain specific information about how FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE, or other canonical IAMs incorporate extreme weather events into their damage functions. The available snippets focus on hazard modeling (CLIMADA model for tropical cyclones, mangrove flood protection services, hydrodynamic modeling) but do not document IAM integration methods <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>. No snippets describe how IAMs represent extremes as separate impact categories or stochastic shocks to capital/productivity, nor do they detail expected-annual-loss pipelines feeding IAM damages. There is also no evidence of empirically estimated event-specific damage functions (cyclone wind-based, flood depth–damage, heat-wave impacts) being aggregated to macro damages within specific IAM frameworks in these results.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_Fgb4QWW">HPV entry begins when the virus binds to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the cell membrane, specifically HSPG, Sdc2, and Sdc4</snippet>, which <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK">induces conformational changes in the L1 protein that expose the N-terminus of the L2 protein</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK">This exposure allows the viral protein L2 to be cleaved by the cellular protease furin</snippet>, which <snippet id="S_9692W5p">reduces L1's affinity for HSPGs and facilitates internalization</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_qd5yqrp">HPV enters cells through clathrin-independent endocytosis, similar to micropinocytosis, following attachment to basement membrane components like laminin-332</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_IzJhLSD">The virus typically infects undifferentiated basal epithelial cells in the skin and mucous membranes, accessing them through microlesions or wounds</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_sYaeZRH">Secondary receptors including tetraspanin CD151, integrins α6β4, and the annexin A2/S100A10 heterotetramer (A2t) are also required for HPV uptake</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_qd5yqrp">After internalization, the virus reaches the nucleus within approximately 24 hours via post-endocytic trafficking through endosomes, the Golgi network, and the endoplasmic reticulum</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) entry typically begins at microlesions in the epithelium where the major capsid protein L1 binds to laminin-332 or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the basement membrane <S_9692W5p, S_06dh88l, S_ygceipK, S_4kyiDLH>. This initial attachment induces L1 conformational changes, often facilitated by Cyclophilin B, which exposes the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2 <S_9692W5p, S_ygceipK, S_sYaeZRH>. Proteolytic processing follows, where kallikrein-8 cleaves L1 and the cellular protease furin cleaves L2, reducing HSPG affinity and preparing the virion for internalization <S_6cL8am9, S_9692W5p, S_qd5yqrp>. Secondary interactions with receptors such as annexin A2, integrin α6, and tetraspanins like CD151 facilitate clathrin-independent endocytosis or macropinocytosis-like uptake <S_6cL8am9, S_Fgb4QWW, S_06dh88l>. Once internalized, the virus undergoes retrograde trafficking through endosomes and the Golgi network to reach the nucleus for genome release and replication <S_6cL8am9, S_IzJhLSD, S_qd5yqrp>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_FvypqMm">The Laplace mechanism has been applied to preserve privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions by adding noise from the Laplace distribution to numeric query results</snippet>, ensuring the output remains unaffected by the addition or removal of a single record. <snippet id="S_u2uIkcN">This approach enables privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions by adding noise calibrated with standard deviation √2b based on the function's sensitivity</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_dR6xJKK,S_gaV539r,S_3Vks9VQ,S_5htVDhJ,S_oSOy7gF,S_urqqOz8">none of the provided search results explicitly confirm publication in the high-impact journals specified (IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, Nature Scientific Data, PNAS, Management Science, Operations Research, Information Systems Research, or leading economics/finance journals)</snippet>. The available snippets describe the Laplace mechanism's application to financial data generally but lack specific citations to the target journals or case studies with those publication venues. <snippet id="S_FvypqMm">One snippet mentions the mechanism is used for financial data preservation but does not provide a journal reference</snippet>. Additional searches with more specific journal names and refined queries are needed to identify documented applications in those venues.
</answer>

<answer>
The search results provide limited evidence of concrete case studies from high-impact journals applying the Laplace mechanism specifically to financial/banking/credit transaction data. Two snippets mention financial applications: S_FvypqMm notes the Laplace mechanism can preserve "user privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions" within parking recommender system research <snippet id=S_FvypqMm>, and S_u2uIkcN states the mechanism enables "privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions" for prospect theoretic analysis <snippet id=S_u2uIkcN>. However, neither snippet explicitly confirms publication in high-impact journals like IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or major finance/economics journals that the agent prioritized <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_3Vks9VQ>. Most other search results discuss the Laplace mechanism in medical data <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG>, social networks <snippet id=S_XWjGWtA,S_gaV539r>, or power flow systems <snippet id=S_3Vks9VQ> rather than verified financial case studies. Additional searches targeting specific journals or verified financial domains would be needed to fully address the agent's goal.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="21438">Jitendra Narayan (1886–1922) was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar</snippet> and <snippet id="21438">founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet>. <snippet id="21438">As "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar" he played one first‑class cricket match (Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI v Lord Willingdon's XI) on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs in total</snippet>. However, <snippet id="21438">there is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>. <snippet id="57275">Sources indicate an association with a namesake Nripendra Narayan Academy and links to cricketing activity with a Prince of Wales's XI, but the crawled material is fragmentary</snippet>. <snippet id="71327">The claims regarding founding a Nripendra Narayan Academy or first-class cricket/Prince of Wales XI involvement are unverified or conflicting with the provided content</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Jitendra Narayan was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar <snippet id="21438">and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet> as an educational institution named after his father. He played one first‑class cricket match for "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI" against Lord Willingdon's XI on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs total <snippet id="21438">. There is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>, which contradicts one key element of the hypothesis that the match was against the Prince of Wales' XI during the 1921–22 India tour. Biographical details indicate he was linked to Cooch‑Behar Palace (also known as Victor Jubilee Palace) as the ruling Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar during his lifetime <snippet id="21438">, though succession by his offspring is not confirmed in the available snippets. Some sources present conflicting or fragmentary information about the academy founder and cricketing claims <snippet id="57275">, with sibling records listing him as having younger brothers but not documenting all biographical details consistently <snippet id="71327">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_gnrEepM">A study on monoclonal antibody quantification in plasma found that using only one stable signature peptide resulted in significant negative biases (−23 to −62%) and discordant results between the two peptides</snippet>, indicating that single-peptide calibration lacks acceptable accuracy for reliable quantification. <snippet id="S_gnrEepM">Protein-level and hybrid calibrations achieved good accuracy (error < 10%) with consistent results between SPs (deviations < 15%)</snippet>, emphasizing the importance of using two or more signature peptides for reliability. <snippet id="S_1t8pQcf">The surrogate peptide method for antibody-drug conjugates typically uses two peptides from light and heavy chains, with stable isotopically labeled internal standards (SIL-IS) often used to enhance quantification accuracy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XWxG38W">The optimized methods include surrogates for 284 key drug metabolism enzymes and transporters, with heavy labeled peptide cocktails used to calibrate retention times</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kjDg3lX">Some mAb assays have used two unique surrogate peptides from Fab or Fc regions for quantification with multiple reaction monitoring transitions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BFG6czq">For antibody-drug conjugates, two peptides from the tryptic digest containing CDR regions were identified as signature peptides, with extended SIL-IS peptides added prior to digestion to compensate for variability</snippet>. Overall, the evidence suggests that using multiple signature peptides (typically two or more) is necessary for accurate and reliable LC-MS/MS quantification of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in serum.
</answer>

<answer>
Current evidence suggests that using two signature peptides is recommended over a single peptide for reliable mAb quantification in serum. A study assessing calibration approaches for monoclonal antibody quantification emphasized "the importance of using two SPs for reliability" and found single peptide calibration had "significant negative biases" and "discordant results between SPs" <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>. Practical implementations in therapeutic protein studies typically employ multiple peptides; for instance, one Fc-engineered mAb PK assay determined concentrations using "multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides" <snippet id=S_kjDg3lX>. Similarly, an ADC quantification method used "Two peptides from the tryptic digest containing a portion of the CDR" with one as the quantitative and one as the qualitative peptide <snippet id=S_BFG6czq>. While single peptides can be detected, protein-level and hybrid calibrations with two SPs achieved "good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results" compared to peptide-level calibration which showed poor reliability <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_SvIkmlU,S_rtPxhtT">Human motor performance varies depending on the time of day, with maximum performance reached around 6:00 p.m. (acrophase), though hypertrophy adaptations appear similar regardless of whether training occurs in the morning or evening</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU,S_rtPxhtT">Both morning and evening training yield similar results for muscle strength and mass increases, with personal preference recommended to guide training timing rather than strict chronotype adherence</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JKFS2Wu">One 24-week study found that evening resistance training resulted in a larger muscle cross-sectional area in men, though Sedliak et al.'s similar findings were statistically insignificant</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HhyT8Rz">Research indicates that the time of day for strength training can influence performance based on an individual's chronotype, with morning training reducing diurnal variation and evening training enhancing it</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gRYJWoz">Time-of-day exercise has profound impacts on cardiometabolic and body composition outcomes that differentially manifest in women and men, with morning exercise in women enhancing fat loss and evening exercise in men lowering blood pressure</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU,S_rtPxhtT">Despite evidence suggesting similar hypertrophy outcomes, more research is needed to verify differences between morning versus evening training and to assess individual responses based on chronotype and habitual sleep cycles</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Umbrella reviews indicate that increases in muscle strength and mass do not significantly differ between morning and evening resistance training <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT,S_SvIkmlU>. Acute performance metrics typically peak around 6:00 p.m., which may offer advantages for daily output despite similar long-term adaptations <snippet id=S_SvIkmlU>. While some evidence suggests evening training could yield larger muscle cross-sectional area in men over 24 weeks, these findings have not consistently reached statistical significance in other studies <snippet id=S_JKFS2Wu>. Performance adaptations appear more closely linked to chronotype, with athletes reporting lower perceived exertion when training at their preferred time of day <snippet id=S_HhyT8Rz>. Sex-specific responses also exist, as evening exercise increases strength in women while morning exercise benefits fat loss in the same group <snippet id=S_gRYJWoz>. Therefore, experts recommend selecting training times based on personal preference to maximize adherence given the lack of clear superiority between schedules <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT>.
</answer>