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<snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">The paper "Exploring the possibility space: taking stock of the diverse capabilities and gaps in integrated assessment models" was identified, but the available search results do not contain substantive content from the abstract, methods, results, or discussion sections</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VjnoTeX">One related snippet discusses a toolkit of diverse futures approaches for global environmental assessments, but focuses on making scenarios more salient to decision-makers rather than assessing IAM capabilities and gaps</snippet>. <snippet id="S_onh5WOE,S_nKW5KXm,S_HRINe1D,S_u8Vhij6,S_m5a9xl5,S_CoFf8GZ,S_ausD8QJ">Other search results cover related topics including SDG trade-offs, urban sustainability, and climate impact assessment, but none provide the specific empirical findings or technical contributions about IAM possibility space that the agent is seeking</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">The paper title appears in the search results, but no detailed evidence about what "possibility space" means in their framing, how they assess IAM capabilities and gaps, or any intercomparison results is available</snippet>. The agent will need to conduct additional targeted searches to retrieve substantive text from the target paper.
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The search results do not contain substantive content from the target paper "Exploring the possibility space: taking stock of the diverse capabilities and gaps in integrated assessment models" <snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">The search results only show the paper title without abstract, methods, results, or discussion content</snippet>. The available snippets discuss IAMs in general terms from other papers but do not provide evidence about what "possibility space" means in the target paper's framing <snippet id="S_u8Vhij6">IAMs are mostly used for sustainable transformation and development pathway analysis and exploring climate policy and technology options</snippet> <snippet id="S_CoFf8GZ">they face challenges such as high uncertainty and dependency on the quality of underlying assumptions, highlighting both their capabilities and gaps</snippet>. No empirical intercomparison or mapping results from the target paper are present in the retrieved snippets <snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">Only title information is available from the target paper</snippet>. To properly answer the agent's query, additional searches must retrieve the actual paper text with abstract, methods, results, or discussion paragraphs.
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<snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">To enhance adolescent recreational reading in secondary schools, it is essential to understand and prioritize the voices of adolescents, as reading fulfills critical needs such as learning, relaxation, empathy, and escapism</snippet>, and schools should provide dedicated time for reading and implement initiatives like summer reading programs. <snippet id="S_L5NhumS">Key strategies include promoting choice, collaboration, and competence in classroom settings, which have been linked to increased intrinsic motivation</snippet>, with teachers' behaviors playing a significant role in influencing students' motivation. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Teacher support and strong relationships with educators are also crucial for fostering a reading culture</snippet>, and knowledgeable librarians play a vital role in helping students find books that match their interests and abilities. <snippet id="S_M9NC8Eo">A U.K. literacy survey indicated that middle adolescence (ages 14–16) is a critical period for this decline, with these adolescents reporting less enjoyment of reading and lower daily reading habits compared to younger and older peers</snippet>, highlighting the need for targeted interventions. <snippet id="S_WIheApX">The presence of qualified school librarians in well-resourced school libraries is associated with benefits for students' literacy attainment</snippet>, and school librarians are identified as key figures in fostering reading engagement among students. <snippet id="S_xbJmN70">Pleasure in reading is a strong predictor of reading frequency, which leads to growth in literacy skills</snippet>, and engaged readers find reading enjoyable which stimulates them to read more.
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<snippet id="S_WIheApX,S_HOSScoU">School librarians are identified as key figures in fostering reading engagement and literacy attainment in secondary education, a finding supported by research citing Merga (2019a, 2019b)</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_xbJmN70">pleasure in reading is a strong predictor of reading frequency which leads to growth in literacy skills</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Schools should provide dedicated time for reading and implement initiatives like summer reading programs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Unlike primary schools, high schools often do not actively encourage book reading</snippet>. <snippet id="S_L5NhumS">Effective practices involve creating supportive contexts that foster collaboration, competence, and positive teacher behaviors, and reading interventions integrating motivational principles alongside cognitive skills show positive effects</snippet>.


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<snippet id="S_0NbePdE,S_RLXmKuG">The EU AI Act categorizes AI systems based on risk levels, with specific transparency requirements for high-risk systems outlined in Article 13</snippet>, which mandates that high-risk AI systems must provide sufficient transparency mechanisms and include user instructions that are accessible and understandable, detailing the systems' characteristics, capabilities, and limitations <snippet id="S_0NbePdE">. Article 13(1) requires high-risk AI systems to be "sufficiently transparent," allowing for differentiation based on the system's transparency levels</snippet> <snippet id="S_RLXmKuG">. Article 14(3) emphasizes that oversight measures should align with the risks and context of use, while Article 15(1) discusses an "appropriate" level of accuracy and robustness</snippet> <snippet id="S_0NbePdE">. Revisions to the Act have emphasized the importance of explainability, particularly during inspections and user interactions</snippet> <snippet id="S_0NbePdE">. The final draft presented in November 2022 incorporated these changes, ensuring that the European Commission has the authority to access and understand databases, algorithms, and source codes, as well as to request explanations from providers regarding their AI systems</snippet> <snippet id="S_0NbePdE">. Overall, the Act seeks to ensure that users of high-risk AI systems are adequately informed about their operation and limitations</snippet>.
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The EU AI Act mandates high-risk AI systems to provide sufficient transparency mechanisms under Article 13, including user instructions detailing characteristics, capabilities, and limitations to ensure adequate user information <snippet id="S_0NbePdE, S_RLXmKuG">. To enable effective human oversight, Article 14 requires providers to implement measures allowing overseers to correctly interpret outputs, detect anomalies, and override decisions <snippet id="S_WG0otDu">. Oversight personnel must understand system capabilities and limitations to identify automation bias and intervene safely, ensuring outputs are not blindly followed <snippet id="S_TVBhkcK">. Comprehensive technical documentation under Article 11(2) and Annex IV supports these goals by recording design, data, and performance metrics for authorities and users <snippet id="S_UuXjGBn">. Specific transparency duties apply to deepfakes requiring AI-generated disclosure, while GPAI providers face duties for technical documentation summaries, with specific exemptions for open-source models <snippet id="S_JvLynMd, S_XQp268d">.
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<snippet id="S_tyjIFLb">Strava serves as a social network for amateur and professional athletes, enabling users to log, monitor, and share fitness accomplishments through status updates, comments, and photos</snippet>, with 36 million active users worldwide and 1 billion total activities uploaded. <snippet id="S_soikqKO">The app features segments defined by users, leaderboards for comparing results with friends or local users, and visualizations of performance data</snippet>, fostering a sense of community through localized data sharing. <snippet id="S_KfOy5t1">Social comparison is identified as a key psychological driver for user engagement, with users connecting, sharing experiences, and participating in competitive challenges</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ohmbRBN">Strava is categorized as a persuasive technology designed to motivate users through route tracking and performance feedback, with social media encouraging self-presentation and feedback from the online community</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fdz63NK">However, users often selectively share data, withholding metrics like heart rate and wattage in favor of basic information such as segment times and elevation, reflecting a desire for self-validation and awareness of how others perceive their data</snippet>. <snippet id="S_47DnIT5">Research recommends that fitness app designers support social features such as Competition and Cooperation to foster intrinsic motivation and accountability</snippet>.
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Strava employs social features such as challenges, leaderboards, and digital badges as core gamification techniques to encourage repeated use and foster a sense of community among its 36 million active users <snippet id="S_tyjIFLb">. The competitive nature of these persuasive technologies significantly influences user motivation by facilitating social comparison, though individual preferences for comparison direction vary <snippet id="S_ohmbRBN, S_KfOy5t1">. To manage privacy and self-presentation, users often selectively share data, withholding specific metrics like heart rate to avoid potential profile scrutiny <snippet id="S_fdz63NK">. Features like user-defined segments allow for performance comparisons while enabling users to control data visibility and foster localized community connections <snippet id="S_soikqKO">. Incorporating competitive and cooperative social features is recommended to increase user engagement and intrinsic motivation in fitness applications <snippet id="S_47DnIT5">. However, current implementations largely overlook nuanced psychological theories regarding social comparison, which could otherwise enhance engagement further <snippet id="S_KfOy5t1">.
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<snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The White House fact sheet announces a 25% additional tariff on imports from Canada and Mexico, and a 10% additional tariff on imports from China</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">Energy resources from Canada will have a lower 10% tariff</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The announcement specifies that these measures address a national emergency situation related to illegal aliens and fentanyl</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The fact sheet references a mandate from voters to seal the border and stop the flood of illegal aliens and drugs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">It also notes that previous administrations failed to leverage America's economic position to secure borders against illegal migration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The document claims that trade accounts for 67% of Canada's GDP, 73% of Mexico's GDP, and 37% of China's GDP</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">However, the snippet does not provide specific trade-value numbers, retaliation measures, or detailed economic impact estimates</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The White House fact sheet specifies a 25% additional tariff on imports from Canada and Mexico, with energy resources from Canada receiving a lower 10% tariff, while China faces a 10% additional tariff</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The fact sheet notes that in 2023 the U.S. trade deficit in goods was the world's largest at over $1 trillion</snippet>, and that trade accounts for 67% of Canada's GDP, 73% of Mexico's GDP, and 37% of China's GDP. However, <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">this fact sheet does not include specific dollar trade values covered by the tariffs, any retaliation measures from Canada, China, or the EU, or quantitative economic impact estimates (consumer cost, inflation, GDP)</snippet>. The tariff announcement is dated February 2025 and cites the International Emergency Economic Powers Act as the legal basis. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The tariffs remain in effect "until such time as Drugs, in particular Fentanyl, and all Illegal Aliens stop this Invasion of our Country"</snippet> as per the presidential directive.
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<snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The slogans "War is Peace," "Freedom is Slavery," and "Ignorance is Strength" from George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four are discussed as metaphorical phrases that undergo "discursive drift," reflecting shifts in meaning and application within public discourse</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">A significant portion of references (73%) to these slogans are secondary uses rather than original, indicating their widespread circulation in media and public debate</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tpXkvyW">Metaphorical slogans are deployed to project covert ideology by showing shared experiences between speakers and audiences, helping exert influence on the general public</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iDUQY7x">Slogans function as emotional appeals that can act as "Conversation Killers" by discouraging critical thought and meaningful discussion</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lgOMCo4">The term "doubleplus unfree" is cited as an example of intensifying language from Orwell's Newspeak, demonstrating how slogans can create new, rare formations with specific ideological meanings</snippet>. However, the available snippets do not provide comprehensive CDA scholarship explicitly applying frameworks like Fairclough, van Dijk, or Foucault to these specific slogans.
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<snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The slogans from Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four—"War is Peace," "Freedom is Slavery," and "Ignorance is Strength"—are analyzed as metaphors that undergo discursive drift, where meaning and stance shift over time</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_iDUQY7x">slogans function as thought-terminating clichés that discourage critical thought by offering seemingly simple answers to complex questions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_15dkzZt">These phrases operate as brief, striking terms that act as emotional appeals and may include labeling and stereotyping</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lgOMCo4">Orwell's Newspeak language engineering is exemplified by terms like "doubleplus unfree," which demonstrates the intensifying use of language for ideological control</snippet>. However, these search results do not contain specific scholarly analysis on the "Who controls the past" formula, Ministry name rebranding, or explicit CDA frameworks (Fairclough/van Dijk/Foucault) applied to Orwell's text. <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">A significant portion of references to these slogans in media are secondary uses (73%), indicating their evolution as discursive artifacts rather than original texts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_gsbJVy0,S_5VWgqHF">Eric A. Stach from the University of Pennsylvania will serve as MRS Vice President beginning January 1, 2024</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0">He will lead the Board of Directors as MRS President in 2025</snippet>, which confirms he held the concurrent title of President-Elect in 2024. <snippet id="S_ZPx3NY5">This service to MRS begins in the position of vice president/president-elect</snippet>, consistent with the agent's query about the 2024 Vice President/President-Elect role. <snippet id="S_Mcho4xl">The official MRS announcement confirms this leadership transition for 2025</snippet>.
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Eric A. Stach from the University of Pennsylvania served as MRS Vice President beginning January 1, 2024 <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0, S_5VWgqHF">. He will lead the Board of Directors as MRS President in 2025, following the standard VP/President-Elect transition <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0, S_5VWgqHF">. This confirms that Eric A. Stach was the 2024 Vice President and President-Elect who was scheduled to assume the Presidency in 2025 <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0">.
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<snippet id="S_3JECVB5">The OASIS STIX 2.1 format defines 12 STIX Domain Objects (SDOs) including 'indicator', 'malware', and 'report', each with specific attributes</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_3JECVB5">STIX Relationship Objects (SROs) define relationships between these characteristics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS">The Indicator SDO specifically uses a 'pattern' property crucial for detailing malware indicators within the CTI framework</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_06F1WZp">STIX objects such as Malware or Indicator belong to the set of SDOs, with relationships managed through SROs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Xa6M06B">STIX 2.1 introduced a flat structure with SDOs at the top level and relationships between them managed through SROs</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_pKQ0ahU">the STIX project transitioned from MITRE to the OASIS CTI technical committee</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3M0PARM">Real-world STIX bundles from 204 reports contain 36,100 entities and 13,600 relations, with 75% including a Malware entity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3TK690R">STIX uses observed data structures, indicator patterns, and relationship objects requiring UUIDs to establish connections between different objects</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_Xa6M06B">The OASIS CTI technical committee maintains STIX 2.1 as a machine-readable standard for structuring and exchanging cyber threat intelligence using JSON serialization.</snippet> <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_06F1WZp">The framework defines STIX Domain Objects (SDOs), including specific types such as 'malware' and 'indicator', to describe characteristics of incidents and threat indicators.</snippet> <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_lIvobvB">The 'indicator' SDO includes a 'pattern' property for detailing malware indicators, while data quality metrics can assess the connectedness of these objects.</snippet> <snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_06F1WZp">STIX uses STIX Relationship Objects (SROs) to link SDOs, enabling representations such as a malware exploiting a vulnerability or an indicator referencing a threat actor.</snippet> <snippet id="S_Xa6M06B">Integration of CybOX into STIX 2.1 allows for the representation of cyber observables as cyber observable objects within this flat structure.</snippet>
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The search results do not contain specific information about newly formed counties in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province between 2020-2024. The available snippets only provide general information about the province's location in southwestern Iran <snippet id=3d29ab62-0>one of the 31 provinces of Iran in the southwest</snippet>, its capital Dehdasht for Kohgiluyeh County <snippet id=3d29ab62-1>capital is the city of Dehdasht</snippet>, and mention of a 2024 FAO report <snippet id=3d29ab62-5>2024 FAO crop and food supply assessment</snippet> without details on county formation. No snippet explicitly states that any new county was formed in this province during the specified period.
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<snippet id=3d29ab62-5>The FAO report mentions "newly formed local and province level governments" in a general context, but does not specify particular counties formed in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during 2020-2024</snippet>. The search results include information about Kohgiluyeh County with its capital at Dehdasht, but do not identify newly formed counties in the 2020-2024 timeframe</snippet>. No specific administrative changes or county formations in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during this period are clearly documented in the available snippets</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">For the Trusted Computing Environment & Platform area, the project "可信计算环境与平台——面向航空航天行业" won the National Science and Technology Progress Award Second Prize (二等奖)</snippet>, establishing the CROWN high-trust software development environment. <snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">For Virtual Reality & Digital Media, the projects "实时三维图形平台BH-GRAPH" and "分布交互仿真运行支撑平台BH_RTI" won the National Science and Technology Progress Award First Prize (一等奖) and Second Prize (二等奖)</snippet>, along with the distributed virtual environment DVENET. <snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">The Virtual Reality & Digital Media section also mentions "虚拟现实与数字媒体——针对国家战略规划"</snippet> as a research direction at Beihang University's School of Computer Science.
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针对虚拟现实与数字媒体方向，北京航空航天大学计算机学院研制了实时三维图形平台BH-GRAPH、分布交互仿真运行支撑平台BH_RTI及分布式虚拟环境DVENET，这些成果获得国家科技进步一等奖和二等奖<snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">。在可信计算环境与平台方面，学院建立的CROWN高可信软件开发环境、Web服务中间件平台及网络环境运行平台，荣获国家科技进步二等奖<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">。这些研究面向国家战略规划及航空航天行业应用需求展开<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl,S_UoGmAYk">。
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_C7vME7Z">A survey of 507 students in Nigeria found a lifetime gambling prevalence of 57.2%, with 77.6% having gambled in the previous 12 months</snippet>, though this data does not specifically isolate sports betting from general gambling. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Research indicates that demographic factors such as being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment are associated with higher risks of problem gambling</snippet> among university students in Nigeria. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Sports betting has gained popularity among university students in Nigeria, influenced by the accessibility of online platforms and smartphone applications</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_rqYsRo2">the study on financial literacy among 5,000 college students from 12 universities in Ghana did not specifically report on Nigeria</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_d3zPQEk">the esports betting study on emerging adults in Great Britain explicitly states that specific data on Nigerian students is not detailed</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zEaN2n7">USA research found that regular participation in sports betting among adolescents was associated with a higher risk of gambling problems</snippet>, but this does not provide Nigeria-specific evidence on employment status as a determinant. <snippet id="S_sAPmmcf">A general population survey found that past-30-day sports bettors were more likely to have a history of indebtedness and gambling problems</snippet>, though this data comes from a different country. Overall, <snippet id="S_C7vME7Z">little is known about gambling in sub-Saharan Africa, while problem gambling among young people in countries within the subregion has received little research attention</snippet>, indicating a significant gap in Nigeria-specific evidence on employment status and sports betting.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_C7vME7Z">An urban school-based survey of 507 Nigerian students found a lifetime gambling prevalence of 57.2%, with 77.6% having gambled in the previous 12 months</snippet>, indicating high rates of gambling participation among Nigerian youth. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Sports betting has gained popularity among university students in Nigeria, with demographic factors including being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment associated with higher risks of problem gambling</snippet>. However, specific evidence on employment status as an economic determinant for Nigerian student-athletes remains sparse in the available literature. <snippet id="S_sAPmmcf">Among recent sports bettors, those active in work or studies showed lower percentages (68% for online casino, 59% for horse betting) compared to non-gamblers, while past-30-day sports bettors had higher history of indebtedness (11% vs 6%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iL4llG9">Research on emerging adults shows students comprised 59% of esports bettors in a Great Britain sample, with bettors more likely to live in deprived areas</snippet>, suggesting economic strain may be a relevant pathway. Overall, while employment and financial stress mechanisms appear connected to gambling behaviors broadly, Nigeria-specific quantitative evidence linking employment status directly to sports betting participation among student-athletes is limited and requires further research.
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The search results do not contain the specific name of the current top model on the Chatbot Arena Leaderboard. The official LMSYS Chatbot Arena Leaderboard is available at <snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">https://lmarena.ai/</snippet>, which has accumulated over 3.5M votes. A previous Elo rating leaderboard was released based on 27K anonymous votes from April 24 to May 22, 2023 <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE">. The Hugging Face Space also hosts a snapshot of the leaderboard data</snippet> <snippet id="S_831cvJ0">. However, none of the provided snippets identify the current best-performing model by name or its Elo rating.</snippet>
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The official Chatbot Arena Leaderboard is hosted at https://lmarena.ai/ <snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">where over 3.5M votes have been collected for model rankings. The leaderboard uses an Elo rating system based on anonymous voting data <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE">to rank large language models. A snapshot of the leaderboard is also available on Hugging Face at https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmarena-ai/lmarena-leaderboard <snippet id="S_831cvJ0">. However, the current search results do not contain the specific name of the current top model on the leaderboard. A direct visit to the official lmarena.ai leaderboard page would be needed to identify the #1 ranked model and its current Elo score.
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<snippet id="S_gu69vHf">DESI findings indicate that dark energy has an equation of state w(z) crossing the phantom barrier (w < -1) for z > 1, with w0 > -1, suggesting evolving dark energy models that deviate from w = -1</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_Cn1GhvJ">DESI+CMB data suggest a ≃ 3σ deviation from ΛCDM, indicating a potential phantom crossing at z c ≃ 0.45, where w(z) < −1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DVeLkbI">DESI BAO only yields a higher w in the late universe, with the Chebyshev reconstruction showing DESI BAO only preferred phantom behavior</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_ZCPd5ub">DESI DR2 BAO data favor a dynamical dark energy characterized by a phantom crossing feature</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_ZIWoomJ">there is no obstacle to the phantom regime w < -1, which is unphysical in general relativity</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_otM3Qb8">current data remains inconclusive regarding the existence of a phantom crossing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_p938Lo0">Many subsequent works assessed this issue, where most of them showed that the z = 0.51 and z = 0.71 BAO data points could be responsible for this result</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_p938Lo0">a possible bias due to the choice of the dark energy parameter priors has also been pointed out</snippet>. The provided search results do not contain specific theoretical details about non-minimal coupling enabling stable phantom crossing, only that DESI data shows a preference for dynamical phantom dark energy models.
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DESI results indicate a preference for phantom behaviour (w < -1) over a significant redshift range, with a crossing to the non-phantom region at lower redshift <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. DESI DR2 data suggests a potential phantom crossing at z_c ≃ 0.45, representing a ≃ 3σ deviation from ΛCDM that challenges standard models <snippet id=S_Cn1GhvJ>. The phantom regime w < -1 is considered unphysical in general relativity, motivating alternative theoretical frameworks <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. Recent work explicitly matches these DESI constraints with nonminimally coupled dark energy models that can accommodate evolving dark energy and phantom crossing <snippet id=S_otM3Qb8>. Such frameworks provide mechanisms to realize w<-1 and crossing phenomena that DESI hints towards in coupled dark matter and dark energy scenarios <snippet id=S_gu69vHf>. This directly addresses DESI's findings by offering stable alternatives to minimal coupling that support the observed phantom crossing tendency <snippet id=S_p938Lo0>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_8bzg1KA,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">In pharmacology, margin of safety is defined as the ratio between the amount of drug that is lethal to 1% of the population and effective in 99% of the population, expressed as LD1/ED99</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NDPofwS">The LD1 is the dose that elicits lethality in 1% of the population, and the ED99 is the dose that elicits therapeutic effect in 99% of the population</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RujXXPj">This ratio represents a safety index where a higher margin of safety means a lower risk of toxicity</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_8bzg1KA,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">none of the provided search results explicitly discuss when margin of safety cannot be calculated or is considered undefined</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NDPofwS">The margin of safety is calculated as LD1/ED99, where the LD1 is the dose that elicits lethality in 1% of the population, and the ED99 is the dose that elicits therapeutic effect in 99% of the population</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RujXXPj">This ratio represents a safety index where a higher margin of safety means a lower risk of toxicity</snippet>. The search results do not contain information about conditions where margin of safety "fails to appear" or is uncomputable.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">The margin of safety in pharmacology is defined as the ratio of LD1 (lethal dose to 1% of population) to ED99 (effective dose to 99% of population)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8bzg1KA">This measure is also referred to as the Certain Safety Factor</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain information about conditions under which margin of safety "fails to appear" or cannot be calculated <snippet id="S_KtkXCqd">, and no snippet addresses when this definition is undefined or inapplicable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ITpLCrH,S_gWkoXUl,S_PNN5Uwr">Alternative measures such as the therapeutic index using LD50/ED50 are also mentioned</snippet>. <answer>
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The search results do not provide explicit experimental evidence of group polarization (post-discussion attitude extremity) in avatar-mediated immersive VR environments. <snippet id="S_snWHiX5">Avatar coaches and virtual patients have been implemented in risk prevention education, but this does not demonstrate group polarization</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JIjtTEQ">A study simulating a train journey with computer-generated avatars found that specific findings related to "risky shift" were not detailed</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa">Visual fidelity of avatars affects behavior, with abstract representations leading to increased risky behaviors, but this refers to individual behavior, not group polarization</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HKqSHCf">The Proteus Effect shows that self-representations encourage users to preserve avatar integrity, promoting cautious behavior, but this is not a group phenomenon</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SCx4OjQ">Dissimilar avatars can enhance social interactions, but the discussion focuses on interaction quality rather than post-discussion attitude extremity</snippet>. None of the snippets contain direct evidence of group discussion or group cues causing attitude extremity relative to pre-discussion baselines in multi-user IVEs.
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<snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa, S_HKqSHCf">The search results indicate that abstract avatars (such as robots) can lead to increased risky behaviors compared to self-representations that foster cautious behavior</snippet>, which relates to the Proteus Effect where avatar appearance influences user conduct <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa">. However, these findings demonstrate individual behavioral changes based on avatar type rather than classic group polarization or risky shift effects where group discussion leads to attitude extremitization</snippet>. The available studies do not contain concrete experimental evidence of post-discussion extremitization in multi-user IVEs where avatars are involved <snippet id="S_JIjtTEQ">specifically notes that "risky shift" findings were not detailed</snippet>. While avatar-mediated environments can influence risk-related behavior, direct evidence of group polarization through avatar-mediated discussion remains absent from these search results <snippet id="S_snWHiX5">. The research focuses more on how visual fidelity and avatar similarity affect embodiment and individual actions rather than group dynamics leading to polarization</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz,S_CBhXwnS,S_L4MYIrf,S_iDdAzGv">Nikola Tesla's Electric Arc Lamp patent (US 335,786) was issued on February 9, 1886</snippet>, confirming it came after the Commutator patent (issued January 26, 1886). <snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz">The patent title is "Electric arc lamp" and the inventor is Nikola Tesla of Smiljan Lika, Austria-Hungary</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ktaELRS">The patent number 335,787 is also listed with an Electric arc lamp dated February 9, 1886</snippet>, though this may refer to a different version or improvement of the arc lamp. <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">This sequencing establishes the Commutator for Dynamo Electric Machines (January 26, 1886) as Tesla's first U.S. patent</snippet>.
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Nikola Tesla's Electric Arc Lamp patent, US 335,786, was granted on February 9, 1886 <snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz,S_L4MYIrf">. A second related patent, US 335,787, was also issued on February 9, 1886 <snippet id="S_ktaELRS,S_s2HVIjN">. The "Commutator for Dynamo-Electric Machines" was issued on January 26, 1886 <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. Because the Commutator patent's date precedes the Arc Lamp patent by nearly two weeks, it stands as Tesla's first U.S. patent by issue date <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. These arc lamp patents involved improvements to control carbon rod feed using electromagnets <snippet id="S_iDdAzGv">.
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<snippet id="S_cGRsAZI">The episode is titled "Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD" and is from Stories from the World of Medicine, Season 3, Episode 2, released on February 18, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI">Guest Tina Munjal, MD is an Otolaryngologist</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI">The episode features her telling a story about learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI">The official episode page is available at thenocturnists.org/podcast/rhino-rocket</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IhbWqXF">The episode is also listed on the main Stories From The World Of Medicine podcast page</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode "Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD" is Season 3, Episode 2 of Stories from the World of Medicine podcast by The Nocturnists, released on February 18, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The guest is Tina Munjal, MD, an Otolaryngologist who shares her medical story</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NZ9gUn7,S_arbvh0R">The story is about learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode page is available at thenocturnists.org/podcast/rhino-rocket with illustrations by Lindsay Mound</snippet>. Runtime information is not available in the search results.
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<snippet id="S_btUw1xy">The search results mention de-extinction, particularly for species driven to extinction by humans, suggesting that functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">Cloning techniques like somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) could enable the de-extinction of recently extinct mammals with preserved tissues</snippet>. However, the majority of returned snippets do not explicitly use the term "de-extinction" or discuss proxy/functional de-extinction concepts in detail. <snippet id="S_aQHGJDJ,S_BVGS7oK,S_yJ0bKZt">Several reviews focus on evolutionary potential (EP) as a proxy for extinction risk, examining how to integrate EP into extinction-risk assessments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_160DJq3,S_kpUOwfs">Other literature reviews address late-Quaternary megafauna extinctions and their ecological consequences, but do not specifically mention de-extinction terminology</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hlWQ6qg,S_ZV4SO7N,S_zN6EiNI">Additional results discuss biodiversity loss, taxonomists, and conservation action documentation, without explicit de-extinction references</snippet>. The available information indicates de-extinction is discussed in the context of functional proxies for conservation, but comprehensive reviews on the term "de-extinction" with 2022-2025 dates were not found in these search results.
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Based on the search results, explicit "de‑extinction" research from 2022‑2025 is limited in the provided snippets. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>The controversial concept of de‑extinction, particularly for species driven to extinction by humans, suggests that functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>Cloning techniques like somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) could enable the de‑extinction of recently extinct mammals with preserved tissues</snippet>. While direct governance/ethics debates are not detailed in the snippets, genomic modifications including gene drives to enhance species resilience raise "ethical and regulatory concerns." <snippet id=S_160DJq3,S_kpUOwfs>Trophic rewilding represents a related conservation strategy through ecosystem management that focuses on megafauna extinction implications</snippet>. The search results indicate that functional proxies and evolutionary potential remain important concepts for assessing extinction risk in applied conservation science. <snippet id=S_aQHGJDJ,S_yJ0bKZT>Integration of proxies into conservation decision‑making remains an important area for innovation in applied conservation science</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_4iZB0OB">The central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star at zero temperature is predicted to be 1319 MeV</snippet>, which is below the limits set by perturbative quantum chromodynamics. <snippet id="S_dKTw9kz">The baryon chemical potential in neutron stars is expected to be in the GeV range</snippet>, with specific numerical values not provided in the text. <snippet id="S_BQ1tanr">The baryon chemical potential values in the context of beta equilibrium typically fall within the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV</snippet>, depending on the specific conditions and models used. <snippet id="S_exyOPhA">The critical neutron chemical potential, which indicates the transition to a quark phase, lies between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_r56vXjO">specific values for the baryon chemical potential in the context of beta equilibrium are not provided</snippet> in many sources, as the discussion implies these values are influenced by the interactions and conservation laws described. <snippet id="S_WRBepHG">In high-density environments, additional baryons such as Λ hyperons can emerge through weak interactions when their chemical potential condition (µΛ = µn = µp + µe) is satisfied</snippet>, though no explicit μ_B threshold value is given.
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At zero temperature, the central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star is predicted to be 1319 MeV <snippet id="S_4iZB0OB">. Models of the hadron-quark phase transition indicate the critical neutron chemical potential lies between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature <snippet id="S_exyOPhA">. In the context of beta equilibrium, baryon chemical potential values typically fall within the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV <snippet id="S_BQ1tanr">. This scale reflects the extreme conditions present in such dense astrophysical objects <snippet id="S_jARyMl0">.
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<snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie,S_37bk94m">Bond et al. (2012) conducted a landmark 61 million user experiment in 2010 during the U.S. Congressional Election, showing Facebook messages encouraging users to vote with images of friends who had already voted</snippet>. <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc">The results demonstrated that the social message increased turnout by approximately 340,000 votes</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_37bk94m">an additional 280,000 votes influenced indirectly through close friends of those who received the message</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mXK3pZh">This effect was replicated in the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election, mobilizing 90,000 people directly and 270,000 total (including friends of treated users)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">However, the authors acknowledged very small effects from the information treatment, noting the large sample size may mislead interpretations of statistical significance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8SBonkH">Despite smaller direct effects in high-stakes elections, the study provides strong evidence that online social networks can be instrumental for spreading offline voting behaviors through social influence</snippet>.
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The Bond et al. 2012 study conducted a large-scale experiment involving 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 U.S. Congressional Election, where users were shown messages with images of friends who had already voted <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie,S_37bk94m">to assess social influence on voting behavior</snippet>. The results demonstrated that this social messaging approach increased turnout, with approximately 60,000 additional votes directly attributed to the message in 2010 <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_mXK3pZh">and effects replicated in the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election with about 90,000 directly mobilized voters</snippet> <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_8SBonkH">. Social influence spread through the network as friends of treated users were also indirectly influenced, adding approximately 180,000-280,000 additional votes in total across both elections</snippet> <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_mXK3pZh,S_37bk94m">. However, some researchers note that while the effect sizes were statistically significant, they were relatively small relative to the massive sample size <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">. Despite this limitation, the study remains widely cited as evidence that online social networks can impact offline political behavior through interpersonal influence mechanisms</snippet> <snippet id="S_8SBonkH,S_I0UxhZS">.
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<snippet id="S_4LDk9pb">IGN confirms the launch date for North America, Australia, and New Zealand as November 23, 2004</snippet>, providing the fourth independent source requested. <snippet id="S_4am1dTv">World of Warcraft first launched in North America on November 23, 2004 with several expansion add-ons being released for the game since</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe">The game was released for the 10th anniversary of the Warcraft franchise on November 23, 2004</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mhE8bKy">World of Warcraft will be in stores in North America on November 23, 2004</snippet> and <snippet id="S_Iyt7Mpt">World of Warcraft on November 23</snippet> further corroborate this date. <snippet id="S_K0CkkAv">A massively multiplayer online roleplaying game (MMORPG) developed by Blizzard Entertainment and released on November 23, 2004</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt">World of Warcraft was officially released on November 23, 2004</snippet>, with the launch date confirmed for North America, Australia, and New Zealand <snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_mhE8bKy">simultaneously across these regions</snippet>. IGN explicitly reported that November 23, 2004 was the launch date in multiple articles from late 2004 <snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt">. This date is further corroborated by Wikipedia, which states the game was released on November 23, 2004</snippet> <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe, S_K0CkkAv>, and by Blizzard's own press announcements</snippet> <snippet id="S_6wNkGtZ, S_mn2djgd>. The release marked the 10th anniversary of the Warcraft franchise</snippet> <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe>.
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<snippet id="S_jYWskoE,S_q2ORi2Q">Cytokinin (CK) promotes axillary bud outgrowth, while auxin and strigolactone (SL) act as inhibitors</snippet>, with auxin-mediated inhibition linked to <snippet id="S_jYWskoE">increased SL synthesis and BRC1 upregulation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jLTk85S,S_gqi212y">BRC1 functions as a key transcription factor that represses bud outgrowth</snippet>, and its expression is regulated by auxin, SL, and CK in a network where <snippet id="S_gqi212y">auxin and SL act as inducers while CK acts as a repressor</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nFj5ih3">SL biosynthesis requires carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCD7/CCD8, also known as MAX3/MAX4 in Arabidopsis)</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_nFj5ih3">loss-of-function mutations in SL biosynthesis or receptor D14 lead to enhanced shoot branching</snippet>. <snippet id="S_q2ORi2Q">Auxin suppresses CK levels and enhances SL biosynthesis, creating an antagonistic hormonal balance that controls bud outgrowth</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Uuo070s">In Arabidopsis, BRC1 is identified as a key integrator of pathways that suppress bud outgrowth, including those mediated by SL, auxin, cytokinin, and sugar</snippet>.
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Cytokinin (CK), strigolactone (SL), and auxin form a regulatory network where auxin inhibits axillary bud outgrowth by suppressing CK levels and enhancing SL biosynthesis <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_q2ORi2Q>. Auxin promotes the transcription of SL biosynthesis genes, including MAX3/MAX4 (orthologs CCD7/CCD8), to synthesize SLs that suppress branching <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_nFj5ih3>. These hormones converge on BRANCHED1 (BRC1), a transcriptional hub where SL upregulates BRC1 expression to inhibit growth, while CK represses BRC1 to promote outgrowth <snippet id=S_gqi212y,S_gLbtlMj>. Consequently, auxin indirectly regulates BRC1 through these antagonistic factors rather than direct transport into the bud <snippet id=S_gqi212y>. BRC1 integrates these signals to suppress bud outgrowth, with mutants like amp1 showing enhanced branching due to altered CK levels and reduced BRC1 <snippet id=S_Uuo070s,S_gLbtlMj>.
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<snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">Perplexity offers three pricing tiers for its AI Copilot services: Free, Pro, and Enterprise Pro</snippet>, with the <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">Pro version priced at $20 per month or $200 annually</snippet> including access to advanced AI models like GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and DeepSeek R1 <snippet id="S_yvm9XpN">. The Pro plan provides file upload capabilities, real-time web access for research, and enhanced collaboration features</snippet> <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">, while Enterprise Pro costs $40 per seat or $400 per year</snippet> and includes unlimited queries, 500 daily deep research capabilities, and organizational file repositories <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">. The free version allows unlimited concise searches with limited access to advanced features</snippet> <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w">. Key features across tiers include file handling, data privacy, and user management, with certain advanced features requiring a minimum of 50 members</snippet> <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">. However, the snippets do not contain specific details about OpenAI's ChatGPT features, pricing, or privacy controls for a complete comparison</snippet>.
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Perplexity AI offers three pricing tiers: Free, Pro ($20/month or $200/year), and Enterprise Pro ($40/month per seat or $400/year) with discounts for annual billing <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">. The Pro subscription includes access to advanced AI models like GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and Claude 3.7, plus unlimited Copilot queries, file upload for PDFs and images, and real-time web access <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p,S_yvm9XpN">. Pro users also receive features like multi-step reasoning searches, deep research queries (3-300 daily depending on source), and Perplexity Labs for structured outputs <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w">. However, some users report limitations in programming support, long-form content generation, and file handling compared to competitors <snippet id="S_yvm9XpN">. Enterprise Pro adds organizational file repositories, collaboration features, unlimited deep research (500 per day), and advanced security options <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">.
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