<answer>
<snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe,S_9Mgjk7i">PPO (Proximal Policy Optimization) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017 that uses a clipped surrogate objective to stabilize policy updates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">The core idea involves computing a probability ratio between the new and old policies, then clipping this ratio to a range defined by a hyper-parameter (typically 0.1-0.2) to prevent large deviations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_HkWtygo">This clipping mechanism ensures the new policy does not deviate significantly from the previous policy, reducing the risk of divergent behavior and improving sample efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_9Mgjk7i">The training loop involves collecting trajectories from parallel environments, computing advantage estimates, and performing multiple update epochs based on these trajectories</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_9Mgjk7i">An entropy regularization term is included to promote action diversity and ensure sufficient exploration during training</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hXE5LYe">The clipped objective provides a pessimistic bound on the unclipped objective, meaning improvements in the clipped objective correlate with improvements in the overall objective only when the ratio remains within the specified bounds</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_hXE5LYe,S_z9c3Jms">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">It utilizes a clipped surrogate objective function that constrains the probability ratio between the new and old policies within a range typically set to 1 ± ε</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">This objective takes the minimum of clipped and unclipped estimates, providing a lower bound that penalizes significant deviations from 1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YKlYY4b,S_CcbSYTJ,S_9Mgjk7i">During training, the algorithm collects trajectories, computes advantage estimates (often via Generalized Advantage Estimation), and optimizes the policy with a value network loss and entropy bonus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CcbSYTJ,S_HkWtygo,S_9Mgjk7i">This allows multiple update epochs per iteration and stabilizes training by preventing excessively large policy updates</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018 Trump tariffs imposed on $283 billion of US imports with rates ranging from 10% to 50% without WTO authorization, creating a "trade war" with retaliatory measures from China, the EU, and Canada totaling approximately $121 billion of US exports</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I1oE0tb,S_bTYtYjO">Retaliatory tariffs were politically targeted at areas that supported Trump in the 2016 presidential election, with effects showing distinct anti-incumbent effects and job losses that influenced political dynamics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk">The tariffs were part of a broader populist backlash against globalization, with research indicating trade-related job losses have a distinct anti-incumbent effect while trade integration may increase perceived insecurity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZSDo4iu">The US shift towards protectionism under Trump is likened to late 19th-century mercantilist practices, contrasting with its post-1945 role as a proponent of trade liberalism</snippet>. However, the provided snippets do not contain specific evidence from Fajgelbaum's "The Return to Protectionism" regarding aggregate/regional welfare impacts or explicit distributional/regressive incidence on low-income households that the agent was seeking.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018-2019 Trump tariffs imposed $283 billion of US imports with rates from 10% to 50% on various goods, with China facing the most substantial tariffs totaling 25% on $50 billion of imports</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_yHishm4">retaliatory measures from trading partners including China, the European Union, and Canada targeted approximately $121 billion of US exports averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The tariffs were implemented amid a populist backlash against globalization, with retaliatory tariffs focusing on regions that supported Trump in the 2016 election rather than those backing other Republican candidates</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">none of the provided snippets contain results from Fajgelbaum et al.'s "The Return to Protectionism" paper specifically examining welfare effects, regressivity, or distributional incidence on low-income households</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The available evidence indicates that while tariffs may benefit specific industries, they are generally detrimental to both trading partners and the imposing country</snippet>. The search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum findings on how Trump tariffs affected working-class households or whether impacts were regressive as the agent requested.
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<snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">ZeRO-DP has three main optimization stages: Optimizer State Partitioning (P_os) provides 4x memory reduction with same communication volume as DP, Gradient Partitioning (P_os+g) provides 8x memory reduction with same communication volume as DP, and Parameter Partitioning (P_os+g+p) provides linear memory reduction with DP degree N_d, yielding 64x memory reduction across 64 GPUs with a modest 50% increase in communication volume</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">ZeRO conducts an all-gather operation to collect parameters during forward pass and reduce-scatter to aggregate gradients during backward pass, with a total communication volume of 3 across 2 all-gather and 1 reduce-scatter operations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">ZeRO++ introduces three communication optimizations: Quantized Weight Communication (qwZ) reduces parameter communication volume by half through quantization from FP16 to INT8, Hierarchical Weight Partition (hpZ) trades GPU memory for communication by maintaining full model copies within each machine to replace cross-machine all-gather with intra-machine all-gather, and Quantized Gradient Communication (qgZ) reduces gradient communication costs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BWVyprV">ZeRO stages correspond to sharding optimizer state, gradients, and model parameters across data parallel ranks, with additional tunable optimizations including out-of-core management of shards using host memory for swapping</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8LxwBrh">ZeRO enables partitioning of parameters, gradients, and optimizer states across multiple GPUs, leading to noticeable memory reduction when training large models, with flexibility to offload components during training based on ZeRO offloading levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LvWi5qs">ZeRO divides model parameters, gradients, and optimizer states into multiple parts with each GPU maintaining only a portion during training and obtaining the rest through AllGather operations</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_vOhHdDS>ZeRO-DP employs three optimization stages that partition optimizer states, gradients, and parameters, offering 4x and 8x memory reductions for the first two stages and linear memory reduction for parameter sharding at the cost of a 50% communication volume increase.</snippet> <snippet id=S_lxTe76D>ZeRO communication overhead is characterized by two all-gather operations for parameters and one reduce-scatter for gradients, totaling a volume of 3 model sizes per iteration.</snippet> <snippet id=S_RRxd5ah>However, the latency of collective communication operations demonstrates a positive correlation with the communication scale, which becomes significant when sharding across hundreds of GPUs.</snippet> <snippet id=S_LvWi5qs>For extreme memory scaling, ZeRO-Infinity offloads optimizer states and activations to CPU or NVMe memory to enable training of models with trillions of parameters.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of human stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells (hOLLCs) uncovers substantial transcriptional heterogeneity of PDGFRα-lineage hOLLCs, including sub-populations of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hOPCs) with potential cytokine-responsive subsets</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells revealed heterogeneity among these cells, particularly in their expression of cell-surface markers EGFR and PDGFRA, with four distinct immunophenotypic populations identified</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">While bulk RNA-seq reveals differences between OPCs from the spinal cord and brain, single-cell RNA-seq indicates that OPCs are transcriptionally similar across these regions at postnatal day 7, suggesting that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0B4X0t7">Single-cell RNA sequencing on 2,496 Pdgfra+/GFP cells from embryonic day 13.5 and postnatal day 7 revealed a clear temporal segregation between E13.5 and P7 cells, with subsets of P7 brain and spinal cord cells found to intermingle, indicating close transcriptional similarities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">In human three-dimensional neural cultures, deep single-cell RNA sequencing identified distinct populations including proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes (NFOs), and myelinating oligodendrocytes, with Monocle analysis indicating a developmental progression among oligodendrocyte-lineage cells highlighting heterogeneity of these cells</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RRYHqbB">At P5, 81% of Olig1-positive cells expressed Pdgfra, a marker of immature oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, with Pdgfra-positive cells enriched for chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 5 (Cspg5) and matrix metalloproteinase 15 (Mmp15)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Pseudotime analysis indicated a maturation trajectory from pre-OPCs to mature oligodendrocytes, with the THY1 hi EGFR + PDGFRA + group being enriched for actively cycling cells, suggesting they are a transit-amplifying population</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Studies utilizing single-cell transcriptomics have identified substantial transcriptional heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells (hOLLCs), discovering sub-populations such as a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Specifically, single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity in cell-surface marker expression, categorizing cells into four distinct immunophenotypic populations including putative pre-OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes based on EGFR and PDGFRA levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell sequencing of 3D hiPSC-derived neural cultures further distinguished heterogeneity within the oligodendrocyte cluster, separating proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes, and myelinating oligodendrocytes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">Investigations employing both bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on iPSC-derived OPCs suggest that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity and intrinsic epigenetic differences between developmental cohorts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI">RNA interference (RNAi) is a biotechnological method used to control insect pests by downregulating specific genes, but its effectiveness in cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) is hindered by barriers including dsRNA delivery, cellular uptake, and degradation by gut nucleases</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tDo09SB">Three nucleases in A. grandis transcriptome—AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, and AgraNuc3—are linked to the inefficiency of RNAi through dsRNA feeding, with midgut nucleases being a major barrier to dsRNA delivery</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UDpXMMR">Transcriptome analysis identified contigs related to RNAi mechanisms including conserved PAZ Domains and two SID-like contigs, with microinjection of dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 resulting in unviable eggs and malformed larvae</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">However, attempts to apply RNAi against the cotton boll weevil have not yielded similar results to other coleopteran pests, with further development and extensive field testing necessary to fully assess the effectiveness and viability of RNAi technology in agriculture</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6Sv0Jhf">Transgenic cotton expressing Cry1Ia12 toxin has been shown to confer resistance to both Fall Armyworm and Cotton Boll Weevil, though this refers to Bt-based transgenic cotton rather than RNAi-based approaches</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising biotechnological approach for the cotton boll weevil, with research identifying targets like vitellogenin and chitin synthase genes for silencing</snippet>. <snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>Microinjection of dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 produced unviable eggs and malformed larvae, while vitellogenin knockdown significantly affected egg viability without altering egg laying numbers</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI>However, effective oral delivery of dsRNA via transgenic plants is limited by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, AgraNuc3) that degrade the RNA in the posterior midgut</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_fXsP2MN>While silencing these nucleases can enhance gene silencing efficiency against targets like chitin synthase II, attempts to apply RNAi against the boll weevil have not yielded results comparable to other coleopteran pests</snippet>. <snippet id=S_fXsP2MN>Although transgenic cotton plants expressing dsRNA are being developed, extensive field testing remains necessary to validate efficacy in agriculture</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_hTyNcJU">The plume from the Kuwait oil fires following the 1991 Gulf War exhibited a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_OLKZZOQ">a net heating rate of up to 3.9 K/h at 1 h and 2.3 K/h at 3 h plume age</snippet> indicating significant aerosol radiative forcing effects. <snippet id="S_vOW7FR3">Dilution in the lower part of the plume was inhibited compared to t−1 dilution, with uncertainties in coagulation rate causing 20-40% uncertainty in radiative forcing</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_kBPPpCP">the shift from external to internal mixture causes a factor of 6.6-9.7 change in solar radiative forcing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vaq6doy">Black and organic carbon constituted 5-10% of total particle mass</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_0LL30pj">combustion and downstream activities were determined to be the major source of substantially increased airborne particulate matter levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_dFPlFos">During the 2003 dust storm, shortwave heating rates peaked at 2 K day−1 between 3 and 5 km</snippet>, though specific boundary-layer wind speed data from the 1991 Kuwait fires is not directly provided in these snippets.
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<answer>
The 1991 Kuwait oil fires produced significant aerosol radiative forcing with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour plume age, causing temperature differences of up to 6 K at 250-400 hPa and cooling of up to -3 K at 850 hPa <snippet id=S_OLKZZOQ>. These aerosol effects substantially modified energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature/precipitation patterns in the regional climate <snippet id=S_vaq6doy>. Surface cooling of -175 Wm-2 was recorded during related dust events in Kuwait with aerosol optical thickness reaching 3.617, indicating strong boundary layer perturbations <snippet id=S_dFPlFos>. The Kuwait oil fire plumes exhibited a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, confirming highly absorbing characteristics that influence radiative heating profiles <snippet id=S_hTyNcJU>. Radiative forcing uncertainties for such plumes range 20-40% depending on dilution rates and particle mixture state <snippet id=S_vOW7FR3>. These combined effects demonstrate how war-driven aerosols can alter boundary layer stability and surface wind conditions relevant to turbine operation <snippet id=S_0LL30pj>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_UBzqh33">StealC V2 introduces several new features compared to V1, including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, enhanced payload execution methods, and the ability to decrypt stolen data server-side</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">It no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, and network communications now use RC4 encryption which was previously disabled but is now active</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">C2 communication has shifted to JSON-based requests and responses, with a focus on unique access tokens and error handling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses, with the control panel updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_UBzqh33>StealC V2 introduces several new features including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, along with enhanced payload execution methods</snippet>, and it can decrypt stolen data server-side. The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, but has enabled RC4 encryption for network communications which was previously disabled. Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook, with C2 communication now using JSON-based requests and responses. The control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery. Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses <snippet id=S_UBzqh33>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The VA cohort study followed 6.08 million veterans from 2008-2018 to estimate incident diabetes risk in the post-acute phase of COVID-19</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibiting a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">The study reported hazard ratios of 1.40 (95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden of 13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months for incident diabetes in the post-acute phase</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">increased risk (1.85, 1.78-1.92) and excess burden (12.35, 11.36-13.38) of incident antihyperglycemic use</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HmTazVA">Non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients had a 25% (95% CI: 21%-29%) increased risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes, which rose to 173% in hospitalized patients and 276% in ICU patients</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_X5WNd6v">higher risk of incident diabetes post-acute COVID-19 was observed with consistent increase in risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes compared to severity-matched flu-like illness</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, with post-acute care strategies of people with COVID-19 should integrate screening and management of diabetes</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study used US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases to build a cohort of US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19</snippet> with two control groups for comparison. <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">Detailed analyses showed people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes compared with the contemporary control group</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Risks and burdens of post-acute diabetes increased in a graded fashion according to the severity of the acute phase, whether patients were non-hospitalised, hospitalized, or admitted to intensive care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study authors conclude diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, and post-acute care strategies should integrate screening and management of diabetes</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was written by Sarwant Singh and published on Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the search snippets contain the specific percentage data for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article's existence and publication date, but do not include the detailed content needed to extract the renewable electricity statistic. <answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was written by Sarwant Singh and published in Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage figure for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article exists and provide publication details, but do not include the actual renewable energy statistics from the article. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article URL is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>, but the renewable electricity percentage data is not accessible from these search results.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_mBwOV4H">The 15th POMS-HK International Conference is scheduled for 3-5 January 2025 at The Chinese University of Hong Kong</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jE7LWrz">The 14th POMS-HK International Conference was held at The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology on 5-6 January 2024</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Br57QvT">The 13th POMS-HK International Conference was held at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University on 7-8 January 2023</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5nVopPR">The 12th POMS-HK International Conference was held at Lingnan University on 8-9 January 2022</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DzBPmor">The 11th POMS-HK International Conference was held at Lingnan University on 8-9 January 2022</snippet>. <snippet id="S_wmyEfiy">The 10th POMS-HK International Conference was held at Lingnan University on 8-9 January 2022</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ULVAUtt">The 2025 edition of POMS-HK International Conference will be held at The Chinese University of Hong Kong</snippet>. The search results do not contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta, so I cannot compare the start dates of these two events.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_mBwOV4H">The POMS-HK International Conference is held annually in early January in Hong Kong, with the 15th conference scheduled for January 3-5, 2025, the 14th for January 5-6, 2024, and the 13th for January 7-8, 2023</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_jE7LWrz,S_TUFN3jC,S_DzBPmor,S_mBwOV4H,S_Br57QvT,S_ULVAUtt,S_wmyEfiy,S_5nVopPR">none of the provided search snippets contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta or its specific dates</snippet>. Therefore, I cannot definitively compare which conference starts first without additional search results about the Atlanta meeting.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse endogenous retroviruses are classified into three classes based on sequence similarity to exogenous retroviruses, with class I resembling gamma- and epsilon-retroviruses and class II resembling alpha-, beta-, and delta-retroviruses</snippet>. <snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse MLVs are class I ERVs, while the large intracisternal A-particle (IAP) superfamily with approximately 1000 copies per cell is class II</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ejVsieR">Phylogenetic analyses of Pol proteins across vertebrates classify retroviruses into five major clades, with clades Jin and Mu including viruses related to gammaretroviruses and epsilon-retroviruses (class I ERVs) and clade Shui including viruses related to alpha-, beta-, delta-retroviruses (class II ERVs)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">Functional MLVs in mice can produce infectious recombinant particles through recombination, as seen with the Emv2 MLV in C57BL/6 mice that can restore replication competence</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">IAP elements are murine-specific retroviral elements that can lead to disease if they insert near genes, with domesticus showing a higher proportion of variable bases from active IAP subtypes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tzG3IdJ">XPR1-dependent MLV ERVs are present in all house mouse subspecies, with six functional XPR1 variants evolving to restrict different subsets of MLVs through mutations in receptor determining regions</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Mouse endogenous retroviruses utilize a three-class system where MLV representatives belong to Class I (gammaretrovirus-like) and IAP elements belong to Class II (betaretrovirus-like), sharing nomenclature with human ERVs where Class I aligns with ERV1 and Class II with ERV2 <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_wHW5Oiu">. Functionally, endogenous MLVs such as Emv2 can undergo recombination to restore replication competence and produce infectious virus particles in strains like C57BL/6 mice <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. These infectious recombinant MLVs have been identified in murine cancer cell lines, where they contribute to leukemogenesis and tumor development <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. In contrast, IAP elements are autonomous long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons capable of active retrotransposition, contributing to genetic variation <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">. IAP elements are abundant, with approximately 1000 copies per cell, and specific subtypes like ID1 remain active in Mus musculus subspecies <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_VrGqnwN">. Active IAP insertions in Mus musculus domesticus account for a significant proportion of subspecies-specific polymorphisms, indicating ongoing mobilization <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_jaGb9lk,S_Gj9myfY">Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs by retrieving evidence from external knowledge bases before generation</snippet>, <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">with research suggesting hallucinations can be diminished through RAG techniques alongside advanced prompting and fact-checking methods</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PbQaaQw">However, existing RAG approaches still generate hallucinations due to lack of post-hoc verification and inability to provide citations for verification</snippet>, <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">while suffering from potential error accumulation where irrelevant evidence can be propagated into the generation phase</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6v3TJp1">Active Retrieval-Augmented (ARA) frameworks have shown effectiveness in LVLMs by filtering unreliable results and timing retrieval judiciously to reduce hallucinations</snippet>, <snippet id="S_HHkW9B0">with retrieval-augmented correction being a third major approach alongside training-time and generation-time correction methods</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">Despite these advantages, RAG effectiveness heavily relies on retrieval mechanism quality and parsing challenges with ambiguous or irrelevant queries</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Research from 2023–2025 consistently demonstrates that Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. Multiple studies confirm that RAG enables models to generate responses conditioning on retrieved evidence from external knowledge bases, significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing factual accuracy <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY,S_PbQaaQw">. The technique works by retrieving reliable documents before generation, allowing LLMs to leverage external non-parameterized knowledge alongside internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_OARPrNN">. However, research also cautions that RAG's effectiveness heavily depends on retrieval mechanism quality, and the approach is not without limitations such as error accumulation and citation inaccuracies <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_Gj9myfY">. Several implementations, including Active Retrieval Augmentation frameworks, have empirically validated that optimal retrieval settings can significantly reduce hallucinations <snippet id="S_MJvgffY,S_6v3TJp1">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ,S_DqGbf1z,S_i5aMNhp,S_0baMwGe,S_8WsCupd,S_B84eK7e,S_n6iBrLE,S_ys41PcL,S_deSmbWp">The search results do not contain any information about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill case history. All snippets reference the Deepwater Horizon spill (2010, Gulf of Mexico) or Bohai Sea response capabilities studies, with no mention of the Korean Hebei Spirit incident</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ys41PcL">The available snippets describe general oil spill cleanup techniques including booms, skimmers, dispersants, and shoreline methods, but these are not specific to the Hebei Spirit case</snippet>. <snippet id="S_deSmbWp">The Deepwater Horizon cleanup involved approximately 1.84 million gallons of chemical dispersants and 150,000 international workers, but this does not apply to the 2007 Korean incident</snippet>. <answer>
The agent's search query for ITOPF case history on the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill did not return relevant results in this search. The snippets returned are all about the Deepwater Horizon spill (2010, Gulf of Mexico) or Bohai Sea response capabilities studies, with no mention of the Korean Hebei Spirit incident. The agent will need to try a different search strategy or query directly for Korean government/UNEP reports on the Hebei Spirit case.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="">No relevant information about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill was found in the search results.</snippet> The provided snippets all concern the Deepwater Horizon (2010, Gulf of Mexico) spill or general response capabilities in other regions like the Chinese Bohai Sea. Specifically, they discuss Deepwater Horizon shoreline oiling, SCAT surveys, dispersant use, boom and skimmer deployment, and cleanup worker participation. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ">Deepwater Horizon oil stranded on 1,773 km of shoreline with 660 km receiving authorized cleanup</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_i5aMNhp">18 SCAT teams surveyed over 7,058 kilometers of shoreline</snippet>. The Boi Sea snippets discuss mechanical facility storage quantities for skimmers and booms. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">The Bohai Sea survey found 133,420 m of floating booms, 9,632 kL/h for skimmers, and 100 vessels available</snippet>. No Hebei Spirit case history from ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean authorities was included in these results.
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<snippet id="S_QMZd9uN,S_NFdiZQm,S_eR9pNyf">Vertical eDNA stratification in lakes is driven by thermal stratification, with warm-water fish eDNA concentrated above the thermocline and cold-water stenotherms below, while during turnover the water column becomes homogenous</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eR9pNyf">Thermocline depths (metalimnion) range from 0.75 to 3.2 m, with sampling locations spanning 20 m offshore to within 1 m of the shoreline, indicating vertical distribution across littoral and pelagic zones</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DCoNvvE">eDNA is patchily distributed in lakes, necessitating multiple sampling points for detection, with vertical distribution influenced by thermal stratification</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nblzMDI">The thermocline was confirmed between 4.60-6.60 m from the surface, with sampling occurring during stratification and turnover phases</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7ms3BbK">During stratification, eDNA detection varied significantly by depth, with cold-water stenotherms like lake trout and slimy sculpin primarily found at the bottom while warm-water minnows were more abundant at the surface</snippet>. <snippet id="S_qZTbA6e">Stratification in deep lakes leads to distinct microhabitat isolation, with eDNA from cold-water stenotherms detectable only in midwater and deep habitats</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_qZTbA6e,S_7ms3BbK>Stratification leads to distinct microhabitat isolation where cold-water stenotherms are detectable only in midwater and deep habitats while warm-water minnows are abundant at the surface</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_QMZd9uN,S_7ms3BbK>community detection becomes more uniform across depths during autumn turnover when water column mixing occurs</snippet>. <snippet id=S_eR9pNyf,S_nblzMDI>Thermocline depths vary significantly between lakes, ranging from 0.75 to 3.2 m in some cases to 4.60 to 6.60 m in others</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DCoNvvE,S_qZTbA6e>Patchy distribution necessitates multiple sampling points across depths rather than single samples to capture community heterogeneity</snippet>.
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<snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>The West Bank Premier League includes clubs such as Shabab Al-Khalil from Hebron</snippet>, which is a major city in the Southern West Bank. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-1>Other West Bank clubs include Al-Bireh Institute and Ahli Qalqilyah</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-6>FIFA has been urged to address clubs located in West Bank settlements including Beitar Givat Ze'ev and Beitar Ironi Ariel</snippet>. However, the search results do not contain specific information about clubs that have won the Palestinian FA Cup multiple times under FIFA regulations, nor do they confirm whether any club plays its home matches in a nearby municipality. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-8>The IFA includes six football clubs based in settlements</snippet>, but this refers to clubs in Israeli settlements rather than Palestinian clubs in the West Bank. The search results do not contain sufficient information to identify the specific club the agent is looking for.
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Based on the search results, the major cities in the Southern West Bank include Hebron (Khalil), which has professional clubs like <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil</snippet>. The club Shabab Al-Dhahiriya from the city of Ad-Dhahiriya is also located in the Southern West Bank <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>. However, the search results do not contain sufficient information about which specific club has won the Palestinian Cup multiple times and plays in a nearby municipality rather than its home city. Additional research is needed to determine the exact club meeting all criteria mentioned in the query.
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<snippet id="S_LNwC0St">The U.S. Department of the Treasury provides Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates for 2025 through its official data center</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_9NRdU6Z">Daily Treasury Bill Rates available as indicative closing market bid quotations on auctioned Treasury Bills</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Ex1kQjb">The Treasury's official yield curve data shows 3-month rates at 4.03% as of 09/18/2025</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_Ex1kQjb">1-year rates at 3.61% and 2-year rates at 3.57%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2WbtkJ5">The Treasury Daily Interest Rate XML Feed provides daily interest rate data in Extensible Markup Language (XML) format</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_4AaXlpd">Fiscal Data offers datasets on interest rates through its API documentation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_pwGFHPE">The Treasury's official yield curve uses a monotone convex method derived from bid-side market price quotations</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_Ex1kQjb>As of September 18, 2025, the 3-month Treasury rate was 4.03%</snippet>. The Treasury provides official yield curve data through its Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates page <snippet id=S_LNwC0St,S_9NRdU6Z,S_Ex1kQjb>. The 10-year rate is available through the same data source, though the snippet cuts off after showing rates for maturities up to 3 years. The Treasury's yield curve methodology uses indicative, bid-side market price quotations to derive par yields <snippet id=S_pwGFHPE,S_AsPkpls>. Official rates can also be accessed via the Treasury's daily interest rate XML feed or API documentation <snippet id=S_2WbtkJ5,S_4AaXlpd>.
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<snippet id="S_hAqLMYW,S_VSuv8i0">Catastrophic climate change scenarios remain underexplored in scientific literature, with warming above 5°C considered "beyond catastrophic" and above 6°C deemed an "indisputable global catastrophe"</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">the potential for climate change to drive mass extinction events and human mass mortality and morbidity is poorly understood</snippet>. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">Tipping points have been assessed with effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon up to an eightfold increase in the optimal carbon price</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_60jj79u">welfare estimates depending on fat tail risks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">Sea level rise risk assessments distinguish between four main qualitative levels, with a fifth level describing "Extremely high risk" as a very high probability of severe and irreversible risks exceeding coping capacity</snippet>, potentially threatening habitability and leading to existential or catastrophic risk. <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">Beyond climate-related risks, there are severe global catastrophic risks related to food systems, including abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios where sudden events release large amounts of aerosols into the stratosphere</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">The research agenda proposes four key strands: understanding extreme climate change dynamics, exploring climate-triggered pathways to mass morbidity and mortality, investigating social fragility, and synthesizing findings into integrated catastrophe assessments</snippet>.
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The recent search returned primarily climate-focused catastrophic risk literature, with "Climate Endgame" studies emerging as key references defining catastrophe thresholds. Warming above 5°C is categorized as "beyond catastrophic," while warming above 6°C constitutes an "indisputable global catastrophe," with 3°C by century's end marking extreme climate change <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">temperature thresholds for catastrophic outcomes are now being clarified</snippet>. Tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon to an eightfold increase in optimal carbon pricing <snippet id="S_60jj79u">tipping point probabilities demonstrate fat tail risk characteristics</snippet>. However, bad-to-worst-case climate scenarios remain poorly understood despite reasons to suspect they could drive worldwide societal collapse or eventual human extinction <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">catastrophic climate scenarios are underexplored yet critically important</snippet>. Food system risks include abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios that could trigger multiple bread-basket failures and global-scale well-being threats <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">global catastrophic food system risks are identified as existential threats</snippet>. Sea level rise research similarly defines "Extremely high risk" as exceeding socioecological coping capacity and possibly leading to existential or catastrophic outcomes <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">coastal settlement risks reach existential catastrophe thresholds at very high sea level rise</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY,S_bChTerS">Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early stages of carcinogenesis and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to factors like dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">Key challenges include low bioavailability and toxicity concerns that can be potentially overcome with nanoparticle delivery mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_St3cdIq">Phytochemicals have shown potential against HPV-induced cervical cancer, necessitating further research on their efficacy and safety in HNC treatment and prevention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_giUXm46">Combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs enhances their therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RE7a53S">Pomegranate peel polyphenols have been studied for their anticancer effects against cervical cancer through antioxidant mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">Recent literature reviews have collected experimental works from the last five years to elucidate the anticancer effects of natural products on cervical cancer</snippet>.
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Recent reviews have synthesized therapeutic effects of natural products on cervical cancer through inflammatory pathways, highlighting compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, curcumin, and paclitaxel with data primarily from 2010-2021 studies<snippet id="S_RulQFFI">. Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">. Challenges associated with phytochemical use include low bioavailability and toxicity, which may be addressed through chemical analogs, adjuvant therapies, and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms<snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">. Experimental evidence emphasizes chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of plant-derived substances, with combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs shown to enhance therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells<snippet id="S_bChTerS">. Research on phytochemicals against HPV-induced cervical cancer necessitates further investigation into efficacy and safety, particularly through concurrent therapies targeting HPV-mediated mechanisms<snippet id="S_St3cdIq">. Current literature reviews continue to collect experimental works from the last five years elucidating anticancer mechanisms of plant-derived natural products in cervical cancer treatment<snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">.
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<snippet id="S_r2sDDAL">Trust in AI within public institutions is influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_R1PS8iU">public sector AI adoption differs from the private sector due to coercive elements, as citizens must use and pay for services, raising legitimacy questions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">Trust determinants include transparency, reliability, and task characteristics which predict cognitive trust in AI systems</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">control of AI and ethics in AI are crucial dimensions for building trust in AI technologies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F456mxb">Trust levels increase if AI adds perceived value and if humans remain involved, with transparency about AI use being essential for tracking trust changes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PgHhtbO">Trust in government significantly influences user experiences with AI-based self-service technology in public service delivery, highlighting trust as a key challenge in implementing AI in public governance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">Public trust across domains varies, with participants evaluating AI abilities higher than benevolence, and technological competence, AI familiarity, and knowledge viewed as determinants of greater trust in AI capabilities</snippet>.
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<answer>
Trust in AI within public institutions is significantly influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems often viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers <snippet id="S_r2sDDAL,S_R1PS8iU">. Key determinants include transparency and explainability, which are essential for tracking trust changes and fostering responsible AI development <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp,S_1tU6Z3U">. Human oversight remains critical, as trust levels increase when humans remain involved in decision-making processes rather than being replaced entirely by AI <snippet id="S_F456mxb">. Reliability, tangibility, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust in AI systems, while anthropomorphism influences emotional trust <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">. Privacy concerns and data governance also negatively impact trust, particularly when citizens perceive potential privacy invasion <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">. Additionally, public perception of AI control, ethics, and perceived value of AI services are crucial determinants for acceptance in public service contexts <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U,S_F456mxb">. Technological competence and familiarity with AI also correlate with higher trust in AI capabilities across different public service domains <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">.
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<snippet id=b99d28d7-0>Clean is available to stream on AMC+, Disney Plus, Hulu, Sundance Now, Philo, The Roku Channel, Fandango at Home, Prime Video, and Apple TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>Apple TV lists it as available on AMC+, Sundance Now, Philo, Prime Video, Tubi, Disney+, Hulu, and Sling TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-8>Decider confirms it is available on Tubi TV, Hulu, and AMC+</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-4>JustWatch shows it can be watched streaming on Amazon Prime Video, Amazon Prime Video with Ads, or for free with ads on Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5>Philo also offers the movie for streaming</snippet>.
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<snippet id=b99d28d7-0,b99d28d7-9>Clean is available to stream on multiple platforms including AMC+, Hulu, Prime Video, Apple TV, Tubi, and Roku</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>AMC+ is specifically mentioned as one of the available streaming services for the film</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-1,b99d28d7-2,b99d28d7-4>It can also be accessed through Hulu, Amazon Prime Video, and Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5,b99d28d7-8>Philo and other services like Sundance Now and Disney+ offer the movie as well</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">Reliability and validity are often underreported as outcome measures in peer assessment studies, despite their established importance compared to teacher assessments</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">beliefs and perceptions regarding peer assessment are more frequently treated as outcome variables than actual performance and skills</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YVMqQJL">There is a lack of valid measures for evaluating partnership effectiveness beyond standard student outcome metrics</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_YVMqQJL">partnerships require more time to effect meaningful changes compared to traditional interventions, which may pose challenges for funding and policy support</snippet>. <snippet id="S_r34NY6x">The use of ChatGPT in higher education raises concerns about the effectiveness of assessment processes and the ability to verify student knowledge and understanding</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_r34NY6x">the integrity of grades, which influence scholarships and employment opportunities, at risk as ChatGPT complicates the verification of students' skills and competencies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_G7aERKv">There is no universally accepted definition of effective teaching, which can be reflected in high student performance scores or positive classroom interactions</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_G7aERKv">student-centered teaching styles are viewed as more effective and engaging by students</snippet>. <snippet id="S_10M2Vpc">Teacher effectiveness is assessed through three interrelated perspectives: inputs, processes, and outcomes, with outcomes including student achievement, graduation rates, and contributions to the university community</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_10M2Vpc">current policy discussions often define teacher effectiveness narrowly, focusing on a teacher's ability to improve standardized test scores, which has both strengths and significant limitations</snippet>.
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The provided search results do not contain specific empirical evidence or randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or student co-created rubrics in higher education <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv,S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">. Instead, the available literature focuses on broader concepts such as Outcome-Based Education frameworks, general peer assessment design elements, and teacher effectiveness metrics <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv">. While one systematic review notes that reliability and validity are frequently underreported in peer assessment studies, it does not quantify the impact of student involvement in task design <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">. Additional snippets discuss conceptual tensions in learning outcomes or the influence of educational technology without addressing assessment negotiation specifically <snippet id="S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">.
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<snippet id="S_wzDgj5A">Endocytosis delivers extracellular materials to lysosomes for degradation, with trafficking between endosomes and the Trans-Golgi Network being imperative for maintaining lysosomal fitness by delivering enzymes and V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gCWDTWV">Lysosome biogenesis requires both biosynthetic and endocytic pathways, with M6P receptors binding to proteins carrying mannose-6-phosphate residues and delivering them to lysosomes via vesicle fusion with plasma membrane followed by endocytosis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EhS0ch1">Lysosomal hydrolases can reach lysosomes from outside the cell through different forms of endocytosis, and lysosomal exocytosis stimulation may have beneficial effects on the accumulation of unprocessed aggregates, leading to their extracellular elimination</snippet>. <snippet id="S_pfxfGLI">However, general downregulation of endocytosis during aging or senescence has been observed, with suppression of clathrin-mediated endocytosis linked to cleavage of amphiphysin 1 and dysfunctional endocytosis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BXMwwcV">Endocytosed materials can impair lysosomal function, with studies showing decreased lysosomal protease activity and reduced probe uptake in cells exposed to lipid nanocapsules</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mWADzHZ">Impaired lysosomal protease activity and consequent accumulation of undigested material can disrupt endocytic recycling and impair engulfment of dying cells, with reduced hydrolase activity adversely impacting the ability to handle exogenous phagocytic cargo</snippet>. The evidence suggests endocytosis can support lysosomal function through M6P receptor-mediated enzyme delivery and lysosomal exocytosis-mediated membrane repair, but dysfunctional endocytosis during aging or exposure to toxic materials can impair lysosomal function.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_wzDgj5A,S_Y2SP2EN>Endocytosis maintains cellular homeostasis by delivering extracellular and intracellular materials to lysosomes, where they are degraded as part of the autophagy-lysosomal-endosomal system</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_wzDgj5A>Trafficking between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network is imperative for the maintenance of lysosomal fitness as it delivers enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id=S_gCWDTWV>Lysosome biogenesis also requires endocytic pathways, as lysosomal membrane proteins can be delivered via vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane followed by endocytosis</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC,S_Ykw4nQx">Calendar aging is primarily driven by temperature, with the Arrhenius equation used to model its dependence on activation energy and state of charge</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">Low-temperature fast charging significantly accelerates cycle life degradation, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">a 16 Ah graphite/NMC battery loses 75% of its capacity after only 50 cycles at 5°C compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">The degradation mechanisms include lithium plating and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film growth, which compete under fast charging conditions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">Studies by Keil et al. (2016) and Geisbauer et al. (2021) found that higher temperatures and SOC levels, particularly 100% SOC at 60°C, significantly increase capacity degradation and internal resistance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RHMJrIs">Low anode potential accelerates the loss of cyclable lithium, with SEI layer formation being a major contributor to capacity decline</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">The Arrhenius law describes the temperature dependence of reaction rates, with the rate constant influenced by absolute temperature and specific parameters determined through Arrhenius plots</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">SEI growth is the dominant degradation mechanism during calendar aging, causing severe pore clogging and film resistance increase resulting in apparent power performance degradation</snippet>.
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<answer>
Calendar aging follows the Arrhenius equation, where elevated temperatures accelerate aging processes through increased reaction rates, making temperature regulation essential for reducing degradation <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">. SEI growth is the dominant calendar aging mechanism at high temperatures (e.g., 55°C storage), causing pore clogging and film resistance increase in anodes <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">. Higher temperatures and SOC levels significantly increase capacity degradation and internal resistance during calendar aging, with studies showing accelerated fading at 50-60°C storage <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">. In contrast, cyclic aging experiences dramatically accelerated degradation at low temperatures during charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C for graphite/NMC batteries <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. At 5°C, a 16 Ah graphite/NMC battery loses 75% capacity after only 50 cycles compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C, driven primarily by lithium plating rather than SEI growth <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. The Arrhenius law describes temperature dependence of cyclic aging reaction rates, though lithium plating at sub-zero temperatures creates an inflection point that fundamentally alters degradation mechanisms compared to calendar aging <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">.
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<answer>
The provided search results do not contain the specific threshold value for rC,ave or ΔGave from the Scientific Reports article. The snippets reference various topics including Chinese research evaluation reform, internationalization of higher education, and global science influence, but none include the exact variable names or the specific threshold value requested. The search results appear to be from different articles about Chinese research rather than the specific Scientific Reports paper about Chinese scholars' influence on global research. Additional searches with different terms or DOI may be needed to locate the target article.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_NyxI5ht,S_RTxg6u0,S_PnWYPRp,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u">None of the provided search results contain information about a Scientific Reports article with the specific variables rC,ave and ΔGave or their critical threshold values</snippet>. The retrieved snippets discuss various aspects of Chinese research output, publication incentives, and global science influence, but none reference the target paper with the threshold information the agent is seeking <snippet id="S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t">The only mentions of "Chinese scholars" in global research context appear in titles without corresponding content</snippet>. The agent may need to refine their search with more specific terms such as "Scientific Reports rC,ave ΔGave threshold" without the broader China influence query to locate the exact paper.
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<snippet id="22895,68190,89881">Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) was an 18th-century Swedish naturalist who formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy</snippet>. <snippet id="22895,68190,89881">He introduced the two-part Latin species name (genus + specific epithet) and hierarchical ranks (kingdom, class, order, genus, species)</snippet>. <snippet id="22895">Linnaeus is known as the "father of modern taxonomy" and was ennobled in 1761 as Carl von Linné</snippet>. <snippet id="68190">His system standardized classification across plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and more, forming the basis of modern scientific naming</snippet>. <snippet id="89881">Linnaean taxonomy endures as the basis for naming and organizing biodiversity, though additional ranks and evolutionary concepts were later added</snippet>.
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<answer>
Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), an 18th-century Swedish naturalist, formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy <snippet id="22895, 68190">. He introduced a two-part Latin naming system (genus + specific epithet), such as Homo sapiens, through his publication of Systema Naturae (first edition 1735) <snippet id="22895, 89881">. Linnaeus also established hierarchical classification ranks including kingdom, class, order, genus, and species <snippet id="22895, 89881">. His system standardized biological classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming <snippet id="68190">. Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaean taxonomy continues to serve as the foundation for organizing biodiversity <snippet id="22895, 89881">.
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<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is titled "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning author Tony Horwitz</snippet>, who retraced the voyages of Captain James Cook across the Pacific. <snippet id=1701849e-5>Horwitz retraced Cook's voyages across the Pacific, retracing the journeys of the British explorer</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-6>This work differed from his earlier work "Confederates in the Attic" in that it followed a specific route, retracing the voyages across the Pacific of the British explorer</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-8>Horwitz is a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist and National Geographic Fellow</snippet>. The book retraces the voyages of Captain James Cook, a renowned British explorer who sailed through the Pacific islands and northern England regions.
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<answer>
<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Tony Horwitz</snippet>, which retraces the voyages of British explorer Captain James Cook across the Pacific <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>. Cook was from Yorkshire, a county in northern England, and his historic HMS Endeavour has been reconstructed for modern voyages <snippet id=1701849e-6>. The book follows a specific route through Pacific island countries that Cook originally visited during his explorations <snippet id=1701849e-5>. Horwitz's approach combines historical research with personal adventure travel to explore Cook's legacy <snippet id=1701849e-1>. This work differed from Horwitz's previous books by focusing on a specific exploration route across the Pacific Ocean <snippet id=1701849e-6>.
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<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_XLulRiH,S_rm0f44F">The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms for remote work with a focus on employee wellbeing, internal communication, and new HR policies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rm0f44F">Remote work rose from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce, emphasizing the need for e-HRM and digitalization to enhance flexibility and productivity while addressing employee wellbeing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH">The pandemic accelerated digital transformation in HRM by necessitating remote work and digitalization, impacting employee adaptability and work-life balance while highlighting the critical role of HRM in navigating these changes from 2020 to 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sFMyq5N">The COVID-19 pandemic challenged the maintenance of conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention from the scientific community to deal with such challenges</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi">The CEDEL model (complicator–exposer–disruptor–enabler–legitimizer) conceptualizes the role of COVID-19 in sustainable HRM, providing a framework for future studies investigating the impacts of the pandemic</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hGtii0p">The pandemic necessitated a shift to online training and highlighted challenges in teamwork and productivity among HRD professionals, with a study of 208 supervisory respondents in Poland revealing the need for S-HRD principles to enhance employee engagement and adaptability in HR practices from December 2020 to January 2021</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_CbPhWNe">The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), with remote work necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms and e-HRM practices</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH,Sn_rm0f44F">Research indicates this acceleration has been global in scope, with one study noting remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi,S_sFMyq5N">Systematic literature reviews characterize COVID-19 as a complicator-disruptor-enabler that challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">The crisis established lasting implications including more flexible, remote-friendly digital working norms that organizations must address through new policies and hybrid working models</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_x0z3ScE,S_bwHcUi2">Preprints on arXiv, bioRxiv, and medRxiv undergo various quality control measures including author registration, plagiarism detection, and compliance with ethical standards, but none of these platforms perform formal peer review</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">bioRxiv implements a two-stage screening process involving internal staff checks and bioRxiv Affiliates, but describes it as a coarse filter that does not guarantee content validity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">MedRxiv screens submissions for dual-use research and public health risks, while arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address biosecurity concerns despite including quantitative biology</snippet>. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">Preprint servers emphasize that their materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">Despite lacking formal peer review, preprints undergo various quality control measures including author endorsement, completeness, relevance, and language appropriateness checks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">Each preprint includes a warning indicating the lack of peer review, and MedRxiv specifically advises against relying on preliminary reports for health-related decisions</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">arXiv performs pre-peer review screening that includes plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language quality</snippet>, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">but does not conduct formal peer review before posting</snippet>. Key quality control measures on arXiv include <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">author registration and endorsement requirements, completeness checks, relevance verification, plagiarism detection, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>, unlike bioRxiv and medRxiv which screen for material that could endanger public health or pose biosecurity risks. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">ArXiv emphasizes that its materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. Despite the absence of peer review, preprints on arXiv still undergo screening as a "coarse filter" to exclude nonscientific or inappropriate content, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">though this does not guarantee validity of the content</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: perceptive (focusing on components like letters and words), selective (assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice), interactive (involving engagement with longer texts), and extensive (encompassing longer readings such as articles and books)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown also outlines seven types of reading assessments including cloze tasks, impromptu reading with comprehension questions, short answer tasks, editing longer texts for errors, scanning for specific information, ordering tasks, and information transfer</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kOME3NW">The interactive reading task is a framework for automatic item generation and scoring of reading comprehension passages that requires test takers to sequentially interact with the text for several purposes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_n6aoW4b">Reading is defined as an interactive process involving both lower-level (bottom-up) and higher-level (top-down) processes, with bottom-up processes including recognizing written words and grammatical information</snippet>. <snippet id="S_afcTRtG">Integrated test tasks in second language assessment require test-takers to use multiple language skills, such as receptive and productive abilities, and are considered more authentic than traditional item types</snippet>. The search results do not contain explicit information about an "intensive" reading category or a direct contrast between intensive and extensive reading as the agent anticipated.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books.</snippet> <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams.</snippet>
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores, and fact-checking explanation model fine-tuned on the PUBHEALTH dataset achieved promising performance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_wkwj2K0">The framework employed four pre-trained models including original BERT uncased, SCIBERT, BIOBERT v1.0, and BIOBERT v1.1 for fact-checking label prediction on the PUBHEALTH dataset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">BIOBERT demonstrates higher accuracies when compared to BERT for named entity recognition, relation extraction and question answering in the biomedical domain, while SCIBERT outperforms BERT in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hv3V4sI">PubHealth contains claims from eight fact checking sources and is more challenging to read than other real-world fact checking datasets</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">HEALTHVER is a dataset for evidence-based fact-checking of health-related claims that allows to study the validity of real-world claims by evaluating their truthfulness against scientiﬁc articles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RXgSB12">Training deep learning-based fact-checking models on real-world and in-domain claims substantially improves the performance compared to training on synthetic and open-domain claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_70uMjkR">Wright et al. (2022) report comparable performances for models trained on automatically generated claims compared to a model trained on the manually labeled SCIFACT claims</snippet>.
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<answer>
Research on medical fact-checking shows that domain-specific language models often outperform general models on health claim verification tasks. On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores compared to BERT and other baseline models <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. BioBERT demonstrates higher accuracies than BERT for biomedical tasks including named entity recognition, relation extraction, and question answering in the biomedical domain <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. Similarly, SCIBERT shows improvements over the original BERT and outperforms it in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. However, performance varies by dataset; on SCIFACT, RoBERTa-large achieved the best performance among the sentence encoders tested, including SciBERT and BioMedRoBERTa <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. Additionally, training deep learning models on real-world medical claims substantially improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf,S_Iqcxwr0,S_gcq6e9k">The waterfall model is a linear and sequential software development approach where progress flows through distinct phases such as requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance</snippet>, with each phase requiring completion before the next begins <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf,S_Iqcxwr0,S_gcq6e9k">and output from one phase serving as input for the subsequent phase</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model allows for initial simplified implementations that evolve through multiple iterations</snippet>, emphasizing incremental changes where projects are divided into smaller parts undergoing repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">. This approach provides more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to the waterfall model</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">The Waterfall-Iterative approach integrates waterfall and iterative methods, with phases executed iteratively as the project elaborates</snippet>, including requirement analysis for each iteration and a product backlog of prioritized user stories <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">. This hybrid approach facilitates agile development using Scrum framework principles while maintaining waterfall's structured approach</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">The traditional waterfall model is defined as a linear, sequential software development approach where each phase must be completed before the next begins, with strict documentation and sign-offs required between stages</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">In contrast, "iterative waterfall" (also called "Waterative") executes waterfall phases iteratively as the project elaborates, incorporating requirement analysis for each iteration with design followed by product backlog creation using Scrum framework's agile principles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model allows incremental changes and divided project parts with repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation, enabling more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to waterfall</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">A key distinction is that waterfall accommodates substantial requirement changes with significant disruption, whereas iterative approaches emphasize evolving implementations with each cycle enhancing previous work</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz,S_u8WEXgX">Waterfall is characterized by sequential phases requiring strict documentation and end products per stage, while iterative/wative approaches include unit testing during sprints followed by systems integration testing and user acceptance testing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">Waterfall approaches work well for simple, straightforward projects, but are less suitable for complex projects requiring flexibility</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_IbmwH6I,S_ipBYA4S,S_cecyK56,S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X,S_Q1OC4lz,S_kq45sEh,S_Gkl8lvJ,S_AlV0rKF">Digital transformation in banking encompasses digital banking, fintech, mobile banking, digital payments, and related technologies that enhance financial inclusion and operational efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IbmwH6I,S_ipBYA4S,S_cecyK56,S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X,S_Q1OC4lz,S_kq45sEh,S_Gkl8lvJ,S_AlV0rKF">Empirical evidence indicates that digital banking enhances financial inclusion by offering accessible and affordable services, with digital payments increasing account ownership and savings while reducing account costs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X">Digital transformation diminishes the impact of income levels on financial service access, with strong relationships between digital payments, financial inclusion, and operational efficiency of financial institutions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X">Digital transformation contributes positively to bank stability and reduces operational costs through automation and digitalization, with digital payments serving as stabilizing factors for the banking industry</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ipBYA4S,S_Q1OC4lz">However, research shows limited evidence on Fintech's impact across different demographics and regions, with uncertainty regarding whether digital financial services are genuinely inclusive for women and underprivileged communities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AlV0rKF">Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability and negatively correlates with non-performing loans, though increased bank competition negatively affects stability, supporting the competition-fragility hypothesis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kq45sEh">Challenges remain including data security, regulatory issues, user digital literacy, and consumer protection concerns that must be addressed to promote inclusive economic growth</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gkl8lvJ">Strong economic growth together with financial inclusion initiatives significantly impacts ICT infrastructure development, with mobile banking and e-payments increasing financial inclusion among developing countries</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AlV0rKF">Policymakers should promote digital financial literacy to bolster bank stability and reduce insolvency risks, while enhancing bank competition to lower non-performing loans</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Q1OC4lz">Digitalisation promotes financial inclusion and positively impacts economic growth, though there is uncertainty regarding whether digital financial services are genuinely inclusive for all populations</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X>S digital transformation in banking is defined as the application of innovative technologies, particularly digital payments, to enhance financial inclusion and operational efficiency</snippet>, with research showing it <snippet id=S_4uYEvn0>S diminishes the impact of income levels on financial service access</snippet> while enhancing account ownership and savings. <snippet id=S_cecyK56>S Economic impact varies by income level: in low-income countries, digital financial inclusion is more significant than traditional finance due to banking inefficiencies</snippet>, whereas in middle-income countries both forms complement each other. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability (z-score) and negatively with non-performing loans</snippet>, though increased bank competition negatively affects stability according to the competition-fragility hypothesis. <snippet id=S_kq45sEh>S Challenges include data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy</snippet>, with findings from Sub-Saharan Africa, ASEAN, and EU contexts; <snippet id=S_cecyK56,S_Q1OC4lz>Yemen-specific evidence is sparse and limited by fragile state conditions</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Policy recommendations emphasize promoting digital financial literacy, regulatory frameworks treating digital and traditional finance as complementary</snippet>, and strategic measures to maintain bank stability alongside inclusion initiatives.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="55190">Never Look Back (1952) is a British B-drama directed by Francis Searle, produced by Hammer Film Productions, and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>. <snippet id="55190">The film stars Rosamund John, Hugh Sinclair, and Guy Middleton, with Harry H. Corbett appearing briefly as a policeman</snippet>. <snippet id="81776">IMDb confirms the production was by Exclusive Films/Hammer, shot at Manchester Film Studios from autumn 1951, with Hugh Sinclair playing the fiancé who prosecutes</snippet>. <snippet id="86941">The Hammer Graveyard lists the production as a 73-minute B&W Hammer-Brennan release by Exclusive Films, shot at Film Studios, Manchester from 17 Sept–19 Oct 1951</snippet>. <snippet id="86941">Contemporary listings confirm Harry H. Corbett and Hugh Sinclair are credited in the film</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The 1952 British drama Never Look Back was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett appears in a brief supporting role as a policeman</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Hugh Sinclair is confirmed as a main star in the cast, playing the prosecutor</snippet>. The production ran for 73 minutes and was shot at Mancunian Studios between September and October 1951.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_UBkWxKP">The disposition index is calculated as the product of insulin sensitivity and insulinogenic index, with the latter defined as the ratio of incremental insulin response to glucose change from baseline to 30 minutes after an oral glucose challenge</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">This index can be derived from OGTT data to characterize beta-cell function relative to insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue</snippet>. <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi">Elevated plasma free fatty acids impair β-cell function, necessitating adjustment of the disposition index to incorporate adipose tissue insulin resistance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_77OipMD">The insulinogenic index (IGI) represents early-phase insulin secretion and is calculated as the ratio of incremental insulin response to glucose change at 30 minutes of the OGTT</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">This approach allows for comprehensive evaluation of beta-cell function in relation to visceral adipose tissue and insulin response during glucose challenges</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">Leptin and GM-CSF showed strong negative associations with the disposition index and positive correlations with BMI and inflammatory markers</snippet>. However, the provided snippets do not contain direct evidence linking visceral adipose tissue accumulation to these beta-cell function metrics in adult human studies.
</answer>

<answer>
The provided search results do not directly address the relationship between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and pancreatic beta-cell function metrics in humans. The snippets primarily define how beta-cell function indices like the disposition index, insulinogenic index, and acute insulin response are calculated from OGTT or IVGTT data <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_77OipMD">the disposition index is calculated as the product of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion measures such as the insulinogenic index</snippet>. One study suggests adipose tissue insulin resistance affects beta-cell function assessment, noting that elevated plasma free fatty acids can impair β-cell function and proposing adjustments to the disposition index to account for adipose tissue <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2">incorporating adipose insulin resistance into assessments provides a more comprehensive index of β-cell function</snippet>. Another study reported that leptin and GM-CSF were negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI and hsCRP, indicating roles in inflammation and lipid metabolism <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">leptin and GM-CSF showed negative associations with the disposition index and positive correlations with BMI and inflammatory markers</snippet>. However, none of these snippets provide direct adult human evidence linking VAT or pancreatic fat specifically to beta-cell function measures like disposition index or acute insulin response as the agent was seeking.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>, with the intervention aimed at decreasing exposure to like-minded sources by one-third resulting in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language, but did not lead to measurable changes in eight key political attitudes including affective polarization and belief in false claims. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">The research compared various feed types including chronological and engagement-based feeds, finding that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans, but may inadvertently increase perceived threats to free speech among users</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mUfOdDp">A 2020 study by Guess et al. found no significant long-term effects of Facebook and Instagram's algorithms on users' affective polarization over a three-month period</snippet>, suggesting that while immediate reactions to content may vary, the algorithms' impact on long-term beliefs is complex and requires further investigation. <snippet id="S_sJfbnsu">The U.S. 2020 Facebook and Instagram Election Study was a unique collaboration between academics and researchers at Meta that allowed unprecedented access to Meta platform data and algorithms while including extensive safeguards to guarantee the integrity of the research</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EIYKoMB">The authors propose redesigning social media ranking algorithms to mitigate polarization by incorporating democratic values into their structure, noting that previous studies primarily used observational data or bottom-up interventions to address partisan animosity</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>. The intervention aimed to decrease exposure to like-minded sources by one-third, which resulted in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">but did not lead to measurable changes in eight key political attitudes, including affective polarization and belief in false claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">An experiment compared various feed types, including chronological and engagement-based feeds, as well as innovative designs aimed at promoting democratic values</snippet>. Findings indicate that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans, but may inadvertently increase perceived threats to free speech among users <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">. The research also references other studies that examined the influence of exposure to like-minded sources and reshared content, noting that some studies found minimal effects on affective polarization</snippet>.

</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_StdTMvV">The CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level based on International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship data</snippet>, though this appears to be a separate model rather than FUND/PAGE IAMs. <snippet id="S_93wqG64">Projected tropical cyclone activity by 2050 generally declines in the South Indian Ocean, with coupled models showing a slight increase in average TC 10 m wind speeds by 2050</snippet>, but this does not address IAM integration of extreme weather. <snippet id="S_IAQSdJr">Longer time series of storms (1,000 years of synthetic tropical cyclones) results in better accuracy in flood predictions than shorter time series (71 years of historical IBTrACS dataset)</snippet>, with risk assessment improvements including US$ 0.46 million (+38%) in presence of mangroves. However, none of the provided snippets contain specific documentation on how canonical IAMs (FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE) represent tropical cyclones or floods, nor do they describe expected-annual-loss pipelines or empirically estimated event-specific damage functions integrated into IAMs. The search results do not contain the specific IAM documentation on extreme weather integration the agent needs.
</answer>

<answer>
Unfortunately, the provided search results do not contain specific information about how FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE, or other canonical IAMs incorporate extreme weather events into their damage functions. The available snippets focus on hazard modeling (CLIMADA model for tropical cyclones, mangrove flood protection services, hydrodynamic modeling) but do not document IAM integration methods <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>. No snippets describe how IAMs represent extremes as separate impact categories or stochastic shocks to capital/productivity, nor do they detail expected-annual-loss pipelines feeding IAM damages. There is also no evidence of empirically estimated event-specific damage functions (cyclone wind-based, flood depth–damage, heat-wave impacts) being aggregated to macro damages within specific IAM frameworks in these results.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK,S_4kyiDLH,S_IzJhLSD">HPV entry involves the interaction of L1 and L2 proteins with heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), which triggers conformational changes in L1 and exposes the N-terminus of L2 for cleavage by the protease furin</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK,S_4kyiDLH,S_IzJhLSD">This process is mediated by host cell factors including Cyclophilin B, kallikrein-8 (KLK8), and furin convertases</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK,S_4kyiDLH">The virus enters through microlesions or wounds, with L1 first binding to laminin-332 in the basement membrane before fusing with HSPGs on the cell surface</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK,S_4kyiDLH,S_IzJhLSD">Following cleavage, L2 binds to secondary receptors including annexin A2/S100A10 heterotetramer and tetraspanins, facilitating clathrin-independent endocytosis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK,S_4kyiDLH,S_IzJhLSD">The viral particle is internalized through endocytosis, with L2 inserting into the endocytic membrane and the L2-HPV episome maintained through retrograde trafficking to the Trans Golgi Network</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK,S_4kyiDLH,S_IzJhLSD">HPV infection targets undifferentiated basal epithelial cells in the skin and mucous membranes, where viral DNA is released from the capsid and transferred to the nucleus</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) entry typically begins at microlesions in the epithelium where the major capsid protein L1 binds to laminin-332 or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the basement membrane <S_9692W5p, S_06dh88l, S_ygceipK, S_4kyiDLH>. This initial attachment induces L1 conformational changes, often facilitated by Cyclophilin B, which exposes the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2 <S_9692W5p, S_ygceipK, S_sYaeZRH>. Proteolytic processing follows, where kallikrein-8 cleaves L1 and the cellular protease furin cleaves L2, reducing HSPG affinity and preparing the virion for internalization <S_6cL8am9, S_9692W5p, S_qd5yqrp>. Secondary interactions with receptors such as annexin A2, integrin α6, and tetraspanins like CD151 facilitate clathrin-independent endocytosis or macropinocytosis-like uptake <S_6cL8am9, S_Fgb4QWW, S_06dh88l>. Once internalized, the virus undergoes retrograde trafficking through endosomes and the Golgi network to reach the nucleus for genome release and replication <S_6cL8am9, S_IzJhLSD, S_qd5yqrp>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_FvypqMm">The Laplace mechanism has been applied to preserve privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_u2uIkcN">specifically enabling privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5htVDhJ">The mechanism adds noise to function outputs with scale determined by the function's sensitivity</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_oSOy7gF">many mechanisms are built on top of the Laplace Mechanism which adds Laplace noise to query answers</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_3Vks9VQ,S_urqqOz8">none of the provided search results contain specific case studies or empirical applications involving bank/credit/payment data published in high-impact journals like IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or Nature Scientific Data</snippet>. The snippets confirm the Laplace mechanism's theoretical foundation and general applications but lack the concrete journal-published case studies the agent is seeking.
</answer>

<answer>
The search results provide limited evidence of concrete case studies from high-impact journals applying the Laplace mechanism specifically to financial/banking/credit transaction data. Two snippets mention financial applications: S_FvypqMm notes the Laplace mechanism can preserve "user privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions" within parking recommender system research <snippet id=S_FvypqMm>, and S_u2uIkcN states the mechanism enables "privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions" for prospect theoretic analysis <snippet id=S_u2uIkcN>. However, neither snippet explicitly confirms publication in high-impact journals like IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or major finance/economics journals that the agent prioritized <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_3Vks9VQ>. Most other search results discuss the Laplace mechanism in medical data <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG>, social networks <snippet id=S_XWjGWtA,S_gaV539r>, or power flow systems <snippet id=S_3Vks9VQ> rather than verified financial case studies. Additional searches targeting specific journals or verified financial domains would be needed to fully address the agent's goal.
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<answer>
<snippet id="21438">Jitendra Narayan (20 Dec 1886–20 Dec 1922) was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar</snippet>, and he founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916. <snippet id="21438">As "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar" he played one first‑class cricket match (Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI v Lord Willingdon's XI) on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs in total</snippet>. However, <snippet id="21438">there is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>, which conflicts with the agent's hypothesis. <snippet id="57275">Sources indicate an association with a namesake Nripendra Narayan Academy and links to cricketing activity, but the crawled material is fragmentary</snippet>. <snippet id="71327">Jitendra Narayan had at least three younger brothers/sons, but the claims about founding a Nripendra Narayan Academy and first-class cricket/Prince of Wales XI involvement are unverified/conflicting</snippet>. The search results do not confirm the specific combination of facts the agent hypothesized.
</answer>

<answer>
Jitendra Narayan was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar <snippet id="21438">and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet> as an educational institution named after his father. He played one first‑class cricket match for "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI" against Lord Willingdon's XI on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs total <snippet id="21438">. There is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>, which contradicts one key element of the hypothesis that the match was against the Prince of Wales' XI during the 1921–22 India tour. Biographical details indicate he was linked to Cooch‑Behar Palace (also known as Victor Jubilee Palace) as the ruling Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar during his lifetime <snippet id="21438">, though succession by his offspring is not confirmed in the available snippets. Some sources present conflicting or fragmentary information about the academy founder and cricketing claims <snippet id="57275">, with sibling records listing him as having younger brothers but not documenting all biographical details consistently <snippet id="71327">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_gnrEepM">Studies indicate that using a single signature peptide for therapeutic protein quantification can result in significant negative biases (−23 to −62%) and discordant results between signature peptides</snippet>, with extended-peptide calibration showing improvements but still lacking acceptable accuracy. <snippet id="S_gnrEepM">Protein-level and hybrid calibrations achieved good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results between signature peptides (deviations < 15%)</snippet>, emphasizing the importance of using multiple signature peptides for reliability. <snippet id="S_1t8pQcf">The surrogate peptide method typically requires selecting suitable signature peptides from light or heavy chains to ensure assay accuracy</snippet>, with stable isotopically labeled internal standards (SIL-IS) often used to enhance quantification accuracy. <snippet id="S_XWxG38W">Optimized proteomic quantitative methods for human drug disposition-related proteins use a minimum of three light and two heavy peptide fragments</snippet> to enhance reproducibility and ensure peptide identity. <snippet id="S_AxEd4LB">Fast quantitative LC-MRM assays have been developed for monitoring and quantifying host-cell protein impurities in monoclonal antibody preparations</snippet>, demonstrating successful application of single-peptide approaches in specific contexts. <snippet id="S_BFG6czq">Hybrid LC-MS/MS assays for antibody-drug conjugates have used two signature peptides (one quantitative, one qualitative) from tryptic digest</snippet> for total antibody quantification. <snippet id="S_5wz8nhd">Signature peptides for immunodeficiency disorder diagnostics were selected based on detection feasibility and uniqueness in the human genome</snippet>, with methods allowing for low picogram per milliliter detection limits. <snippet id="S_WXecbrz">Multiplex protein panel assays have utilized scheduled MRM methods with 257 transitions across 37 peptides meeting inter-batch CV criteria</snippet> for clinical application. <snippet id="S_e6co6mk">Signature peptides were selected using in silico trypsin digestion and NCBI BLAST tools, with final selections based on accepted criteria for immuno-SRM development</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AhkXycl">Highly selective LC-MS/MS methods have enabled simultaneous quantification of several co-administered human antibodies in cynomolgus monkey serum with LLOQ around 5-25 µg/mL</snippet>, demonstrating the feasibility of multiplexed approaches without requiring stringent affinity capture reagents.
</answer>

<answer>
Current evidence suggests that using two signature peptides is recommended over a single peptide for reliable mAb quantification in serum. A study assessing calibration approaches for monoclonal antibody quantification emphasized "the importance of using two SPs for reliability" and found single peptide calibration had "significant negative biases" and "discordant results between SPs" <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>. Practical implementations in therapeutic protein studies typically employ multiple peptides; for instance, one Fc-engineered mAb PK assay determined concentrations using "multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides" <snippet id=S_kjDg3lX>. Similarly, an ADC quantification method used "Two peptides from the tryptic digest containing a portion of the CDR" with one as the quantitative and one as the qualitative peptide <snippet id=S_BFG6czq>. While single peptides can be detected, protein-level and hybrid calibrations with two SPs achieved "good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results" compared to peptide-level calibration which showed poor reliability <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>.
</answer>