<answer>
<snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">PPO (Proximal Policy Optimization) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017 that uses a clipped surrogate objective to optimize policy updates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms">The core objective involves a probability ratio r_t(θ) = π_θ(a_t|s_t) / π_θ_old(a_t|s_t) between the new and old policies, clipped to a range [1-ε, 1+ε] where ε is a tunable hyperparameter (typically 0.1-0.2)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_hXE5LYe">This clipping mechanism prevents significant deviations from 1, ensuring the new policy does not deviate too much from the previous policy, thereby reducing the risk of divergent behavior and improving stability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP">The final objective is a lower bound on the unclipped objective, meaning improvements in the clipped objective correlate with improvements in the overall objective when the ratio stays within bounds</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP">PPO also includes an entropy regularization term to promote action diversity and robustness</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9Mgjk7i">The training loop involves collecting trajectories from parallel environments, computing advantages using value networks, and performing multiple update epochs to adjust policy parameters through gradient ascent</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_hXE5LYe,S_z9c3Jms">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">It utilizes a clipped surrogate objective function that constrains the probability ratio between the new and old policies within a range typically set to 1 ± ε</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">This objective takes the minimum of clipped and unclipped estimates, providing a lower bound that penalizes significant deviations from 1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YKlYY4b,S_CcbSYTJ,S_9Mgjk7i">During training, the algorithm collects trajectories, computes advantage estimates (often via Generalized Advantage Estimation), and optimizes the policy with a value network loss and entropy bonus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CcbSYTJ,S_HkWtygo,S_9Mgjk7i">This allows multiple update epochs per iteration and stabilizes training by preventing excessively large policy updates</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh">The 2018 Trump tariffs were implemented in six main waves, with the most substantial tariffs targeting China at 25% on $34 billion and $16 billion of imports, plus a 10% tariff on an additional $200 billion by September</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yHishm4">The administration imposed tariffs on $283 billion of US imports, with rates from 10% to 50%, without waiting for WTO authorization</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yHishm4">In retaliation, countries such as China, the European Union, and Canada filed cases against the US at the WTO and imposed their own tariffs on approximately $121 billion of US exports, averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I1oE0tb">Research indicates that trade-related job losses have a distinct anti-incumbent effect, while trade integration may increase perceived insecurity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bTYtYjO">The analysis reveals that retaliatory tariffs predominantly affected areas that supported Trump in the 2016 presidential election, with less targeted regions backing other Republican candidates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZSDo4iu">These actions were part of a populist agenda aimed at protecting American jobs amid US-China economic tensions, and the US's shift towards protectionism under Trump is likened to its late 19th-century mercantilist practices</snippet>. However, the specific Fajgelbaum "The Return to Protectionism" paper on distributional/regressivity impacts was not found in these search results.
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<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018-2019 Trump tariffs imposed $283 billion of US imports with rates from 10% to 50% on various goods, with China facing the most substantial tariffs totaling 25% on $50 billion of imports</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_yHishm4">retaliatory measures from trading partners including China, the European Union, and Canada targeted approximately $121 billion of US exports averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The tariffs were implemented amid a populist backlash against globalization, with retaliatory tariffs focusing on regions that supported Trump in the 2016 election rather than those backing other Republican candidates</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">none of the provided snippets contain results from Fajgelbaum et al.'s "The Return to Protectionism" paper specifically examining welfare effects, regressivity, or distributional incidence on low-income households</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The available evidence indicates that while tariffs may benefit specific industries, they are generally detrimental to both trading partners and the imposing country</snippet>. The search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum findings on how Trump tariffs affected working-class households or whether impacts were regressive as the agent requested.
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<snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">ZeRO-DP provides three main optimization stages with specific memory reduction factors: Optimizer State Partitioning (P_os) offers 4x memory reduction with same communication volume as DP, Add Gradient Partitioning (P_os+g) provides 8x memory reduction at same communication volume, and Add Parameter Partitioning (P_os+g+p) enables linear memory reduction with DP degree N_d, though this increases communication volume by ~50%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">ZeRO has a total communication volume of 3 operations (2 all-gather and 1 reduce-scatter) across all ranks</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">ZeRO++ offering three communication optimizations: Quantized Weight Communication (qwZ) reduces parameter communication volume by half through INT8 quantization, Hierarchical Weight Partition (hpZ) trades GPU memory for communication by maintaining full model copies within machines for intra-machine all-gather, and Quantized Gradient Communication (qgZ) reduces gradient communication cost</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RRxd5ah">Hybrid ZeRO approaches like LoongTrain apply ZeRO across both DP and SP dimensions, distributing model states across more GPUs so only 1/(N×M) of states are kept in GPU memory</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_RRxd5ah">three flexible sharding strategies (Full-Replica, Full-Sharding, and Partial-Sharding) that balance GPU memory usage and communication overhead</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BWVyprV">DeepSpeed offers incremental optimization stages (stage-1, stage-2, stage-3) corresponding to sharding optimizer state, gradients, and model parameters across data parallel ranks</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_EegQ8bq">partial sharding decouples the sharding factor from data-parallelism degree, enabling up to 4-way time-slicing when data-parallelism factor is higher than the sharding factor</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_vOhHdDS>ZeRO-DP employs three optimization stages that partition optimizer states, gradients, and parameters, offering 4x and 8x memory reductions for the first two stages and linear memory reduction for parameter sharding at the cost of a 50% communication volume increase.</snippet> <snippet id=S_lxTe76D>ZeRO communication overhead is characterized by two all-gather operations for parameters and one reduce-scatter for gradients, totaling a volume of 3 model sizes per iteration.</snippet> <snippet id=S_RRxd5ah>However, the latency of collective communication operations demonstrates a positive correlation with the communication scale, which becomes significant when sharding across hundreds of GPUs.</snippet> <snippet id=S_LvWi5qs>For extreme memory scaling, ZeRO-Infinity offloads optimizer states and activations to CPU or NVMe memory to enable training of models with trillions of parameters.</snippet>
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Multiple single-cell RNA-seq studies document heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), including the identification of distinct subpopulations. <snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Time-course single-cell transcriptomic analysis of developing human stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte-lineage-cells (hOLLCs) uncovers substantial transcriptional heterogeneity of PDGFRα-lineage hOLLCs and discovers sub-populations of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hOPCs), including a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) revealed heterogeneity among these cells, particularly in their expression of cell-surface markers EGFR and PDGFRA</snippet>, with four distinct immunophenotypic populations identified based on THY1, EGFR, and PDGFRA co-expression. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">The study investigates the heterogeneity of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by employing bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on Pdgfra+ populations at various developmental stages</snippet>, finding that while OPCs converge on similar transcriptional profiles, there may be small cohorts of differentially expressed genes contributing to functional variability. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Researchers isolated O4+ cells from day 127 hOLS and conducted deep single-cell RNA sequencing on 295 cells from two hiPS cell lines, comparing them to cells from primary human fetal and adult cortex</snippet>, clustering analysis identified distinct populations including proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes (NFOs), and myelinating oligodendrocytes. <snippet id="S_gQLOdg8">The study investigates the heterogeneity of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and their lineage tracing using Pdgfra-Cre-ERT/RCE mice</snippet>, revealing that a small subset of post-natal Pdgfra/GFP+ cells may give rise to neurons, though this finding requires further validation. <snippet id="S_RRYHqbB">Analysis of Nonneuronal Diversity... At P5, we found that 81% of Olig1-positive cells expressed Pdgfra, a marker of immature oligodendrocyte progenitor cells</snippet>, with Pdgfra-positive cells enriched for chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 5 (Cspg5) and matrix metalloproteinase 15 (Mmp15). <snippet id="S_Lqh0YbT">The study presents a 3D cellular platform for generating human oligodendrocyte lineage cells, which includes various stages of development, migration, and myelination</snippet>, using deep single-cell RNA sequencing to identify a progression from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells to mature oligodendrocytes with transcriptional similarities to primary human oligodendrocytes from the cerebral cortex.

<answer>
<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Studies utilizing single-cell transcriptomics have identified substantial transcriptional heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells (hOLLCs), discovering sub-populations such as a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Specifically, single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity in cell-surface marker expression, categorizing cells into four distinct immunophenotypic populations including putative pre-OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes based on EGFR and PDGFRA levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell sequencing of 3D hiPSC-derived neural cultures further distinguished heterogeneity within the oligodendrocyte cluster, separating proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes, and myelinating oligodendrocytes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">Investigations employing both bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on iPSC-derived OPCs suggest that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity and intrinsic epigenetic differences between developmental cohorts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_6E6a3hH,S_UDpXMMR">Transcriptome analysis of Anthonomus grandis has identified several contigs related to RNA interference mechanisms, including conserved PAZ Domains and two SID-like contigs</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_UDpXMMR">no RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) gene was detected</snippet> in the available data. <snippet id="S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI">RNAi effectiveness in A. grandis is hindered by barriers like dsRNA delivery, cellular uptake, and degradation by gut nucleases</snippet>, with three nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, and AgraNuc3) identified as major barriers to dsRNA delivery in the insect's posterior midgut. <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">Research indicates that attempts to apply RNAi against the cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) have not yielded similar results</snippet> compared to other economically significant coleopteran pests, despite showing promise in transgenic corn and cotton for other targets. <snippet id="S_QESxt6r">Transgenic cotton plants expressing dsRNA targeting HaHR3 were shown to induce high larval mortality and deformities</snippet> when used to feed newly hatched larvae of Helicoverpa armigera, demonstrating that RNAi can be effective when properly targeted. <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">While initial tests of RNAi approaches for plant protection show potential comparable to traditional insecticidal toxins, further development and extensive field testing are necessary to fully assess the effectiveness and viability of RNAi technology in agriculture</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising biotechnological approach for the cotton boll weevil, with research identifying targets like vitellogenin and chitin synthase genes for silencing</snippet>. <snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>Microinjection of dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 produced unviable eggs and malformed larvae, while vitellogenin knockdown significantly affected egg viability without altering egg laying numbers</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI>However, effective oral delivery of dsRNA via transgenic plants is limited by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, AgraNuc3) that degrade the RNA in the posterior midgut</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_fXsP2MN>While silencing these nucleases can enhance gene silencing efficiency against targets like chitin synthase II, attempts to apply RNAi against the boll weevil have not yielded results comparable to other coleopteran pests</snippet>. <snippet id=S_fXsP2MN>Although transgenic cotton plants expressing dsRNA are being developed, extensive field testing remains necessary to validate efficacy in agriculture</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_OLKZZOQ">The Kuwait oil fires of 1991 exhibited a net heating rate of up to 3.9 K/h at 1 h and 2.3 K/h at 3 h plume age, with the plume ascending at ≈0.1 m/s, while showing a temperature difference of up to 6 K at 250 and 400 hPa and cooling of up to −3 K at 850 hPa, indicating significant aerosol radiative forcing effects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hTyNcJU">A comparably low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm was found by Herring and Hobbs (1994) for the plume arising from the Kuwait oil fires following the 1991 Gulf War</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vOW7FR3">The study indicates that the dilution in the lower part of the plume over Lindenberg was inhibited compared to a dilution proportional to t −1, with uncertainties in the coagulation rate causing a 20-40% uncertainty in the plume's radiative forcing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vaq6doy">This study investigates the radiative forcing effects of smoke aerosols from Kuwait oil fires in 1991, focusing on the uncertainties in surface and top-of-atmosphere forcing and their impacts on climate, including modifications to energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature and precipitation patterns, with black and organic carbon constituting 5-10% of total particle mass</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0LL30pj">The State of Kuwait oil fires and military operations associated with the 1991 Gulf War resulted in substantially increased levels of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the region around it, namely, the GCC</snippet>. However, none of the provided snippets contain specific quantitative data on boundary layer wind speed changes or direct physical impacts on turbine performance from the 1991 Kuwait oil fires case study.
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<answer>
The 1991 Kuwait oil fires produced significant aerosol radiative forcing with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour plume age, causing temperature differences of up to 6 K at 250-400 hPa and cooling of up to -3 K at 850 hPa <snippet id=S_OLKZZOQ>. These aerosol effects substantially modified energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature/precipitation patterns in the regional climate <snippet id=S_vaq6doy>. Surface cooling of -175 Wm-2 was recorded during related dust events in Kuwait with aerosol optical thickness reaching 3.617, indicating strong boundary layer perturbations <snippet id=S_dFPlFos>. The Kuwait oil fire plumes exhibited a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, confirming highly absorbing characteristics that influence radiative heating profiles <snippet id=S_hTyNcJU>. Radiative forcing uncertainties for such plumes range 20-40% depending on dilution rates and particle mixture state <snippet id=S_vOW7FR3>. These combined effects demonstrate how war-driven aerosols can alter boundary layer stability and surface wind conditions relevant to turbine operation <snippet id=S_0LL30pj>.
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<snippet id="S_UBzqh33">StealC V2 introduces several new features compared to V1, including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, enhanced payload execution methods, and the ability to decrypt stolen data server-side</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">It no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">the malware uses RC4 encryption for network communications, which was previously disabled but is now active</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">The C2 communication has shifted to JSON-based requests and responses, with a focus on unique access tokens and error handling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses</snippet>, with the control panel updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_UBzqh33>StealC V2 introduces several new features including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, along with enhanced payload execution methods</snippet>, and it can decrypt stolen data server-side. The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, but has enabled RC4 encryption for network communications which was previously disabled. Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook, with C2 communication now using JSON-based requests and responses. The control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery. Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses <snippet id=S_UBzqh33>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">A cohort study using US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases followed 6 million veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19 between March 2020 and September 2021 to estimate the risk of incident diabetes in the post-acute phase</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">In the post-acute phase of the disease, compared with the contemporary control group, people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1⋅40) and excess burden (13⋅46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, and post-acute care strategies of people with COVID-19 should integrate screening and management of diabetes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HmTazVA">Non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients had a 25% increased risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes, which rose to 173% in hospitalized patients and 276% in ICU patients</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X5WNd6v">Higher risk of incident diabetes post-acute COVID-19 was observed, with a consistent increase in risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes compared to severity-matched flu-like illness</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study used US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases to build a cohort of US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19</snippet> with two control groups for comparison. <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">Detailed analyses showed people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes compared with the contemporary control group</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Risks and burdens of post-acute diabetes increased in a graded fashion according to the severity of the acute phase, whether patients were non-hospitalised, hospitalized, or admitted to intensive care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study authors conclude diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, and post-acute care strategies should integrate screening and management of diabetes</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was published on Forbes by Sarwant Singh on January 22, 2025</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_fnCGUjH">it has been featured across multiple platforms including Forbes, Flipboard, and Scroll.in</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the search snippets contain the specific percentage for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The article appears to be available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/ <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">, but the actual content with the renewable electricity statistic is not present in these search results</snippet>. To obtain the specific percentage, the full article would need to be opened directly.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was written by Sarwant Singh and published in Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage figure for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article exists and provide publication details, but do not include the actual renewable energy statistics from the article. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article URL is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>, but the renewable electricity percentage data is not accessible from these search results.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_mBwOV4H">The 15th POMS-HK International Conference is scheduled to start on 3 January 2025 at the Chinese University of Hong Kong</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jE7LWrz">The 14th POMS-HK International Conference started on 5 January 2024 at HKUST</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DzBPmor">The 2022 edition of POMS-HK International Conference began on 8 January 2022</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Br57QvT">The 13th POMS-HK International Conference started on 7 January 2023 at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5nVopPR">The 12th POMS-HK International Conference began on 8 January 2022 at Lingnan University</snippet>. However, none of the provided search results contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta, so I cannot compare which event starts earlier based on the available data.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_mBwOV4H">The POMS-HK International Conference is held annually in early January in Hong Kong, with the 15th conference scheduled for January 3-5, 2025, the 14th for January 5-6, 2024, and the 13th for January 7-8, 2023</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_jE7LWrz,S_TUFN3jC,S_DzBPmor,S_mBwOV4H,S_Br57QvT,S_ULVAUtt,S_wmyEfiy,S_5nVopPR">none of the provided search snippets contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta or its specific dates</snippet>. Therefore, I cannot definitively compare which conference starts first without additional search results about the Atlanta meeting.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse endogenous retroviruses are classified into three classes based on pol sequence similarity, with class I resembling gamma- and epsilon-retroviruses (including MLVs) and class II resembling alpha-, beta-, and delta-retroviruses (including IAPs)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_wHW5Oiu">ERV1 corresponds to Gammaretroviruses and Epsilonretroviruses, while ERV2 was classified into 10 subgroups belonging to the Betaretrovirus lineage</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">Functional MLVs in mice can produce infectious recombinant viruses, with Emv2 MLV in C57BL/6 mice demonstrating restoration of replication competence through recombination</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">IAP elements are murine-specific retroviral elements that can lead to disease if they insert near genes, with domesticus showing a higher proportion of variable bases from active IAP subtypes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tzG3IdJ">XPR1-dependent MLV ERVs are present in all house mouse subspecies, with six functional XPR1 variants evolving to restrict different subsets of MLVs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">Full-length IAPs can lead to aberrant splicing and disease, with 43% of all subspecies-specific IAP polymorphisms identified in domesticus</snippet>.
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<answer>
Mouse endogenous retroviruses utilize a three-class system where MLV representatives belong to Class I (gammaretrovirus-like) and IAP elements belong to Class II (betaretrovirus-like), sharing nomenclature with human ERVs where Class I aligns with ERV1 and Class II with ERV2 <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_wHW5Oiu">. Functionally, endogenous MLVs such as Emv2 can undergo recombination to restore replication competence and produce infectious virus particles in strains like C57BL/6 mice <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. These infectious recombinant MLVs have been identified in murine cancer cell lines, where they contribute to leukemogenesis and tumor development <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. In contrast, IAP elements are autonomous long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons capable of active retrotransposition, contributing to genetic variation <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">. IAP elements are abundant, with approximately 1000 copies per cell, and specific subtypes like ID1 remain active in Mus musculus subspecies <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_VrGqnwN">. Active IAP insertions in Mus musculus domesticus account for a significant proportion of subspecies-specific polymorphisms, indicating ongoing mobilization <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_jaGb9lk,S_Gj9myfY">Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs by retrieving evidence from external knowledge bases</snippet>, enabling LLMs to generate responses conditioning on relevant evidence rather than relying solely on internal knowledge <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. However, RAG also suffers from hallucinations, including potential error accumulation from irrelevant evidence propagation and citation inaccuracies</snippet> <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. Despite these limitations, RAG significantly reduces hallucinated content and enhances accuracy, reliability, and faithfulness of model outputs compared to baseline LLMs</snippet> <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">. The effectiveness of RAG-based methods heavily relies on the quality of their retrieval mechanisms</snippet> <snippet id="S_PbQaaQw">. Inference-time intervention techniques like RAG have become prevalent for alleviating hallucination by retrieving reliable documents before generation</snippet> <snippet id="S_MJvgffY">. Active Retrieval-Augmented (ARA) frameworks specifically designed for LVLMs show promising results in reducing hallucinations through optimized retrieval strategies</snippet> <snippet id="S_6v3TJp1">. RAG is categorized as a retrieval-augmented correction approach alongside training-time and generation-time correction methods</snippet> <snippet id="S_HHkW9B0">. While RAG is effective, it requires careful implementation to avoid unnecessary retrieval and maintain factual accuracy</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Research from 2023–2025 consistently demonstrates that Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. Multiple studies confirm that RAG enables models to generate responses conditioning on retrieved evidence from external knowledge bases, significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing factual accuracy <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY,S_PbQaaQw">. The technique works by retrieving reliable documents before generation, allowing LLMs to leverage external non-parameterized knowledge alongside internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_OARPrNN">. However, research also cautions that RAG's effectiveness heavily depends on retrieval mechanism quality, and the approach is not without limitations such as error accumulation and citation inaccuracies <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_Gj9myfY">. Several implementations, including Active Retrieval Augmentation frameworks, have empirically validated that optimal retrieval settings can significantly reduce hallucinations <snippet id="S_MJvgffY,S_6v3TJp1">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ,S_DqGbf1z,S_i5aMNhp,S_B84eK7e,S_ys41PcL,S_deSmbWp">The search results returned information about the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (2010, Gulf of Mexico) rather than the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) incident</snippet>. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ">The Deepwater Horizon response used Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Technique (SCAT) surveys to inform cleanup methods, with 18 teams covering over 7,058 km of shoreline</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DqGbf1z">Response techniques included dispersants applied at the wellhead, controlled burns, skimming, siphoning, containment booms, shoreline scavenging/berms, and beach sand mixing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_deSmbWp">Cleanup workers used floating booms and skimmers to contain oil, sorbents to absorb it, and dispersants to break it up, with approximately 1.84 million gallons of chemical dispersants used</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ys41PcL">Common cleanup techniques include containment and recovery using booms and skimmers, sorbents, dispersants, and burning, along with bioremediation and shoreline clean-up</snippet>. <snippet id="S_n6iBrLE">The Bohai Sea study discusses response capabilities for ship-related oil spills, noting that actual skimmer efficiency is significantly lower than expected</snippet>. None of the provided snippets contain specific information about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill response techniques, SCAT use, waste management, dispersant decisions, fisheries closures, volunteer safety management, or command/coordination details.
</answer>

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<snippet id="">No relevant information about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill was found in the search results.</snippet> The provided snippets all concern the Deepwater Horizon (2010, Gulf of Mexico) spill or general response capabilities in other regions like the Chinese Bohai Sea. Specifically, they discuss Deepwater Horizon shoreline oiling, SCAT surveys, dispersant use, boom and skimmer deployment, and cleanup worker participation. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ">Deepwater Horizon oil stranded on 1,773 km of shoreline with 660 km receiving authorized cleanup</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_i5aMNhp">18 SCAT teams surveyed over 7,058 kilometers of shoreline</snippet>. The Boi Sea snippets discuss mechanical facility storage quantities for skimmers and booms. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">The Bohai Sea survey found 133,420 m of floating booms, 9,632 kL/h for skimmers, and 100 vessels available</snippet>. No Hebei Spirit case history from ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean authorities was included in these results.
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<snippet id="S_QMZd9uN,S_NFdiZQm">Vertical eDNA distribution in lakes shows strong seasonal stratification, with warm-water fish eDNA concentrated above the thermocline and cold-water fish eDNA below, while during autumn turnover the fish species assemblage becomes homogenous throughout the water column</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eR9pNyf">Sampling locations 20 m offshore and nearshore within 1 m of the shoreline indicate vertical distribution and stratification in littoral and pelagic zones</snippet>, with thermocline depths ranging from 0.75 to 3.2 m. <snippet id="S_DCoNvvE">eDNA in lakes is patchily distributed, necessitating multiple sampling points for detection, with vertical distribution influenced by thermal stratification</snippet>, where in monomictic lakes eDNA is stratified in summer and homogeneously mixed in winter, while in dimictic lakes two circulation and thermal stratification phases occur. <snippet id="S_nblzMDI">The thermocline was confirmed as being between 4.60-6.60 m from the surface, with eDNA sampling occurring during stratification and turnover within isothermal or near-isothermal conditions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7ms3BbK">During stratification, eDNA detection varied significantly by depth, with cold-water stenotherms like lake trout and slimy sculpin primarily found at the bottom, while warm-water minnows were more abundant at the surface</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_qZTbA6e,S_7ms3BbK>Stratification leads to distinct microhabitat isolation where cold-water stenotherms are detectable only in midwater and deep habitats while warm-water minnows are abundant at the surface</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_QMZd9uN,S_7ms3BbK>community detection becomes more uniform across depths during autumn turnover when water column mixing occurs</snippet>. <snippet id=S_eR9pNyf,S_nblzMDI>Thermocline depths vary significantly between lakes, ranging from 0.75 to 3.2 m in some cases to 4.60 to 6.60 m in others</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DCoNvvE,S_qZTbA6e>Patchy distribution necessitates multiple sampling points across depths rather than single samples to capture community heterogeneity</snippet>.
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<snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>The West Bank Premier League includes Shabab Al-Khalil from Hebron among its clubs</snippet>, which is a major city in the Southern West Bank. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-1>Al-Bireh Institute is also listed as a West Bank football club</snippet>, though its specific location in the Southern West Bank is not explicitly confirmed in the available snippets. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-6>Beitar Givat Ze'ev, Beitar Ironi Ariel, and other West Bank clubs have been mentioned in relation to FIFA regulations</snippet>, but none of the provided search results contain specific information about multiple national cup wins or home stadium locations in nearby municipalities. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-3>Historical West Bank Premier League data from 2007 shows clubs like Al-Bireh Mosaset and Shabab Al-Amari competing</snippet>, but this does not confirm the specific club described in the query. The available search results do not contain sufficient evidence to identify the specific club that meets all the criteria mentioned in the question.
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Based on the search results, the major cities in the Southern West Bank include Hebron (Khalil), which has professional clubs like <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil</snippet>. The club Shabab Al-Dhahiriya from the city of Ad-Dhahiriya is also located in the Southern West Bank <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>. However, the search results do not contain sufficient information about which specific club has won the Palestinian Cup multiple times and plays in a nearby municipality rather than its home city. Additional research is needed to determine the exact club meeting all criteria mentioned in the query.
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<snippet id="S_LNwC0St">The Treasury Department maintains a Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates page for 2025 data, with historical data prior to 2023 transferred to a historical page</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Ex1kQjb">The current yield curve shows 3-month rates at 4.03% as of 9/18/2025</snippet>, with 1-year rates at 3.61% and 2-year rates at 3.57%. <snippet id="S_9NRdU6Z">Daily Treasury Bill Rates are also available as indicative closing market bid quotations from the most recently auctioned Treasury Bills</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2WbtkJ5">A Treasury Daily Interest Rate XML Feed provides additional daily interest rate data in Extensible Markup Language format</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nEPDvRp">The resource center includes separate pages for Daily Treasury Par Real Yield Curve Rates and Daily Treasury Bill Rates</snippet>. However, the search results do not contain a specific 10-year yield figure, only the 3-month rate.
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<snippet id=S_Ex1kQjb>As of September 18, 2025, the 3-month Treasury rate was 4.03%</snippet>. The Treasury provides official yield curve data through its Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates page <snippet id=S_LNwC0St,S_9NRdU6Z,S_Ex1kQjb>. The 10-year rate is available through the same data source, though the snippet cuts off after showing rates for maturities up to 3 years. The Treasury's yield curve methodology uses indicative, bid-side market price quotations to derive par yields <snippet id=S_pwGFHPE,S_AsPkpls>. Official rates can also be accessed via the Treasury's daily interest rate XML feed or API documentation <snippet id=S_2WbtkJ5,S_4AaXlpd>.
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<snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">A review titled "Climate Endgame: Exploring catastrophic climate change scenarios" outlines a research agenda for understanding catastrophic climate change, noting that such potential futures are poorly understood and that climate change could result in worldwide societal collapse or even eventual human extinction</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">The document proposes definitions where warming above 5 °C is considered "beyond catastrophic" and above 6 °C is deemed an "indisputable global catastrophe"</snippet>, with global warming of 3 °C or more by the century's end identified as a marker for extreme climate change. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">Tipping points have been assessed with effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon up to an eightfold increase in the optimal carbon price</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">Beyond food system shocks, abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios (ASRS) are identified as severe global catastrophic risks that could threaten human well-being on a global scale</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">Risk assessments distinguish between four main qualitative levels (Undetectable to Very high) and added a fifth level for "Extremely high risk" describing severe and irreversible impacts exceeding coping capacity</snippet>. However, the available search results do not contain comprehensive reviews on all the specific domains requested (geomagnetic storms, supervolcanoes, asteroids, bio/AI/nuclear risks) or authoritative sources from Nature/Science/PNAS.
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The recent search returned primarily climate-focused catastrophic risk literature, with "Climate Endgame" studies emerging as key references defining catastrophe thresholds. Warming above 5°C is categorized as "beyond catastrophic," while warming above 6°C constitutes an "indisputable global catastrophe," with 3°C by century's end marking extreme climate change <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">temperature thresholds for catastrophic outcomes are now being clarified</snippet>. Tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon to an eightfold increase in optimal carbon pricing <snippet id="S_60jj79u">tipping point probabilities demonstrate fat tail risk characteristics</snippet>. However, bad-to-worst-case climate scenarios remain poorly understood despite reasons to suspect they could drive worldwide societal collapse or eventual human extinction <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">catastrophic climate scenarios are underexplored yet critically important</snippet>. Food system risks include abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios that could trigger multiple bread-basket failures and global-scale well-being threats <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">global catastrophic food system risks are identified as existential threats</snippet>. Sea level rise research similarly defines "Extremely high risk" as exceeding socioecological coping capacity and possibly leading to existential or catastrophic outcomes <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">coastal settlement risks reach existential catastrophe thresholds at very high sea level rise</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">Phytochemicals show significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">Challenges associated with phytochemical use include low bioavailability and toxicity, which can be potentially overcome with nanoparticle delivery mechanisms and chemical analogs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_St3cdIq">Phytochemicals demonstrate potential against HPV-induced cervical cancer, necessitating further research on their efficacy and safety in HPV-mediated treatment</snippet>. <snippet id="S_giUXm46">Combinational use of phytochemicals with chemotherapeutic drugs enhances their therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BEpOCxI">Research is currently underway to assess the use of phytochemicals in cancer prevention, with emphasis on their crucial role in chemoprevention of cervical, endometrial, and ovarian cancers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">Experimental works from the last five years elucidate the anticancer effects of natural products on cervical cancer through PUBMED and Google Scholar database searches</snippet>.
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Recent reviews have synthesized therapeutic effects of natural products on cervical cancer through inflammatory pathways, highlighting compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, curcumin, and paclitaxel with data primarily from 2010-2021 studies<snippet id="S_RulQFFI">. Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">. Challenges associated with phytochemical use include low bioavailability and toxicity, which may be addressed through chemical analogs, adjuvant therapies, and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms<snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">. Experimental evidence emphasizes chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of plant-derived substances, with combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs shown to enhance therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells<snippet id="S_bChTerS">. Research on phytochemicals against HPV-induced cervical cancer necessitates further investigation into efficacy and safety, particularly through concurrent therapies targeting HPV-mediated mechanisms<snippet id="S_St3cdIq">. Current literature reviews continue to collect experimental works from the last five years elucidating anticancer mechanisms of plant-derived natural products in cervical cancer treatment<snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">.
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<snippet id="S_r2sDDAL">Trust in AI within public institutions is influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers</snippet>, making institutional trust foundational for public sector AI acceptance. <snippet id="S_rvmDLcV">Trustworthiness of AI in the public sector should be reviewed through prescriptive variables including reliability, transparency, and accountability</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">transparency, reliability, and task characteristics predicting cognitive trust in AI</snippet> serving as key determinants. <snippet id="S_F456mxb">Trust levels increase if AI adds perceived value and if humans remain involved, with transparency about AI use being essential for tracking trust changes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">Public perception and trust are critical factors influencing AI integration in society, with dimensions including control of AI, ethics in AI, and privacy concerns</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PgHhtbO">Trust in government significantly influences user experiences with AI-based self-service technology in public service delivery</snippet>, highlighting trust as a key challenge and opportunity in public governance. <snippet id="S_R1PS8iU">Public sector AI adoption differs from the private sector due to coercive elements, as citizens must use and pay for services, raising legitimacy questions where trust and legitimacy are foundational</snippet>.
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Trust in AI within public institutions is significantly influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems often viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers <snippet id="S_r2sDDAL,S_R1PS8iU">. Key determinants include transparency and explainability, which are essential for tracking trust changes and fostering responsible AI development <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp,S_1tU6Z3U">. Human oversight remains critical, as trust levels increase when humans remain involved in decision-making processes rather than being replaced entirely by AI <snippet id="S_F456mxb">. Reliability, tangibility, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust in AI systems, while anthropomorphism influences emotional trust <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">. Privacy concerns and data governance also negatively impact trust, particularly when citizens perceive potential privacy invasion <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">. Additionally, public perception of AI control, ethics, and perceived value of AI services are crucial determinants for acceptance in public service contexts <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U,S_F456mxb">. Technological competence and familiarity with AI also correlate with higher trust in AI capabilities across different public service domains <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">.
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<snippet id=b99d28d7-0,b99d28d7-9>The 2021 film "Clean" is available to stream on AMC+, Sundance Now, Philo, Prime Video, Tubi, Disney+, Hulu, and Sling TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-4>It can also be watched on Amazon Prime Video with Ads or for free with ads on Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-8>Additional streaming options include Tubi TV and Hulu</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-6>Some sources indicate it may also be available on Netflix</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>Apple TV confirms availability on AMC+, Sundance Now, Philo, Prime Video, Tubi, Disney+, Hulu, and Sling TV</snippet>.
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<snippet id=b99d28d7-0,b99d28d7-9>Clean is available to stream on multiple platforms including AMC+, Hulu, Prime Video, Apple TV, Tubi, and Roku</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>AMC+ is specifically mentioned as one of the available streaming services for the film</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-1,b99d28d7-2,b99d28d7-4>It can also be accessed through Hulu, Amazon Prime Video, and Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5,b99d28d7-8>Philo and other services like Sundance Now and Disney+ offer the movie as well</snippet>.
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The search results do not contain specific empirical evidence on the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or student involvement in assessment design. Most snippets discuss learning outcomes generally <snippet id="S_dUrCta4">learning outcomes are used throughout assessment processes in higher education</snippet> and their benefits <snippet id="S_dUrCta4">their use is mandatory, with a frequent assumption that they bring many positive benefits to educational processes</snippet>, but do not address student co-creation specifically. One review notes that reliability and validity are often underreported in peer assessment studies <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">reliability and validity are often underreported as outcome measures in peer assessment studies</snippet>, yet this refers to peer assessment generally rather than student involvement in design. Another review emphasizes the need for more rigorous studies with larger sample sizes to address gaps in measuring outcomes <snippet id="S_db6DLhs">the review calls for more rigorous studies with larger sample sizes to address gaps in measuring outcomes</snippet>, but does not specify student co-creation. The available evidence focuses on teacher effectiveness <snippet id="S_G7aERKv">The scoping review examines teacher effectiveness in higher education</snippet> and quality assurance mechanisms <snippet id="S_ssr4mB9">Various quality control mechanisms, such as peer reviews and accreditation, are employed to improve educational quality</snippet> rather than student participation in assessment design. Therefore, the search results do not provide the quantitative effects or direct evaluations of co-designing assessment tasks/criteria that the agent seeks.
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The provided search results do not contain specific empirical evidence or randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or student co-created rubrics in higher education <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv,S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">. Instead, the available literature focuses on broader concepts such as Outcome-Based Education frameworks, general peer assessment design elements, and teacher effectiveness metrics <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv">. While one systematic review notes that reliability and validity are frequently underreported in peer assessment studies, it does not quantify the impact of student involvement in task design <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">. Additional snippets discuss conceptual tensions in learning outcomes or the influence of educational technology without addressing assessment negotiation specifically <snippet id="S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">.
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<snippet id="S_wzDgj5A">Endocytosis delivers extracellular materials to lysosomes for degradation, maintaining cellular homeostasis</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_wzDgj5A">trafficking between endosomes and the TGN delivers enzymes and V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gCWDTWV">Lysosomes receive soluble hydrolases and membrane proteins from the TGN through M6P receptor-dependent and -independent endocytic pathways</snippet>, which supports lysosomal fitness. <snippet id="S_EhS0ch1">Lysosomal exocytosis can extracellularly release contents to eliminate unprocessed aggregates, potentially benefiting lysosomal storage disorders</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_pfxfGLI">a general downregulation of endocytosis during aging or senescence has been observed</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_BXMwwcV">endocytosed materials can impair lysosomal function and endocytosis</snippet>, suggesting context-dependent effects. <snippet id="S_gvPHAb9">Lysosomal exocytosis facilitates plasma membrane repair through endocytosis-mediated removal and resealing of damaged PM</snippet>, which could protect against lysosomal membrane permeabilization. Overall, endocytosis appears to support lysosomal function through enzyme delivery and membrane repair, but direct experimental evidence specifically demonstrating endocytosis as a protective mechanism against lysosomal dysfunction is limited in these results.
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<snippet id=S_wzDgj5A,S_Y2SP2EN>Endocytosis maintains cellular homeostasis by delivering extracellular and intracellular materials to lysosomes, where they are degraded as part of the autophagy-lysosomal-endosomal system</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_wzDgj5A>Trafficking between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network is imperative for the maintenance of lysosomal fitness as it delivers enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id=S_gCWDTWV>Lysosome biogenesis also requires endocytic pathways, as lysosomal membrane proteins can be delivered via vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane followed by endocytosis</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">Calendar aging in lithium-ion batteries is accelerated by elevated temperatures, with the process often explained by the Arrhenius equation</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_Ykw4nQx">calendar aging occurs independently of charge-discharge cycles, primarily due to the formation of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) on the negative electrode</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">Research indicates that lithium-ion batteries experience significant degradation in cycle life at low temperatures during fast charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">a 16Ah graphite/NMC battery loses 75% of its capacity after only 50 cycles at 5°C, compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">The degradation mechanisms include lithium plating and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film growth, which compete under fast charging conditions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">Keil et al. (2016) examined NCA, NMC, and LFP at 25°C, 45°C, and 50°C over 300 days, finding that capacity fade did not increase linearly with SOC</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">higher temperatures and SOC levels, particularly 100% SOC at 60°C, significantly increased capacity degradation and internal resistance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RHMJrIs">Aging leads to the formation of a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) and other degradation products, primarily responsible for capacity decline</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_RHMJrIs">low anode potential accelerating the loss of cyclable lithium</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain specific quantitative data on sub-zero temperature effects (-10 to -20°C) or direct comparisons between calendar vs. cycling aging mechanisms at low temperatures.
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Calendar aging follows the Arrhenius equation, where elevated temperatures accelerate aging processes through increased reaction rates, making temperature regulation essential for reducing degradation <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">. SEI growth is the dominant calendar aging mechanism at high temperatures (e.g., 55°C storage), causing pore clogging and film resistance increase in anodes <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">. Higher temperatures and SOC levels significantly increase capacity degradation and internal resistance during calendar aging, with studies showing accelerated fading at 50-60°C storage <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">. In contrast, cyclic aging experiences dramatically accelerated degradation at low temperatures during charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C for graphite/NMC batteries <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. At 5°C, a 16 Ah graphite/NMC battery loses 75% capacity after only 50 cycles compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C, driven primarily by lithium plating rather than SEI growth <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. The Arrhenius law describes temperature dependence of cyclic aging reaction rates, though lithium plating at sub-zero temperatures creates an inflection point that fundamentally alters degradation mechanisms compared to calendar aging <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">.
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<answer>
The search results do not contain the specific threshold value for rC,ave or ΔGave mentioned in the Scientific Reports article. All provided snippets are about China's research evaluation reform, SSCI publications, and global science influence, but none reference the exact variable names or threshold values from the target paper <snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_NyxI5ht,S_RTxg6u0,S_PnWYPRp,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u,S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t">the search results do not contain the specific threshold value for rC,ave or ΔGave mentioned in the Scientific Reports article</snippet>. The agent may need to try different search queries with the DOI or author names to locate the actual article containing the threshold value <snippet id="S_PtOIRGk">the agent may need to try different search queries with the DOI or author names to locate the actual article containing the threshold value</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_NyxI5ht,S_RTxg6u0,S_PnWYPRp,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u">None of the provided search results contain information about a Scientific Reports article with the specific variables rC,ave and ΔGave or their critical threshold values</snippet>. The retrieved snippets discuss various aspects of Chinese research output, publication incentives, and global science influence, but none reference the target paper with the threshold information the agent is seeking <snippet id="S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t">The only mentions of "Chinese scholars" in global research context appear in titles without corresponding content</snippet>. The agent may need to refine their search with more specific terms such as "Scientific Reports rC,ave ΔGave threshold" without the broader China influence query to locate the exact paper.
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<snippet id="22895,68190,89881">Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) was an 18th‑century Swedish naturalist who formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy</snippet>. <snippet id="22895,68190,89881">He introduced the two‑part Latin species name (genus + specific epithet) and hierarchical ranks such as kingdom, class, order, genus, and species</snippet>. <snippet id="22895">Publishing Systema Naturae (first ed. 1735), he standardized classification across plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and more</snippet>. <snippet id="68190">His system became the basis of modern scientific naming, with names typically assigned by the discoverer and reflecting distinguishing traits</snippet>. <snippet id="22895">Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaeus taught at Uppsala, wrote chiefly in Latin, and was ennobled in 1761 as Carl von Linné</snippet>.
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<answer>
Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), an 18th-century Swedish naturalist, formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy <snippet id="22895, 68190">. He introduced a two-part Latin naming system (genus + specific epithet), such as Homo sapiens, through his publication of Systema Naturae (first edition 1735) <snippet id="22895, 89881">. Linnaeus also established hierarchical classification ranks including kingdom, class, order, genus, and species <snippet id="22895, 89881">. His system standardized biological classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming <snippet id="68190">. Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaean taxonomy continues to serve as the foundation for organizing biodiversity <snippet id="22895, 89881">.
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<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before," written by Pulitzer Prize-winning author Tony Horwitz</snippet>, who retraces the voyages of Captain James Cook across the Pacific. <snippet id=1701849e-6>This book specifically retraces the voyages across the Pacific of the British explorer</snippet>, following a specific route through the region. <snippet id=1701849e-5>Horwitz discusses the journeys he took retracing Cook's voyages across the Pacific</snippet>, including encounters with native peoples and the significance of the explorer's voyages. The book is described as an exhilarating tale of historic adventure about Cook's voyages <snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>in an exhilarating tale of historic adventure</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Tony Horwitz</snippet>, which retraces the voyages of British explorer Captain James Cook across the Pacific <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>. Cook was from Yorkshire, a county in northern England, and his historic HMS Endeavour has been reconstructed for modern voyages <snippet id=1701849e-6>. The book follows a specific route through Pacific island countries that Cook originally visited during his explorations <snippet id=1701849e-5>. Horwitz's approach combines historical research with personal adventure travel to explore Cook's legacy <snippet id=1701849e-1>. This work differed from Horwitz's previous books by focusing on a specific exploration route across the Pacific Ocean <snippet id=1701849e-6>.
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<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH">The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms for remote work</snippet>, with most organizational practices now conducted with technology since many employees work from home <snippet id="S_EFHhJY4">. This acceleration has been particularly evident in the rise of remote work from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet> <snippet id="S_rm0f44F">. HRM is positioned at the heart of these global digital business process transitions, helping organizations navigate work-life balance and business continuity</snippet> <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">. The pandemic has highlighted critical challenges in teamwork and productivity, necessitating new policies for hybrid working models</snippet> <snippet id="S_hGtii0p">. However, there is a noted lack of information in the literature regarding the factors that affect digitally transforming HR practices during COVID-19</snippet> <snippet id="S_EFHhJY4">. Systematic literature reviews confirm this concern, indicating the need for both conceptual and empirical attention to deal with these pandemic repercussions</snippet> <snippet id="S_sFMyq5N">. While these findings characterize the changes HRM has undergone, further research is needed to understand the intersection of COVID-19 and sustainable HRM</snippet> <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi">. The CEDEL model (complicator–exposer–disruptor–enabler–legitimizer) provides a framework for future studies investigating these impacts</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_CbPhWNe">The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), with remote work necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms and e-HRM practices</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH,Sn_rm0f44F">Research indicates this acceleration has been global in scope, with one study noting remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi,S_sFMyq5N">Systematic literature reviews characterize COVID-19 as a complicator-disruptor-enabler that challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">The crisis established lasting implications including more flexible, remote-friendly digital working norms that organizations must address through new policies and hybrid working models</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">bioRxiv does not perform peer review but implements a screening process to filter out inappropriate content and enhance the utility of submissions</snippet>, with staff conducting internal checks including automated plagiarism detection and manual reviews for spam or inappropriate content, followed by a group of experienced scientists known as bioRxiv Affiliates. <snippet id="S_lUJRGnM">Thirty-three preprint platforms were examined regarding their article screening processes, with 75% providing details about their screening</snippet>, and many involve researchers with content expertise in screening focusing on article scope, plagiarism, and legal/ethical issues. <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">MedRxiv screens submissions for material that could endanger public health, including dual-use research, and has historically declined studies involving pathogens of pandemic potential</snippet>, while arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns. <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">Preprints, while lacking formal peer review, undergo various quality control measures on platforms like arXiv</snippet>, including author registration and endorsement, completeness, relevance, plagiarism, language appropriateness, and compliance with ethical and legal standards. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">Preprints are described as preliminary reports not yet peer-reviewed</snippet> and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice or reported as established information without expert consultation, with each preprint including a warning indicating the lack of peer review. <snippet id="S_lUJRGnM">Only three platforms (Research Square, bioRxiv, medRxiv) specifically check for unfounded medical claims</snippet>, and most platforms have preservation plans through agreements with Portico or grants.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">arXiv performs pre-peer review screening that includes plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language quality</snippet>, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">but does not conduct formal peer review before posting</snippet>. Key quality control measures on arXiv include <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">author registration and endorsement requirements, completeness checks, relevance verification, plagiarism detection, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>, unlike bioRxiv and medRxiv which screen for material that could endanger public health or pose biosecurity risks. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">ArXiv emphasizes that its materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. Despite the absence of peer review, preprints on arXiv still undergo screening as a "coarse filter" to exclude nonscientific or inappropriate content, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">though this does not guarantee validity of the content</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown also outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not explicitly mention an "intensive" reading category as a fifth type, only the four main categories of perceptive, selective, interactive, and extensive reading. The contrast between intensive and extensive reading would need additional sources to clarify, as the current snippets focus on the four reading types and assessment tasks rather than distinguishing intensive reading specifically from extensive reading in pedagogy.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books.</snippet> <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams.</snippet>
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores, and fact-checking explanation model fine-tuned on the PUBHEALTH dataset achieved promising performance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_wkwj2K0">We employed four pre-trained models: original BERT uncased, SCIBERT, BIOBERT v1.0, and also BIOBERT v1.1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">BIOBERT demonstrates higher accuracies when compared to BERT for named entity recognition, relation extraction and question answering in the biomedical domain</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">SCIBERT also shows improvements on original BERT for in-domain tasks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HA4fMd9">Several scientific claim verification datasets have been released in the past few years. COVIDFact (Saakyan et al., 2021) and HealthVer (Sarrouti et al., 2021) verify COVID-19 claims against scientific literature</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">Our experiments showed that training deep learning models on real-world medical claims greatly improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RXgSB12">Our results also show that HEALTHVER is a challenging testbed for developing new evidence-based fact-checking systems designed to validate real-world and health-related claims against a corpus of textual documents</snippet>.
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<answer>
Research on medical fact-checking shows that domain-specific language models often outperform general models on health claim verification tasks. On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores compared to BERT and other baseline models <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. BioBERT demonstrates higher accuracies than BERT for biomedical tasks including named entity recognition, relation extraction, and question answering in the biomedical domain <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. Similarly, SCIBERT shows improvements over the original BERT and outperforms it in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. However, performance varies by dataset; on SCIFACT, RoBERTa-large achieved the best performance among the sentence encoders tested, including SciBERT and BioMedRoBERTa <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. Additionally, training deep learning models on real-world medical claims substantially improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf,S_Iqcxwr0">The waterfall model is a linear and sequential software development approach where progress flows through distinct phases (requirements, design, implementation, testing, maintenance) and each phase must be completed before the next begins</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ">This structured method produces documented outputs for each stage that serve as inputs for subsequent phases, with substantial requirements changes typically requiring significant disruption</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">In contrast, the iterative model allows for initial simplified implementations that evolve through multiple cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation, emphasizing incremental changes with more flexibility</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX">A hybrid "Waterfall-Iterative" or "Waterative" approach combines waterfall phases executed iteratively, including requirement analysis for each iteration with feedback loops</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">While waterfall works well for simple, straightforward projects, it does not work well for complex projects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The waterfall model is characterized by strict documentation and end products for each stage, making it relatively slow and time-consuming</snippet>. However, the search results do not contain specific information about Agile Manifesto principles, the original Royce 1970 iteration nuance, or empirical comparative data on customer involvement and risk management.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">The traditional waterfall model is defined as a linear, sequential software development approach where each phase must be completed before the next begins, with strict documentation and sign-offs required between stages</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">In contrast, "iterative waterfall" (also called "Waterative") executes waterfall phases iteratively as the project elaborates, incorporating requirement analysis for each iteration with design followed by product backlog creation using Scrum framework's agile principles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model allows incremental changes and divided project parts with repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation, enabling more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to waterfall</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">A key distinction is that waterfall accommodates substantial requirement changes with significant disruption, whereas iterative approaches emphasize evolving implementations with each cycle enhancing previous work</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz,S_u8WEXgX">Waterfall is characterized by sequential phases requiring strict documentation and end products per stage, while iterative/wative approaches include unit testing during sprints followed by systems integration testing and user acceptance testing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">Waterfall approaches work well for simple, straightforward projects, but are less suitable for complex projects requiring flexibility</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_IbmwH6I,S_ipBYA4S,S_kq45sEh">Digital transformation in banking encompasses e-banking, mobile banking, digital payments, fintech, and regtech, with the primary goal of enhancing financial inclusion through accessible and affordable services</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X">Empirical evidence indicates that digital transformation correlates with lower account costs, higher savings, and improved operational efficiency, with digital payments showing a strong relationship to financial inclusion</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AlV0rKF">Bank stability positively correlates with digital financial inclusion (measured by z-score) and negatively correlates with non-performing loans, while bank competition negatively affects stability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cecyK56">In low-income countries, digital financial inclusion is more significant than traditional finance due to inefficiencies in banking, and economic growth often precedes financial inclusion</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ipBYA4S">However, research on fintech's impact is limited, particularly regarding effects across different demographics and regions, and traditional financial inclusion metrics may fail to adequately measure digital financial inclusion</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IbmwH6I">The success of digital banking varies by economic development and regulatory environments, with regulatory frameworks and technological advancements being key determinants of access</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gkl8lvJ">Challenges remain including data security, regulatory issues, consumer protection, data inequality, and regulatory arbitrage that need addressing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Q1OC4lz">Digitalisation can promote financial inclusion and positively impact economic growth, though there is uncertainty regarding whether digital financial services are genuinely inclusive for women and underprivileged communities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AlV0rKF">Policy recommendations include promoting digital financial literacy to bolster bank stability, reducing insolvency risks, and enhancing bank competition to lower non-performing loans</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IbmwH6I">Cross-country learning is emphasized to improve digital banking's effectiveness in promoting financial inclusion globally through policy recommendations for policymakers and financial institutions</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X>S digital transformation in banking is defined as the application of innovative technologies, particularly digital payments, to enhance financial inclusion and operational efficiency</snippet>, with research showing it <snippet id=S_4uYEvn0>S diminishes the impact of income levels on financial service access</snippet> while enhancing account ownership and savings. <snippet id=S_cecyK56>S Economic impact varies by income level: in low-income countries, digital financial inclusion is more significant than traditional finance due to banking inefficiencies</snippet>, whereas in middle-income countries both forms complement each other. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability (z-score) and negatively with non-performing loans</snippet>, though increased bank competition negatively affects stability according to the competition-fragility hypothesis. <snippet id=S_kq45sEh>S Challenges include data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy</snippet>, with findings from Sub-Saharan Africa, ASEAN, and EU contexts; <snippet id=S_cecyK56,S_Q1OC4lz>Yemen-specific evidence is sparse and limited by fragile state conditions</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Policy recommendations emphasize promoting digital financial literacy, regulatory frameworks treating digital and traditional finance as complementary</snippet>, and strategic measures to maintain bank stability alongside inclusion initiatives.
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<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett appears briefly as a policeman in Never Look Back (1952)</snippet>, confirming the IMDb snippet's claim. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The film was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>, with the UK release date of 26 May 1952. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Hugh Sinclair stars as Guy Middleton, a newly appointed KC defending an ex-lover accused of murder</snippet>. <snippet id="55190">The film runs 73 minutes and was directed by Francis Searle</snippet>. <snippet id="86941">It was shot at Film Studios, Manchester from 17 September to 19 October 1951</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The 1952 British drama Never Look Back was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett appears in a brief supporting role as a policeman</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Hugh Sinclair is confirmed as a main star in the cast, playing the prosecutor</snippet>. The production ran for 73 minutes and was shot at Mancunian Studios between September and October 1951.
</answer>


<answer>
The provided search results do not contain direct evidence linking visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation to specific beta-cell function metrics in adult humans. While multiple studies describe the calculation and significance of the disposition index (DI), insulinogenic index (IGI), and acute insulin response (AIR) as measures of beta-cell function, none explicitly associate these indices with visceral fat levels <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_2GRyVKu,S_77OipMD,S_i8R9nxi,S_C7yV87e">The disposition index, insulinogenic index, and acute insulin response are established indices of beta-cell function derived from OGTT and IVGTT data</snippet>. One study notes that adipose insulin resistance affects beta-cell function through secreted factors, but it does not specifically measure visceral fat <snippet id="S_0G85ZD2">Adipose tissue plays a significant role in insulin resistance by secreting factors that contribute to multiorgan insulin resistance, affecting β-cell function</snippet>. Another study reports that leptin and GM-CSF are negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI, but does not distinguish visceral fat specifically <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">leptin and GM-CSF were strongly negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with body mass index (BMI)</snippet>. The available evidence focuses on beta-cell function assessment methods rather than providing direct evidence of visceral fat's relationship with these metrics <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi,S_UBkWxKP">The disposition index reflects the relationship between insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion, incorporating insulin sensitivity from skeletal muscle, hepatic, and adipose tissues</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
The provided search results do not directly address the relationship between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and pancreatic beta-cell function metrics in humans. The snippets primarily define how beta-cell function indices like the disposition index, insulinogenic index, and acute insulin response are calculated from OGTT or IVGTT data <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_77OipMD">the disposition index is calculated as the product of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion measures such as the insulinogenic index</snippet>. One study suggests adipose tissue insulin resistance affects beta-cell function assessment, noting that elevated plasma free fatty acids can impair β-cell function and proposing adjustments to the disposition index to account for adipose tissue <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2">incorporating adipose insulin resistance into assessments provides a more comprehensive index of β-cell function</snippet>. Another study reported that leptin and GM-CSF were negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI and hsCRP, indicating roles in inflammation and lipid metabolism <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">leptin and GM-CSF showed negative associations with the disposition index and positive correlations with BMI and inflammatory markers</snippet>. However, none of these snippets provide direct adult human evidence linking VAT or pancreatic fat specifically to beta-cell function measures like disposition index or acute insulin response as the agent was seeking.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study of 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to like-minded sources by one-third did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>, though it did increase exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduce uncivil language. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">Research on social media feed designs indicates that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans</snippet>, while engagement-based feeds may increase perceived threats to free speech. <snippet id="S_mUfOdDp">A 2020 study by Guess et al. found no significant long-term effects of Facebook and Instagram's algorithms on users' affective polarization over a three-month period</snippet>, suggesting the impact of social media algorithms on long-term beliefs is complex. <snippet id="S_EIYKoMB">Recent studies suggest that exposure to diverse perspectives can align local conflicts with broader partisan divides, supporting redesign of ranking algorithms to reduce like-minded content</snippet>. However, the search results do not contain specific primary text from the Science 2023 deactivation experiment or Levy (2021) paper that the agent was seeking.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>. The intervention aimed to decrease exposure to like-minded sources by one-third, which resulted in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">but did not lead to measurable changes in eight key political attitudes, including affective polarization and belief in false claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">An experiment compared various feed types, including chronological and engagement-based feeds, as well as innovative designs aimed at promoting democratic values</snippet>. Findings indicate that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans, but may inadvertently increase perceived threats to free speech among users <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">. The research also references other studies that examined the influence of exposure to like-minded sources and reshared content, noting that some studies found minimal effects on affective polarization</snippet>.

</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_kiLBoza">The search results do not contain specific documentation on how canonical IAMs (FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE) represent extreme weather events</snippet>, as the returned snippets primarily focus on hazard modeling, impact assessment, and flood protection services rather than integrated assessment model integration <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">. The CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h, but this is a separate risk assessment tool, not an IAM</snippet> <snippet id="S_pppTd3w">. While mangrove flood protection studies employ regression models analyzing historical cyclone data, these do not describe IAM damage functions</snippet> <snippet id="S_BQsrZW1">. The HWCM approach simulates high-resolution wind and rain fields for risk assessment, yet it does not connect to canonical IAMs</snippet> <snippet id="S_VGFFWS5">. No snippets provide evidence of expected-annual-loss pipelines or empirically estimated event-specific damage functions aggregating to macro damages within FUND/PAGE/DICE/RICE frameworks</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Unfortunately, the provided search results do not contain specific information about how FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE, or other canonical IAMs incorporate extreme weather events into their damage functions. The available snippets focus on hazard modeling (CLIMADA model for tropical cyclones, mangrove flood protection services, hydrodynamic modeling) but do not document IAM integration methods <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>. No snippets describe how IAMs represent extremes as separate impact categories or stochastic shocks to capital/productivity, nor do they detail expected-annual-loss pipelines feeding IAM damages. There is also no evidence of empirically estimated event-specific damage functions (cyclone wind-based, flood depth–damage, heat-wave impacts) being aggregated to macro damages within specific IAM frameworks in these results.
</answer>


<answer>
HPV entry begins when the virus accesses the basal layer of epithelium through wounds or micro-damage, where L1 first binds to laminin-332 in the basement membrane <snippet id="S_9692W5p">HPV infection begins when the virus accesses the basal layer of the epithelium through wounds or micro-damage</snippet><snippet id="S_06dh88l">HPV are epithiotropic viruses whose replication cycle is strictly dependent on the terminal differentiation process of keratinocytes of the skin and mucosa</snippet>. Initial binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) or Heparan Sulfate Syndecan (Sdc) proteoglycans, specifically Sdc2 and Sdc4, on the cell membrane triggers conformational changes in L1 <snippet id="S_6cL8am9">HPV binds to cell-free Heparan Sulfate (HS) or Heparan Sulfate Syndecan (Sdc) proteoglycan (HPSG), Sdc2, and Sdc4, bound to the cell membrane</snippet><snippet id="S_ygceipK">The initial binding of L1 to HSPGs occurs in the intraepithelial environment, facilitated by specific lysine-rich sites on the L1 protein</snippet>. This interaction exposes the N-terminus of the L2 protein, which is subsequently cleaved by furin, reducing L1's affinity for HSPGs <snippet id="S_9692W5p">L1 then fuses with heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the cell surface, leading to further conformational changes due to interactions between L1's lysine residues and HSPGs, aided by cyclophilin B (CyPB). This process exposes the N-terminus of the L2 protein, which is subsequently cleaved by furin</snippet><snippet id="S_6cL8am9">Furin protease then cleaves L2 upstream of the RG-1 epitope</snippet>. Secondary receptors including tetraspanin CD151, integrins α3β1 and α6β4, and the annexin A2/S100A10 heterotetramer (A2t) are required for HPV uptake <snippet id="S_6cL8am9">cell membrane receptors have been identified, including EGFR [34], α6-integrin [35], CD63 [36] and CD151 tetraspannin [37], and annexin A2/S100A10 heterotetramer (A2t), which are required for HPV uptake</snippet><snippet id="S_9692W5p">L2 then binds to the S100A10 subunit of annexin A2, facilitating clathrin-independent endocytosis of HPV into the cell</snippet>. HPV enters cells through endocytosis, independent of clathrin, caveolin, lipid rafts, and dynamin, reaching the nucleus within approximately 24 hours via post-endocytic trafficking <snippet id="S_Fgb4QWW">HPV enters host cells via endocytosis, independent of clathrin, caveolin, lipid rafts, and dynamin</snippet><snippet id="S_qd5yqrp">HPV enters cells through endocytosis, similar to micropinocytosis, and reaches the nucleus within approximately 24 hours via post-endocytic trafficking through endosomes, the Golgi network, and the endoplasmic reticulum</snippet>. The virus typically infects the basal layer of squamous epithelium during microinjuries, where undifferentiated basal epithelial cells serve as the primary target <snippet id="S_9692W5p">HPV infection begins when the virus accesses the basal layer of the epithelium through wounds or micro-damage</snippet><snippet id="S_qd5yqrp">HPV typically infects the basal layer of squamous epithelium during microinjuries</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) entry typically begins at microlesions in the epithelium where the major capsid protein L1 binds to laminin-332 or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the basement membrane <S_9692W5p, S_06dh88l, S_ygceipK, S_4kyiDLH>. This initial attachment induces L1 conformational changes, often facilitated by Cyclophilin B, which exposes the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2 <S_9692W5p, S_ygceipK, S_sYaeZRH>. Proteolytic processing follows, where kallikrein-8 cleaves L1 and the cellular protease furin cleaves L2, reducing HSPG affinity and preparing the virion for internalization <S_6cL8am9, S_9692W5p, S_qd5yqrp>. Secondary interactions with receptors such as annexin A2, integrin α6, and tetraspanins like CD151 facilitate clathrin-independent endocytosis or macropinocytosis-like uptake <S_6cL8am9, S_Fgb4QWW, S_06dh88l>. Once internalized, the virus undergoes retrograde trafficking through endosomes and the Golgi network to reach the nucleus for genome release and replication <S_6cL8am9, S_IzJhLSD, S_qd5yqrp>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_FvypqMm">The Laplace mechanism adds noise from the Laplace distribution to numeric query results, ensuring that the output remains unaffected by the addition or removal of a single record, thus preserving user privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u2uIkcN">The Laplace mechanism ensures differential privacy for numerical data by adding noise from a Laplace distribution, calibrated with a standard deviation of √2b based on the function's sensitivity, enabling privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_dR6xJKK,S_gaV539r,S_3Vks9VQ,S_5htVDhJ,S_oSOy7gF,S_urqqOz8">the search results do not contain specific case studies or empirical applications of the Laplace mechanism in high-impact journals such as IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or Nature Scientific Data</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oSOy7gF">The Laplace mechanism is a standard mechanism that adds Laplace noise to query answers, where the scale parameter is Δ/ε and it satisfies -differential privacy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3Vks9VQ">The Laplace mechanism is defined by M(d) := M(d) + Y where Y_i ~ L(∆_1/ε) are independent and identically distributed for i = 1, ..., r and ∆_1 is the L_1 sensitivity of the query</snippet>. The available evidence confirms the theoretical application of Laplace noise to banking credit transactions, but concrete high-impact journal case studies are not present in these search results.
</answer>

<answer>
The search results provide limited evidence of concrete case studies from high-impact journals applying the Laplace mechanism specifically to financial/banking/credit transaction data. Two snippets mention financial applications: S_FvypqMm notes the Laplace mechanism can preserve "user privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions" within parking recommender system research <snippet id=S_FvypqMm>, and S_u2uIkcN states the mechanism enables "privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions" for prospect theoretic analysis <snippet id=S_u2uIkcN>. However, neither snippet explicitly confirms publication in high-impact journals like IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or major finance/economics journals that the agent prioritized <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_3Vks9VQ>. Most other search results discuss the Laplace mechanism in medical data <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG>, social networks <snippet id=S_XWjGWtA,S_gaV539r>, or power flow systems <snippet id=S_3Vks9VQ> rather than verified financial case studies. Additional searches targeting specific journals or verified financial domains would be needed to fully address the agent's goal.
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<answer>
<snippet id="21438">Jitendra Narayan (20 Dec 1886–20 Dec 1922) was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar</snippet>, and <snippet id="21438">he founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet>. <snippet id="21438">As "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar" he played one first‑class cricket match (Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI v Lord Willingdon's XI) on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs in total</snippet>. <snippet id="21438">There is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>. <snippet id="21438">He was succeeded by his son Jagaddipendra Narayan</snippet>, and <snippet id="21438">is linked to Cooch Behar Palace (Victor Jubilee Palace)</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Jitendra Narayan was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar <snippet id="21438">and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet> as an educational institution named after his father. He played one first‑class cricket match for "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI" against Lord Willingdon's XI on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs total <snippet id="21438">. There is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>, which contradicts one key element of the hypothesis that the match was against the Prince of Wales' XI during the 1921–22 India tour. Biographical details indicate he was linked to Cooch‑Behar Palace (also known as Victor Jubilee Palace) as the ruling Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar during his lifetime <snippet id="21438">, though succession by his offspring is not confirmed in the available snippets. Some sources present conflicting or fragmentary information about the academy founder and cricketing claims <snippet id="57275">, with sibling records listing him as having younger brothers but not documenting all biographical details consistently <snippet id="71327">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_gnrEepM">A study assessed various calibration approaches for monoclonal antibody quantification in plasma and found that using two stable signature peptides (SPs) was necessary for reliable results, with protein-level and hybrid calibrations achieving good accuracy (error < 10%) while single-peptide calibration had significant negative biases (−23 to −62%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BFG6czq">In contrast, a hybrid LC-MS/MS assay for an antibody-drug conjugate used only two signature peptides (one quantitative from light chain, one qualitative from heavy chain) successfully</snippet>, demonstrating that single-peptide approaches can work but are less commonly recommended for robustness. <snippet id="S_XWxG38W">A high-throughput strategy for selecting surrogate peptides for human drug disposition proteins utilized a minimum of three light and two heavy peptide fragments to enhance reproducibility</snippet>, suggesting regulatory guidance favors multiple peptides. <snippet id="S_1t8pQcf">The surrogate peptide method is a prevalent approach for quantifying total antibodies in ADCs, with stable isotopically labeled internal standards (SIL-IS) often used to enhance quantification accuracy</snippet>. Overall, while single signature peptides can be used, regulatory guidance emphasizes using two or more signature peptides for reliable therapeutic protein quantification in serum.
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Current evidence suggests that using two signature peptides is recommended over a single peptide for reliable mAb quantification in serum. A study assessing calibration approaches for monoclonal antibody quantification emphasized "the importance of using two SPs for reliability" and found single peptide calibration had "significant negative biases" and "discordant results between SPs" <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>. Practical implementations in therapeutic protein studies typically employ multiple peptides; for instance, one Fc-engineered mAb PK assay determined concentrations using "multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides" <snippet id=S_kjDg3lX>. Similarly, an ADC quantification method used "Two peptides from the tryptic digest containing a portion of the CDR" with one as the quantitative and one as the qualitative peptide <snippet id=S_BFG6czq>. While single peptides can be detected, protein-level and hybrid calibrations with two SPs achieved "good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results" compared to peptide-level calibration which showed poor reliability <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>.
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