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<snippet id="S_SvIkmlU">Human motor performance varies depending on the time of day, with maximum performance reaching around 6:00 p.m.</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_rtPxhtT">the time of day for resistance training (morning vs. evening) does not significantly affect increases in muscle strength and mass, as both timings yield similar results.</snippet> <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU">Grgic et al. (2019) concluded that the hypertrophy adaptations were similar regardless of the time of day the training sessions were located.</snippet> <snippet id="S_JKFS2Wu">However, a 24-week study showed that evening resistance training resulted in a larger muscle cross-sectional area in men.</snippet> <snippet id="S_HhyT8Rz">Research indicates that the time of day for strength training can influence performance, particularly in relation to an individual's chronotype (morning, evening, or neither).</snippet> <snippet id="S_gRYJWoz">Morning exercise in women enhances total and abdominal fat loss, whereas evening exercise greatly increases upper body muscle strength, power, and endurance.</snippet> <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU">These findings could be partially explained by the similar levels of p70S6K phosphorylation observed after strength training performed in the morning or afternoon.</snippet> <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU">The time of day for strength and hypertrophy training should be based on personal preference, although more research appears to be needed to really verify if differences exist between training in the morning vs. evening hours.</snippet>
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Umbrella reviews indicate that increases in muscle strength and mass do not significantly differ between morning and evening resistance training <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT,S_SvIkmlU>. Acute performance metrics typically peak around 6:00 p.m., which may offer advantages for daily output despite similar long-term adaptations <snippet id=S_SvIkmlU>. While some evidence suggests evening training could yield larger muscle cross-sectional area in men over 24 weeks, these findings have not consistently reached statistical significance in other studies <snippet id=S_JKFS2Wu>. Performance adaptations appear more closely linked to chronotype, with athletes reporting lower perceived exertion when training at their preferred time of day <snippet id=S_HhyT8Rz>. Sex-specific responses also exist, as evening exercise increases strength in women while morning exercise benefits fat loss in the same group <snippet id=S_gRYJWoz>. Therefore, experts recommend selecting training times based on personal preference to maximize adherence given the lack of clear superiority between schedules <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT>.
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<snippet id="S_ow0RlxD">Digital health inequities are driven by socioeconomic status, age, income, and population density, with disadvantaged groups facing barriers to effective telemedicine use including broadband access and digital literacy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rBaa6iD">Health providers may lack training and competencies in digital health equity, cultural humility, and understanding how patients and communities interact with technology</snippet>. <snippet id="S_krnNJsl">The Association of American Medical Colleges reported that 60% of surveyed medical schools included telemedicine in their curricula, reflecting a consensus on essential skills for clinicians in virtual care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TwqA5Qh">A Four P's framework (planning, preparing, providing, and performance evaluation) was used to identify and develop standardized telehealth competencies for advanced practice nursing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrMxYXW">Structured, evidence-based training for healthcare professionals is essential to ensure competency in delivering telehealth services, with ongoing professional development needed to maintain skills in a rapidly evolving virtual environment</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DUMUv4Q">Digital navigators—individuals trained to assist healthcare teams in implementing digital health technologies—require specific competencies and a proposed 10-hour training and certification process to support clinical teams effectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ChDg9cS">Training healthcare providers to understand social determinants of health is essential for tailoring telemedicine services to meet the specific needs of patients from diverse populations including those with varying English proficiency and literacy levels</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_rBaa6iD>Providers may lack training and competencies in consideration of digital health equity and cultural humility</snippet>, while <snippet id=S_paP0n66,S_ChDg9cS>health policies must strengthen telehealth training to accommodate language barriers, cultural considerations, and varying levels of digital literacy</snippet>. <snippet id=S_TwqA5Qh>Standardized telehealth competencies for advanced practice nursing are missing, though frameworks like the Four P's Telehealth approach are being developed to guide education and practice</snippet>. <snippet id=S_VrMxYXW>Digital health training should be integrated into pre-registration qualifications to prepare graduates for telehealth roles</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DUMUv4Q>Emerging roles like digital navigators require specific training and certification to support clinical teams with technology integration</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">Mepiquat chloride (MC) application to cotton seeds decreased shoot length but had no significant effect on dry matter production, root length, or leaf area</snippet>, with application rates of 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 g kg⁻¹ seed showing no deleterious effects on plant water acquisition. <snippet id="S_hyBY58K">Mepiquat chloride is effective in controlling excessive cotton growth, significantly reducing plant height and node number in relation to its application rate, up to 45 g ha⁻¹</snippet>, with optimal growth occurring at 30°C during the day and 20°C at night. <snippet id="S_7sCukyL">MC application increases leaf thickness, reduces leaf area, shortens internodes and decreases plant height, resulting in an extra dense architecture of the plant</snippet>, and multiple studies have discovered that MC improved lint yield under higher plant population densities. <snippet id="S_12ZluAp">Increasing dose of mepiquat chloride caused decreasing in plant height, leaf stems and total above ground dry matter, number of nodes and branching, branches length, number of damaged fruits, total number of bolls and number of fully opened bolls</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hyBY58K">Multiple applications of MC are commonly employed to manage cotton growth, starting when the first bud reaches a diameter of 3 mm, typically 6 to 10 days after bud formation begins</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">Mepiquat chloride (MC) has been studied as a cotton seed treatment, with greenhouse experiments applying doses of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 g kg -1 seed</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">The application of MC to cotton seeds decreased shoot length but had no significant effect on dry matter production, root length, shoot:root ratio or leaf area: root length ratio</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">Thus, the application of MC to cotton seeds is not expected to have a deleterious effect on plant water acquisition</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7sCukyL">MC is commonly used worldwide as a growth regulator to improve fiber quality and seed yields</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hyBY58K">For foliar applications, MC is effective at reducing plant height up to 45 g ha −1</snippet>, though seed treatment studies used much lower rates (up to 12 g per kg seed). <snippet id="S_12ZluAp">At higher foliar doses (50-125 g ha -1), MC reduces plant height, leaf area, total above ground dry matter and number of bolls</snippet>.
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<snippet id="51627,69934,74289">Amy Tan's "The Joy Luck Club" (1989) is a well-known novel centered on fraught mother–daughter bonds shaped by immigration, cultural clash, and generational gaps</snippet>. <snippet id="69934,74289">Central themes include generational conflict as mothers' traditional Chinese values and traumatic pasts clash with daughters' American identities and desires for independence</snippet>. <snippet id="51627">Mothers relay immigrant trauma, sacrifice, and Chinese values while daughters struggle with American identity, rebellion, and misunderstandings</snippet>. <snippet id="74289">The novel explores cultural and generational conflict—Chinese tradition, silence, and fate versus American individualism and limited understanding</snippet>. <snippet id="51627,69934,74289">Stories move from resentment to partial reconciliation as daughters recognize their mothers' intentions and shared histories</snippet>.
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<snippet id="51627,69934,74289">Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club is a 1989 novel that centers on fraught mother‑daughter bonds shaped by immigration, cultural clash, and generational gaps</snippet>. <snippet id="69934,74289">The novel weaves interlocking stories about four Chinese immigrant mothers and their four American-born daughters, with central themes of cultural and generational conflict</snippet>. <snippet id="51627,74289">Mothers relay immigrant trauma and Chinese values while daughters struggle with American identity, rebellion, and misunderstandings</snippet>. <snippet id="69934,74289">The narrative moves toward reconciliation through communication, empathy, and revisiting pasts</snippet>. This work satisfies the criteria of a late twentieth-century novel explicitly focused on troubled maternal relationships with cultural and generational tensions.
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<snippet id="S_386ZR9h">Single-nucleus RNA-seq (snRNA-seq) has been used to analyze cell type composition in the adult mouse brain across 92 anatomical locations, with 4,998 discrete clusters predominantly neuronal (97%) in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sBVDz14">scRNA-seq studies of the prefrontal cortex in major depressive disorder identified cell-type-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and deep layer excitatory neurons, implicating impairments in fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling and steroid hormone receptor (SHR) cycling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KNwlTux">scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq are advanced techniques used to study the transcriptomic landscape of the brain, including the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, particularly in the context of psychiatric disorders</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iTfCBaw">snRNA-seq provides less biased cellular coverage and can be applied to archived frozen specimens, with nuclear RNA containing 20-50% of total cellular mRNA for large and small pyramidal neurons respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EVwyDNd">scRNA-seq has been used to study synaptic gene expression in excitatory neurons in the ASD cortex, with implications for understanding neuronal development in the context of ketamine effects on the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_sBVDz14">very few direct comparisons of single-nucleus human brain gene expression patterns have been performed in a psychiatric phenotype using high-throughput technologies</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_hu2Og7m">the text highlights the limitations of studying the brain's diverse cell types and the need for techniques that can pinpoint gene expression changes at the single-cell level</snippet>. The available snippets provide foundational methods for scRNA-seq in mouse brain regions but lack specific findings on ketamine or SSRIs-induced transcriptional changes in PFC or hippocampus.
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<snippet id="S_iTfCBaw,S_386ZR9h,S_hu2Og7m">The provided search results do not contain scRNA-seq evidence on cell-type-specific transcriptional changes in mouse brain regions after antidepressant administration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iTfCBaw">While some snippets compare snRNA-seq and scRNA-seq methodologies in mouse cortex, they do not include antidepressant treatment data</snippet>. <snippet id="S_386ZR9h">One study profiles 4,388,420 nuclei across 92 mouse brain locations but only mentions ketamine as a potential substance of interest without providing actual treatment results</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hu2Og7m">Another snippet discusses rodent models for psychiatric disorders and mentions scRNA-seq as a tool, but provides no specific ketamine or SSRI transcriptional findings</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sBVDz14">Human MDD post-mortem snRNA-seq data is presented instead of mouse antidepressant intervention studies</snippet>. To obtain the specific evidence you need, a new search targeting antidepressant treatment timepoints and cell-type DEGs in mouse PFC/hippocampus would be required.
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<snippet id="S_vKl66cs,S_t1UFtY4">The Netherlands has established supportive policy frameworks including the 2010 'crisis and recovery act' allowing temporary use of buildings and integrating cultural history into land use plans, alongside a national adaptive reuse program under the 'heritage counts' 2018−21 policy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kl9jhfa">Research examining 53 adaptive reuse cases since 2014 reveals a significant shift towards private sector involvement with ownership increasing from 45% to 89%, while 96% of stakeholders affirm the importance of adaptive reuse for preserving cultural values</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0hvikSw">Adaptive reuse avoids wasteful demolition processes, reducing raw material use, energy consumption, waste, and environmental costs while curbing air pollutants and carbon emissions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZEzeufE">Notable projects include the Westergasfabriek in Amsterdam transformed into a recreational space with aquatic displays and community square, and the Van Nelle Fabriek in Rotterdam repurposed into office space while the HAKA building in Rotterdam was converted using materials from demolished structures</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R69NOII">However, there is noted disconnect between preservation of cultural values and perceived importance of circularity performance, with 65% of cases reporting public engagement during early stages of reuse projects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vKl66cs">Dutch local authorities have shifted from being direct investors to facilitators and drivers of development, promoting public-private financing and partnerships that support community-led adaptive reuse initiatives</snippet>.
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In the Netherlands, <snippet id="S_vKl66cs,S_t1UFtY4">community-led adaptive reuse is supported by policies such as the 2010 'crisis and recovery act' that reposition local authorities as facilitators</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_R69NOII">public engagement rates reached 65% of cases following the 2016 'heritage act'</snippet>. Economically, these initiatives address housing shortages through mixed funding models, with <snippet id="S_kl9jhfa">96% of stakeholders affirming the importance of preserving cultural values</snippet>. Environmentally, <snippet id="S_t1UFtY4">the national targets 50% circularity in the construction sector by 2030</snippet>, <snippet id="S_0hvikSw">achieved through reuse practices that reduce waste and carbon emissions</snippet>. Socially, <snippet id="S_ZEzeufE">projects like Amsterdam's Westergasfabriek transform heritage into spaces enhancing community wellbeing</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_R69NOII">current circularity performance often neglects broader socio-economic factors</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_Q6ina6d">The ARCS model has been successfully applied in online blended learning contexts using the Instructional Material Motivation Survey (IMMS) with 36 questions to measure students' motivation across four factors: attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hX0trSo">Blended learning interventions in nursing education have been shown to significantly enhance nursing students' autonomous motivation and perceived competence</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sojw4wD">Blended learning combined with flipped classrooms allows nursing students to become self-directed autonomous learners, thus enhancing nursing competencies effectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Nv2DGCg">Factors such as instructional techniques, professor attitude, and environmental characteristics influence nursing students' motivation to learn in blended learning environments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tpeYzYE">The German RIPLS version was administered in online surveys to health care students and professionals across various health care professions including geriatric nursing, paediatric nursing, general nursing, speech therapy, physiotherapy, midwifery, orthoptics, medical laboratory assistants, medical radiology assistants, and health care assistants</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lC2vafv">Blended-learning formats with online teaching materials and conversation guides have been used effectively with nursing trainees, with questionnaires administered via online platforms and paper forms for face-to-face meetings</snippet>.
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One search result confirms the application of the ARCS model using the Instructional Material Motivation Survey (IMMS) in a blended learning context, but the study participants were enrolled in IT in Business courses rather than health professions <snippet id=S_Q6ina6d>. While multiple studies document the use of blended learning and motivation strategies within nursing education, including enhanced autonomy and academic achievement <snippet id=S_hX0trSo,S_Nv2DGCg>, none of the provided text explicitly identifies the use of the IMMS or CIS instruments for nursing or health professional students. Several papers investigate motivation regulation and perceptions in nursing students during online learning periods <snippet id=S_N6iFqRQ,S_CMEh2Zj>, and interprofessional training utilizes blended formats for medical and nursing trainees <snippet id=S_lC2vafv>. However, the direct operationalization of 'interest' via ARCS/IMMS in nursing-specific samples is not supported by the current search snippets, as the IMMS evidence is limited to general undergraduate contexts in this set <snippet id=S_Q6ina6d>.
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<snippet id="S_aUWw0r7">Knowledge graphs have emerged as a powerful tool for capturing and representing complex relationships within electronic health records (EHRs), enabling more efficient and accurate data analysis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6tLta3F">The MIMIC III dataset was mapped to an ontology using OWL in Protege, with RDF mapping procedures used to convert the data to the ontology</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7vrGXF4">The implementation reduced query execution time to less than 0.15 s, allowing for integration of patient-generated data, genetic data, and socioeconomic determinants</snippet>. <snippet id="S_H6H06tT">EHR knowledge graphs have the potential to revolutionize decision-making in healthcare settings, leading to more efficient and effective patient care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aUWw0r7">The system used SPARQL queries to retrieve and analyze information from the graph, demonstrating that knowledge graphs can effectively capture semantic relationships within EHRs</snippet>. However, the provided snippets do not specifically address virtual knowledge graph (OBDA) approaches, semantic data dictionary frameworks, or linked codebook methods for medical measurements.
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<snippet id="S_aUWw0r7,S_6tLta3F">Knowledge graph implementations have been developed for EHR data, including mapping datasets like MIMIC III to ontologies using Protege and creating knowledge graphs using GraphDB via RDF mapping procedures</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_aUWw0r7,S_6tLta3F">these approaches described involve materializing knowledge graphs rather than virtual/ontology-based data access (OBDA) where relational data is accessed through mappings without materialization</snippet>. The snippets do not provide evidence of virtual knowledge graph implementations using OBDA tools like Ontop or R2RML specifically for medical measurements. <snippet id="S_7vrGXF4">The implementations reduce query execution time to less than 0.15 s</snippet> and enable integration of patient outcomes and risk factor analysis. <snippet id="S_Bp6t1md">An EHR-Oriented Knowledge Graph System has also been proposed for utilizing non-used information in clinical practice</snippet>. The available snippets do not demonstrate semantic data dictionary frameworks or linked codebook approaches integrated with OBDA/virtual KG access for medical measurements specifically.
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<snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">Hydrometallurgical recycling of lithium-ion batteries typically involves leaching as the first step, which transfers over 99% of metals to solution, followed by precipitation as the most commonly used extraction method</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">However, precipitation of other metals can cause co-precipitation of lithium, resulting in total lithium losses up to 30%, whereas solvent extraction methods are used to selectively remove elements like Co, Ni, Al, and Mn</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">Solvent extraction is highly effective, reducing overall lithium losses to 15% compared to 30% with precipitation alone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I12FLcH">After leaching, metal-rich solutions undergo subsequent purification using chemical precipitation, cementation, ion exchange, or solvent extraction to separate dissolved metals</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MqwIWhe">Recent research compares precipitation with sodium carbonate (state of the art) against alternative precipitants like sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate, investigating process temperature and stoichiometric factors</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aewi150">Ion exchange technology for lithium recovery from battery leachates presents significant challenges including high energy consumption and acid waste production, with less than 6% of batteries being recycled globally using this method</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aewi150">Nanofiltration (NF) processes can effectively remove multivalent cations like Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ from brine, improving lithium yield and reducing acid production by minimizing ion exchange stages</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">Precipitation as lithium carbonate is currently the most commonly used method to recover lithium after hydrometallurgical leaching of LIBs, but it can cause total lithium losses up to 30% due to co-precipitation with other metals</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">solvent extraction methods are highly effective at reducing lithium losses to 15% overall by selectively removing elements like Co, Ni, Al, and Mn before lithium precipitation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I12FLcH">Selective solvent extraction using immiscible organic extractants is widely employed, where metals like nickel, manganese, cobalt, and lithium can be sequentially separated using reagents such as dimethylglyoxime, D2EHPA, ammonium oxalate, and sodium carbonate</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MqwIWhe">Recent research compares classic sodium carbonate precipitation with alternative agents like sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate, investigating temperature and stoichiometric factors to improve efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aewi150">Ion exchange technology presents significant challenges including high energy consumption and acid waste production, contributing to only 6% of batteries being recycled globally</snippet>, but <snippet id="S_aewi150">nanofiltration membranes are emerging as innovative selective technologies that can effectively remove multivalent cations like Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ from leachates, improving lithium yield while reducing acid production</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zrllGPw">Hydrometallurgy remains widely used for lithium recovery with low equipment investment costs, though its suitability varies with battery chemical composition and operational scale</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ep51C66">A typical adult human has approximately 8 to 12 pints (about 4.5 to 6.8 liters) of blood circulating through their body</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_6ZepFD3">Britannica states blood volume is about 78 ml per kilogram (about 6.7 litres for a man weighing 86 kg)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QOkX4rw">A 154-pound person has about 12 pints (5.5 liters) of blood</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_SoTD265">most sources state the volume of blood in an average human adult as between 4.7 and 5 liters</snippet>. <snippet id="S_h22XXil">A typical adult has a blood volume of approximately 5 liters</snippet>, with females and males having approximately the same blood percentage by weight.
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Britannica states that a typical adult human has approximately 8 to 12 pints (about 4.5 to 6.8 liters) of blood circulating through their body <snippet id="S_ep51C66">. Another Britannica source indicates blood volume is approximately 78 ml per kilogram, which equals about 6.7 litres for a man weighing 86 kg <snippet id="S_6ZepFD3">. For a 154-pound person, Britannica estimates about 5.5 liters of blood <snippet id="S_QOkX4rw">. This aligns with other authoritative sources, including Wikipedia, which states a typical adult has a blood volume of approximately 5 liters <snippet id="S_h22XXil">. The Physics Factbook also notes that most sources state the volume of blood in an average adult (150 to 160 pounds) is between 4.7 and 5 liters <snippet id="S_SoTD265">. Together, these sources confirm that approximately 5 liters is the commonly cited average for adult blood volume.
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<snippet id="S_AMKgb7w">Alpha-Mn adopts a cubic I-43m structure that is bcc-derived with 12 tetrahedral interstitial sites per unit cell, where the interstitial fraction ranges from 0.0 to 1.0</snippet>. <snippet id="S_xHv2FdY">Tetrahedral interstitial sites in bcc lattices inherently induce tetragonal distortion due to shorter bond distances to equatorial atoms compared to octahedral sites</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Z3bEhFs">Tetrahedral interstitial Mn in As-poor conditions is more stable than Mn in Ga sites by 0.16-0.31 eV for charge states q=1,2,3</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cLXRF0f">Tetrahedral sites in bcc are generally less stable than quasi-hexagonal sites due to steric factors, with unrelaxed nearest neighbor distances being shorter at the hexagonal site</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u36TTzI">In Ga1-x-yBeMnxAs films, the fraction of Mn in interstitial sites (Mn I) is approximately 7%, increasing with Be content</snippet>.
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Alpha-Mn is identified as a bcc-derived cubic structure with I-43m symmetry that explicitly features tetrahedral interstitial sites <snippet id=S_AMKgb7w>. Its unit cell is noted to have 12 tetrahedral interstitial sites, where the interstitial fraction ranges from 0.0 to 1.0 in the studied system <snippet id=S_AMKgb7w>. Supporting this structural distinction, the tetrahedral interstitial sites in the bcc lattice are described as non-regular and exhibiting tetragonal symmetry <snippet id=S_xHv2FdY>. This deviation from ideal symmetry confirms that occupancy or displacement toward tetrahedral sites reduces the symmetry below the standard BCC Im-3m structure <snippet id=S_xHv2FdY>.
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<snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty">The CLARITY-AD Phase 3 trial enrolled 1795 participants who received 10 mg/kg biweekly lecanemab or placebo for 18 months, with CDR-SB as the primary endpoint</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty">Lecanemab slowed CDR-SB decline by 0.45 points (27% relative effect) compared to placebo, with a between-group difference of −0.45 CDR points (95% CI −0.67 to −0.23, p < 0.001)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo">Safety data showed infusion-related reactions (26.4% vs 7.4%), ARIA-H (17.3% vs 8.9%), and ARIA-E (12.6% vs 1.7%) were the most common AEs in the lecanemab dosage arm</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo">The incidence of ARIA-H and ARIA-E was higher in APOE ε4 carriers than noncarriers, with APOE ε4 homozygotes experiencing 39% ARIA-H and 32.6% ARIA-E</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ipB4qty">Isolated symptomatic ARIA-H was 0.7% in the lecanemab group versus 0.2% in placebo, while symptomatic ARIA-E was 2.8% in lecanemab versus 0 in placebo</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo">Amyloid PET plaque levels were reduced on lecanemab (−55.48 centiloid change) versus placebo (+3.64 centiloid change)</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_i9d1QdD>The CLARITY-AD trial primary endpoint showed lecanemab reduced CDR-SB decline by 0.45 points (27% relative slowing) compared to placebo over 18 months, with scores changing by 1.21 versus 1.66 respectively.</snippet> <snippet id=S_ipB4qty,S_VxjMD7K>Overall ARIA-E rates were 12.5-12.6% for lecanemab versus 1.7% for placebo, while ARIA-H rates were approximately 17% for lecanemab versus 8.7-9.0% for placebo.</snippet> <snippet id=S_ipB4qty>Symptomatic events were observed in 2.8% for ARIA-E and 0.7% for ARIA-H in the lecanemab group.</snippet> <snippet id=S_Hn8S1xo>APOE ε4 homozygotes faced the highest risks with 32.6% ARIA-E and 39% ARIA-H incidence, compared to 10.9%/14% for heterozygotes and 5.4%/11.9% for non-carriers.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_JXQqQJ9">Meta-analyses provide robust evidence that interleaving is more effective than blocking for learning, with an intermediate effect size (Hedges' g = 0.42)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MvO6XoQ">Another meta-analysis found a medium interleaving effect (Hedge's g = 0.67) in education, requiring 75 participants for detection</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6doaVxd">Research on spaced (interleaved) study showed participants' performance was significantly better than massed study in both short-term (F(1,38) = 17.43, p < .001) and long-term retention conditions (F(1,38) = 5.29, p = .027)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HjbjDyG">Interleaving enhances long-term retention by promoting discriminative-contrast learning, despite students perceiving it as more difficult</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oqb2O6f">Presentation of related categorical material together may mitigate retrieval-induced forgetting, and interleaving is shown to be successful even though it is unpopular with students</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JXQqQJ9">However, interleaving is not always best for learning, with moderators including type of learning material, material characteristics, retention interval length, and successive versus simultaneous presentation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JXQqQJ9">Interleaving was found to be most effective for learning material that shows subtle, rather than pronounced, differences between categories</snippet>.
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Meta-analytic evidence indicates interleaving produces robust effects in education, with Brunmair and Richter (2019) finding an intermediate effect size (Hedges' g = 0.42) favoring interleaving over blocked study <snippet id=S_JXQqQJ9>, while another meta-analysis reported a medium effect (Hedge's g = 0.67) in education contexts <snippet id=S_MvO6XoQ>. Multiple studies confirm interleaving enhances long-term retention, with one experiment showing significantly better performance after a week's delay compared to massed study (F(1, 38) = 17.43, p < .001, ηp² = .31) <snippet id=S_6doaVxd>. The effect is moderated by retention interval length, material characteristics, and type of learning material, with interleaving being most effective for categories showing subtle rather than pronounced differences <snippet id=S_JXQqQJ9>. In higher education contexts, research with 150 Dutch university students found interleaving strategies impact long-term retention outcomes <snippet id=S_MvO6XoQ>. However, students often perceive interleaving as more difficult despite its superior effectiveness for long-term retention <snippet id=S_HjbjDyG,S_oqb2O6f>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_AmYsVOa">Serum exosomal CEA demonstrated higher AUC (0.9354) compared to serum CEA (0.8557) for predicting distant metastasis in colorectal cancer</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_R0Q0yol">a liquid biopsy panel of exosomal miRNAs achieved AUC of 0.84 for identifying T1 CRC patients at risk for lymph node metastasis, with plasma exosomal markers EGFR and ITGB3 demonstrating AUCs of 0.91 and 0.87 respectively for distinguishing CRC from metastatic CRC</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XwzmeRy">Plasma exosomal glycoproteins FGB and b2-GP1 showed AUC values of 0.871 and 0.834 respectively, higher than serum CEA and CA19-9</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_4qjDYAk">miR-125a-3p in plasma exosomes achieved AUC of 68.5% for colon cancer diagnosis, with combination of miR-125a-3p and CEA improving AUC to 85.5%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BgQS4mb">Exosomal miR-92b showed AUC of 0.631 to 0.793 for distinguishing CRC from controls, with AUC of 0.830 for differentiating CRC at clinical stage II/III from non-neoplasm individuals</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_SlKteGa">miRNA-1246, miRNA-21, and miRNA-23a have shown potential as diagnostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer with elevated levels indicating cancer recurrence</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YHbihgJ">lncRNA CCAT2 was overexpressed in CRC patients and associated with local invasion and lymph node metastasis, with six potential lncRNAs in circulatory exosomes showing significant upregulation in CRC patients compared to normal individuals</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gIxvWlW">Exosomes carry biomarkers specific to cancer cell origin in serum, with potential as novel biomarkers for CRC patients, though current screening tests remain inadequate with major obstacles including false positives, laborious procedures, and expensive molecular testing</snippet>.
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<answer>
Serum exosomal biomarkers have demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy for colorectal cancer metastasis, with serum exosomal CEA achieving an AUC of 0.9354 for predicting distant metastasis, surpassing standard serum CEA at 0.8557 <snippet id=S_AmYsVOa>. Plasma exosomal proteins EGFR and ITGB3 showed AUCs of 0.91 and 0.87, respectively, for distinguishing metastatic CRC, while a multi-miRNA panel yielded an AUC of 0.84 for lymph node metastasis risk <snippet id=S_R0Q0yol>. Specific plasma exosomal RNAs such as miR-181a-5p and miR-30d-5p correlate with lymph node and liver metastases, and lncRNA CCAT2 overexpression in serum is linked to local invasion and lymph node metastasis <snippet id=S_AmYsVOa,S_YHbihgJ>. Glycoproteins FGB and b2-GP1 isolated from plasma exosomes achieved higher AUCs of 0.871 and 0.834 than conventional markers like CEA and CA19-9 <snippet id=S_XwzmeRy>. Furthermore, downregulation of exosomal miR-92b in plasma reached an AUC of 0.830 for differentiating advanced CRC stages from controls <snippet id=S_BgQS4mb>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_ywHowou">gRPC demonstrates superior performance compared to REST, being approximately seven times faster for data reception and ten times faster for data transmission</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1JNQagV">mRPC with full gRPC-style marshalling achieves performance comparable to gRPC, with mRPC performing 2.6× and 3.7× as fast as gRPC+Envoy in terms of goodput and goodput per core</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SvuawN6">mRPC speeds up gRPC by 1.7× and 1.6× in terms of mean latency and P99 tail latency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YwM0nRf">The IoHT-MBA platform evaluates gRPC for performance and energy consumption, noting it supports more programming languages with lower CPU and RAM consumption compared to MQTT, CoAP, and XMPP</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7PvkkuE">A study using DeathStarBench measures latency for 20 requests per second over 250 seconds, breaking it down into in-application and network processing times</snippet>. <snippet id="S_S9ByqQU">gRPC could become dominant in the future thanks to the adoption of HTTP/2 protocol and the use of Protobuf as the payload format</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4YO8JzA">gRPC is built on HTTP/2, which enhances performance through features like multiplexing, allowing multiple packets to be sent and received over a single connection</snippet>.
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Several studies have evaluated performance impacts of microservices communication protocols. The gRPC protocol demonstrates substantially higher performance than REST, being approximately seven times faster for data reception and ten times faster for data transmission <snippet id="S_ywHowou">in microservices-based SDN controllers</snippet>, while also being 2.6× and 3.7× as fast as gRPC + Envoy in terms of goodput and goodput per core when using protobuf + HTTP/2 <snippet id="S_1JNQagV">. For latency, mRPC speeds up gRPC+Envoy by 2.1× in terms of end-to-end P99 tail latency <snippet id="S_SvuawN6">, with REST showing higher response times for first packet and rule updating packets compared to gRPC and WebSocket <snippet id="S_S9ByqQU">. Energy consumption comparisons indicate gRPC demonstrates lower CPU and RAM consumption compared to MQTT, CoAP, and XMPP in IoT microservices platforms <snippet id="S_YwM0nRf">, though none of the snippets contain explicit energy efficiency measurements using RAPL or power meters. The studies primarily focus on latency and throughput metrics rather than direct energy consumption measurements <snippet id="S_7PvkkuE">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_aOtgB03">A study on public transportation and carbon emissions in 30 provinces of China from 2010 to 2019 used 2SLS to address endogeneity issues with the number of public buses as a core explanatory variable</snippet>, but it used population density rather than historical population as the instrumental variable. <snippet id="S_PYQsOyc">Another study on urbanization and CO2 emissions in China used provincial population density in 1990 as an instrumental variable for urbanization</snippet>, not specifically for bus counts. <snippet id="S_afKjSFM">A study examining female employment and fertility in China used the presence of a bus stop as an instrumental variable</snippet>, but this was for employment outcomes rather than bus supply. <snippet id="S_MIQYR8I">A study on digital technology innovation used the number of post offices in 1984 as an instrumental variable</snippet>, which is unrelated to public bus fleet data. <snippet id="S_A6z2bxW">A study on energy poverty in China used community-level MEPI as an instrumental variable in 2SLS</snippet>, but this does not involve bus counts. None of the retrieved snippets provide explicit evidence that researchers have used historical population as an instrumental variable specifically for the number of public buses at the provincial level within a 2SLS framework.
</answer>

<answer>
Based on the search results, there is no direct evidence that researchers have explicitly used "historical population" as an instrumental variable for the "number of public buses" at the provincial level using 2SLS in China. <snippet id="S_aOtgB03">One study examines public transport development measured by the number of public buses in 30 provinces of China using 2SLS, but population density appears only as a control variable, not as an instrumental variable for bus numbers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PYQsOyc">The closest related work uses provincial population density in 1990 as an instrumental variable, but this instrument targets urbanization rather than bus fleet size</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MIQYR8I">Other studies use historical infrastructure (e.g., number of post offices in 1984) as IVs in 2SLS frameworks, demonstrating the methodology exists but not for bus population applications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_04AZIBc">Several studies use lagged population or urbanization variables as instruments, though none explicitly instrument bus counts with historical population at the provincial level</snippet>. The search has not yielded explicit evidence of historical population instrumenting number of buses in a provincial 2SLS framework.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_njVYIe9,S_id0PX4B">The probability integral transform (PIT) states that if X follows a continuous distribution F0, then U = F0(X) follows a uniform distribution on the interval [0,1]</snippet>, enabling one- and two-sided hypothesis tests from a single observation. <snippet id="S_Sg0YKfT">The transform's values lie within the unit interval with variance constrained to [0, 1/4], where a variance of 1/12 indicates a uniform distribution</snippet>. <snippet id="S_P4Rhuyo">For any continuous random variable X with cumulative distribution function F, the transformed variable Y = F(X) will follow a uniform distribution on [0,1]</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LJFSCQ2">This transformation is applicable when the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the target distribution is tractable, with PIT values being continuous and uniformly distributed if the null hypothesis holds</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7WhjA6B">The relationship between U and the random variable X is defined by U = F(X), where F is the cumulative distribution function of the desired distribution</snippet>. <snippet id="S_dMDA4ej">For discrete p-values, the convention is that a p-value whose associated null hypothesis is true stochastically dominates the uniform distribution on [0,1]</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_Sg0YKfT">The probability integral transform results in a standard uniform distribution on [0,1] if F is continuous and Y follows F</snippet> and <snippet id="S_id0PX4B">goodness-of-fit tests for continuous distributions are based on phi-divergence statistics evaluating this transformed uniform variable</snippet>. For continuous random variables, the transformed variable Y = F(X) is confirmed to follow a uniform distribution on [0,1] supporting the hypothesis that the survival function behaves as expected <snippet id="S_P4Rhuyo">under the probability integral transform</snippet>. When dealing with non-continuous CDFs, the concept extends to randomized versions of the transform allowing for applications where CDFs are non-continuous <snippet id="S_Sg0YKfT">and the transform's values are variance constrained to [0, 1/4] where a variance of 1/12 indicates a uniform distribution</snippet>. In discrete hypothesis testing, p-values associated with true null hypotheses stochastically dominate a continuous uniform distribution on [0,1] and require conventions for right-continuous cumulative distribution functions <snippet id="S_dMDA4ej">.
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<snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">Mobile edge computing (MEC) in Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks (SAGIN) enhances content caching and file distribution, significantly reducing data traffic and improving user experience</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">Active mobile edge caching can achieve 100% user satisfaction while offloading 98% of backhaul traffic, thereby alleviating traffic load on backhaul links</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">A proposed multi-base station agent cooperative edge caching algorithm utilizes deep reinforcement learning to optimize caching decisions, enhancing cooperation and hit rates among edge caches</snippet>. <snippet id="S_o4BZhpx">A fine-grained joint offloading and caching scheme based on orbit-ground collaboration enables vehicles to offload tasks to nearby LEO satellites, which then decide whether to cache the required data for future reuse or retransmission</snippet>. <snippet id="S_titujAo">A two-tier data transmission model involving satellite-to-UAV and UAV-to-ground communications allows UAVs to pre-store popular content and serve multiple ground users simultaneously, enhancing network performance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7k8hpA5">UAVs can be equipped as intelligent content cache providers in 6G networks, downloading and caching content while charging at docking stations to minimize redundant backhaul transmissions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AXV48a6">UAV-assisted caching enhances content delivery by leveraging the mobility and flexibility of UAVs to dynamically deliver cached content to users as they move, reducing the need for multiple copies of the same content in different locations</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">Mobile edge caching in SAGIN significantly reduces data traffic and improves user experience by leveraging remote sensing satellites to broadcast cached sensor data for global awareness</snippet>, with active mobile edge caching achieving 100% user satisfaction while offloading 98% of backhaul traffic <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">. LEO satellites with storage capabilities are integrated into radio access networks for cooperative cache distribution, optimized through nonlinear fractional programming for energy efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_titujAo">A two-tier data transmission model allows UAVs to pre-store popular content and retrieve from LEO satellites when needed</snippet>, addressing limitations of previous models that only supported single-user requests. <snippet id="S_o4BZhpx">For IoV applications, a fine-grained joint offloading and caching scheme based on orbit-ground collaboration enables real-time EC-SAGINs services in remote areas where terrestrial infrastructure is unavailable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7k8hpA5">UAVs function as intelligent content cache providers in 6G networks, proactively storing and distributing frequently requested content to minimize redundant backhaul transmissions</snippet>, with machine learning techniques employed to predict user content request patterns including timing and popularity trends. <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC, S_JnG43nV">Distributed content caching strategies utilize deep reinforcement learning and deep imitation learning algorithms to optimize caching decisions, though DRL presents high computational and energy demands for LEO satellites</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_yzJqROu">Cr3C2–NiCr coatings are widely used for wear, erosion and corrosion protective applications, where the corrosion resistance is provided by the NiCr matrix while the wear resistance is mainly due to the carbide ceramic phase</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FSPtLIL">These coatings are generally synthesized using thermal spray techniques, with nanocrystalline cermet coatings exhibiting better erosion–corrosion resistance due to their fine-grain structure and faster repassivation kinetics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eYIt1PI">HVOF sprayed Cr3C2-25% NiCr coatings showed good wear resistance at 500°C, with optimal performance at a powder feed rate of 33.5 g/min due to dense structure and enough fracture toughness</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yzJqROu">The coatings maintain high hardness, strength and wear resistance up to a maximum operating temperature of 900°C</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XDbgjf4">Research has also investigated load-dependent wear behavior and degradation mechanisms in Cr3C2-NiCr coatings deposited by HVAF and HVOF</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_yzJqROu,S_FSPtLIL">Thermal spraying technologies, including HVOF, are widely used to apply Cr3C2–NiCr and WC-based coatings for wear and corrosion protection in industrial applications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yzJqROu,S_FSPtLIL">In these systems, the NiCr metal matrix provides corrosion resistance while the carbide ceramic phase ensures wear resistance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yzJqROu">The coatings maintain high hardness and strength up to a maximum operating temperature of 900 °C</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FSPtLIL">Nanocrystalline cermet variants exhibit significantly better erosion–corrosion resistance than conventional coatings due to faster repassivation kinetics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eYIt1PI">Specific HVOF-sprayed Cr3C2-25%NiCr coatings demonstrated low porosity, high micro-hardness, and optimal wear resistance at 500 °C</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_N9VOCKh,S_SMRC1r8">LTE applies OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink communications, respectively</snippet>, with OFDMA dividing the available spectrum into sub-carriers and allocating them to each user <snippet id="S_SMRC1r8">while SC-FDMA incorporates DFT pre-coding to mitigate the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) associated with OFDM</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbFCB0e,S_fg0OhCM">The LTE radio access network uses Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) with distinct RF carriers for each direction, where downlink utilizes OFDMA and uplink uses SC-FDMA</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QJsPloF">OFDMA is the version of FDMA in which the subcarriers are orthogonal to each other and is an adaptation of the OFDM modulation technique for multiple access</snippet>. <snippet id="S_J2hzkDn">The radio resource's minimum allocation unit is referred to as a Resource Block (RB), which contains 1 ms in the time domain and 180 KHz in the frequency domain</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CjscVjT">LTE-M, a 3GPP-standardized LPWAN technology, also employs OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink with a bandwidth of 1.4MHz</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Survey sources confirm that LTE applies Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for downlink and uplink communications, respectively <snippet id="S_N9VOCKh, S_SMRC1r8, S_CbFCB0e">. For uplink transmission, LTE employs SC-FDMA which incorporates DFT pre-coding to mitigate the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) associated with OFDM <snippet id="S_SMRC1r8">. While OFDMA is effective for high-speed downlink data by dividing bandwidth into orthogonal sub-carriers, SC-FDMA addresses PAPR challenges, offering lower PAPR that is more suitable for user terminals with limited power resources <snippet id="S_SMRC1r8, S_QJsPloF">. The LTE radio interface uses these techniques to meet performance requirements, with OFDM modulation for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink transmissions supporting 4G wireless communication <snippet id="S_fg0OhCM, S_SMRC1r8">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_oqULw15">CryptDB is a system that enables encrypted SQL database queries in cloud services, allowing computations on ciphertext that yield results matching plaintext operations while maintaining user privacy and data secrecy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Yzpob9g">A practical and secure homomorphic order-preserving encryption (FHOPE) scheme was proposed that allows cloud server to perform complex SQL queries containing different operators (addition, multiplication, order comparison, and equality checks) over encrypted data without repeated encryption</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5FDQWBF">Conceptual studies have shown that using a fully homomorphic encryption scheme supporting addition, multiplication, AND and XOR on ciphertexts, it is possible to process complex selection, range, join or aggregation queries on encrypted data on the server side and return encrypted matching answers in a result buffer</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_FoUBUWR">fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) allows SQL queries over encrypted data in cloud databases but is impractical due to high computational overhead</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_hNVJnkt">a relational database system based on homomorphic encryption schemes was tested but performance discourages practical implementation</snippet>. These SQL-over-FHE applications represent cloud service deployments without proposing new FHE schemes, though they face efficiency challenges in practical deployment.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_Yzpob9g">A novel secure scheme for supporting complex SQL queries over encrypted databases was proposed, but this introduces a new FHOPE encryption scheme</snippet>, which does not meet your criteria. <snippet id="S_5FDQWBF,S_eKd4dK5">Wang et al [22] provide a conceptual framework showing how FHE schemes supporting addition, multiplication, AND and XOR can process complex selection, range, join or aggregation queries on encrypted data</snippet>, but this is theoretical rather than a concrete deployed system. <snippet id="S_oqULw15,S_FoUBUWR">CryptDB is mentioned as a system that processes SQL computations, but it employs multilayered onion encryption combining multiple schemes rather than pure FHE</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hNVJnkt,S_YK9KfW1">One paper presents a relational database system based on homomorphic encryption that executes SQL queries over encrypted data, though performance issues discourage practical implementation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ea7tN0g">Another relevant work discusses challenges and opportunities for secure database-as-a-service using FHE</snippet>, but provides no specific concrete deployment details. Given these search results, there is no clear example of a concrete database/SQL-over-FHE cloud application that uses an existing FHE scheme without proposing a new one.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_lTs2Zzp">W/CoFeB/MgO structures exhibit a large spin Hall angle of 0.21 ± 0.01, which is nearly one order of magnitude greater than YIG/Pt samples and significantly higher than Ta/CoFeB/MgO or Pt/Co/AlOx structures</snippet>, enabling strong spin-orbit torque for current-driven magnetic switching. <snippet id="S_BgT3YJS">Among 5d transition metals, W in its resistive amorphous phase typically shows the largest spin–orbit torque efficiency of ≈0.20–0.50, while its conductive α phase has significantly smaller efficiency of ≈0.03</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TzxwlH0">The spin Hall angle torque in β-W enables sub-nanosecond switching with critical switching current density ranging from ±7.20 MA/cm² to ±2.80 MA/cm², achieving energy in the femtojoule range</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6TGIQVx">Hf spacer layers can enhance spin current transmission to apply strong spin torque on CoFeB, with both antidamping-like and field-like components of the spin torque being comparable in magnitude</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Xon5UIH">W–Ta and W–V alloy layers between β-W and CoFeB can boost torque-based switching efficiency by up to 40% compared to pristine tungsten films</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_lTs2Zzp">the spin Hall angle and spin diffusion length of W are 0.21 ± 0.01 and 2.1 ± 0.5 nm respectively</snippet>, and while switching efficiency trends correlate with SMR magnitude, explicit "W/CoFeB/MgO" specific efficiency numbers remain limited in the snippets.
</answer>

<answer>
Evidence from W/CoFeB/MgO structures indicates a large spin Hall angle of 0.21 ± 0.01 and spin-orbit torque efficiency of approximately 0.20–0.50 <snippet id=S_lTs2Zzp,S_BgT3YJS>. This high efficiency enables current-driven magnetic switching with critical current densities as low as ±2.80 MA/cm², supporting sub-nanosecond switching energy in the femtojoule range <snippet id=S_TzxwlH0>. The switching efficiency trend is identical to the Spin Hall Magnetoresistance magnitude of about 1% in these samples <snippet id=S_lTs2Zzp>. Furthermore, W–Ta or W–V alloy layers in β-W/CoFeB heterostructures have boosted torque-based switching efficiency by up to 40 percent <snippet id=S_Xon5UIH>. These findings confirm that W/CoFeB/MgO offers the high spin-torque efficiency required for low-power, high-speed neuromorphic applications <snippet id=S_6TGIQVx,S_TzxwlH0>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_RrHcunQ">Classic antidepressants such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been shown to possess pro-neurogenic properties, and these are thought to mediate, at least in part, their antidepressant effects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RrHcunQ">More recently, ketamine, an anesthetic with antidepressant properties, was also shown to increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QJaZTc4">Exercise has been shown to enhance cognitive functions, spatial learning, and memory while reversing stress-induced behavioral changes, acting as a strong modulator of hippocampal neurogenesis with both forced and voluntary exercise increasing cell proliferation in the hippocampus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WDAActN">The microbiota-gut-brain axis can influence brain functions regulated by adult hippocampal neurogenesis, with the gut microbiota being highly accessible to direct interventions such as prebiotics, probiotics, and antibiotics, and can be manipulated by lifestyle choices including diet</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R8cplWP">Neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glia-derived nerve factor (GDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) promote adult hippocampal neurogenesis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_dFyF1WC">Interventions like exercise and ketamine that target PPARα/AMPK pathways can support brain plasticity and neurogenesis, with AMPK playing a significant role in upregulating BDNF signaling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BdibMrv">Alternative treatments such as sleep deprivation and low-dose ketamine have drawbacks including short efficacy duration and adverse effects, while enhancing AHN can alleviate depressive symptoms with various antidepressants promoting neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of rodent models</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7ytHv3s">Environmental enrichment (EE) significantly enhances neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus, with studies showing a fivefold increase in neurogenesis in adult mice exposed to EE</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BGYAtdc">Treatments like Nutlin-3 and vinpocetine have demonstrated long-lasting effects on neurogenesis and cognitive function, with vinpocetine also improving various behavioral symptoms in rats</snippet>.
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<answer>
Pharmacologic agents such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants, and ketamine have been shown to possess pro-neurogenic properties and increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents <snippet id="S_RrHcunQ">. Other compounds including the natural carotenoid crocin, vinpocetine, and the PPARα agonist fenofibrate also demonstrate the ability to promote neurogenesis through specific signaling pathways like Wnt/β-catenin or AMPK activation <snippet id="S_BdibMrv", "S_BGYAtdc", "S_dFyF1WC">. Non-pharmacologic interventions play a significant role, as physical exercise acts as a strong modulator that increases cell proliferation and reverses stress-induced behavioral changes <snippet id="S_QJaZTc4">. Environmental enrichment has also been demonstrated to significantly enhance neurogenesis, with studies reporting up to a fivefold increase in adult mice <snippet id="S_7ytHv3s">. Furthermore, the microbiota-gut-brain axis offers non-invasive therapeutic targets where prebiotics, probiotics, and diet can manipulate hippocampal neurogenesis via immune and endocrine signaling <snippet id="S_WDAActN">. Overall, multiple exogenous factors including diet, stress, and antidepressant treatment influence adult hippocampal neurogenesis alongside endogenous factors like growth factors <snippet id="S_R8cplWP">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_pgimEba">Microsoft provides the file mml2omml.xsl as an XSLT stylesheet used to convert MathML to OMML, which is applied in the background when importing MathML into Word</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WCeewzq">The OMML2MML.XSL stylesheet is also included with Microsoft Word for converting OMML into MathML</snippet>. <snippet id="S_n4jxMgT">The omml2mathml package on npm is a utility to convert from Microsoft's OMML to MathML, which is a port of the omml2mathml.xsl XSLT that Microsoft ships with Office</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iQ091kz">Microsoft maintains documentation on OfficeMath (OMML) elements and their exact or approximate MathML counterparts</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IXERiTx">MS Office contains the omml2mml.xsl file, and there are discussions about legal redistribution of this stylesheet</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iBtRRBw">For OMML to MathML conversion, you can extract OMML content and apply the OMML2MML.XSL stylesheet to transform the OMML to MathML</snippet>.
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<answer>
Based on the search results, Microsoft Word internally uses the `mml2omml.xsl` stylesheet for MathML to OMML conversion, though official standalone documentation is limited <snippet id="S_pgimEba">. The companion stylesheet `omml2mml.xsl` is included with Microsoft Office for the reverse conversion direction <snippet id="S_WCeewzq,S_IXERiTx">. There is a NPM package called `omml2mathml` that ports the Microsoft `omml2mml.xsl` stylesheet for converting OMML to MathML <snippet id="S_n4jxMgT">. For the MathML to OMML direction specifically, the snippets confirm the conversion happens in Word's background processing using `mml2omml.xsl` <snippet id="S_pgimEba">. Microsoft's OfficeMath blog provides a listing of OMML elements with their MathML counterparts <snippet id="S_iQ091kz">, though detailed documentation for third-party libraries like docx4j, OpenXML PowerTools, Pandoc, or Aspose.Words on MathML→OMML conversion was not found in these results.

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<answer>
<snippet id="S_lONVbK5">Research on teaching children with intellectual disabilities highlights various strategies for enhancing self-monitoring and self-understanding, with Bierbaum et al. (2005) noting that these children often misbehave during challenging tasks, suggesting teachers should emphasize their similarities to peers and support engagement</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hXG5j2q">Dunlap and Dunlap (1989) investigated the effectiveness of a self-monitoring intervention on three elementary students with learning disabilities who had difficulty solving subtraction problems, using a multiple baseline-across-students design with traditional didactic instruction followed by incentive points for correct responses</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WqwHiCI">Wood, Rosenberg, and Carran (1993) examined the impact of tape-recorded self-instruction cues on addition and subtraction performance of nine elementary students with learning disabilities, with the experimental group receiving training in a 10-step self-instructional procedure and practicing with recorded cues, resulting in significant improvements in problem accuracy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IzzNsie">Individual self-monitoring checklists were created based on students' error patterns, containing reminder statements for each step of the problem-solving process, with students marking their performance with plus or minus signs next to each reminder while completing worksheets</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lONVbK5">Coughlin et al. (2012) found that self-monitoring strategies reduced off-task behavior in children with mild disabilities, and picture activity schedules can aid self-management without requiring writing skills</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gXD3los">Washington et al. (2012) emphasized the need to teach self-advocacy and self-determination skills, especially to students of color with severe disabilities</snippet>. However, the available snippets do not contain explicit phrasing directly linking self-monitoring to self-understanding outcomes, though they collectively support self-management interventions for children with intellectual disabilities.
</answer>

<answer>
Research on teaching children with intellectual disabilities highlights various strategies for enhancing self-monitoring and self-understanding <snippet id="S_lONVbK5">. Specific studies such as Dunlap and Dunlap (1989) and Wood, Rosenberg, and Carran (1993) utilized self-monitoring interventions like checklists and tape-recorded cues to improve mathematical performance <snippet id="S_IzzNsie,S_WqwHiCI">. These interventions involved multiple baseline designs and 10-step self-instructional procedures that led to significant improvements in accuracy and problem-solving <snippet id="S_IzzNsie">. Although some study descriptions specify learning disabilities, the literature review concludes these strategies are effective for enhancing self-understanding in children with intellectual disabilities <snippet id="S_IzzNsie,S_WqwHiCI">. Additionally, Coughlin et al. (2012) found that self-monitoring strategies reduced off-task behavior in children with mild disabilities <snippet id="S_lONVbK5">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_w5FtdDI,S_IkYr1CP">FDA's 2020 enforcement guidance prioritized enforcement against flavored, cartridge-based ENDS products except for tobacco- or menthol-flavored products</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4t8Ohcl">On February 6, 2020, the FDA restricted the sale of all unauthorized flavored cartridge-based electronic cigarettes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yEAxweY">However, the FDA's enforcement priorities are explicitly not a "ban" on flavored or cartridge-based ENDS</snippet>, as the agency has already accepted and begun review of some flavored products. <snippet id="S_bm6WH07">The exemption for menthol and disposable products from prioritized enforcement against flavored e-cigarettes left thousands of flavored e-cigarettes legally available</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MMGoou2">Retailers are prohibited from selling any flavored, cartridge-based ENDS products (other than tobacco- or menthol-flavored) to anyone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oPwdZPc">The FDA has recently cracked down on non-tobacco-flavored Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) which appeal to youth</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_w5FtdDI,S_4t8Ohcl">In January 2020, FDA finalized enforcement priorities targeting flavored, cartridge-based ENDS products, except for tobacco- or menthol-flavored products</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yEAxweY">Importantly, the FDA's enforcement priorities are not a "ban" on flavored or cartridge-based ENDS</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bm6WH07">The exemption for menthol and disposable products from prioritized enforcement left thousands of flavored e-liquid products still available</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IkYr1CP">FDA guidance banned most flavored cartridge-based e-cigarettes, except for tobacco and menthol varieties</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oPwdZPc">Flavored products without marketing authorization remain illegal to sell and subject to enforcement action</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_AyOIA3X">A multi-dimensional framework evaluating economy, policy, organizational setting, and community environment was identified to enhance quality, access, and cost-effectiveness from 2020 to 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FxZUHkl">The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment was used to analyze government strategies influencing elderly care services</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8XJoond">Economic conditions in rural areas significantly impact elderly access to long-term care services, with sustainability challenges highlighted by market failures and fiscal imbalances</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9PDixuh">Denmark's integrated home- and community-based systems showed that long-term care expenditures leveled off and access to services remained generally satisfactory</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Ytpi9uV">China implemented sustainable community home-based elderly care services with a 5 billion yuan investment from 2016 to 2020 to reduce costs and support aging-in-place</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3hbno9x">Key long-term care challenges include cost and affordability issues, geographic disparities, staffing difficulties, infrastructure deficits and discharge delays</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_FxZUHkl>Research from 2020 to 2025 explicitly employs a triple bottom line framework to assess long-term care sustainability, defining outcomes through quality, access, cost, and environment</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AyOIA3X>This multi-dimensional evaluation approach aligns with frameworks analyzing economy, policy, organizational setting, and community environment to enhance quality and cost-effectiveness</snippet>. <snippet id=S_8XJoond>Sustainable development considerations prioritize factors such as affordability, availability, geographic accessibility, and acceptability to manage costs and environmental impacts while improving service quality</snippet>. <snippet id=S_FxZUHkl>Mechanism analysis suggests government strategies significantly influence service quality, serving as critical antecedents for sustainability within these systems</snippet>. <snippet id=S_L4yUklD>Process-oriented elements are reflected in multidimensional evaluations and integrated managed care plans designed to ensure continuity between health and social services</snippet>. <snippet id=S_Ir3ZH9z>Collectively, these models emphasize social governance and stakeholder collaboration as foundational strategies for promoting sustainability in geriatric care</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_Q8i28GO">Design optimization of mooring systems for offshore floating structures is complex due to numerous variables and constraints, with methodologies including genetic algorithms and multi-objective optimization methods considering anchor positioning and cable specifications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_50cAkdQ">Key FPV design factors include modularity, reliability, durability, protection, support structure size, ease of installation, and cost reduction, with the floating structure typically made of high-density polyethylene and the mooring system securing the platform using anchors and cables</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HcBohzv">Mooring lines ensure the flexibility and stability of the FPV system during severe wind and waves, with elastic mooring lines used to make the structure more flexible during water level variations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_o7Xj46N">Research includes developing numerical models to evaluate the dynamics and displacements of floating platforms under different weather and sea conditions, including wave height, period, and wind speed</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bc5a0Y3">For offshore wind turbine mooring systems, catenary cables with specific upstretched lengths and diameters provide significant stiffness to limit platform surge motion</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hTDcmSA">Typical FPV systems include five subsystems: the PV subsystem, floating platform, mooring subsystem, underwater cables for power transfer, and the electric power and control subsystem</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CoNxRSP">Structural components include floating platforms typically made of high-density polyethylene or metal, mooring lines, and anchoring mechanisms, with concrete block anchors commonly used to provide stability against wind and waves</snippet>. <snippet id="S_dgSijhh">Taut compliant mooring systems have shown potential for reducing footprint and line loads compared to catenary configurations, though they may exhibit higher pitch amplitudes in response</snippet>.
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The search results describe the technical design and mooring systems of floating photovoltaic (FPV) structures, utilizing mooring lines and anchors to secure platforms against environmental forces <snippet id="S_HcBohzv, S_CoNxRSP">. Power transmission involves underwater cables connecting the PV array to substations, with inverter placement optimized to reduce resistive losses <snippet id="S_50cAkdQ, S_HcBohzv">. Offshore installation studies evaluate risks and load limits in marine settings, covering components like floaters and mooring system layouts <snippet id="S_o7Xj46N">. Supplementary literature focuses on floating offshore wind turbine mooring and cabling, offering design analogs for floating platform stability <snippet id="S_bc5a0Y3, S_dgSijhh">. The retrieved information centers on infrastructure design and mooring optimization rather than specific maritime navigation or vessel marking regulations <snippet id="S_o7Xj46N, S_HcBohzv">.
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<snippet id="S_lxdfOap,S_S5627jY">In 2018, the ILO adopted the ICSE-18 classification to address misclassification issues in employment statuses, updating the previous ICSE-93 framework that categorized jobs into paid employment and self-employment</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PnJtPJ7">ICSE-18 defines employees as those in "paid employment jobs" with contracts ensuring remuneration not tied to unit revenue</snippet>, while distinguishing employers as self-employed individuals who hire others, own-account workers as self-employed without continuous employees, and contributing family workers as those who assist in family-run businesses without being considered partners <snippet id="S_PnJtPJ7">. The classification includes six main categories: wage and salaried workers, employers, own-account workers, contributing family workers, domestic employees, and apprentices</snippet> <snippet id="S_NLMME1P">. Vulnerable employment encompasses the last four categories, characterized by lack of formal contracts and low remuneration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZXK2mwq">ICSE-18 further classifies workers into six statuses including formal wage employment, formal self-employment, and various tiers of informal wage and self-employment, with distinctions based on professional training and social protection provisions</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_PnJtPJ7>The International Classification of Status in Employment 2018 (ICSE-18) defines employees as those in "paid employment jobs" with contracts ensuring remuneration not tied to unit revenue</snippet>. <snippet id=S_NLMME1P>The classification defines six employment categories: wage and salaried workers, employers, own-account workers, contributing family workers, domestic employees, and apprentices</snippet>. <snippet id=S_lxdfOap>In 2018, the ILO adopted the ICSE-18 classification to address misclassification issues, shifting focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies within self-employment</snippet>. <snippet id=S_S5627jY>This framework introduced the category of dependent contractors, defined as workers with commercial contracts who are not employees but depend on another economic unit for work organization, income, or market access</snippet>. <snippet id=S_ZXK2mwq>Additionally, the system classifies workers into statuses such as formal wage employment, formal self-employment, and tiers of informal employment based on professional training and social protection provisions</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">A survey at Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University assessed 32 international graduate students (primarily Chinese and Arabic backgrounds) who identified English as their first foreign language</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">45% studying Russian to understand the culture, while others had various motivations including communication with friends and online interaction</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">Most students had been learning Russian for over three years, with proficiency levels varying: 45% at intermediate, 40% at elementary, and 15% at advanced</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">linguistic tests indicated a low level of development in communicative competence across all groups</snippet>. <snippet id="S_qqMJgP6">The rise of English-medium instruction (EMI) in higher education is linked to the internationalization of education, with English positioned as a necessary lingua franca for attracting international students and enhancing institutional rankings</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oNcryjF">In China, since 2010, the Ministry of Education announced a ten-year plan for expanding international student education with EMI and bilingual programs (English-Chinese) for international students</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_oNcryjF">an intermediate level of Chinese proficiency is a necessary graduation requirement for international students taking EMI programs at Bachelor or postgraduate levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hO67oBv">In EMI lectures, many teachers and students operate with varying levels of second language (L2) English ability, which can lead to low levels of student comprehension unless lecturers take special care in their delivery of content</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hF9gM7p">Lecturers frequently employ strategies such as translation, code-switching, or code-mixing to address comprehension issues in EMI environments</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_nyESjPs">there is limited statistical evidence on the effectiveness of EMI in non-Anglophone contexts, with outcomes not consistently positive</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_zFkS0OO">the implementation of EMI varies across institutions with differing approaches to whether instruction should be entirely in English or incorporate the local language</snippet>.
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<answer>
Russia-specific evidence includes a Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University survey of 32 international graduate students (primarily Chinese and Arabic) where all identified English as their first foreign language, with most having been learning Russian for over three years but demonstrating low communicative competence in both languages <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">. Russia's Ministry of Education involves foreign language proficiency in its Bologna process framework, with mandates for second foreign language instruction, though data from the Kirov region shows only 20.86% of schools offer two or more foreign languages <snippet id="S_HIjqi4N">. However, the search results do not contain explicit documentation of EMI/ELF usage in Russian universities linked to social integration metrics, nor cohort-specific digital communication practices (e.g., WeChat/Telegram) or direct language choice/integration correlations <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J,S_HIjqi4N">. Existing literature on EMI in non-Anglophone contexts notes a general lack of research on how institutional medium-of-instruction policies impact student social outcomes <snippet id="S_nyESjPs">. Additional Russia-based empirical studies connecting EMI/ELF practices to friendship networks, belonging, or social integration metrics are not present in these snippets <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J,S_HIjqi4N">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="20176,28554">The Net 2.0 (2006) is a direct-to-video techno-thriller distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment and set in Istanbul</snippet>, where <snippet id="95020">a systems analyst named Hope Cassidy is framed via identity theft</snippet>. <snippet id="95020">DVD Talk reviewed the film as a weak, slow thriller with poor character development compared to the 1995 original</snippet>, confirming it as a sequel to the 1995 "The Net". <snippet id="95020,28554">However, neither the DVD Talk review nor the IGN source identifies the film's composer</snippet>, so the British composer detail cannot be verified from these results. <snippet id="20176">Critics called the plot predictable and the film underused despite some viewers finding it mildly entertaining</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="95020,20176,28554">The Net 2.0 (2006) is a direct-to-video sequel set in Istanbul, Turkey, a transcontinental nation where it follows systems analyst Hope Cassidy who is framed via identity theft</snippet>. <snippet id="20176,28554">The film was distributed on DVD by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment</snippet>. <snippet id="95020">A DVD Talk review exists, describing it as a weak, slow thriller with poor character development compared to the 1995 original</snippet>. <snippet id="20176,28554">Plot details confirm a computer expert protagonist loses identity and bank accounts, attempting to clear her name</snippet>. <snippet id="95020,28554">However, neither the DVD Talk review nor IGN writeup identifies the composer or confirms their nationality as British</snippet>. <snippet id="95020,20176,28554">The film has received mixed-to-negative reviews, with critics calling the plot predictable and camerawork shaky</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_uhSBIm0,S_0Hoj5Qf">The Amiga Hardware Reference Manual 3rd Edition is available as a PDF from Internet Archive and iKod.se, covering Amiga technical reference material</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tLl4qpY">The manual includes comprehensive register summaries organized by alphabetical and address order</snippet>, which are essential for understanding AGA chipset registers (Agnus/Alice, Denise/Lisa, Paula) and custom register address ranges. <snippet id="S_RaUa9ux">The AGA chipset documentation specifies maximum 704×510 resolution, 12-bit color support, and compatibility with either PAL or NTSC video standards</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SqQQ0P3">The Amiga ROM Kernel Reference Manual v1.3 is also available as a PDF from iKod.se, covering system software releases including Exec, Libraries, Devices, Intuition, and Graphics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5opBoeK">Earlier editions of the Hardware Reference Manual covered A1000, A500, and A2000 release machines, though the 3rd Edition is more relevant for A1200</snippet>. These documents provide the authoritative hardware and OS reference material needed to write correct 68030 assembly code for Amiga 1200 with 8 MB Fast RAM and AGA.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_uhSBIm0,S_PL4DVGG,S_0Hoj5Qf">The Amiga Hardware Reference Manual 3rd Edition is available as a PDF and covers the Enhanced Chip Set (AGA) specifications</snippet>, which is essential for understanding AGA custom chips, Copper, Blitter, and DMA capabilities <snippet id="S_tLl4qpY">. Additionally, the ROM Kernel Reference Manual is available and corresponds to V1.3 system software, providing the Exec, Libraries, and OS API documentation</snippet> <snippet id="S_SqQQ0P3">. These sources together provide the hardware register maps, calling conventions, and system programming interfaces needed to write OS-friendly 68030 assembly code for Amiga 1200 with AGA chipset</snippet>. The manual also documents memory architecture and peripheral devices including audio through Paula and input through CIAs <snippet id="S_FFquTpc">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_M4OmJlb">Janus nanopore neuromorphic synapses are emerging as a solution for reservoir computing, addressing the performance bottleneck in von Neumann systems by utilizing two-terminal memory devices that enable high-density, energy-efficient synapse implementations, crucial for applications requiring massive parallelism and error tolerance from 2023 to 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yF3B4Ib">Nanofluidic devices have been reported in which solvated ion transport exhibits memristive behavior, which are analogs of biological synapses</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8TgbQXv">Recent advancements in devices like evolvable organic electrochemical transistors mimicking biological synapses are crucial for enhancing reservoir computing in Janus nanopore systems from 2023 to 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YkA1LR2">Recent advancements in digital neuromorphic hardware, such as IBM's TrueNorth and Intel's Loihi, emphasize the need for efficient synapse memory to support complex networks, with SRAM crossbar arrays preferred for higher throughput, while analog systems may leverage next-generation memory like ReRAM and memristors for enhanced synaptic weight management in reservoir computing applications from 2023 to 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_uDjPxF7">A new artificial synapse, compatible with single flux quantum Josephson junction circuits, demonstrates spiking energy at sub-attojoule per synaptic event, significantly enhancing neuromorphic computing efficiency</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_M4OmJlb>Janus nanopore neuromorphic synapses are emerging as a solution for reservoir computing from 2023 to 2025</snippet>, addressing performance bottlenecks by utilizing two-terminal memory devices for high-density, energy-efficient synapse implementations <snippet id=S_M4OmJlb>crucial for applications requiring massive parallelism and error tolerance</snippet>. <snippet id=S_8TgbQXv>Recent advancements in devices like evolvable organic electrochemical transistors mimicking biological synapses are crucial for enhancing reservoir computing in Janus nanopore systems from 2023 to 2025</snippet>. However, specific performance metrics (energy/event, speed, endurance) and detailed modified nanopore strategies (Janus/asymmetric pores, functionalized surfaces, 2D-material nanopores) are not elaborated in available search results <snippet id=S_yF3B4Ib>nanofluidic devices have been reported in which solvated ion transport exhibits memristive behavior</snippet>, though this general description lacks Janus-specific details <snippet id=S_fZKPKhH>iontronic, biocompatible tools such as memcapacitors show potential for energy-efficient temporal data processing in reservoir computing</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="27111,18506">Raising Sand is the first collaborative studio album by Robert Plant and Alison Krauss, released in October 2007 on Rounder and produced by T Bone Burnett</snippet>. <snippet id="27111">The album earned major critical acclaim, debuting at No.2 on the Billboard 200 and winning the 2009 Grammy Award for Album of the Year</snippet>. <snippet id="18506">It is one of Krauss's three collaboration albums with Plant</snippet>. <snippet id="93249">Their later collaboration, Raise the Roof (2021), was the second Alison Krauss–Robert Plant album and also produced by T Bone Burnett</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="27111,18506">Raising Sand is the first collaborative studio album by Robert Plant and Alison Krauss, produced by T Bone Burnett and released in October 2007 on Rounder</snippet>, and <snippet id="18506">it is one of Krauss's three collaboration albums</snippet>. The album debuted at No.2 on the Billboard 200, was certified Platinum in the U.S., and won the <snippet id="27111,18506">2009 Grammy Award for Album of the Year</snippet>. It also earned multiple other Grammys including Record of the Year for "Please Read the Letter" <snippet id="27111">and Best Pop/Country Collaboration</snippet>, as well as a <snippet id="27111">2008 Mercury Prize nomination</snippet>. Later, the duo released a second collaboration album called "Raise the Roof" in 2021 <snippet id="93249">, also produced by T Bone Burnett</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_KYkLCMQ">Carbohydrate mouth rinsing may have a central ergogenic effect on high-intensity endurance performance, particularly in activities lasting 30-70 minutes</snippet>, with effects thought to arise from brain pathways linked to reward and motivation <snippet id="S_KYkLCMQ">activated by the presence of carbohydrates in the mouth, independent of metabolic benefits</snippet>. However, evidence on repeated sprint performance is mixed: <snippet id="S_ju8QCeq">a study using the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) and repeated sprint ability tests found no significant differences in sprint times between CMR and placebo conditions</snippet>. One study using a non-self-paced LIST protocol <snippet id="S_KYkLCMQ">found no significant effect using a 6.4% maltodextrin solution</snippet>, while Rollo and colleagues <snippet id="S_KYkLCMQ">utilized a self-paced LIST protocol, which may provide a more sensitive measure to detect any potential benefits</snippet>. Their self-paced protocol showed <snippet id="S_kKV6iAs">mouth rinsing a 10% maltodextrin solution was associated with increased self-selected jogging speed and an 86% likelihood of benefiting 15 m sprint performance during the final stages (75-90 min) of exercise</snippet>. The Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test <snippet id="S_DqWoyEo">is designed to simulate team sport activity patterns incorporating acceleration, deceleration, and variable-speed running</snippet>, with Part A involving five 15-minute blocks of variable-intensity shuttle running over 20 meters <snippet id="S_DqWoyEo">with activities including walking, sprinting, jogging at 55% VO2 max, and running at 95% VO2 max</snippet>. Most research indicates <snippet id="S_R70LZbT">carbohydrate ingestion (typically 30–60 g/h from a 6%–7% solution) enhances intermittent high-intensity exercise capacity</snippet>, though results regarding sprinting and skills remain mixed <snippet id="S_R70LZbT">with most studies showing the most significant benefits in conditions of fatigue or low blood sugar, particularly towards the end of a game</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_ju8QCeq">In a study using the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) and repeated sprint ability (RSA) tests, carbohydrate mouth rinsing (6.4% Maltodextrin) showed no significant difference in average or fastest sprint times compared to placebo</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KYkLCMQ">However, Rollo and colleagues employed a self-paced LIST protocol with 10% maltodextrin and found increased self-selected jogging speed plus an 86% likelihood of benefiting 15 m sprint performance during the final stages (75-90 min) of exercise</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kKV6iAs">This difference may be because the self-selected pacing protocol provides a more sensitive measure to detect potential benefits of carbohydrate mouth rinsing compared to the non-self-paced version</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R70LZbT">Reviews of carbohydrate supplementation in intermittent sports indicate that results regarding sprinting effects are mixed, with the most significant benefits shown in conditions of fatigue or low blood sugar</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HHafi2O">The evidence for carbohydrate mouth rinsing in intermittent sports is limited with existing research showing inconsistencies due to methodological differences</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=391d2d98-3>The search results indicate that "Captain Delauney" is a role in the West End hit "Erminie" in 1885, not a musical</snippet>. <snippet id=391d2d98-3>Further credits for this performer included Nemesis, the operetta The Bride of Song, Family Ties and the comedy Eastward</snippet>. <snippet id=391d2d98-0,391d2d98-5,391d2d98-4,391d2d98-8>The other search results refer to unrelated topics such as the Eurodance group Captain Hollywood Project, the duo Captain & Tennille, and the artist Sonia Delaunay</snippet>. <snippet id=391d2d98-7,391d2d98-9>These results also mention Sonia Delaunay's collaborations with Tristan Tzara and her work at Tate Modern</snippet>. <snippet id=391d2d98-1>The website "thedelaunay.com" appears to be unrelated to the search query</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=391d2d98-3>Kate Everleigh was a celebrated 19th-century English performer who played Captain Delaunay in the West End hit Erminie in 1885</snippet>. Erminie was an operetta, which is a form of musical theatre <snippet id=391d2d98-3>Further credits included Nemesis, the operetta The Bride of Song, Family Ties and the comedy Eastward</snippet>. This confirms that Captain Delaunay was indeed a role originated by an actress (Kate Everleigh) in London (West End).
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_Jgj08Rj">The target article "Recommendations for reporting on emerging optical imaging agents to promote clinical approval" was identified in the search results</snippet>, but <snippet id="S_Jgj08Rj">the available snippet only shows the article title without substantive reporting recommendations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PCgmFnG">A related review discusses regulatory pathways for fluorescence-guided surgery approvals, covering FDA clearances for agents like indocyanine green and fluorescein</snippet>, though this does not contain the specific reporting guidelines needed. <snippet id="S_l2OQQbn">Another review covers FGS system performance capabilities including real-time overlay, quantitative capabilities, and ambient light rejection</snippet>, which addresses technical reporting domains but lacks the specific recommendations article content. <snippet id="S_x0VNW1o">A third review focuses on clinical approval guidelines for emerging optical imaging agents in cancer surgery, covering safety profiles and near-infrared targeting agents</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1xU5DFw">Additional context notes that ideal fluorescent probes require high signal-to-background ratios, specific binding to disease biomarkers, and rapid clearance from non-target tissues</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DZWtjXE">The Network for Translational Research in Optical Imaging provides validation guidance for bridging the gap between lab discovery and clinical use of fluorescence-based imaging devices</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_Jgj08Rj">none of the retrieved snippets contain the detailed paragraph-level reporting recommendations needed to generate clinical discussion questions</snippet>.
</answer>

<snippet id="S_Jgj08Rj">The retrieved snippet for "Recommendations for reporting on emerging optical imaging agents to promote clinical approval" contains only the title without substantive text</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1xU5DFw">Other relevant results indicate that clinical adoption of fluorescent probes is hindered by regulatory challenges and the need for further safety assessments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CSlM2L8">Historical FDA approval milestones reveal that agents like indocyanine green (1959) and fluorescein (1972) were initially vascular flow agents before expanding to surgery</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PCgmFnG">Regulatory pathway reviews emphasize that strategic decisions based on existing optical fluorescent agents facilitate future device clearances and new drug approvals</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1xU5DFw">Essential characteristics for clinical utility include specific binding to disease biomarkers, high signal-to-background ratios, and rapid clearance from non-target tissues</snippet>.


<answer>
<snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">The paper titled "Exploring the possibility space: taking stock of the diverse capabilities and gaps in integrated assessment models" was identified in the search results</snippet>, but <snippet id="S_VjnoTeX">the available snippets do not contain substantive content from this specific paper</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VjnoTeX">Instead, the results show related content about futures approaches for global environmental assessments</snippet>, which discusses IAMs' role in global environmental assessments and scenario development approaches. <snippet id="S_u8Vhij6">IAMs are described as providing an integrated view of the global energy-economy-climate-land system to explore self-consistent transformation pathways</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_CoFf8GZ">they integrate diverse sub-models across disciplines to quantify cause-effect relationships but face challenges such as high uncertainty and dependency on underlying assumptions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_onh5WOE">IAMs are considered essential for capturing diverse knowledge across environmental and socio-economic disciplines to assess impacts of human development on the environment</snippet>, yet <snippet id="S_m5a9xl5">they integrate diverse knowledge streams across social, engineered, and ecological systems to enhance decision-making for climate-smart infrastructure and land use</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ausD8QJ">IAMs are also described as essential for understanding urban sustainability by capturing the socio-ecological functioning of urban systems across multiple governance scales</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">the specific abstract, methods, results, and discussion sections of the target paper are not present in these search snippets</snippet>, so I cannot provide the detailed technical contributions and empirical findings you requested.
</answer>

<answer>
The search results do not contain substantive content from the target paper "Exploring the possibility space: taking stock of the diverse capabilities and gaps in integrated assessment models" <snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">The search results only show the paper title without abstract, methods, results, or discussion content</snippet>. The available snippets discuss IAMs in general terms from other papers but do not provide evidence about what "possibility space" means in the target paper's framing <snippet id="S_u8Vhij6">IAMs are mostly used for sustainable transformation and development pathway analysis and exploring climate policy and technology options</snippet> <snippet id="S_CoFf8GZ">they face challenges such as high uncertainty and dependency on the quality of underlying assumptions, highlighting both their capabilities and gaps</snippet>. No empirical intercomparison or mapping results from the target paper are present in the retrieved snippets <snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">Only title information is available from the target paper</snippet>. To properly answer the agent's query, additional searches must retrieve the actual paper text with abstract, methods, results, or discussion paragraphs.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">To enhance adolescent recreational reading in secondary schools, it is essential to provide dedicated time for reading and implement initiatives like summer reading programs, with teacher support and strong relationships with educators being crucial for fostering a reading culture</snippet>. <snippet id="S_L5NhumS">Key strategies include promoting choice, collaboration, and competence in classroom settings, which have been linked to increased intrinsic motivation, with reading interventions that integrate motivational principles alongside cognitive skills showing positive effects on adolescents' reading development</snippet>. <snippet id="S_xbJmN70">Research suggests that school librarians can play an important role in supporting student literacy, particularly in relation to reading engagement, where pleasure in reading is a strong predictor of reading frequency that leads to growth in literacy skills</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WIheApX">The presence of qualified school librarians in well-resourced school libraries is associated with benefits for students' literacy attainment, with libraries playing a key role in reading promotion through employing a range of reading and literacy supportive activities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_M9NC8Eo">A U.K. literacy survey indicated that middle adolescence (ages 14–16) is a critical period for this decline in positive attitudes toward reading and frequency of reading, with print books being more advantageous for reading development than digital texts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_WIheApX,S_HOSScoU">School librarians are identified as key figures in fostering reading engagement and literacy attainment in secondary education, a finding supported by research citing Merga (2019a, 2019b)</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_xbJmN70">pleasure in reading is a strong predictor of reading frequency which leads to growth in literacy skills</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Schools should provide dedicated time for reading and implement initiatives like summer reading programs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Unlike primary schools, high schools often do not actively encourage book reading</snippet>. <snippet id="S_L5NhumS">Effective practices involve creating supportive contexts that foster collaboration, competence, and positive teacher behaviors, and reading interventions integrating motivational principles alongside cognitive skills show positive effects</snippet>.