<answer>
<snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_AuYFhyP">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017 that optimizes policy learning using a clipped surrogate objective function</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_r9aDbc9">The core idea involves the probability ratio r_t between the new policy and old policy, clipped to a range defined by a hyperparameter ε (typically 0.1-0.2) to prevent large deviations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hXE5LYe">This clipping mechanism provides a pessimistic bound on the unclipped objective, ensuring that policy updates remain stable and within a proximal region of the previous policy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_HkWtygo">The algorithm incorporates an advantage function A(s,a) to estimate how beneficial actions are, and includes an entropy regularization term to promote action diversity and prevent overly conservative updates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9Mgjk7i">During training, PPO collects trajectories from parallel environments and performs multiple update epochs, adjusting policy parameters through gradient ascent to enhance performance in both episodic and continuous control tasks</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_hXE5LYe,S_z9c3Jms">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">It utilizes a clipped surrogate objective function that constrains the probability ratio between the new and old policies within a range typically set to 1 ± ε</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">This objective takes the minimum of clipped and unclipped estimates, providing a lower bound that penalizes significant deviations from 1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YKlYY4b,S_CcbSYTJ,S_9Mgjk7i">During training, the algorithm collects trajectories, computes advantage estimates (often via Generalized Advantage Estimation), and optimizes the policy with a value network loss and entropy bonus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CcbSYTJ,S_HkWtygo,S_9Mgjk7i">This allows multiple update epochs per iteration and stabilizes training by preventing excessively large policy updates</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The Trump administration imposed significant tariffs in 2018, totaling $283 billion of US imports with rates from 10% to 50%, including 25% tariffs on $34 billion and $16 billion of imports from China and a 10% tariff on $200 billion by September</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yHishm4">In retaliation, countries such as China, the European Union, and Canada filed cases against the US at the WTO and imposed their own tariffs on approximately $121 billion of US exports, averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I1oE0tb">The research indicates that trade-related job losses have a distinct anti-incumbent effect, while trade integration may increase perceived insecurity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bTYtYjO">The analysis examines the political targeting of retaliatory tariffs during Trump's trade wars, revealing that these tariffs predominantly affected areas that supported Trump in the 2016 presidential election</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZSDo4iu">The Trump administration's measures were part of a populist agenda aimed at protecting American jobs amid US-China economic tensions, with actions likened to late 19th-century mercantilist practices</snippet>. However, the provided snippets do not contain specific evidence on the distributional regressivity of these tariffs on low-income households or the China shock's impact on U.S. manufacturing workers, which would require additional sources.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018-2019 Trump tariffs imposed $283 billion of US imports with rates from 10% to 50% on various goods, with China facing the most substantial tariffs totaling 25% on $50 billion of imports</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_yHishm4">retaliatory measures from trading partners including China, the European Union, and Canada targeted approximately $121 billion of US exports averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The tariffs were implemented amid a populist backlash against globalization, with retaliatory tariffs focusing on regions that supported Trump in the 2016 election rather than those backing other Republican candidates</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">none of the provided snippets contain results from Fajgelbaum et al.'s "The Return to Protectionism" paper specifically examining welfare effects, regressivity, or distributional incidence on low-income households</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The available evidence indicates that while tariffs may benefit specific industries, they are generally detrimental to both trading partners and the imposing country</snippet>. The search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum findings on how Trump tariffs affected working-class households or whether impacts were regressive as the agent requested.
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<snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">ZeRO-DP has three main optimization stages: Optimizer State Partitioning (P_os) provides 4x memory reduction with same communication volume as DP, Gradient Partitioning (P_os+g) provides 8x memory reduction with same communication volume as DP, and Parameter Partitioning (P_os+g+p) enables linear memory reduction with DP degree N_d, with a modest 50% increase in communication volume</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">ZeRO++ offers three communication optimizations: Quantized Weight Communication (qwZ) reduces parameter communication volume by half using INT8 quantization, Hierarchical Weight Partition (hpZ) trades GPU memory for communication by maintaining full model copies within each machine to replace cross-machine all-gather with intra-machine all-gather (substantially faster due to higher intra-machine bandwidth), and Quantized Gradient Communication (qgZ) reduces gradient communication costs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RRxd5ah">Hybrid ZeRO approaches (e.g., LoongTrain) apply ZeRO across both DP and SP dimensions, distributing model states across more GPUs to reduce redundant memory usage, though communication overhead becomes significant as GPU count scales to hundreds</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BWVyprV">ZeRO stages correspond to sharding optimizer states, gradients, and model parameters across data parallel ranks, with DeepSpeed offering incremental optimization stages (stage-1, stage-2, stage-3) for each component</snippet>. <snippet id="S_j6ySuf6">Optimizer state sharding modifies data parallelism workflow so gradients are only reduced at the rank that stores the optimizer state, then locally updated and broadcast to other ranks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LvWi5qs">ZeRO-Infinity extends ZeRO by offloading optimizer states and activations to CPU and NVMe memory while keeping parameters on GPU, enabling training of foundation models on limited resources without code refactoring</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_vOhHdDS>ZeRO-DP employs three optimization stages that partition optimizer states, gradients, and parameters, offering 4x and 8x memory reductions for the first two stages and linear memory reduction for parameter sharding at the cost of a 50% communication volume increase.</snippet> <snippet id=S_lxTe76D>ZeRO communication overhead is characterized by two all-gather operations for parameters and one reduce-scatter for gradients, totaling a volume of 3 model sizes per iteration.</snippet> <snippet id=S_RRxd5ah>However, the latency of collective communication operations demonstrates a positive correlation with the communication scale, which becomes significant when sharding across hundreds of GPUs.</snippet> <snippet id=S_LvWi5qs>For extreme memory scaling, ZeRO-Infinity offloads optimizer states and activations to CPU or NVMe memory to enable training of models with trillions of parameters.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Time-course single-cell transcriptomic analysis of developing human stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte-lineage-cells (hOLLCs) uncovers substantial transcriptional heterogeneity of PDGFRα-lineage hOLLCs and discovers sub-populations of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hOPCs) including a potential cytokine-responsive subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) revealed heterogeneity among these cells, particularly in their expression of cell-surface markers EGFR and PDGFRA, with four distinct immunophenotypic populations identified</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">The study investigates the heterogeneity of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by employing bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on Pdgfra+ populations at various developmental stages, finding that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">In 3D neural cultures, researchers isolated O4+ cells and conducted deep single-cell RNA sequencing, identifying distinct populations including proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes (NFOs), and myelinating oligodendrocytes with consistent expression of stage-specific markers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RRYHqbB">Analysis of progenitor, intermediate, and mature oligodendrocyte populations across development revealed that the proportion of cells expressing Pdgfra decreased while mature markers like myelin basic protein (Mbp), myelin-associated glycoprotein (Mag), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (Mog) increased</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gQLOdg8">Lineage tracing indicated that a small subset of post-natal Pdgfra/GFP+ cells may give rise to neurons, though this finding requires further validation due to potential technical artifacts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Studies utilizing single-cell transcriptomics have identified substantial transcriptional heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells (hOLLCs), discovering sub-populations such as a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Specifically, single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity in cell-surface marker expression, categorizing cells into four distinct immunophenotypic populations including putative pre-OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes based on EGFR and PDGFRA levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell sequencing of 3D hiPSC-derived neural cultures further distinguished heterogeneity within the oligodendrocyte cluster, separating proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes, and myelinating oligodendrocytes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">Investigations employing both bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on iPSC-derived OPCs suggest that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity and intrinsic epigenetic differences between developmental cohorts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_QESxt6r">RNAi technology using dsRNA to silence target genes has been successfully applied in transgenic cotton for pest resistance, with HaHR3 (a molt-regulating transcription factor) showing high larval mortality and pupation/deformities when fed to Helicoverpa armigera larvae</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UDpXMMR">Transcriptome analysis of Anthonomus grandis identified several contigs related to RNAi mechanisms, including PAZ domains and SID-like sequences, with dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 resulting in unviable eggs and malformed larvae</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tDo09SB">However, RNAi effectiveness in A. grandis is hindered by barriers including dsRNA delivery, cellular uptake, and degradation by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, AgraNuc3), which are primarily expressed in the posterior midgut</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">While initial tests of RNAi approaches for plant protection show potential comparable to traditional insecticidal toxins, further development and extensive field testing are necessary to fully assess effectiveness and viability in agriculture</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6Sv0Jhf">Transgenic cotton expressing Cry1Ia12 toxin has been shown to confer resistance to both Fall Armyworm and Cotton Boll Weevil, though this represents Bt toxin rather than RNAi-based approaches</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TA2bEqI">Despite the potential of dsRNA-based GM plants as a sustainable pest management strategy, delivering dsRNA orally to A. grandis remains challenging due to degradation by nucleases in the insect gut, which reduces gene silencing effectiveness</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising biotechnological approach for the cotton boll weevil, with research identifying targets like vitellogenin and chitin synthase genes for silencing</snippet>. <snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>Microinjection of dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 produced unviable eggs and malformed larvae, while vitellogenin knockdown significantly affected egg viability without altering egg laying numbers</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI>However, effective oral delivery of dsRNA via transgenic plants is limited by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, AgraNuc3) that degrade the RNA in the posterior midgut</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_fXsP2MN>While silencing these nucleases can enhance gene silencing efficiency against targets like chitin synthase II, attempts to apply RNAi against the boll weevil have not yielded results comparable to other coleopteran pests</snippet>. <snippet id=S_fXsP2MN>Although transgenic cotton plants expressing dsRNA are being developed, extensive field testing remains necessary to validate efficacy in agriculture</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_hTyNcJU">The Kuwait oil fires following the 1991 Gulf War produced plumes with low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, indicating significant aerosol radiative forcing effects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_OLKZZOQ">The fires exhibited net heating rates of up to 3.9 K/h at 1 h and 2.3 K/h at 3 h plume age, with the plume ascending at approximately 0.1 m/s, showing temperature differences of up to 6 K at 250 and 400 hPa and cooling of up to −3 K at 850 hPa</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vOW7FR3">Dilution in the lower part of the plume was inhibited compared to t−1 scaling, with uncertainties in coagulation rate causing 20-40% uncertainty in radiative forcing and factor of 5-6 uncertainty in the state of mixture</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vaq6doy">Black and organic carbon constituted 5-10% of total particle mass, with studies investigating radiative forcing effects of smoke aerosols from Kuwait oil fires in 1991 on climate, including modifications to energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature and precipitation patterns</snippet>. <snippet id="S_dFPlFos">Dust storm case studies over Kuwait showed aerosol optical thickness reaching 3.617, PM10 peaked at 4800 μg m−3, with cooling at the top of atmosphere by −60 Wm−2 and at surface level by −175 Wm−2</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0LL30pj">Oil fires and military operations associated with the 1991 Gulf War resulted in substantially increased levels of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the region around it, with combustion and downstream activities determined to be the major source</snippet>.
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<answer>
The 1991 Kuwait oil fires produced significant aerosol radiative forcing with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour plume age, causing temperature differences of up to 6 K at 250-400 hPa and cooling of up to -3 K at 850 hPa <snippet id=S_OLKZZOQ>. These aerosol effects substantially modified energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature/precipitation patterns in the regional climate <snippet id=S_vaq6doy>. Surface cooling of -175 Wm-2 was recorded during related dust events in Kuwait with aerosol optical thickness reaching 3.617, indicating strong boundary layer perturbations <snippet id=S_dFPlFos>. The Kuwait oil fire plumes exhibited a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, confirming highly absorbing characteristics that influence radiative heating profiles <snippet id=S_hTyNcJU>. Radiative forcing uncertainties for such plumes range 20-40% depending on dilution rates and particle mixture state <snippet id=S_vOW7FR3>. These combined effects demonstrate how war-driven aerosols can alter boundary layer stability and surface wind conditions relevant to turbine operation <snippet id=S_0LL30pj>.
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<snippet id="S_UBzqh33">StealC V2 introduces several new features compared to V1, including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, enhanced payload execution methods, and the ability to decrypt stolen data server-side</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, and RC4 encryption for network communications is now active</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">C2 communication has shifted to JSON-based requests and responses, with a focus on unique access tokens and error handling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">The control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_UBzqh33>StealC V2 introduces several new features including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, along with enhanced payload execution methods</snippet>, and it can decrypt stolen data server-side. The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, but has enabled RC4 encryption for network communications which was previously disabled. Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook, with C2 communication now using JSON-based requests and responses. The control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery. Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses <snippet id=S_UBzqh33>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">A cohort study using US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases followed 608,2018 veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and September 30, 2021</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">In the post-acute phase of the disease, compared with the contemporary control group, people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46, 95% CI 12.11-14.84, per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HmTazVA">Non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients had a 25% (95% CI: 21%-29%) increased risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes, which rose to 173% in hospitalized patients and 276% in ICU patients</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Altogether, there is evidence to suggest that beyond the acute phase of COVID-19, survivors might be at an increased risk of developing incident diabetes, and increased risk of incident antihyperglycemic use in the post-acute phase of the disease</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X5WNd6v">Higher risk of incident diabetes post-acute COVID-19 was observed, with a consistent increase in risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes compared to severity-matched flu-like illness</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study used US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases to build a cohort of US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19</snippet> with two control groups for comparison. <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">Detailed analyses showed people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes compared with the contemporary control group</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Risks and burdens of post-acute diabetes increased in a graded fashion according to the severity of the acute phase, whether patients were non-hospitalised, hospitalized, or admitted to intensive care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study authors conclude diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, and post-acute care strategies should integrate screening and management of diabetes</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" by Sarwant Singh was published on Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the search snippets contain the specific percentage data regarding global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The available results only confirm the article's existence and authorship <snippet id="S_sN6CcFK">without providing the detailed statistics needed to answer the query</snippet>. A direct visit to the full article would be required to extract the renewable electricity percentage figure.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was written by Sarwant Singh and published in Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage figure for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article exists and provide publication details, but do not include the actual renewable energy statistics from the article. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article URL is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>, but the renewable electricity percentage data is not accessible from these search results.
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<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1">The 15th POMS-HK International Conference is scheduled to start on 3 January 2025 at the Chinese University of Hong Kong</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jE7LWrz">The 14th POMS-HK International Conference took place on 5-6 January 2024 at HKUST</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mBwOV4H">POMS-HK runs an annual conference every winter, with the 15th edition confirmed for 3-5 January 2025</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain specific start dates for the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta, so I cannot determine which event starts earlier based on these snippets alone. <snippet id="S_AA5wpad">The 15th POMS-HK International Conference will be held at the Chinese University of Hong Kong on 3 – 5 January 2025</snippet>. To complete the comparison, additional search results about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta would be needed.
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<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_mBwOV4H">The POMS-HK International Conference is held annually in early January in Hong Kong, with the 15th conference scheduled for January 3-5, 2025, the 14th for January 5-6, 2024, and the 13th for January 7-8, 2023</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_jE7LWrz,S_TUFN3jC,S_DzBPmor,S_mBwOV4H,S_Br57QvT,S_ULVAUtt,S_wmyEfiy,S_5nVopPR">none of the provided search snippets contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta or its specific dates</snippet>. Therefore, I cannot definitively compare which conference starts first without additional search results about the Atlanta meeting.
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<snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse endogenous retrovirus classification links MLVs to ERV1/class I and IAP elements to ERV2/class II, with MLVs resembling gamma- and epsilon-retroviruses while IAPs are similar to mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTV) and the large intracisternal A-particle (IAP) superfamily</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">Functional MLV elements include Emv loci in C57BL/6 mice that can produce infectious recombinant MLVs through recombination, with laboratory mice often lacking replication-competent MLVs but possessing multiple defective integrations that collectively produce transducing retrovirus particles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">IAP elements are murine-specific retroviral elements that contribute to genetic variation in mouse genomes, with full-length IAPs being autonomous long terminal repeat retrotransposons capable of causing disease when they insert near genes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">In the domesticus subspecies, 43% of all subspecies-specific IAP polymorphisms were identified, with a significant increase in the proportion of IAPs constituting ERVK insertions (54%) compared to castaneus (44%) and musculus (43%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">The findings indicate that the expansion of IAP transposable elements in domesticus is significant in shaping genetic diversity within this lineage, with domesticus having a higher proportion of variable bases due to IAP insertions (67% from active IAP subtypes) compared to castaneus and musculus (both 56%)</snippet>.
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Mouse endogenous retroviruses utilize a three-class system where MLV representatives belong to Class I (gammaretrovirus-like) and IAP elements belong to Class II (betaretrovirus-like), sharing nomenclature with human ERVs where Class I aligns with ERV1 and Class II with ERV2 <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_wHW5Oiu">. Functionally, endogenous MLVs such as Emv2 can undergo recombination to restore replication competence and produce infectious virus particles in strains like C57BL/6 mice <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. These infectious recombinant MLVs have been identified in murine cancer cell lines, where they contribute to leukemogenesis and tumor development <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. In contrast, IAP elements are autonomous long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons capable of active retrotransposition, contributing to genetic variation <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">. IAP elements are abundant, with approximately 1000 copies per cell, and specific subtypes like ID1 remain active in Mus musculus subspecies <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_VrGqnwN">. Active IAP insertions in Mus musculus domesticus account for a significant proportion of subspecies-specific polymorphisms, indicating ongoing mobilization <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_jaGb9lk">Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs by retrieving evidence from external knowledge bases before generation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">Research suggests hallucinations can be diminished through RAG alongside advanced prompting, specialized fine-tuning, factuality-focused decoding methods, or external database checks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PbQaaQw">However, RAG-based methods have limitations as hallucinations can still occur due to lack of post-hoc verification and they are unable to provide citations for verification</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MJvgffY,S_6v3TJp1">Active Retrieval Augmentation (ARA) frameworks specifically designed for LVLMs show promise by incorporating three critical dimensions: dissecting retrieval targets, selecting effective retrieval methods, and timing retrieval judiciously</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">Despite advantages, RAG also suffers from hallucinations including potential error accumulation within the RAG pipeline and trade-offs between diversity and factuality</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HHkW9B0">Current solutions to mitigate LLM hallucination can be categorized into training-time correction, generation-time correction, and retrieval-augmented correction approaches</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Research from 2023–2025 consistently demonstrates that Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. Multiple studies confirm that RAG enables models to generate responses conditioning on retrieved evidence from external knowledge bases, significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing factual accuracy <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY,S_PbQaaQw">. The technique works by retrieving reliable documents before generation, allowing LLMs to leverage external non-parameterized knowledge alongside internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_OARPrNN">. However, research also cautions that RAG's effectiveness heavily depends on retrieval mechanism quality, and the approach is not without limitations such as error accumulation and citation inaccuracies <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_Gj9myfY">. Several implementations, including Active Retrieval Augmentation frameworks, have empirically validated that optimal retrieval settings can significantly reduce hallucinations <snippet id="S_MJvgffY,S_6v3TJp1">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ,S_i5aMNhp">The Deepwater Horizon response used Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Technique (SCAT) programs to assess oiling conditions and recommend cleanup methods based on habitat type</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_DqGbf1z">response techniques including dispersant application at the wellhead for safety reasons, controlled burns, skimming, siphoning, containment booms, and shoreline scavenging/berms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ys41PcL">Common cleanup methods involve containment and recovery using booms and skimmers, sorbents, and dispersants</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">Bohai Sea studies indicate local harbors should retain sufficient mechanical cleanup facilities including floating booms, oil skimmers, sorbent materials, and tug vessels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8WsCupd">Early mitigation procedures are paramount to controlling oil slicks, with combined action of booms and dispersants being effective if chemical spraying occurs within the first 2-3 days after the accident</snippet>. <snippet id="S_B84eK7e">Shoreline cleanup involved removing floating oil and bulk oil to prevent further spread, with response programs divided into four stages focusing on immediate cleanup during initial oiling periods</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_n6iBrLE">the actual efficiency of skimmers is significantly lower than expected for potential worst-case scenarios</snippet>, suggesting potential gaps in response capability planning.
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<answer>
<snippet id="">No relevant information about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill was found in the search results.</snippet> The provided snippets all concern the Deepwater Horizon (2010, Gulf of Mexico) spill or general response capabilities in other regions like the Chinese Bohai Sea. Specifically, they discuss Deepwater Horizon shoreline oiling, SCAT surveys, dispersant use, boom and skimmer deployment, and cleanup worker participation. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ">Deepwater Horizon oil stranded on 1,773 km of shoreline with 660 km receiving authorized cleanup</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_i5aMNhp">18 SCAT teams surveyed over 7,058 kilometers of shoreline</snippet>. The Boi Sea snippets discuss mechanical facility storage quantities for skimmers and booms. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">The Bohai Sea survey found 133,420 m of floating booms, 9,632 kL/h for skimmers, and 100 vessels available</snippet>. No Hebei Spirit case history from ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean authorities was included in these results.
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<snippet id="S_QMZd9uN,S_NFdiZQm">Vertical eDNA distribution in lakes is strongly influenced by seasonal thermal stratification, with warm-water fish eDNA concentrated above the thermocline and cold-water species below</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_eR9pNyf">thermocline depths (metalimnion) ranged from 0.75 to 3.2 m, with sampling locations 20 m offshore and nearshore within 1 m of the shoreline indicating vertical distribution in littoral and pelagic zones</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DCoNvvE">eDNA in lakes is patchily distributed, necessitating multiple sampling points for detection, with vertical distribution influenced by thermal stratification</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_nblzMDI">the thermocline was confirmed as being between 4.60-6.60 m from the surface</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7ms3BbK">During stratification, eDNA detection varied significantly by depth, with cold-water stenotherms like lake trout and slimy sculpin primarily found at the bottom, while warm-water minnows were more abundant at the surface</snippet>, whereas <snippet id="S_Cx6Mojy">distinct community assemblages are detected above and below the thermocline, with stratification and mixing influence eDNA detection in littoral and pelagic zones</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_qZTbA6e,S_7ms3BbK>Stratification leads to distinct microhabitat isolation where cold-water stenotherms are detectable only in midwater and deep habitats while warm-water minnows are abundant at the surface</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_QMZd9uN,S_7ms3BbK>community detection becomes more uniform across depths during autumn turnover when water column mixing occurs</snippet>. <snippet id=S_eR9pNyf,S_nblzMDI>Thermocline depths vary significantly between lakes, ranging from 0.75 to 3.2 m in some cases to 4.60 to 6.60 m in others</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DCoNvvE,S_qZTbA6e>Patchy distribution necessitates multiple sampling points across depths rather than single samples to capture community heterogeneity</snippet>.
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<snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil is a professional football club based in Hebron, a major city in the Southern West Bank</snippet>, and <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>plays its home matches at Shabab Stadium in Hebron municipality</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Hebron is listed among the West Bank Premier League clubs</snippet>, indicating the club's professional status. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-6>Other West Bank clubs like Beitar Givat Ze'ev and Beitar Ironi Ariel are also based in settlements</snippet>, but Shabab Al-Khalil is the most prominent club from the Southern West Bank region. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil competes in the West Bank Premier League</snippet>, which is the top professional league in the region.
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Based on the search results, the major cities in the Southern West Bank include Hebron (Khalil), which has professional clubs like <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil</snippet>. The club Shabab Al-Dhahiriya from the city of Ad-Dhahiriya is also located in the Southern West Bank <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>. However, the search results do not contain sufficient information about which specific club has won the Palestinian Cup multiple times and plays in a nearby municipality rather than its home city. Additional research is needed to determine the exact club meeting all criteria mentioned in the query.
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<snippet id="S_LNwC0St">The U.S. Department of the Treasury maintains a Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates page with data for 2025</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_9NRdU6Z">official Daily Treasury Bill Rates are available on the interest rate statistics page</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Ex1kQjb">Current 2025 rates show 3-month T-bill yields at 4.03% as of 09/18/2025</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_2WbtkJ5">daily interest rate data accessible via a Treasury Daily Interest Rate XML Feed</snippet>. <snippet id="S_pwGFHPE">The official yield curve uses a par yield curve methodology derived from bid-side market price quotations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AsPkpls">CMT yields are read directly from the Treasury's daily par yield curve and represent bond equivalent yields for securities paying semiannual interest</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_Ex1kQjb>As of September 18, 2025, the 3-month Treasury rate was 4.03%</snippet>. The Treasury provides official yield curve data through its Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates page <snippet id=S_LNwC0St,S_9NRdU6Z,S_Ex1kQjb>. The 10-year rate is available through the same data source, though the snippet cuts off after showing rates for maturities up to 3 years. The Treasury's yield curve methodology uses indicative, bid-side market price quotations to derive par yields <snippet id=S_pwGFHPE,S_AsPkpls>. Official rates can also be accessed via the Treasury's daily interest rate XML feed or API documentation <snippet id=S_2WbtkJ5,S_4AaXlpd>.
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<snippet id="S_hAqLMYW,S_VSuv8i0">Recent reviews on catastrophic climate change highlight that global warming above 5°C is considered "beyond catastrophic" and above 6°C is deemed an "indisputable global catastrophe"</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_60jj79u">tipping point assessments showing effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon up to an eightfold increase in the optimal carbon price</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">Sea level rise risk assessments distinguish between four main qualitative levels, from Undetectable to Very high, with a fifth level describing Extremely high risk as a very high probability of severe and irreversible risks exceeding coping capacity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">Food system vulnerability research identifies abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios as a category of global catastrophic risks that could threaten human well-being on a global scale</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">The research agenda proposes four key strands: understanding extreme climate change dynamics, exploring climate-triggered pathways to mass morbidity and mortality, investigating social fragility and risk cascades, and synthesizing findings into integrated catastrophe assessments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DtXVFtK">Disaster risk management research emphasizes that DRM practices must adapt as societal understanding of risks evolves through multi-hazard risk frameworks</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">the document notes that catastrophic climate change scenarios remain dangerously underexplored in scientific literature</snippet>, indicating a need for more rigorous quantitative assessments.
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The recent search returned primarily climate-focused catastrophic risk literature, with "Climate Endgame" studies emerging as key references defining catastrophe thresholds. Warming above 5°C is categorized as "beyond catastrophic," while warming above 6°C constitutes an "indisputable global catastrophe," with 3°C by century's end marking extreme climate change <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">temperature thresholds for catastrophic outcomes are now being clarified</snippet>. Tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon to an eightfold increase in optimal carbon pricing <snippet id="S_60jj79u">tipping point probabilities demonstrate fat tail risk characteristics</snippet>. However, bad-to-worst-case climate scenarios remain poorly understood despite reasons to suspect they could drive worldwide societal collapse or eventual human extinction <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">catastrophic climate scenarios are underexplored yet critically important</snippet>. Food system risks include abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios that could trigger multiple bread-basket failures and global-scale well-being threats <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">global catastrophic food system risks are identified as existential threats</snippet>. Sea level rise research similarly defines "Extremely high risk" as exceeding socioecological coping capacity and possibly leading to existential or catastrophic outcomes <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">coastal settlement risks reach existential catastrophe thresholds at very high sea level rise</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">Phytochemicals show significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though inconsistent epidemiological results highlight the need for increased fruit and vegetable consumption</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">Key challenges include low bioavailability and toxicity, which may be overcome using nanoparticle delivery mechanisms and chemical analogs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_St3cdIq">Phytochemicals demonstrate potential against HPV-induced cervical cancer, necessitating further research on their efficacy and safety in concurrent HPV-mediated therapies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bChTerS">Experimental studies emphasize the chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of plant-derived substances by inhibiting early carcinogenesis or improving traditional chemotherapeutic agent efficacy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RE7a53S">Reviews have identified 110 articles on pomegranate peel polyphenols for cervical cancer, including cell culture studies reporting antioxidant and anticancer effects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_giUXm46">Combination use of phytochemicals with chemotherapeutic drugs has been shown to enhance their therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells</snippet>.
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Recent reviews have synthesized therapeutic effects of natural products on cervical cancer through inflammatory pathways, highlighting compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, curcumin, and paclitaxel with data primarily from 2010-2021 studies<snippet id="S_RulQFFI">. Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">. Challenges associated with phytochemical use include low bioavailability and toxicity, which may be addressed through chemical analogs, adjuvant therapies, and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms<snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">. Experimental evidence emphasizes chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of plant-derived substances, with combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs shown to enhance therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells<snippet id="S_bChTerS">. Research on phytochemicals against HPV-induced cervical cancer necessitates further investigation into efficacy and safety, particularly through concurrent therapies targeting HPV-mediated mechanisms<snippet id="S_St3cdIq">. Current literature reviews continue to collect experimental works from the last five years elucidating anticancer mechanisms of plant-derived natural products in cervical cancer treatment<snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">.
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<snippet id="S_r2sDDAL">Trust in AI within public institutions is influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers</snippet>, making legitimacy foundational to public authority in politicized contexts <snippet id="S_R1PS8iU">where conflicts over "right" or "fair" decisions heighten the stakes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">Trust determinants include transparency, reliability, and task characteristics which predict cognitive trust, while tangibility and immediacy behaviors affect both cognitive and emotional trust</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">Public trust across domains varies, with participants evaluating AI systems' abilities higher than their benevolence, where greater technological competence and AI familiarity increase perceived capability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F456mxb">Trust levels increase when AI adds perceived value and if humans remain involved, with transparency about AI use being essential for tracking trust changes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">Public perception dimensions including control of AI and ethics are crucial for building trust, with XAI helping to shape public perceptions through transparent and explainable models</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PgHhtbO">Trust in government significantly influences user experiences with AI-based self-service technology in public service delivery, where personalization and aesthetics play positive roles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VLrq6kV">Trust in AI chatbots in the Japanese public sector varies depending on the area of enquiry and communicated purposes for introducing technology, with initial public trust levels varying compared to trust in human administrators</snippet>.
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Trust in AI within public institutions is significantly influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems often viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers <snippet id="S_r2sDDAL,S_R1PS8iU">. Key determinants include transparency and explainability, which are essential for tracking trust changes and fostering responsible AI development <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp,S_1tU6Z3U">. Human oversight remains critical, as trust levels increase when humans remain involved in decision-making processes rather than being replaced entirely by AI <snippet id="S_F456mxb">. Reliability, tangibility, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust in AI systems, while anthropomorphism influences emotional trust <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">. Privacy concerns and data governance also negatively impact trust, particularly when citizens perceive potential privacy invasion <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">. Additionally, public perception of AI control, ethics, and perceived value of AI services are crucial determinants for acceptance in public service contexts <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U,S_F456mxb">. Technological competence and familiarity with AI also correlate with higher trust in AI capabilities across different public service domains <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">.
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<snippet id=b99d28d7-0>The film is available to stream on AMC+, Disney Plus, Hulu, Sundance Now, Philo, The Roku Channel, Fandango at Home, Prime Video or Apple TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>It is also available on AMC+, Sundance Now, Philo, Prime Video, Tubi, Disney+, Hulu, and Sling TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-4>Some sources indicate it can be watched on Amazon Prime Video, Amazon Prime Video with Ads, or for free with ads on Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-8>Decider lists it as available on Tubi TV, Hulu, and AMC+</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-6>IMDb describes it as a crime drama about a former hit man protecting a neighbor from a local crime boss</snippet>.
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<snippet id=b99d28d7-0,b99d28d7-9>Clean is available to stream on multiple platforms including AMC+, Hulu, Prime Video, Apple TV, Tubi, and Roku</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>AMC+ is specifically mentioned as one of the available streaming services for the film</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-1,b99d28d7-2,b99d28d7-4>It can also be accessed through Hulu, Amazon Prime Video, and Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5,b99d28d7-8>Philo and other services like Sundance Now and Disney+ offer the movie as well</snippet>.
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The search results do not contain specific empirical evidence on the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or student co-creation in higher education. <snippet id="S_dUrCta4">While learning outcomes are widely used in assessment processes with assumed benefits, the paper notes tensions and questions whether current operationalization delivers intended benefits</snippet>, but it does not address student involvement in design. <snippet id="S_u5mSiUG">Systematic reviews on educational technology emphasize evaluating learning outcomes as key measures for assessing intervention effectiveness</snippet>, yet they do not specifically examine negotiated assessment outcomes. <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">A systematic review of peer assessment design highlights that reliability and validity are often underreported, with beliefs and perceptions more frequently treated as outcome variables than actual performance</snippet>, but it does not address student co-creation specifically. <snippet id="S_G7aERKv">A scoping review of teacher effectiveness finds no universally accepted definition and suggests student-centered teaching styles are more effective</snippet>, but this focuses on teaching rather than assessment design. <snippet id="S_YVMqQJL">Research on Research-Practice Partnerships notes challenges in measuring partnership effectiveness beyond standard student outcome metrics</snippet>, indicating a gap in empirical research on student involvement in assessment design. The available evidence suggests more rigorous studies with larger sample sizes are needed to address gaps in measuring student satisfaction and implementation processes. <snippet id="S_db6DLhs">Reviews of Outcome-Based Education call for more rigorous studies with larger sample sizes to address gaps in measuring outcomes like student satisfaction</snippet>, but specific negotiated assessment studies remain limited in the search results.
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<answer>
The provided search results do not contain specific empirical evidence or randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or student co-created rubrics in higher education <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv,S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">. Instead, the available literature focuses on broader concepts such as Outcome-Based Education frameworks, general peer assessment design elements, and teacher effectiveness metrics <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv">. While one systematic review notes that reliability and validity are frequently underreported in peer assessment studies, it does not quantify the impact of student involvement in task design <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">. Additional snippets discuss conceptual tensions in learning outcomes or the influence of educational technology without addressing assessment negotiation specifically <snippet id="S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">.
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<snippet id="S_wzDgj5A">Endocytosis maintains lysosomal fitness by delivering enzymes and V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>, which supports lysosomal function. <snippet id="S_EhS0ch1">Lysosomal exocytosis stimulation may have beneficial effects on the accumulation of unprocessed aggregates, leading to their extracellular elimination</snippet>, suggesting endocytic machinery can help clear lysosomal storage. <snippet id="S_gvPHAb9">Lysosomal exocytosis facilitates plasma membrane repair through sphingomyelinase efflux, which enables endocytosis-mediated removal and resealing of damaged membrane</snippet>, creating a protective feedback loop. <snippet id="S_pfxfGLI">However, general downregulation of endocytosis during aging or senescence has been observed, with βPIX and GIT components downregulated in senescent cells</snippet>, indicating endocytosis may become dysfunctional with age. <snippet id="S_mWADzHZ">Impaired lysosomal acidification and reduced hydrolase activity can adversely impact the ability of macrophages to handle exogenous phagocytic cargo</snippet>, showing that when lysosomal function is compromised, endocytic recycling and engulfment are disrupted. <snippet id="S_gCWDTWV">Lysosomal membrane proteins are delivered to lysosomes in a M6P receptor-independent manner via vesicle fusion with plasma membrane followed by endocytosis</snippet>, which represents a pathway for lysosomal protein replenishment. <snippet id="S_BXMwwcV">LNCs can impair lysosomal function and endocytosis, potentially due to alterations in lysosomal pH</snippet>, demonstrating that endocytosis can be negatively impacted by lysosomal dysfunction.
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<snippet id=S_wzDgj5A,S_Y2SP2EN>Endocytosis maintains cellular homeostasis by delivering extracellular and intracellular materials to lysosomes, where they are degraded as part of the autophagy-lysosomal-endosomal system</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_wzDgj5A>Trafficking between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network is imperative for the maintenance of lysosomal fitness as it delivers enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id=S_gCWDTWV>Lysosome biogenesis also requires endocytic pathways, as lysosomal membrane proteins can be delivered via vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane followed by endocytosis</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">Calendar aging of lithium-ion batteries follows the Arrhenius equation, where degradation processes are accelerated by elevated temperatures</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">cycle life decreases dramatically as temperature drops, with a high power graphite/NMC battery's cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">The degradation mechanisms include lithium plating and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film growth, which compete under fast charging conditions</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">the Arrhenius law describing the temperature dependence of reaction rates, where the rate constant is influenced by absolute temperature</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">Studies by Keil et al. (2016) examined NCA, NMC, and LFP at 25°C, 45°C, and 50°C over 300 days, finding that capacity fade did not increase linearly with SOC</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_RHMJrIs">graphite electrodes significantly impact capacity fade when lithiated beyond 50%, as low anode potential accelerates the loss of cyclable lithium</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">SEI growth is identified as the dominant degradation mechanism during calendar aging, causing anodes to suffer from severe pore clogging and film resistance increase</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_Ykw4nQx">cycling aging during slow charging (C-rate ≤ C/6) at 25°C can be considered negligible</snippet>, suggesting that at sub-zero temperatures, cycling degradation may be less severe than at higher temperatures.
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<answer>
Calendar aging follows the Arrhenius equation, where elevated temperatures accelerate aging processes through increased reaction rates, making temperature regulation essential for reducing degradation <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">. SEI growth is the dominant calendar aging mechanism at high temperatures (e.g., 55°C storage), causing pore clogging and film resistance increase in anodes <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">. Higher temperatures and SOC levels significantly increase capacity degradation and internal resistance during calendar aging, with studies showing accelerated fading at 50-60°C storage <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">. In contrast, cyclic aging experiences dramatically accelerated degradation at low temperatures during charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C for graphite/NMC batteries <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. At 5°C, a 16 Ah graphite/NMC battery loses 75% capacity after only 50 cycles compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C, driven primarily by lithium plating rather than SEI growth <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. The Arrhenius law describes temperature dependence of cyclic aging reaction rates, though lithium plating at sub-zero temperatures creates an inflection point that fundamentally alters degradation mechanisms compared to calendar aging <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">.
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The provided search results do not contain the specific threshold value for rC,ave or ΔGave from the Scientific Reports article. The snippets cover various topics including China's research evaluation reform, internationalization of Chinese social sciences, and China's influence on global science <snippet id="S_PtOIRGk">China's research evaluation reform has significantly influenced global science by promoting the use of Science Citation Index (SCI) papers as a primary metric for assessing research quality</snippet>, <snippet id="S_RXJTnMw">In 2018, China significantly influenced global science, particularly in physical sciences STEM, where its share of Scopus papers rose from 8.5% in 2000 to 27.7%</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_maWNX2u">Chinese scholars significantly influence global research, particularly in the US, where a substantial portion of doctoral students on temporary visas are engaged as research assistants</snippet>. However, none of the snippets reference the specific threshold values or the Scientific Reports article with rC,ave and ΔGave variables. A new search with more specific terms or the DOI may be needed to locate the exact threshold value.
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<snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_NyxI5ht,S_RTxg6u0,S_PnWYPRp,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u">None of the provided search results contain information about a Scientific Reports article with the specific variables rC,ave and ΔGave or their critical threshold values</snippet>. The retrieved snippets discuss various aspects of Chinese research output, publication incentives, and global science influence, but none reference the target paper with the threshold information the agent is seeking <snippet id="S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t">The only mentions of "Chinese scholars" in global research context appear in titles without corresponding content</snippet>. The agent may need to refine their search with more specific terms such as "Scientific Reports rC,ave ΔGave threshold" without the broader China influence query to locate the exact paper.
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<snippet id="22895,68190,89881">Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) was an 18th-century Swedish naturalist who formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy</snippet>. <snippet id="22895,68190,89881">He introduced the two-part Latin species name consisting of genus and specific epithet, along with hierarchical ranks such as kingdom, class, order, genus, and species</snippet>. <snippet id="68190">His system standardized classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming</snippet>. <snippet id="22895">Linnaeus taught at Uppsala, wrote chiefly in Latin, and was ennobled in 1761 as Carl von Linné</snippet>. <snippet id="89881">His botanical sexual system classified plants by stamens and pistils, which was popular and influential</snippet>. <snippet id="89881">Linnaean taxonomy endures as the basis for naming and organizing biodiversity, though additional ranks and evolutionary concepts were later added</snippet>.
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<answer>
Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), an 18th-century Swedish naturalist, formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy <snippet id="22895, 68190">. He introduced a two-part Latin naming system (genus + specific epithet), such as Homo sapiens, through his publication of Systema Naturae (first edition 1735) <snippet id="22895, 89881">. Linnaeus also established hierarchical classification ranks including kingdom, class, order, genus, and species <snippet id="22895, 89881">. His system standardized biological classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming <snippet id="68190">. Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaean taxonomy continues to serve as the foundation for organizing biodiversity <snippet id="22895, 89881">.
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<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Tony Horwitz, a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist who retraced the voyages of Captain James Cook</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>The book details Horwitz's journeys retracing Cook's voyages across the Pacific, following a specific route to explore the British explorer's final voyage to the Pacific islands</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-0>The narrative is described as an exhilarating tale of historic adventure involving the retracing of Captain Cook's voyages</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-3,1701849e-4>Tony Horwitz is a journalist who won a Pulitzer Prize, having previously written about the Civil War in "Confederates in the Attic"</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Tony Horwitz</snippet>, which retraces the voyages of British explorer Captain James Cook across the Pacific <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>. Cook was from Yorkshire, a county in northern England, and his historic HMS Endeavour has been reconstructed for modern voyages <snippet id=1701849e-6>. The book follows a specific route through Pacific island countries that Cook originally visited during his explorations <snippet id=1701849e-5>. Horwitz's approach combines historical research with personal adventure travel to explore Cook's legacy <snippet id=1701849e-1>. This work differed from Horwitz's previous books by focusing on a specific exploration route across the Pacific Ocean <snippet id=1701849e-6>.
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<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH">The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM) by necessitating remote work and digitalization, particularly in Georgian companies, impacting employee adaptability and work-life balance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rm0f44F">The pandemic accelerated digital transformation in HRM, with remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce, emphasizing the need for e-HRM and digitalization to enhance flexibility and productivity while addressing employee wellbeing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sFMyq5N">The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged the maintenance of conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention from the scientific community in order to deal with such challenges</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">Human resource management (HRM) is in the heart of these transformations helping organizations to navigate in the vague present and unforeseeable future, with HRM needs to manage people in companies during the crisis in order to enable business continuity and ensure work-life balance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hGtii0p">The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated a shift to online training and highlighted challenges in teamwork and productivity among HRD professionals, with a study of 208 supervisory respondents in Poland revealing the need for S-HRD principles to enhance employee engagement and adaptability in HR practices from December 2020 to January 2021</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_CbPhWNe">The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), with remote work necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms and e-HRM practices</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH,Sn_rm0f44F">Research indicates this acceleration has been global in scope, with one study noting remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi,S_sFMyq5N">Systematic literature reviews characterize COVID-19 as a complicator-disruptor-enabler that challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">The crisis established lasting implications including more flexible, remote-friendly digital working norms that organizations must address through new policies and hybrid working models</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">Preprint servers like bioRxiv do not perform peer review but implement a screening process to filter out inappropriate content, including nonscientific material, non-biological content, and potentially harmful information</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lUJRGnM">Screening checks typically involve assessing article scope, plagiarism, and legal/ethical issues, with some platforms like Research Square, bioRxiv, and medRxiv specifically checking for unfounded medical claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">Pre-peer review screening includes checks for plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language and quality of expression</snippet>. <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">MedRxiv screens submissions for material that could endanger public health, including dual-use research and pathogens of pandemic potential</snippet>. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">Each preprint includes a warning indicating the lack of peer review, and platforms emphasize these materials should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">Key quality control measures on arXiv include author registration and endorsement, completeness, relevance, plagiarism, language appropriateness, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">arXiv performs pre-peer review screening that includes plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language quality</snippet>, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">but does not conduct formal peer review before posting</snippet>. Key quality control measures on arXiv include <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">author registration and endorsement requirements, completeness checks, relevance verification, plagiarism detection, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>, unlike bioRxiv and medRxiv which screen for material that could endanger public health or pose biosecurity risks. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">ArXiv emphasizes that its materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. Despite the absence of peer review, preprints on arXiv still undergo screening as a "coarse filter" to exclude nonscientific or inappropriate content, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">though this does not guarantee validity of the content</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kOME3NW">The interactive reading (IR) task is a framework for AIG and automatic scoring of reading comprehension passages and a suite of questions associated with the passage</snippet>. <snippet id="S_n6aoW4b">The page discusses the construct of reading as defined by Alderson (2000), emphasizing that reading is an interactive process involving both lower-level (bottom-up) and higher-level (top-down) processes</snippet>. However, the provided snippets do not contain explicit definitions contrasting intensive reading with extensive reading, nor do they list specific classroom task examples for each category beyond the assessment types enumerated.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books.</snippet> <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores, and fact-checking explanation model fine-tuned on the PUBHEALTH dataset achieved promising performance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_wkwj2K0">We employed four pre-trained models: original BERT uncased, SCIBERT, BIOBERT v1.0, and also BIOBERT v1.1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">BIOBERT is trained on abstracts from PubMed and full article texts from PubMed Central, and BIOBERT demonstrates higher accuracies when compared to BERT for named entity recognition, relation extraction and question answering in the biomedical domain</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">Wadden et al proposed the automatic fact-checking pipeline with the SCI-FACT dataset that retrieves abstracts based on input claims according to the TD-IDF similarity, selects rationale sentences and then predicts the labels (SUPPORTS, REFUTES, or NOINFO) of abstracts regarding the given claims with BERT based related language models</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">On three medical fact-checking datasets, including HEALTHVER, COVID-Fact, and SCI-FACT, MULTIVERS showed better performance on the zero-shot and few-shot settings compared with existing methods, due to the weak supervision by the multi-task learning</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">Our experiments showed that training deep learning models on real-world medical claims greatly improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RXgSB12">Our experiments show that training deep learning-based fact-checking models on real-world and in-domain claims substantially improves the performance compared to training on synthetic and open-domain claims</snippet>.
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Research on medical fact-checking shows that domain-specific language models often outperform general models on health claim verification tasks. On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores compared to BERT and other baseline models <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. BioBERT demonstrates higher accuracies than BERT for biomedical tasks including named entity recognition, relation extraction, and question answering in the biomedical domain <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. Similarly, SCIBERT shows improvements over the original BERT and outperforms it in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. However, performance varies by dataset; on SCIFACT, RoBERTa-large achieved the best performance among the sentence encoders tested, including SciBERT and BioMedRoBERTa <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. Additionally, training deep learning models on real-world medical claims substantially improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">.
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<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">The waterfall model is a traditional, linear and sequential software development approach where progress flows steadily downwards through distinct phases: system specification, planning, design, development, testing, and deployment</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ">Each phase must be completed before the next begins, with the output of one phase serving as the input for the next</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ">While it is possible to revisit a previous phase, substantial changes in requirements typically cannot be accommodated without significant disruption</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">In contrast, the iterative model allows for initial simplified implementations that evolve through multiple iterations, with projects divided into smaller parts that undergo repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">The Waterfall-Iterative approach (also noted as "Waterative") integrates Waterfall and Iterative approaches with phases executed iteratively as the project elaborates, including requirement analysis for each iteration and design phases that add functionality on each cycle</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The waterfall model is characterized by strict documentation and end products for each stage, making it relatively slow and time-consuming compared to iterative methods</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">The traditional waterfall model is defined as a linear, sequential software development approach where each phase must be completed before the next begins, with strict documentation and sign-offs required between stages</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">In contrast, "iterative waterfall" (also called "Waterative") executes waterfall phases iteratively as the project elaborates, incorporating requirement analysis for each iteration with design followed by product backlog creation using Scrum framework's agile principles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model allows incremental changes and divided project parts with repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation, enabling more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to waterfall</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">A key distinction is that waterfall accommodates substantial requirement changes with significant disruption, whereas iterative approaches emphasize evolving implementations with each cycle enhancing previous work</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz,S_u8WEXgX">Waterfall is characterized by sequential phases requiring strict documentation and end products per stage, while iterative/wative approaches include unit testing during sprints followed by systems integration testing and user acceptance testing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">Waterfall approaches work well for simple, straightforward projects, but are less suitable for complex projects requiring flexibility</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_IbmwH6I">Digital banking has enhanced financial inclusion by offering accessible and affordable services, with outcomes varying based on regulatory environments and economic development</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ipBYA4S">Digital financial inclusion involves accessing formal financial services via digital platforms like mobile phones and computers, including services such as digital payments and lending</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4uYEvn0">Digital transformation in the financial sector is linked to enhanced financial inclusion and operational efficiency, with research showing increased financial inclusion correlates with lower account costs and higher savings</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cecyK56">The economic impact of financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa varies between traditional and digital finance, with digital financial inclusion being more significant in low-income countries due to inefficiencies in traditional banking</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AlV0rKF">Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability (measured by z-score) and negatively correlates with non-performing loans, though increased bank competition negatively affects stability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gkl8lvJ">Mobile banking and e-payments have recently increased financial inclusion among developing countries, with China finding digital financial inclusion accelerated household consumption through online shopping and digital payments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kq45sEh">Digitalisation involves the application of digital technologies to enhance business practices and facilitate exchanges, leading to improved productivity and business capabilities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IbmwH6I">The study emphasizes the potential for cross-country learning to improve digital banking's effectiveness in promoting financial inclusion globally and offers recommendations for policymakers and financial institutions</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X>S digital transformation in banking is defined as the application of innovative technologies, particularly digital payments, to enhance financial inclusion and operational efficiency</snippet>, with research showing it <snippet id=S_4uYEvn0>S diminishes the impact of income levels on financial service access</snippet> while enhancing account ownership and savings. <snippet id=S_cecyK56>S Economic impact varies by income level: in low-income countries, digital financial inclusion is more significant than traditional finance due to banking inefficiencies</snippet>, whereas in middle-income countries both forms complement each other. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability (z-score) and negatively with non-performing loans</snippet>, though increased bank competition negatively affects stability according to the competition-fragility hypothesis. <snippet id=S_kq45sEh>S Challenges include data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy</snippet>, with findings from Sub-Saharan Africa, ASEAN, and EU contexts; <snippet id=S_cecyK56,S_Q1OC4lz>Yemen-specific evidence is sparse and limited by fragile state conditions</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Policy recommendations emphasize promoting digital financial literacy, regulatory frameworks treating digital and traditional finance as complementary</snippet>, and strategic measures to maintain bank stability alongside inclusion initiatives.
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<snippet id="55190,81776">Never Look Back (1952) is a British B‑drama produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>, with <snippet id="55190">directed by Francis Searle and released 26 May 1952 in the UK</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776">Harry H. Corbett appears briefly as a policeman</snippet>, while <snippet id="81776">Hugh Sinclair stars as the fiancé who prosecutes</snippet>. <snippet id="55190">The film runs 73 minutes and was shot at Mancunian Studios</snippet>. <snippet id="86941">It is a 73-minute B&W production with no conflicting source details found</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The 1952 British drama Never Look Back was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett appears in a brief supporting role as a policeman</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Hugh Sinclair is confirmed as a main star in the cast, playing the prosecutor</snippet>. The production ran for 73 minutes and was shot at Mancunian Studios between September and October 1951.
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<snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI">The insulinogenic index (IGI) and disposition index (DI) are commonly used measures of beta-cell function, where IGI reflects early-phase insulin secretion and DI integrates insulin sensitivity with insulin secretion</snippet>. <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2">However, traditional DI calculations often overlook adipose tissue insulin resistance, which can impair beta-cell function through elevated free fatty acids (FFAs) and inflammatory factors</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">Recent studies have begun to address this gap by incorporating adipose insulin resistance into beta-cell function assessments, deriving adipose-specific DI (DI Adip) to better characterize insulin secretion dynamics in obese adults</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">Multi-omics analysis has identified leptin and GM-CSF as molecules negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI and inflammation markers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_77OipMD">Portal-level beta-cell function can also be assessed using C-peptide-derived insulinogenic indices (IGI_cp), which mirror beta-cell function at the portal level more closely than insulin-based measures</snippet>. <snippet id="S_qpkzufM">These indices are calculated from OGTT data using fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour plasma glucose, and serum insulin levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2GRyVKu">DIOGTT (disposition index from OGTT) is a composite measure capturing both insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, calculated as insulinogenic index multiplied by Matsuda index</snippet>. <snippet id="S_i8R9nxi">The insulinogenic index represents early phase insulin secretion and is a commonly used index of beta-cell function, calculated as the ratio of incremental insulin response to glucose at 30 min of OGTT</snippet>. <snippet id="S_C7yV87e">Oral glucose-stimulated early insulin response is reported as insulinogenic index, while acute insulin response (AIR) simulating IVGTT conditions was estimated by BIGTT-AIR, with beta-cell function corrected for whole-body insulin sensitivity expressed as disposition index</snippet>.
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The provided search results do not directly address the relationship between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and pancreatic beta-cell function metrics in humans. The snippets primarily define how beta-cell function indices like the disposition index, insulinogenic index, and acute insulin response are calculated from OGTT or IVGTT data <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_77OipMD">the disposition index is calculated as the product of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion measures such as the insulinogenic index</snippet>. One study suggests adipose tissue insulin resistance affects beta-cell function assessment, noting that elevated plasma free fatty acids can impair β-cell function and proposing adjustments to the disposition index to account for adipose tissue <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2">incorporating adipose insulin resistance into assessments provides a more comprehensive index of β-cell function</snippet>. Another study reported that leptin and GM-CSF were negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI and hsCRP, indicating roles in inflammation and lipid metabolism <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">leptin and GM-CSF showed negative associations with the disposition index and positive correlations with BMI and inflammatory markers</snippet>. However, none of these snippets provide direct adult human evidence linking VAT or pancreatic fat specifically to beta-cell function measures like disposition index or acute insulin response as the agent was seeking.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources by one-third did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>, though it did result in <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">Research comparing various feed types, including chronological and engagement-based feeds, found that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans</snippet>, but some designs may inadvertently increase perceived threats to free speech. <snippet id="S_mUfOdDp">A 2020 study by Guess et al. found no significant long-term effects of Facebook and Instagram's algorithms on users' affective polarization over a three-month period</snippet>, suggesting the impact of social media algorithms on long-term beliefs is complex. <snippet id="S_EIYKoMB">Recent studies suggest that exposure to diverse perspectives can align local conflicts with broader partisan divides, supporting redesign of social media ranking algorithms to mitigate polarization</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sJfbnsu">The U.S. 2020 Facebook and Instagram Election Study was a unique collaboration between academics and researchers at Meta that allowed unprecedented access to platform data while including extensive safeguards to guarantee research integrity</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>. The intervention aimed to decrease exposure to like-minded sources by one-third, which resulted in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">but did not lead to measurable changes in eight key political attitudes, including affective polarization and belief in false claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">An experiment compared various feed types, including chronological and engagement-based feeds, as well as innovative designs aimed at promoting democratic values</snippet>. Findings indicate that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans, but may inadvertently increase perceived threats to free speech among users <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">. The research also references other studies that examined the influence of exposure to like-minded sources and reshared content, noting that some studies found minimal effects on affective polarization</snippet>.

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<answer>
<snippet id="S_StdTMvV">The CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions at 0.1° resolution using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level based on International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship data</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VGFFWS5">The HWCM approach enhances tropical cyclone risk assessments by simulating high-resolution wind and rain fields, generating multiple impact scenarios crucial for evaluating storm flood damages in vulnerable communities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IAQSdJr">Flood protection service valuation studies show risk assessment accuracy increases by 43 ha, 357 people, and US$ 0.46 million when using 1,000 years of synthetic tropical cyclones versus 71 years of historical IBTrACS data</snippet>. <snippet id="S_pppTd3w">Research measures flood protection services of mangroves under cyclonic conditions using regression models analyzing over 7,000 historical cyclones and 32 years of wave and sea level data to assess flood impacts on people and property</snippet>. <snippet id="S_GAsmDEl">Coastal storm surge modeling shows heights increasing from 0.88 m to 2.68 m with ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis, highlighting the importance of improved wind field representation for accurate storm surge predictions and coastal flood hazard assessments</snippet>. However, these snippets primarily describe hazard and impact modeling rather than specific IAMs like FUND, PAGE, or DICE/RICE integration methods.
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<answer>
Unfortunately, the provided search results do not contain specific information about how FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE, or other canonical IAMs incorporate extreme weather events into their damage functions. The available snippets focus on hazard modeling (CLIMADA model for tropical cyclones, mangrove flood protection services, hydrodynamic modeling) but do not document IAM integration methods <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>. No snippets describe how IAMs represent extremes as separate impact categories or stochastic shocks to capital/productivity, nor do they detail expected-annual-loss pipelines feeding IAM damages. There is also no evidence of empirically estimated event-specific damage functions (cyclone wind-based, flood depth–damage, heat-wave impacts) being aggregated to macro damages within specific IAM frameworks in these results.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK">HPV entry begins with attachment to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the cell membrane, which are primary receptors including Sdc2 and Sdc4</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK">The major capsid protein L1 first binds to laminin-332 in the basement membrane, followed by conformational changes induced by cyclophilin B that expose the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p">The exposed L2 protein is then cleaved by the cellular protease furin, which reduces L1's affinity for HSPGs and prepares the viral particle for entry</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_qd5yqrp">This process facilitates clathrin-independent endocytosis, typically through micropinocytosis-like mechanisms, where HPV reaches the nucleus within approximately 24 hours via post-endocytic trafficking through endosomes, the Golgi network, and the endoplasmic reticulum</snippet>. <snippet id="S_06dh88l">Virus entry into target keratinocytes is also supported by interactions with attachment receptors such as laminin 332 and heparan sulfate proteoglycans, which trigger conformational changes and subsequent proteolytic processing of L1 and L2 proteins</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4kyiDLH">HPV typically infects the basal layer of stratified squamous epithelium through micro-abrasions or wounds, where L1 binding to HSPGs initiates the conformational change exposing L2 for furin cleavage</snippet>.
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<answer>
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) entry typically begins at microlesions in the epithelium where the major capsid protein L1 binds to laminin-332 or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the basement membrane <S_9692W5p, S_06dh88l, S_ygceipK, S_4kyiDLH>. This initial attachment induces L1 conformational changes, often facilitated by Cyclophilin B, which exposes the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2 <S_9692W5p, S_ygceipK, S_sYaeZRH>. Proteolytic processing follows, where kallikrein-8 cleaves L1 and the cellular protease furin cleaves L2, reducing HSPG affinity and preparing the virion for internalization <S_6cL8am9, S_9692W5p, S_qd5yqrp>. Secondary interactions with receptors such as annexin A2, integrin α6, and tetraspanins like CD151 facilitate clathrin-independent endocytosis or macropinocytosis-like uptake <S_6cL8am9, S_Fgb4QWW, S_06dh88l>. Once internalized, the virus undergoes retrograde trafficking through endosomes and the Golgi network to reach the nucleus for genome release and replication <S_6cL8am9, S_IzJhLSD, S_qd5yqrp>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_FvypqMm">The Laplace mechanism has been applied to preserve user privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_u2uIkcN">it enables privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions</snippet> by adding noise calibrated with standard deviation of √2b based on the function's sensitivity. <snippet id="S_3Vks9VQ">The Laplace mechanism is defined by M(d) := M(d) + Y where Y i ∼ L (∆ 1 / ) are independent and identically distributed for i = 1, . . . , r and ∆ 1 is the L 1-sensitivity of the query</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_dR6xJKK">the Laplace mechanism preserves ( , 0)-differential privacy</snippet> for any function f. <snippet id="S_gaV539r">Dwork et al. proposed the Laplace mechanism, which takes as inputs a database (or stream of data) D, function f, and privacy parameter ε (privacy budget) and returns the true output of f plus some Laplacian noise</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_5htVDhJ,S_urqqOz8">most available snippets focus on general differential privacy definitions rather than specific case studies in high-impact journals</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_FvypqMm">one example mentioning financial data but lacking explicit journal attribution</snippet>. The search results do not contain specific references to IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or top economics/finance journals (JFE, RFS, JF) where this mechanism has been empirically applied to sensitive financial data.
</answer>

<answer>
The search results provide limited evidence of concrete case studies from high-impact journals applying the Laplace mechanism specifically to financial/banking/credit transaction data. Two snippets mention financial applications: S_FvypqMm notes the Laplace mechanism can preserve "user privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions" within parking recommender system research <snippet id=S_FvypqMm>, and S_u2uIkcN states the mechanism enables "privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions" for prospect theoretic analysis <snippet id=S_u2uIkcN>. However, neither snippet explicitly confirms publication in high-impact journals like IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or major finance/economics journals that the agent prioritized <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_3Vks9VQ>. Most other search results discuss the Laplace mechanism in medical data <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG>, social networks <snippet id=S_XWjGWtA,S_gaV539r>, or power flow systems <snippet id=S_3Vks9VQ> rather than verified financial case studies. Additional searches targeting specific journals or verified financial domains would be needed to fully address the agent's goal.
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<answer>
<snippet id="21438">Jitendra Narayan (1886–1922) was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar</snippet>, and <snippet id="21438">he founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet>. <snippet id="21438">As "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar" he played one first‑class cricket match on 18 Mar 1918 against Lord Willingdon's XI, scoring 33 runs</snippet>, though <snippet id="21438">there is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>. <snippet id="57275">Sources indicate an association with a namesake Nripendra Narayan Academy and links to cricketing activity with a Prince of Wales's XI, but the crawled material is fragmentary</snippet>. <snippet id="71327">The source lists biographical details for his younger brothers but does not mention founding a Nripendra Narayan Academy or any Prince of Wales XI involvement</snippet>. <snippet id="21438">He was succeeded by his son Jagaddipendra Narayan</snippet>, and <snippet id="21438">Cooch Behar Palace (Victor Jubilee Palace) remains his royal residence</snippet>.
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<answer>
Jitendra Narayan was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar <snippet id="21438">and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet> as an educational institution named after his father. He played one first‑class cricket match for "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI" against Lord Willingdon's XI on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs total <snippet id="21438">. There is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>, which contradicts one key element of the hypothesis that the match was against the Prince of Wales' XI during the 1921–22 India tour. Biographical details indicate he was linked to Cooch‑Behar Palace (also known as Victor Jubilee Palace) as the ruling Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar during his lifetime <snippet id="21438">, though succession by his offspring is not confirmed in the available snippets. Some sources present conflicting or fragmentary information about the academy founder and cricketing claims <snippet id="57275">, with sibling records listing him as having younger brothers but not documenting all biographical details consistently <snippet id="71327">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_gnrEepM">Studies on monoclonal antibody quantification in plasma indicate that using a single signature peptide (SP) results in significant negative biases (−23 to −62%) and discordant results between SPs</snippet>, whereas <snippet id="S_gnrEepM">hybrid calibrations using protein-level or SIL-protein standards achieved good accuracy with error < 10% and consistent results between SPs (deviations < 15%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BFG6czq">For antibody-drug conjugates, two signature peptides from the tryptic digest (light chain quantitative, heavy chain qualitative) were used</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_XWxG38W">general proteomic quantification methods recommend a minimum of three light and two heavy peptide fragments to enhance reproducibility</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1t8pQcf">The surrogate peptide method for ADCs typically uses light or heavy chain peptides with stable isotopically labeled internal standards (SIL-IS) to enhance quantification accuracy</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_gnrEepM">extended-peptide calibration showed improvements but still lacked acceptable accuracy</snippet> compared to protein-level calibrations. <snippet id="S_AhkXycl">Multiplex LC-MS/MS methods have enabled simultaneous quantification of several co-administered human antibodies (mAbs) in cynomolgus monkey serum with LLOQ around 5-25 µg/mL</snippet>, demonstrating the practical application of these techniques for therapeutic protein analysis.
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<answer>
Current evidence suggests that using two signature peptides is recommended over a single peptide for reliable mAb quantification in serum. A study assessing calibration approaches for monoclonal antibody quantification emphasized "the importance of using two SPs for reliability" and found single peptide calibration had "significant negative biases" and "discordant results between SPs" <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>. Practical implementations in therapeutic protein studies typically employ multiple peptides; for instance, one Fc-engineered mAb PK assay determined concentrations using "multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides" <snippet id=S_kjDg3lX>. Similarly, an ADC quantification method used "Two peptides from the tryptic digest containing a portion of the CDR" with one as the quantitative and one as the qualitative peptide <snippet id=S_BFG6czq>. While single peptides can be detected, protein-level and hybrid calibrations with two SPs achieved "good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results" compared to peptide-level calibration which showed poor reliability <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>.
</answer>