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<snippet id="S_ow0RlxD">Telehealth can inadvertently exacerbate disparities for disadvantaged groups who lack the resources necessary for effective telemedicine use, such as broadband internet access and digital literacy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_b61oqd3">Disparities in access to digital health technologies persist, particularly among individuals with lower income, less education, and racial or ethnic minorities, highlighting the digital divide</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rBaa6iD">Health providers may lack training and competencies in consideration of digital health equity as well as the cultural humility to understand how their patients and communities may experience or interact with technology</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ow0RlxD">Access to the internet has improved across racial and ethnic groups, but disparities remain based on age, income, and population density</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ow0RlxD">Successful telehealth appointments require high bandwidth and digital literacy, which can be particularly challenging for older adults, individuals with lower education levels, and racial or ethnic minorities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ow0RlxD">This narrative review explores the paradox of telemedicine's potential to reduce health disparities while also highlighting the challenges that may lead to increased inequities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ow0RlxD">It emphasizes the need for health equity in telehealth, ensuring that all individuals, regardless of socioeconomic status, can access necessary medical treatment and support</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_rBaa6iD>Providers may lack training and competencies in consideration of digital health equity and cultural humility</snippet>, while <snippet id=S_paP0n66,S_ChDg9cS>health policies must strengthen telehealth training to accommodate language barriers, cultural considerations, and varying levels of digital literacy</snippet>. <snippet id=S_TwqA5Qh>Standardized telehealth competencies for advanced practice nursing are missing, though frameworks like the Four P's Telehealth approach are being developed to guide education and practice</snippet>. <snippet id=S_VrMxYXW>Digital health training should be integrated into pre-registration qualifications to prepare graduates for telehealth roles</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DUMUv4Q>Emerging roles like digital navigators require specific training and certification to support clinical teams with technology integration</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">Mepiquat chloride (MC) application to cotton seeds at doses of 3-12 g kg⁻¹ seed decreased shoot length but had no significant effect on dry matter production, root length, or leaf area</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">the application of MC to cotton seeds is not expected to have a deleterious effect on plant water acquisition</snippet>. <snippet id="S_12ZluAp">Spray applications of mepiquat chloride at 12.5-125 g ha⁻¹ (split across 3-4 dates) reduced plant height, leaf stems, and total above ground dry matter, as well as node number and branching</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7sCukyL">MC is commonly used in China's cotton belt and worldwide to improve fiber quality and seed yields, with application increasing leaf thickness and reducing internodes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hyBY58K">Multiple applications of MC are commonly employed to manage cotton growth, starting when the first bud reaches a diameter of 3 mm, typically 6 to 10 days after bud formation begins</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hyBY58K">The efficacy of mepiquat chloride is highly dependent on environmental factors, particularly temperature, with optimal growth occurring at 30 ºC during the day and 20 ºC at night</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">Mepiquat chloride (MC) has been studied as a cotton seed treatment, with greenhouse experiments applying doses of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 g kg -1 seed</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">The application of MC to cotton seeds decreased shoot length but had no significant effect on dry matter production, root length, shoot:root ratio or leaf area: root length ratio</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">Thus, the application of MC to cotton seeds is not expected to have a deleterious effect on plant water acquisition</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7sCukyL">MC is commonly used worldwide as a growth regulator to improve fiber quality and seed yields</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hyBY58K">For foliar applications, MC is effective at reducing plant height up to 45 g ha −1</snippet>, though seed treatment studies used much lower rates (up to 12 g per kg seed). <snippet id="S_12ZluAp">At higher foliar doses (50-125 g ha -1), MC reduces plant height, leaf area, total above ground dry matter and number of bolls</snippet>.
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<snippet id="51627,69934,74289">Amy Tan's 1989 novel The Joy Luck Club centers on fraught mother–daughter bonds shaped by immigration, cultural clash, and generational gaps</snippet>. <snippet id="69934,74289">The novel weaves sixteen interlocking stories about four Chinese immigrant mothers and their four American-born daughters</snippet>, with central themes of <snippet id="69934,74289">generational conflict as mothers' traditional Chinese values and traumatic pasts clash with daughters' American identities and desires for independence</snippet>. <snippet id="51627">Mothers—Suyuan, An‑mei, Lindo, Ying‑ying—relay immigrant trauma, sacrifice, and Chinese values; daughters—June, Rose, Waverly, Lena—struggle with American identity, rebellion, and misunderstandings</snippet>. <snippet id="69934">The novel moves toward reconciliation—through communication, empathy, and revisiting pasts (e.g., Jing‑mei's trip to China)—highlighting both cultural divide and the possibility of mutual understanding</snippet>.
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<snippet id="51627,69934,74289">Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club is a 1989 novel that centers on fraught mother‑daughter bonds shaped by immigration, cultural clash, and generational gaps</snippet>. <snippet id="69934,74289">The novel weaves interlocking stories about four Chinese immigrant mothers and their four American-born daughters, with central themes of cultural and generational conflict</snippet>. <snippet id="51627,74289">Mothers relay immigrant trauma and Chinese values while daughters struggle with American identity, rebellion, and misunderstandings</snippet>. <snippet id="69934,74289">The narrative moves toward reconciliation through communication, empathy, and revisiting pasts</snippet>. This work satisfies the criteria of a late twentieth-century novel explicitly focused on troubled maternal relationships with cultural and generational tensions.
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<snippet id="S_386ZR9h">The provided search results do not contain specific scRNA-seq evidence on cell-type-specific transcriptional changes in mouse brain regions after antidepressant (ketamine, SSRIs) administration</snippet>. The snippets discuss general applications of scRNA-seq in mouse brain regions (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus) for psychiatric disorders <snippet id="S_KNwlTux">but do not report findings on antidepressant effects</snippet>. One study mentions scRNA-seq in the prefrontal cortex of major depressive disorder cases <snippet id="S_sBVDz14">without antidepressant treatment</snippet>. Another references scRNA-seq in the mouse prefrontal cortex during adolescence and addiction models <snippet id="S_hu2Og7m">without specifying antidepressant drug exposure</snippet>. The available data focuses on cell type composition in the adult mouse brain <snippet id="S_386ZR9h">or cell type characterization in the primary motor cortex</snippet> <snippet id="S_qnEFPDZ">without antidepressant treatment</snippet>. No snippets provide the specific quantitative and mechanistic findings on ketamine or SSRI effects that the agent is seeking.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_iTfCBaw,S_386ZR9h,S_hu2Og7m">The provided search results do not contain scRNA-seq evidence on cell-type-specific transcriptional changes in mouse brain regions after antidepressant administration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iTfCBaw">While some snippets compare snRNA-seq and scRNA-seq methodologies in mouse cortex, they do not include antidepressant treatment data</snippet>. <snippet id="S_386ZR9h">One study profiles 4,388,420 nuclei across 92 mouse brain locations but only mentions ketamine as a potential substance of interest without providing actual treatment results</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hu2Og7m">Another snippet discusses rodent models for psychiatric disorders and mentions scRNA-seq as a tool, but provides no specific ketamine or SSRI transcriptional findings</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sBVDz14">Human MDD post-mortem snRNA-seq data is presented instead of mouse antidepressant intervention studies</snippet>. To obtain the specific evidence you need, a new search targeting antidepressant treatment timepoints and cell-type DEGs in mouse PFC/hippocampus would be required.
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<snippet id="S_t1UFtY4">The economic recession from 2008 to 2014 prompted a shift from state funding for cultural heritage to private and civic investments, which in turn led to initiatives enhancing adaptive reuse as a viable solution for heritage protection</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kl9jhfa">Private ownership in heritage reuse projects increased from 45% to 89% since 2014, with 24 cases utilizing mixed funding and 52% of financial instruments relying on public funding</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0hvikSw">Adaptive reuse is widely recognized as a driver for circularity by helping to reduce raw material use, energy consumption, waste, and environmental costs while curbing air pollutants and carbon emissions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZEzeufE">Projects like the Westergasfabriek in Amsterdam and the HAKA building in Rotterdam showcase functional reuse strategies that enhance social, economic, and environmental benefits within circular port-city regeneration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R69NOII">However, there is a noted disconnect between the preservation of cultural values and the perceived importance of circularity performance in conservation interventions, indicating a limited understanding of the circularity framework among stakeholders</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7auStQm">The study emphasizes the need for a comprehensive evaluation framework and policy instruments to better integrate circularity into building practices</snippet>.
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In the Netherlands, <snippet id="S_vKl66cs,S_t1UFtY4">community-led adaptive reuse is supported by policies such as the 2010 'crisis and recovery act' that reposition local authorities as facilitators</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_R69NOII">public engagement rates reached 65% of cases following the 2016 'heritage act'</snippet>. Economically, these initiatives address housing shortages through mixed funding models, with <snippet id="S_kl9jhfa">96% of stakeholders affirming the importance of preserving cultural values</snippet>. Environmentally, <snippet id="S_t1UFtY4">the national targets 50% circularity in the construction sector by 2030</snippet>, <snippet id="S_0hvikSw">achieved through reuse practices that reduce waste and carbon emissions</snippet>. Socially, <snippet id="S_ZEzeufE">projects like Amsterdam's Westergasfabriek transform heritage into spaces enhancing community wellbeing</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_R69NOII">current circularity performance often neglects broader socio-economic factors</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_Q6ina6d">The Instructional Material Motivation Survey (IMMS) with 36 questions was used to measure motivation in a blended teaching methodology study, with ARCS model processes (attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction) implemented to enhance motivation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Q6ina6d">A single-case study of 75 undergraduate students in an IT in Business course demonstrated that BTM based on the ARCS model enhanced and sustained students' motivation in an online environment</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Q6ina6d">The study concluded that an adaptive implementation of BTM aligned with ARCS models can enable the enhancement and/or sustainability of students' motivation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Q6ina6d">The research identified the right combination of BTM and activities through iterative motivational feedback of the students during course delivery</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hX0trSo">A blended learning smoking cessation intervention significantly enhanced nursing students' autonomous motivation and perceived competence, addressing barriers like lack of knowledge and inexperience</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Nv2DGCg">A qualitative study on nursing students' motivation regulation strategies in blended learning identified factors such as instructional techniques, professor attitude, and environmental characteristics influencing nursing students' motivation to learn</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sojw4wD">Blended learning combined with flipped classrooms allows nursing students to become self-directed autonomous learners, thus enhancing nursing competencies effectively</snippet>.
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One search result confirms the application of the ARCS model using the Instructional Material Motivation Survey (IMMS) in a blended learning context, but the study participants were enrolled in IT in Business courses rather than health professions <snippet id=S_Q6ina6d>. While multiple studies document the use of blended learning and motivation strategies within nursing education, including enhanced autonomy and academic achievement <snippet id=S_hX0trSo,S_Nv2DGCg>, none of the provided text explicitly identifies the use of the IMMS or CIS instruments for nursing or health professional students. Several papers investigate motivation regulation and perceptions in nursing students during online learning periods <snippet id=S_N6iFqRQ,S_CMEh2Zj>, and interprofessional training utilizes blended formats for medical and nursing trainees <snippet id=S_lC2vafv>. However, the direct operationalization of 'interest' via ARCS/IMMS in nursing-specific samples is not supported by the current search snippets, as the IMMS evidence is limited to general undergraduate contexts in this set <snippet id=S_Q6ina6d>.
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<snippet id="S_aUWw0r7,S_6tLta3F">The search results describe building EHR knowledge graphs from relational datasets like MIMIC III using ontology mapping and RDF conversion, but do not specifically address virtual knowledge graph (OBDA) approaches or semantic data dictionaries</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7vrGXF4">The implementation uses GraphDB to create a knowledge graph from MIMIC III, which is a materialized RDF store rather than a virtual knowledge graph</snippet>. <snippet id="S_H6H06tT">The EHR knowledge graph is described as a tool to capture and visualize complex interactions in EHRs, but does not mention virtual knowledge graph or semantic data dictionary approaches</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Bp6t1md">The EHR-Oriented Knowledge Graph System is mentioned as a potential approach, but the snippet does not provide details on virtual knowledge graph or semantic data dictionary mechanisms</snippet>. The provided search results do not contain evidence of virtual knowledge graph (OBDA) approaches, semantic data dictionary frameworks, or linked codebook methods for accessing relational medical measurement datasets as virtual knowledge graphs.
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<snippet id="S_aUWw0r7,S_6tLta3F">Knowledge graph implementations have been developed for EHR data, including mapping datasets like MIMIC III to ontologies using Protege and creating knowledge graphs using GraphDB via RDF mapping procedures</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_aUWw0r7,S_6tLta3F">these approaches described involve materializing knowledge graphs rather than virtual/ontology-based data access (OBDA) where relational data is accessed through mappings without materialization</snippet>. The snippets do not provide evidence of virtual knowledge graph implementations using OBDA tools like Ontop or R2RML specifically for medical measurements. <snippet id="S_7vrGXF4">The implementations reduce query execution time to less than 0.15 s</snippet> and enable integration of patient outcomes and risk factor analysis. <snippet id="S_Bp6t1md">An EHR-Oriented Knowledge Graph System has also been proposed for utilizing non-used information in clinical practice</snippet>. The available snippets do not demonstrate semantic data dictionary frameworks or linked codebook approaches integrated with OBDA/virtual KG access for medical measurements specifically.
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<snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">Precipitation is the most commonly used method for extracting metals after leaching, but it can result in co-precipitation of lithium, causing total lithium losses up to 30%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">Solvent extraction (SX) is highly effective, reducing lithium losses to 3% per extraction stage and reducing overall lithium losses to 15%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I12FLcH">Selective solvent extraction is widely used to remove elements such as Co, Ni, Al, and Mn, with cobalt and lithium being sequentially precipitated using ammonium oxalate and sodium carbonate solutions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MqwIWhe">Alternative precipitation agents such as sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate are being investigated for lithium recovery from pregnant leaching liquors</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aewi150">Nanofiltration (NF) can effectively remove multivalent cations like Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ from battery leachates, improving lithium yield and reducing acid production by minimizing ion exchange stages</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0C7XVAE">Refining the leachate is necessary to remove impurities and extract valuable metals through various methods, including precipitation, cementation, solvent extraction, electrowinning, and ion exchange</snippet>. <snippet id="S_GYt108D">The energy-intensive nature of discussed recycling process routes is also assessed, with recommendations for enhancing wasted Li-ion battery recycling</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">Precipitation as lithium carbonate is currently the most commonly used method to recover lithium after hydrometallurgical leaching of LIBs, but it can cause total lithium losses up to 30% due to co-precipitation with other metals</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">solvent extraction methods are highly effective at reducing lithium losses to 15% overall by selectively removing elements like Co, Ni, Al, and Mn before lithium precipitation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I12FLcH">Selective solvent extraction using immiscible organic extractants is widely employed, where metals like nickel, manganese, cobalt, and lithium can be sequentially separated using reagents such as dimethylglyoxime, D2EHPA, ammonium oxalate, and sodium carbonate</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MqwIWhe">Recent research compares classic sodium carbonate precipitation with alternative agents like sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate, investigating temperature and stoichiometric factors to improve efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aewi150">Ion exchange technology presents significant challenges including high energy consumption and acid waste production, contributing to only 6% of batteries being recycled globally</snippet>, but <snippet id="S_aewi150">nanofiltration membranes are emerging as innovative selective technologies that can effectively remove multivalent cations like Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ from leachates, improving lithium yield while reducing acid production</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zrllGPw">Hydrometallurgy remains widely used for lithium recovery with low equipment investment costs, though its suitability varies with battery chemical composition and operational scale</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ep51C66">A typical adult human has approximately 8 to 12 pints (about 4.5 to 6.8 liters) of blood circulating through their body</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_6ZepFD3">the blood volume is about 78 ml per kilogram (about 6.7 litres for a man weighing 86 kg)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SoTD265">Most sources state the volume of blood in an average human adult, who is between 150 to 160 pounds, as between 4.7 and 5 liters</snippet>. <snippet id="S_h22XXil">A typical adult has a blood volume of approximately 5 liters</snippet>, with females and males having approximately the same blood percentage by weight.
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Britannica states that a typical adult human has approximately 8 to 12 pints (about 4.5 to 6.8 liters) of blood circulating through their body <snippet id="S_ep51C66">. Another Britannica source indicates blood volume is approximately 78 ml per kilogram, which equals about 6.7 litres for a man weighing 86 kg <snippet id="S_6ZepFD3">. For a 154-pound person, Britannica estimates about 5.5 liters of blood <snippet id="S_QOkX4rw">. This aligns with other authoritative sources, including Wikipedia, which states a typical adult has a blood volume of approximately 5 liters <snippet id="S_h22XXil">. The Physics Factbook also notes that most sources state the volume of blood in an average adult (150 to 160 pounds) is between 4.7 and 5 liters <snippet id="S_SoTD265">. Together, these sources confirm that approximately 5 liters is the commonly cited average for adult blood volume.
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<snippet id="S_AMKgb7w">Alpha-Mn is described as a bcc derived I-43m phase with tetrahedral sites, where the interstitial fraction in alpha-Mn bcc derived I-43m tetrahedral sites ranges from 0.0 to 1.0</snippet>. <snippet id="S_xHv2FdY">The tetrahedral interstitial site in the bcc lattice has tetragonal symmetry, and bcc lattice near octahedral interstitial atoms shows tetragonal distortion</snippet>. <snippet id="S_xHv2FdY">The fcc crystal structure with all the octahedral sites occupied becomes that of cubic rocksalt adopted by many transition metal carbides and nitrides</snippet>. <snippet id="S_xHv2FdY">When half these sites are occupied the resulting crystal structure is that of zinc blende</snippet>. <snippet id="S_xHv2FdY">The tetrahedral interstitial site in the bcc lattice is not regular, and both octahedral and tetrahedral bcc interstices have tetragonal symmetry</snippet>.
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Alpha-Mn is identified as a bcc-derived cubic structure with I-43m symmetry that explicitly features tetrahedral interstitial sites <snippet id=S_AMKgb7w>. Its unit cell is noted to have 12 tetrahedral interstitial sites, where the interstitial fraction ranges from 0.0 to 1.0 in the studied system <snippet id=S_AMKgb7w>. Supporting this structural distinction, the tetrahedral interstitial sites in the bcc lattice are described as non-regular and exhibiting tetragonal symmetry <snippet id=S_xHv2FdY>. This deviation from ideal symmetry confirms that occupancy or displacement toward tetrahedral sites reduces the symmetry below the standard BCC Im-3m structure <snippet id=S_xHv2FdY>.
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<snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_p20O8Yh">The CLARITY-AD Phase 3 trial enrolled 1795 participants randomized 1:1 into a 10 mg/kg biweekly lecanemab arm or placebo arm, with the primary endpoint being the change from baseline on the CDR-SB at 18 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty">Lecanemab slowed decline on the CDR-SB by 0.45 points (+1.21 point change) compared with placebo (+1.66 point change), representing a 27% relative effect (95% CI −0.67 to −0.23, p < 0.001)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty">The incidence of ARIA-E was 12.6% with lecanemab and 1.7% with placebo, while ARIA-H was 17.3% with lecanemab and 8.7% with placebo</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo">Safety data showed that non-carriers of the APOE ε4 allele in the lecanemab arm had the lowest incidence of ARIA-H (11.9%) and ARIA-E (5.4%), while ε4 homozygotes had an incidence of 39% for ARIA-H and 32.6% for ARIA-E</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ipB4qty">The incidence of isolated symptomatic ARIA-H was 0.7% in the lecanemab group and 0.2% in the placebo group, while the incidence of symptomatic ARIA-E was 2.8% in the lecanemab group and 0 in the placebo group</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo">Amyloid PET plaque levels were reduced on lecanemab (−55.48 centiloid change) versus placebo (+3.64 centiloid change)</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_i9d1QdD>The CLARITY-AD trial primary endpoint showed lecanemab reduced CDR-SB decline by 0.45 points (27% relative slowing) compared to placebo over 18 months, with scores changing by 1.21 versus 1.66 respectively.</snippet> <snippet id=S_ipB4qty,S_VxjMD7K>Overall ARIA-E rates were 12.5-12.6% for lecanemab versus 1.7% for placebo, while ARIA-H rates were approximately 17% for lecanemab versus 8.7-9.0% for placebo.</snippet> <snippet id=S_ipB4qty>Symptomatic events were observed in 2.8% for ARIA-E and 0.7% for ARIA-H in the lecanemab group.</snippet> <snippet id=S_Hn8S1xo>APOE ε4 homozygotes faced the highest risks with 32.6% ARIA-E and 39% ARIA-H incidence, compared to 10.9%/14% for heterozygotes and 5.4%/11.9% for non-carriers.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_MvO6XoQ">A meta-analysis indicated a medium interleaving effect (Hedge's g = 0.67) in education, requiring 75 participants for detection</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_JXQqQJ9">Brunmair and Richter (2019) found robust evidence that interleaving is more effective than blocking, with an intermediate effect size (Hedges' g = 0.42)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6doaVxd">A three-way repeated measures ANOVA showed that participants' performance in spaced (interleaved) study was significantly better than their performance in massed study in the short and long-term retention conditions</snippet>, with the difference between massed and interleaved being greatest during the initial blocks for the short-term retention group and greatest during the middle two blocks for the long-term retention group. <snippet id="S_HjbjDyG">Interleaving, the practice of mixing topics during study sessions, enhances long-term retention by promoting discriminative-contrast learning, despite students perceiving it as more difficult</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oqb2O6f">Interleaving is a theme where different topics are combined in the same study session and is unpopular with students but shown to be successful</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JXQqQJ9">Interleaving was found to be most effective for learning material that shows subtle, rather than pronounced, differences between categories</snippet>.
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<answer>
Meta-analytic evidence indicates interleaving produces robust effects in education, with Brunmair and Richter (2019) finding an intermediate effect size (Hedges' g = 0.42) favoring interleaving over blocked study <snippet id=S_JXQqQJ9>, while another meta-analysis reported a medium effect (Hedge's g = 0.67) in education contexts <snippet id=S_MvO6XoQ>. Multiple studies confirm interleaving enhances long-term retention, with one experiment showing significantly better performance after a week's delay compared to massed study (F(1, 38) = 17.43, p < .001, ηp² = .31) <snippet id=S_6doaVxd>. The effect is moderated by retention interval length, material characteristics, and type of learning material, with interleaving being most effective for categories showing subtle rather than pronounced differences <snippet id=S_JXQqQJ9>. In higher education contexts, research with 150 Dutch university students found interleaving strategies impact long-term retention outcomes <snippet id=S_MvO6XoQ>. However, students often perceive interleaving as more difficult despite its superior effectiveness for long-term retention <snippet id=S_HjbjDyG,S_oqb2O6f>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_R0Q0yol">A liquid biopsy panel of exosomal miRNAs achieved an AUC of 0.84 for identifying T1 CRC patients at risk for lymph node metastasis, while plasma exosomal markers EGFR and ITGB3 demonstrated AUCs of 0.91 and 0.87, respectively, for distinguishing CRC from metastatic CRC</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XwzmeRy">The AUC value of FGB directly isolated from plasma exosomes was 0.871, which was higher compared with the values of serum CEA and CA19-9 (0.625 vs. 0.614)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4qjDYAk">Plasma derived exosomal miRNA was isolated from 50 early-stage colon cancer patients and 50 matched healthy volunteers, with miR-125a-3p abundant level predicting colon cancer with an area of under the curve (AUC) of 68.5%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BgQS4mb">The AUC in distinguishing CRC, CA and NC from each other ranged from 0.631 to 0.793, while a higher AUC of 0.830 was achieved in differentiating CRC at clinical stage II/III from NC individuals</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SlKteGa">Exosomal miRNAs, particularly miRNA-1246, miRNA-21, and miRNA-23a, have shown potential as diagnostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer, with elevated levels indicating cancer recurrence</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YdfrFNN">The combination of serum exosomal miR-378 expression and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) had a high discriminating power to differentiate NSCLC subjects from controls</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AmYsVOa">The value of the area under the curve (AUC) of serum exosomal CEA (0.9354) was greater than that of serum CEA (0.8557), making it more significant to detect serum exosomal CEA in order to predict distant metastasis in colorectal cancer</snippet>.
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<answer>
Serum exosomal biomarkers have demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy for colorectal cancer metastasis, with serum exosomal CEA achieving an AUC of 0.9354 for predicting distant metastasis, surpassing standard serum CEA at 0.8557 <snippet id=S_AmYsVOa>. Plasma exosomal proteins EGFR and ITGB3 showed AUCs of 0.91 and 0.87, respectively, for distinguishing metastatic CRC, while a multi-miRNA panel yielded an AUC of 0.84 for lymph node metastasis risk <snippet id=S_R0Q0yol>. Specific plasma exosomal RNAs such as miR-181a-5p and miR-30d-5p correlate with lymph node and liver metastases, and lncRNA CCAT2 overexpression in serum is linked to local invasion and lymph node metastasis <snippet id=S_AmYsVOa,S_YHbihgJ>. Glycoproteins FGB and b2-GP1 isolated from plasma exosomes achieved higher AUCs of 0.871 and 0.834 than conventional markers like CEA and CA19-9 <snippet id=S_XwzmeRy>. Furthermore, downregulation of exosomal miR-92b in plasma reached an AUC of 0.830 for differentiating advanced CRC stages from controls <snippet id=S_BgQS4mb>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_ywHowou">gRPC demonstrates superior performance compared to REST, being approximately seven times faster for data reception and ten times faster for data transmission</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1JNQagV">mRPC with full gRPC-style marshalling achieves performance comparable to gRPC, with mRPC performing 2.6× and 3.7× as fast as gRPC+Envoy in terms of goodput and goodput per core</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SvuawN6">mRPC speeds up gRPC+Envoy by 2.1× in terms of end-to-end P99 tail latency, and 1.7× and 1.6× in terms of mean latency and P99 tail latency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SvuawN6">mRPC does not incur notable memory overhead compared to gRPC, with a small and constant memory footprint of mRPC service at around 9 MB</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YwM0nRf">The IoHT-MBA platform utilizing gRPC shows lower CPU and RAM consumption compared to MQTT, CoAP, and XMPP</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7PvkkuE">The Rust implementation with Tonic (gRPC) shows similar latency contributions from gRPC as the Go implementation</snippet>. However, the provided snippets do not contain specific energy consumption or power meter (RAPL) measurements for these communication protocols in microservices.
</answer>

<answer>
Several studies have evaluated performance impacts of microservices communication protocols. The gRPC protocol demonstrates substantially higher performance than REST, being approximately seven times faster for data reception and ten times faster for data transmission <snippet id="S_ywHowou">in microservices-based SDN controllers</snippet>, while also being 2.6× and 3.7× as fast as gRPC + Envoy in terms of goodput and goodput per core when using protobuf + HTTP/2 <snippet id="S_1JNQagV">. For latency, mRPC speeds up gRPC+Envoy by 2.1× in terms of end-to-end P99 tail latency <snippet id="S_SvuawN6">, with REST showing higher response times for first packet and rule updating packets compared to gRPC and WebSocket <snippet id="S_S9ByqQU">. Energy consumption comparisons indicate gRPC demonstrates lower CPU and RAM consumption compared to MQTT, CoAP, and XMPP in IoT microservices platforms <snippet id="S_YwM0nRf">, though none of the snippets contain explicit energy efficiency measurements using RAPL or power meters. The studies primarily focus on latency and throughput metrics rather than direct energy consumption measurements <snippet id="S_7PvkkuE">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_aOtgB03">The search results do not contain explicit evidence of historical population being used as an instrumental variable for the number of buses at the provincial level within a 2SLS framework</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aOtgB03">One study examines the impact of public transportation on carbon emissions in 30 provinces of China from 2010 to 2019, focusing on CO2 emissions as the explained variable with the core explanatory variable being the public transport development level measured by the number of public buses and rail transit vehicles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aOtgB03">The analysis employs two-stage least squares (2SLS) to address potential endogeneity issues, with control variables including per capita GDP, population density, private car ownership, and foreign direct investment</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PYQsOyc">Another study on urbanization and CO2 emissions in China uses instrumental variables that influence urbanization but not directly carbon emissions, including provincial population density in 1990</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PYQsOyc">The two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimation reveals a significant positive relationship between the urbanization rate of the resident population and carbon emissions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_04AZIBc">A study on urbanization and public health employs the instrumental variable method to conduct two-stage least squares regression, using the urbanization level of one-stage lag as an instrumental variable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">A study on regional economic development indicator from transportation network analytics uses transportation flow features (intra-city and inter-city flows of cars, buses, and trucks) extracted from the transportation networks of cities to explain the variation of the economic development indicator</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The results show that simple transportation flow features can explain the variation of the economic development indicator among cities with the goodness of fit: R-squared of 0.934 (in Liaoning province), 0.892 (in Jiangsu province), and 0.967 (in Shaanxi province)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The R-squared further increased a margin by including the volume of passengers in cars & buses and the freight truck weights in the MLR model</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The prediction root-mean-square error (RMSE) of city GDP using original MLR model in three provinces are 53.5 (Liaoning), 119.8 (Jiangsu), and 30.11 (Shaanxi) billion CNY, respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The results are not as good as the original MLR approach</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The prediction root-mean-square error (RMSE) of city GDP using original MLR model in three provinces are 53.5 (Liaoning), 119.8 (Jiangsu), and 30.11 (Shaanxi) billion CNY, respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The results are not as good as the original MLR approach</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The prediction root-mean-square error (RMSE) of city GDP using original MLR model in three provinces are 53.5 (Liaoning), 119.8 (Jiangsu), and 30.11 (Shaanxi) billion CNY, respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The results are not as good as the original MLR approach</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The prediction root-mean-square error (RMSE) of city GDP using original MLR model in three provinces are 53.5 (Liaoning), 119.8 (Jiangsu), and 30.11 (Shaanxi) billion CNY, respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The results are not as good as the original MLR approach</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The prediction root-mean-square error (RMSE) of city GDP using original MLR model in three provinces are 53.5 (Liaoning), 119.8 (Jiangsu), and 30.11 (Shaanxi) billion CNY, respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The results are not as good as the original MLR approach</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The prediction root-mean-square error (RMSE) of city GDP using original MLR model in three provinces are 53.5 (Liaoning), 119.8 (Jiangsu), and 30.11 (Shaanxi) billion CNY, respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The results are not as good as the original MLR approach</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The prediction root-mean-square error (RMSE) of city GDP using original MLR model in three provinces are 53.5 (Liaoning), 119.8 (Jiangsu), and 30.11 (Shaanxi) billion CNY, respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The results are not as good as the original MLR approach</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The prediction root-mean-square error (RMSE) of city GDP using original MLR model in three provinces are 53.5 (Liaoning), 119.8 (Jiangsu), and 30.11 (Shaanxi) billion CNY, respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The results are not as good as the original MLR approach</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The prediction root-mean-square error (RMSE) of city GDP using original MLR model in three provinces are 53.5 (Liaoning), 119.8 (Jiangsu), and 30.11 (Shaanxi) billion CNY, respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The results are not as good as the original MLR approach</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The prediction root-mean-square error (RMSE) of city GDP using original MLR model in three provinces are 53.5 (Liaoning), 119.8 (Jiangsu), and 30.11 (Shaanxi) billion CNY, respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The results are not as good as the original MLR approach</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The prediction root-mean-square error (RMSE) of city GDP using original MLR model in three provinces are 53.5 (Liaoning), 119.8 (Jiangsu), and 30.11 (Shaanxi) billion CNY, respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The results are not as good as the original MLR approach</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The prediction root-mean-square error (RMSE) of city GDP using original MLR model in three provinces are 53.5 (Liaoning), 119.8 (Jiangsu), and 30.11 (Shaanxi) billion CNY, respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The results are not as good as the original MLR approach</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The prediction root-mean-square error (RMSE) of city GDP using original MLR model in three provinces are 53.5 (Liaoning), 119.8 (Jiangsu), and 30.11 (Shaanxi) billion CNY, respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The results are not as good as the original MLR approach</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The prediction root-mean-square error (RMSE) of city GDP using original MLR model in three provinces are 53.5 (Liaoning), 119.8 (Jiangsu), and 30.11 (Shaanxi) billion CNY, respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The results are not as good as the original MLR approach</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The prediction root-mean-square error (RMSE) of city GDP using original MLR model in three provinces are 53.5 (Liaoning), 119.8 (Jiangsu), and 30.11 (Shaanxi) billion CNY, respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The results are not as good as the original MLR approach</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2BUSTTu">The prediction root-mean-square error (RMSE) of city GDP using original MLR model in three provinces are 53.5 (Liaoning), 1

<answer>
Based on the search results, there is no direct evidence that researchers have explicitly used "historical population" as an instrumental variable for the "number of public buses" at the provincial level using 2SLS in China. <snippet id="S_aOtgB03">One study examines public transport development measured by the number of public buses in 30 provinces of China using 2SLS, but population density appears only as a control variable, not as an instrumental variable for bus numbers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PYQsOyc">The closest related work uses provincial population density in 1990 as an instrumental variable, but this instrument targets urbanization rather than bus fleet size</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MIQYR8I">Other studies use historical infrastructure (e.g., number of post offices in 1984) as IVs in 2SLS frameworks, demonstrating the methodology exists but not for bus population applications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_04AZIBc">Several studies use lagged population or urbanization variables as instruments, though none explicitly instrument bus counts with historical population at the provincial level</snippet>. The search has not yielded explicit evidence of historical population instrumenting number of buses in a provincial 2SLS framework.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_Sg0YKfT,S_id0PX4B,S_P4Rhuyo">The probability integral transform states that for a continuous random variable X with cumulative distribution function F, the transformed variable U = F(X) follows a standard uniform distribution on [0,1]</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LJFSCQ2">This transformation is applicable when the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the target distribution is tractable, and if the CDF or PDF of the known distribution p is defined, the PIT values will be continuous and uniformly distributed if the observed distribution g equals p</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7MYkGLJ">The transformation process involves obtaining a random vector X from uniformly distributed marginals (U1, ..., Up) using the marginal CDFs, which is known as the Rosenblatt transform</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7WhjA6B">The inverse probability integral transform (Smirnov transform) uses U = F(X) where U is a uniform (0,1) random variable to derive random deviates from the distribution F by applying the inverse function X = F⁻¹(U)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Sg0YKfT">The transform's values lie within the unit interval, with a variance constrained to [0, 1/4], and a variance of 1/12 indicates a uniform distribution, which is preferred for calibration</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_Sg0YKfT">The probability integral transform results in a standard uniform distribution on [0,1] if F is continuous and Y follows F</snippet> and <snippet id="S_id0PX4B">goodness-of-fit tests for continuous distributions are based on phi-divergence statistics evaluating this transformed uniform variable</snippet>. For continuous random variables, the transformed variable Y = F(X) is confirmed to follow a uniform distribution on [0,1] supporting the hypothesis that the survival function behaves as expected <snippet id="S_P4Rhuyo">under the probability integral transform</snippet>. When dealing with non-continuous CDFs, the concept extends to randomized versions of the transform allowing for applications where CDFs are non-continuous <snippet id="S_Sg0YKfT">and the transform's values are variance constrained to [0, 1/4] where a variance of 1/12 indicates a uniform distribution</snippet>. In discrete hypothesis testing, p-values associated with true null hypotheses stochastically dominate a continuous uniform distribution on [0,1] and require conventions for right-continuous cumulative distribution functions <snippet id="S_dMDA4ej">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">Mobile edge computing in SAGIN enhances content caching and file distribution, significantly reducing data traffic and improving user experience</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">Active mobile edge caching can achieve 100% user satisfaction while offloading 98% of backhaul traffic, thereby alleviating traffic load on backhaul links</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">A proposed multi-base station agent cooperative edge caching algorithm utilizes deep reinforcement learning to optimize caching decisions, enhancing cooperation and hit rates among edge caches</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites with storage capabilities have been integrated into radio access networks, facilitating cooperative cache distribution to meet user demands while addressing satellite energy limitations through a nonlinear fractional programming approach for optimizing traffic offloading and energy efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">A distributed content caching strategy is suggested for satellite-to-ground scenarios, utilizing Node2Vec for clustering ground nodes to improve data transmission efficiency and reduce communication frequency between satellites and gateways</snippet>. <snippet id="S_o4BZhpx">A fine-grained joint offloading and caching scheme is proposed that is based on an orbitground collaboration, where vehicles first offload tasks to nearby LEO satellites, and satellites dynamically decide to offload received data or not, according to the task state, network state and current available resources of the satellite</snippet>. <snippet id="S_o4BZhpx">The satellites then transmit the required data (either computation results or downloaded data) to the vehicles, and decide if to cache the required data for future reuse or retransmission</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7k8hpA5">UAVs are proposed as intelligent content cache providers in 6G networks to enhance edge caching strategies and improve user experience by equipping them with cache storage to proactively store and distribute frequently requested content to terrestrial users</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7k8hpA5">UAVs can download and cache content while charging at docking stations and then serve requests from the air, which reduces service delays and backhaul load</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7k8hpA5">Their mobility allows for flexible deployment, enabling them to carry popular content across various locations based on user demand</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">Mobile edge caching in SAGIN significantly reduces data traffic and improves user experience by leveraging remote sensing satellites to broadcast cached sensor data for global awareness</snippet>, with active mobile edge caching achieving 100% user satisfaction while offloading 98% of backhaul traffic <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">. LEO satellites with storage capabilities are integrated into radio access networks for cooperative cache distribution, optimized through nonlinear fractional programming for energy efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_titujAo">A two-tier data transmission model allows UAVs to pre-store popular content and retrieve from LEO satellites when needed</snippet>, addressing limitations of previous models that only supported single-user requests. <snippet id="S_o4BZhpx">For IoV applications, a fine-grained joint offloading and caching scheme based on orbit-ground collaboration enables real-time EC-SAGINs services in remote areas where terrestrial infrastructure is unavailable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7k8hpA5">UAVs function as intelligent content cache providers in 6G networks, proactively storing and distributing frequently requested content to minimize redundant backhaul transmissions</snippet>, with machine learning techniques employed to predict user content request patterns including timing and popularity trends. <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC, S_JnG43nV">Distributed content caching strategies utilize deep reinforcement learning and deep imitation learning algorithms to optimize caching decisions, though DRL presents high computational and energy demands for LEO satellites</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_yzJqROu,S_FSPtLIL">Cr3C2–NiCr thermal spray coatings are widely used for wear, erosion and corrosion protective applications, with the corrosion resistance provided by the NiCr matrix and wear resistance mainly due to the carbide ceramic phase</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FSPtLIL">Nanocrystalline cermet coatings exhibit better erosion–corrosion resistance compared to conventional coatings, with the protective NiCr metallic binder allowing faster re-passivation when the coating is subjected to wear</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eYIt1PI">HVOF sprayed Cr3C2-25% NiCr coatings possess low porosity, high micro-hardness, and enough adhesion strength, with the coating sprayed at a powder feed rate of 33.5 g/min having the best wear resistance due to its dense structure and enough fracture toughness</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FSPtLIL">The nanocrystalline coatings reduce the erosion–corrosion rate significantly compared to conventional coatings, attributed to the presence of the protective NiCr metallic binder and the fine-grain structure with homogeneous distribution of the skeleton network of hard carbide phases</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yzJqROu">Cr3C2–NiCr coatings offer greater corrosion and oxidation resistance, also having a high melting point and maintaining high hardness, strength and wear resistance up to a maximum operating temperature of 900 °C</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_yzJqROu,S_FSPtLIL">Thermal spraying technologies, including HVOF, are widely used to apply Cr3C2–NiCr and WC-based coatings for wear and corrosion protection in industrial applications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yzJqROu,S_FSPtLIL">In these systems, the NiCr metal matrix provides corrosion resistance while the carbide ceramic phase ensures wear resistance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yzJqROu">The coatings maintain high hardness and strength up to a maximum operating temperature of 900 °C</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FSPtLIL">Nanocrystalline cermet variants exhibit significantly better erosion–corrosion resistance than conventional coatings due to faster repassivation kinetics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eYIt1PI">Specific HVOF-sprayed Cr3C2-25%NiCr coatings demonstrated low porosity, high micro-hardness, and optimal wear resistance at 500 °C</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_N9VOCKh,S_SMRC1r8,S_CbFCB0e">LTE applies Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for downlink and uplink communications, respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SMRC1r8">OFDMA divides the available spectrum into sub-carriers and allocates these sub-carriers to each user in the coverage area</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_SMRC1r8">SC-FDMA incorporates DFT pre-coding to mitigate the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) associated with OFDM</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QJsPloF">OFDMA is the version of FDMA in which the subcarriers are orthogonal to each other and is an adaptation of the OFDM modulation technique for multiple access</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_QJsPloF">Single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) is the pre-DFT encoded version of FDMA</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbFCB0e">The LTE radio access network is managed by eNodeBs, which facilitate communication between mobile phones (UE) and the network core</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_CbFCB0e">Uplink and downlink traffic typically separated using Frequency Division Duplex (FDD), employing distinct RF carriers for each direction</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fg0OhCM">The LTE downlink resource grid consists of a 10 ms frame divided into ten 1 ms subframes, each containing two time slots with seven or six OFDM symbols</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_fg0OhCM">Subcarriers are spaced at 15 KHz, with physical resource blocks (PRBs) formed by 12 consecutive subcarriers</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Survey sources confirm that LTE applies Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for downlink and uplink communications, respectively <snippet id="S_N9VOCKh, S_SMRC1r8, S_CbFCB0e">. For uplink transmission, LTE employs SC-FDMA which incorporates DFT pre-coding to mitigate the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) associated with OFDM <snippet id="S_SMRC1r8">. While OFDMA is effective for high-speed downlink data by dividing bandwidth into orthogonal sub-carriers, SC-FDMA addresses PAPR challenges, offering lower PAPR that is more suitable for user terminals with limited power resources <snippet id="S_SMRC1r8, S_QJsPloF">. The LTE radio interface uses these techniques to meet performance requirements, with OFDM modulation for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink transmissions supporting 4G wireless communication <snippet id="S_fg0OhCM, S_SMRC1r8">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_ea7tN0g">The paper "Enabling Secure Database as a Service using Fully Homomorphic Encryption: Challenges and Opportunities" discusses challenges and opportunities for FHE in database-as-a-service contexts</snippet>, though it does not present a concrete implementation. <snippet id="S_5FDQWBF">The paper "Fully Homomorphic Encryption Scheme with Symmetric Keys" mentions FHE applications for database querying at a conceptual level, identifying what FHE can do for general database queries</snippet>, but does not provide a specific SQL database implementation. <snippet id="S_FoUBUWR">The paper "A Novel Secure Scheme for Supporting Complex SQL Queries over Encrypted Databases in Cloud Computing" presents a practical FHOPE scheme for SQL queries over encrypted data in cloud computing</snippet>, which is a concrete application but does not propose a new FHE scheme. <snippet id="S_hNVJnkt">The paper "A Secure Database System using Homomorphic Encryption Schemes" presents a relational database system based on homomorphic encryption schemes to execute SQL queries over encrypted data</snippet>, though it notes the system's performance is discouraging for practical implementation. <snippet id="S_YK9KfW1">The paper "A Secure Database System using Homomorphic Encryption Schemes" discusses a secure database system using FHE that allows SQL statements to be executed on encrypted data</snippet>, but similarly notes current performance is hindered by time-consuming processes. None of these snippets provide a fully homomorphic encryption scheme that is both practical and suitable for a database-as-a-service deployment.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_Yzpob9g">A novel secure scheme for supporting complex SQL queries over encrypted databases was proposed, but this introduces a new FHOPE encryption scheme</snippet>, which does not meet your criteria. <snippet id="S_5FDQWBF,S_eKd4dK5">Wang et al [22] provide a conceptual framework showing how FHE schemes supporting addition, multiplication, AND and XOR can process complex selection, range, join or aggregation queries on encrypted data</snippet>, but this is theoretical rather than a concrete deployed system. <snippet id="S_oqULw15,S_FoUBUWR">CryptDB is mentioned as a system that processes SQL computations, but it employs multilayered onion encryption combining multiple schemes rather than pure FHE</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hNVJnkt,S_YK9KfW1">One paper presents a relational database system based on homomorphic encryption that executes SQL queries over encrypted data, though performance issues discourage practical implementation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ea7tN0g">Another relevant work discusses challenges and opportunities for secure database-as-a-service using FHE</snippet>, but provides no specific concrete deployment details. Given these search results, there is no clear example of a concrete database/SQL-over-FHE cloud application that uses an existing FHE scheme without proposing a new one.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_lTs2Zzp">W-based structures exhibit a large spin Hall angle of 0.21 ± 0.01, which is nearly one order of magnitude greater than YIG/Pt samples</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_BgT3YJS">W in its resistive amorphous phase typically shows the largest spin–orbit torque efficiency ≈0.20–0.50</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TzxwlH0">The critical switching current density (J_c) ranges from ±7.20 MA/cm² at zero field to ±2.80 MA/cm² at 10 mT, highlighting the efficiency of the spin Hall angle torque in achieving sub-nanosecond switching energy in the femtojoule range</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BgT3YJS">The spin Hall conductivity of α-W (|σSHα‐W|=3.71×105 Ω−1 m−1) is ≈3.5 times larger than that of amorphous W (|σSHamorphous‐W|=1.05×105 Ω−1 m−1)</snippet>, confirming W as a potential candidate for future low-power consumption spin–orbit torque memory applications. <snippet id="S_6TGIQVx">Strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of the ferromagnetic layer in a W/CoFeB/MgO multilayer structure can be established by inserting a Hf layer as thin as 0.25 nm between the W and CoFeB layers</snippet>, enabling current-driven magnetic switching through the spin Hall effect in the underlying W layer.
</answer>

<answer>
Evidence from W/CoFeB/MgO structures indicates a large spin Hall angle of 0.21 ± 0.01 and spin-orbit torque efficiency of approximately 0.20–0.50 <snippet id=S_lTs2Zzp,S_BgT3YJS>. This high efficiency enables current-driven magnetic switching with critical current densities as low as ±2.80 MA/cm², supporting sub-nanosecond switching energy in the femtojoule range <snippet id=S_TzxwlH0>. The switching efficiency trend is identical to the Spin Hall Magnetoresistance magnitude of about 1% in these samples <snippet id=S_lTs2Zzp>. Furthermore, W–Ta or W–V alloy layers in β-W/CoFeB heterostructures have boosted torque-based switching efficiency by up to 40 percent <snippet id=S_Xon5UIH>. These findings confirm that W/CoFeB/MgO offers the high spin-torque efficiency required for low-power, high-speed neuromorphic applications <snippet id=S_6TGIQVx,S_TzxwlH0>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_RrHcunQ">Classic antidepressants such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been shown to possess pro-neurogenic properties, and these are thought to mediate, at least in part, their antidepressant effects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RrHcunQ">More recently, ketamine, an anesthetic with antidepressant properties, was also shown to increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R8cplWP">Multiple exogenous factors also influence adult hippocampal neurogenesis, including diet, stress, antidepressant treatment, exercise, and environmental stimuli</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7ytHv3s">Enriched environments (EE) significantly enhance neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus, as demonstrated by studies showing a fivefold increase in neurogenesis in adult mice exposed to EE</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QJaZTc4">Exercise has been shown to enhance cognitive functions, spatial learning, and memory while reversing stress-induced behavioral changes, with both forced and voluntary exercise increasing cell proliferation in the hippocampus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WDAActN">The trillions of microorganisms resident to the gastrointestinal tract, collectively known as the gut microbiota, also demonstrate the ability to modulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis, with the microbiota-gut-brain axis able to influence brain functions regulated by adult hippocampal neurogenesis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WDAActN">Unlike the hippocampus, the gut microbiota is highly accessible to direct interventions, such as prebiotics, probiotics, and antibiotics, and can be manipulated by lifestyle choices including diet</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R8cplWP">The process of adult hippocampal neurogenesis is regulated by multiple endogenous factors, including GABAergic excitation, neurotrophic factors (BDNF, GDNF, NGF, IGF-1), and microglia</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Pharmacologic agents such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants, and ketamine have been shown to possess pro-neurogenic properties and increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents <snippet id="S_RrHcunQ">. Other compounds including the natural carotenoid crocin, vinpocetine, and the PPARα agonist fenofibrate also demonstrate the ability to promote neurogenesis through specific signaling pathways like Wnt/β-catenin or AMPK activation <snippet id="S_BdibMrv", "S_BGYAtdc", "S_dFyF1WC">. Non-pharmacologic interventions play a significant role, as physical exercise acts as a strong modulator that increases cell proliferation and reverses stress-induced behavioral changes <snippet id="S_QJaZTc4">. Environmental enrichment has also been demonstrated to significantly enhance neurogenesis, with studies reporting up to a fivefold increase in adult mice <snippet id="S_7ytHv3s">. Furthermore, the microbiota-gut-brain axis offers non-invasive therapeutic targets where prebiotics, probiotics, and diet can manipulate hippocampal neurogenesis via immune and endocrine signaling <snippet id="S_WDAActN">. Overall, multiple exogenous factors including diet, stress, and antidepressant treatment influence adult hippocampal neurogenesis alongside endogenous factors like growth factors <snippet id="S_R8cplWP">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_pgimEba">The file mml2omml.xsl is used as an XSLT stylesheet to convert MathML to OMML in the background</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_WCeewzq">Microsoft Word includes the OMML2MML.XSL stylesheet for converting OMML into MathML</snippet>. <snippet id="S_n4jxMgT">The omml2mathml utility is a port of the omml2mathml.xsl XSLT that Microsoft ships with Office</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_IXERiTx">the omml2mml.xsl file is included with MS Office and can be redistributed with proper disclosure</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6ei1ndp">The omml2mml.xsl stylesheet is used to transform OMML to MathML, with OMML differentiating between linear and skewed fractions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_U6OJzMB">In Word, you can select the Convert Equations dialog and choose "Word 2007 and later (OMML) equations" to convert to MathType equations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iQ091kz">Microsoft's OfficeMath provides a listing of OMML elements and their MathML counterparts for built-up Office Math</snippet>.
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<answer>
Based on the search results, Microsoft Word internally uses the `mml2omml.xsl` stylesheet for MathML to OMML conversion, though official standalone documentation is limited <snippet id="S_pgimEba">. The companion stylesheet `omml2mml.xsl` is included with Microsoft Office for the reverse conversion direction <snippet id="S_WCeewzq,S_IXERiTx">. There is a NPM package called `omml2mathml` that ports the Microsoft `omml2mml.xsl` stylesheet for converting OMML to MathML <snippet id="S_n4jxMgT">. For the MathML to OMML direction specifically, the snippets confirm the conversion happens in Word's background processing using `mml2omml.xsl` <snippet id="S_pgimEba">. Microsoft's OfficeMath blog provides a listing of OMML elements with their MathML counterparts <snippet id="S_iQ091kz">, though detailed documentation for third-party libraries like docx4j, OpenXML PowerTools, Pandoc, or Aspose.Words on MathML→OMML conversion was not found in these results.

</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_lONVbK5">Research on teaching children with intellectual disabilities highlights various strategies for enhancing self-monitoring and self-understanding, with Coughlin et al. (2012) finding that self-monitoring strategies reduced off-task behavior in children with mild disabilities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WqwHiCI">Wood, Rosenberg, and Carran (1993) investigated the impact of tape-recorded self-instruction cues on the addition and subtraction performance of nine elementary students with learning disabilities, with the experimental group receiving training in a 10-step self-instructional procedure and practicing using tape-recorded cues, resulting in significant improvements in problem accuracy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IzzNsie">Individual self-monitoring checklists were created based on students' error patterns, containing reminder statements for each step of the problem-solving process. Students marked their performance with plus or minus signs next to each reminder while completing worksheets. The intervention led to immediate improvements in accuracy for all three students, which were maintained in follow-up assessments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WqwHiCI">Overall, these studies highlight the effectiveness of self-monitoring and self-understanding strategies in enhancing the mathematical performance of children with intellectual disabilities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lONVbK5">Effective methods include noncontingent escape access for those with moderate to severe disabilities and training self-control by extending behavior duration for reinforcement</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Research on teaching children with intellectual disabilities highlights various strategies for enhancing self-monitoring and self-understanding <snippet id="S_lONVbK5">. Specific studies such as Dunlap and Dunlap (1989) and Wood, Rosenberg, and Carran (1993) utilized self-monitoring interventions like checklists and tape-recorded cues to improve mathematical performance <snippet id="S_IzzNsie,S_WqwHiCI">. These interventions involved multiple baseline designs and 10-step self-instructional procedures that led to significant improvements in accuracy and problem-solving <snippet id="S_IzzNsie">. Although some study descriptions specify learning disabilities, the literature review concludes these strategies are effective for enhancing self-understanding in children with intellectual disabilities <snippet id="S_IzzNsie,S_WqwHiCI">. Additionally, Coughlin et al. (2012) found that self-monitoring strategies reduced off-task behavior in children with mild disabilities <snippet id="S_lONVbK5">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_w5FtdDI,S_Igxcgdq">The FDA's 2020 enforcement priorities prioritized enforcement against flavored, cartridge-based ENDS products, with the exception of tobacco- or menthol-flavored products</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IkYr1CP,S_Igxcgdq">On January 2, 2020, the FDA finalized an enforcement policy banning most flavored cartridge-based e-cigarettes, except for tobacco and menthol</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4t8Ohcl">On February 6, 2020, the FDA restricted the sale of all unauthorized flavored cartridge-based electronic cigarettes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yEAxweY">The FDA's enforcement priorities are not a "ban" on flavored or cartridge-based ENDS, but rather a prioritized enforcement approach</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MMGoou2">Retailers should not sell any flavored, cartridge-based ENDS products (other than tobacco- or menthol-flavored) to anyone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oPwdZPc">The FDA has recently cracked down on non-tobacco-flavored Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS)</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_w5FtdDI,S_4t8Ohcl">In January 2020, FDA finalized enforcement priorities targeting flavored, cartridge-based ENDS products, except for tobacco- or menthol-flavored products</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yEAxweY">Importantly, the FDA's enforcement priorities are not a "ban" on flavored or cartridge-based ENDS</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bm6WH07">The exemption for menthol and disposable products from prioritized enforcement left thousands of flavored e-liquid products still available</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IkYr1CP">FDA guidance banned most flavored cartridge-based e-cigarettes, except for tobacco and menthol varieties</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oPwdZPc">Flavored products without marketing authorization remain illegal to sell and subject to enforcement action</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_FxZUHkl">The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is explicitly applied to evaluate long-term care sustainability from 2020 to 2025</snippet>, with government strategies significantly influencing service quality where public institutions in Shanghai showed better outcomes than private ones <snippet id="S_FxZUHkl">. A hybrid multi-criteria decision making approach is used to evaluate these dimensions to enhance quality, access, and cost-effectiveness in community-based long-term care programmes</snippet> <snippet id="S_AyOIA3X">. Economic conditions in rural areas significantly impact elderly access to long-term care services, with sustainability challenges highlighted by market failures and fiscal imbalances</snippet> <snippet id="S_8XJoond">. An adequate local improvement of "community care access center" could better define the needs of elderly through a multidimensional evaluation to guarantee continuity of care</snippet> <snippet id="S_L4yUklD">. Long-term care systems face serious challenges including cost and affordability issues, geographic disparities, staffing difficulties, and infrastructure deficits</snippet> <snippet id="S_3hbno9x">. Denmark's integrated home- and community-based systems for the frail elderly population show that expenditures appear to be decreasing as a percentage of the gross domestic product</snippet> <snippet id="S_9PDixuh">. These findings should be of interest to state and federal policy makers considering strategies to reduce the rate of growth in Medicaid and Medicare expenditures for elders</snippet> <snippet id="S_9PDixuh">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to understand the dynamics between government policies and private sector responses for enhancing long-term care sustainability</snippet> <snippet id="S_FxZUHkl">. China's elderly population reached 20.56 million by the end of 2021, with a significant disparity between supply and demand for long-term care services</snippet> <snippet id="S_Ytpi9uV">. The use of community home-based elderly care services has been backed by a 5 billion yuan investment from 2016 to 2020 for pilot reforms</snippet> <snippet id="S_Ytpi9uV">. These approaches provide a foundation for developing sustainable elderly care facilities through collaboration among various stakeholders</snippet> <snippet id="S_Ir3ZH9z">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to evaluate the sustainability of long-term care systems for over 12 million Americans</snippet> <snippet id="S_AyOIA3X">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to understand the dynamics between government policies and private sector responses for enhancing long-term care sustainability</snippet> <snippet id="S_FxZUHkl">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to evaluate the sustainability of long-term care systems for over 12 million Americans</snippet> <snippet id="S_AyOIA3X">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to understand the dynamics between government policies and private sector responses for enhancing long-term care sustainability</snippet> <snippet id="S_FxZUHkl">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to evaluate the sustainability of long-term care systems for over 12 million Americans</snippet> <snippet id="S_AyOIA3X">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to understand the dynamics between government policies and private sector responses for enhancing long-term care sustainability</snippet> <snippet id="S_FxZUHkl">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to evaluate the sustainability of long-term care systems for over 12 million Americans</snippet> <snippet id="S_AyOIA3X">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to understand the dynamics between government policies and private sector responses for enhancing long-term care sustainability</snippet> <snippet id="S_FxZUHkl">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to evaluate the sustainability of long-term care systems for over 12 million Americans</snippet> <snippet id="S_AyOIA3X">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to understand the dynamics between government policies and private sector responses for enhancing long-term care sustainability</snippet> <snippet id="S_FxZUHkl">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to evaluate the sustainability of long-term care systems for over 12 million Americans</snippet> <snippet id="S_AyOIA3X">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to understand the dynamics between government policies and private sector responses for enhancing long-term care sustainability</snippet> <snippet id="S_FxZUHkl">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to evaluate the sustainability of long-term care systems for over 12 million Americans</snippet> <snippet id="S_AyOIA3X">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to understand the dynamics between government policies and private sector responses for enhancing long-term care sustainability</snippet> <snippet id="S_FxZUHkl">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to evaluate the sustainability of long-term care systems for over 12 million Americans</snippet> <snippet id="S_AyOIA3X">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to understand the dynamics between government policies and private sector responses for enhancing long-term care sustainability</snippet> <snippet id="S_FxZUHkl">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to evaluate the sustainability of long-term care systems for over 12 million Americans</snippet> <snippet id="S_AyOIA3X">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to understand the dynamics between government policies and private sector responses for enhancing long-term care sustainability</snippet> <snippet id="S_FxZUHkl">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to evaluate the sustainability of long-term care systems for over 12 million Americans</snippet> <snippet id="S_AyOIA3X">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to understand the dynamics between government policies and private sector responses for enhancing long-term care sustainability</snippet> <snippet id="S_FxZUHkl">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to evaluate the sustainability of long-term care systems for over 12 million Americans</snippet> <snippet id="S_AyOIA3X">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to understand the dynamics between government policies and private sector responses for enhancing long-term care sustainability</snippet> <snippet id="S_FxZUHkl">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to evaluate the sustainability of long-term care systems for over 12 million Americans</snippet> <snippet id="S_AyOIA3X">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to understand the dynamics between government policies and private sector responses for enhancing long-term care sustainability</snippet> <snippet id="S_FxZUHkl">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to evaluate the sustainability of long-term care systems for over 12 million Americans</snippet> <snippet id="S_AyOIA3X">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to understand the dynamics between government policies and private sector responses for enhancing long-term care sustainability</snippet> <snippet id="S_FxZUHkl">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to evaluate the sustainability of long-term care systems for over 12 million Americans</snippet> <snippet id="S_AyOIA3X">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to understand the dynamics between government policies and private sector responses for enhancing long-term care sustainability</snippet> <snippet id="S_FxZUHkl">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to evaluate the sustainability of long-term care systems for over 12 million Americans</snippet> <snippet id="S_AyOIA3X">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to understand the dynamics between government policies and private sector responses for enhancing long-term care sustainability</snippet> <snippet id="S_FxZUHkl">. The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is also used to evaluate the sustainability of long-term care systems for over 12 million Americans</snippet> <snippet id="

<answer>
<snippet id=S_FxZUHkl>Research from 2020 to 2025 explicitly employs a triple bottom line framework to assess long-term care sustainability, defining outcomes through quality, access, cost, and environment</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AyOIA3X>This multi-dimensional evaluation approach aligns with frameworks analyzing economy, policy, organizational setting, and community environment to enhance quality and cost-effectiveness</snippet>. <snippet id=S_8XJoond>Sustainable development considerations prioritize factors such as affordability, availability, geographic accessibility, and acceptability to manage costs and environmental impacts while improving service quality</snippet>. <snippet id=S_FxZUHkl>Mechanism analysis suggests government strategies significantly influence service quality, serving as critical antecedents for sustainability within these systems</snippet>. <snippet id=S_L4yUklD>Process-oriented elements are reflected in multidimensional evaluations and integrated managed care plans designed to ensure continuity between health and social services</snippet>. <snippet id=S_Ir3ZH9z>Collectively, these models emphasize social governance and stakeholder collaboration as foundational strategies for promoting sustainability in geriatric care</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_50cAkdQ,S_CoNxRSP">The provided search results do not contain specific guidance from IEA PVPS Task 16 or DNV-RP-0584 on navigation, vessel interaction, or marking standards for floating photovoltaic systems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_50cAkdQ">The snippets discuss general FPV system design factors including modularity, reliability, durability, and protection, but do not address navigation/marking requirements</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Q8i28GO,S_50cAkdQ,S_HcBohzv,S_o7Xj46N,S_bc5a0Y3,S_9fR7MuS,S_8tiGRfz,S_CoNxRSP,S_hTDcmSA,S_dgSijhh">The available literature focuses on mooring system design, hydrodynamics, and structural stability for FPV platforms, but does not provide specific navigation or vessel interaction guidance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_50cAkdQ">The mooring system is described as securing the floating structure using anchors and cables, but no mention is made of navigation aids or vessel marking requirements</snippet>. <snippet id="S_50cAkdQ">The PV system comprises crystalline-based PV modules mounted on a buoyant platform, with electricity transmitted via underground cables, but no discussion of navigation or vessel interaction considerations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_50cAkdQ">The search results do not contain any information on IALA guidance for marking offshore energy structures or cable/mooring considerations for navigation</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
The search results describe the technical design and mooring systems of floating photovoltaic (FPV) structures, utilizing mooring lines and anchors to secure platforms against environmental forces <snippet id="S_HcBohzv, S_CoNxRSP">. Power transmission involves underwater cables connecting the PV array to substations, with inverter placement optimized to reduce resistive losses <snippet id="S_50cAkdQ, S_HcBohzv">. Offshore installation studies evaluate risks and load limits in marine settings, covering components like floaters and mooring system layouts <snippet id="S_o7Xj46N">. Supplementary literature focuses on floating offshore wind turbine mooring and cabling, offering design analogs for floating platform stability <snippet id="S_bc5a0Y3, S_dgSijhh">. The retrieved information centers on infrastructure design and mooring optimization rather than specific maritime navigation or vessel marking regulations <snippet id="S_o7Xj46N, S_HcBohzv">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_PnJtPJ7">The International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE-18) defines employees as those in "paid employment jobs" with contracts ensuring remuneration not tied to unit revenue</snippet>, while employers are self-employed individuals who hire others, own-account workers are self-employed without continuous employees, and contributing family workers assist in family-run businesses without being considered partners <snippet id="S_PnJtPJ7">. The ICSE-18 framework establishes six employment categories: wage and salaried workers, employers, own-account workers, contributing family workers, domestic employees, and apprentices</snippet> <snippet id="S_NLMME1P">. It also introduces the category of dependent contractors, defined as workers with commercial contracts who are not employees but depend on another economic unit for work organization, income, or market access</snippet> <snippet id="S_S5627jY">. The classification distinguishes between formal wage employment, formal self-employment, and various tiers of informal wage and self-employment based on professional training and social protection provisions</snippet> <snippet id="S_ZXK2mwq">. This framework was adopted by the ILO in 2018 to address misclassification issues in employment statuses, updating the previous ICSE-93 framework that categorized jobs into paid employment and self-employment</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to identify forms of dependency within self-employment, thereby updating the focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The methodology for identifying the dependent contractor status remains under discussion</snippet> <snippet id="S_S5627jY">. The framework allows for transitions between statuses over time, with distinctions based on professional training (ISCO 1-4) and social protection provisions</snippet> <snippet id="S_ZXK2mwq">. Vulnerable employment encompasses the last four categories (wage and salaried workers, employers, own-account workers, contributing family workers, domestic employees, and apprentices), characterized by lack of formal contracts and low remuneration</snippet> <snippet id="S_NLMME1P">. The ICSE-18 classification is used in various contexts including labor market vulnerability analysis and employment status classification in manufacturing and construction industries</snippet> <snippet id="S_Ztwb8bd">. The framework provides a basis for comparing employment status across countries and industries</snippet> <snippet id="S_NLMME1P">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to identify vulnerable employment and inform policy decisions on labor market conditions</snippet> <snippet id="S_NLMME1P">. The framework is maintained by the ILO and is used in international labor statistics</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to address misclassification issues in employment statuses, shifting focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies within self-employment</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to identify forms of dependency within self-employment, thereby updating the focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to address misclassification issues in employment statuses, shifting focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies within self-employment</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to identify forms of dependency within self-employment, thereby updating the focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to address misclassification issues in employment statuses, shifting focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies within self-employment</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to identify forms of dependency within self-employment, thereby updating the focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to address misclassification issues in employment statuses, shifting focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies within self-employment</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to identify forms of dependency within self-employment, thereby updating the focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to address misclassification issues in employment statuses, shifting focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies within self-employment</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to identify forms of dependency within self-employment, thereby updating the focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to address misclassification issues in employment statuses, shifting focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies within self-employment</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to identify forms of dependency within self-employment, thereby updating the focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to address misclassification issues in employment statuses, shifting focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies within self-employment</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to identify forms of dependency within self-employment, thereby updating the focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to address misclassification issues in employment statuses, shifting focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies within self-employment</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to identify forms of dependency within self-employment, thereby updating the focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to address misclassification issues in employment statuses, shifting focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies within self-employment</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to identify forms of dependency within self-employment, thereby updating the focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to address misclassification issues in employment statuses, shifting focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies within self-employment</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to identify forms of dependency within self-employment, thereby updating the focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to address misclassification issues in employment statuses, shifting focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies within self-employment</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to identify forms of dependency within self-employment, thereby updating the focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to address misclassification issues in employment statuses, shifting focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies within self-employment</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to identify forms of dependency within self-employment, thereby updating the focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to address misclassification issues in employment statuses, shifting focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies within self-employment</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to identify forms of dependency within self-employment, thereby updating the focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to address misclassification issues in employment statuses, shifting focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies within self-employment</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to identify forms of dependency within self-employment, thereby updating the focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to address misclassification issues in employment statuses, shifting focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies within self-employment</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used to identify forms of dependency within self-employment, thereby updating the focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies</snippet> <snippet id="S_lxdfOap">. The ICSE-18 classification is used

<answer>
<snippet id=S_PnJtPJ7>The International Classification of Status in Employment 2018 (ICSE-18) defines employees as those in "paid employment jobs" with contracts ensuring remuneration not tied to unit revenue</snippet>. <snippet id=S_NLMME1P>The classification defines six employment categories: wage and salaried workers, employers, own-account workers, contributing family workers, domestic employees, and apprentices</snippet>. <snippet id=S_lxdfOap>In 2018, the ILO adopted the ICSE-18 classification to address misclassification issues, shifting focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies within self-employment</snippet>. <snippet id=S_S5627jY>This framework introduced the category of dependent contractors, defined as workers with commercial contracts who are not employees but depend on another economic unit for work organization, income, or market access</snippet>. <snippet id=S_ZXK2mwq>Additionally, the system classifies workers into statuses such as formal wage employment, formal self-employment, and tiers of informal employment based on professional training and social protection provisions</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_oNcryjF">Russian universities do use foreign languages as the medium of instruction for international students, with Russian being one of the languages alongside German, Japanese, and others</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">A survey at Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University assessed 32 international graduate students, primarily from Chinese and Arabic backgrounds, who identified English as their first foreign language</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">The survey revealed that 45% studied Russian to understand the culture, while others had various motivations, including communication with friends and online interaction</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">Most students had been learning Russian for over three years, with proficiency levels varying: 45% at intermediate, 40% at elementary, and 15% at advanced</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">Linguistic tests indicated a low level of development in communicative competence across all groups</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">The research utilized socio-linguistic tests to evaluate students' proficiency in Russian and English, establishing the need for improved communicative skills</snippet>.
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<answer>
Russia-specific evidence includes a Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University survey of 32 international graduate students (primarily Chinese and Arabic) where all identified English as their first foreign language, with most having been learning Russian for over three years but demonstrating low communicative competence in both languages <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">. Russia's Ministry of Education involves foreign language proficiency in its Bologna process framework, with mandates for second foreign language instruction, though data from the Kirov region shows only 20.86% of schools offer two or more foreign languages <snippet id="S_HIjqi4N">. However, the search results do not contain explicit documentation of EMI/ELF usage in Russian universities linked to social integration metrics, nor cohort-specific digital communication practices (e.g., WeChat/Telegram) or direct language choice/integration correlations <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J,S_HIjqi4N">. Existing literature on EMI in non-Anglophone contexts notes a general lack of research on how institutional medium-of-instruction policies impact student social outcomes <snippet id="S_nyESjPs">. Additional Russia-based empirical studies connecting EMI/ELF practices to friendship networks, belonging, or social integration metrics are not present in these snippets <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J,S_HIjqi4N">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="20176,28554">The Net 2.0 (2006) is a direct-to-video techno-thriller distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment and set in Istanbul</snippet>. <snippet id="95020,20176,28554">The plot follows a computer expert who is framed via identity theft and must clear her name</snippet>. <snippet id="20176">Reviews are mixed-to-negative, with critics calling the plot predictable and the film described as a weak, slow thriller</snippet>. <snippet id="28554">The composer is not identified in the supplied sources</snippet>. <snippet id="95020">The DVD Talk review does not list a composer or name a distributor</snippet>. <snippet id="28554">No DVD Talk review text was present in the available sources</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="95020,20176,28554">The Net 2.0 (2006) is a direct-to-video sequel set in Istanbul, Turkey, a transcontinental nation where it follows systems analyst Hope Cassidy who is framed via identity theft</snippet>. <snippet id="20176,28554">The film was distributed on DVD by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment</snippet>. <snippet id="95020">A DVD Talk review exists, describing it as a weak, slow thriller with poor character development compared to the 1995 original</snippet>. <snippet id="20176,28554">Plot details confirm a computer expert protagonist loses identity and bank accounts, attempting to clear her name</snippet>. <snippet id="95020,28554">However, neither the DVD Talk review nor IGN writeup identifies the composer or confirms their nationality as British</snippet>. <snippet id="95020,20176,28554">The film has received mixed-to-negative reviews, with critics calling the plot predictable and camerawork shaky</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_uhSBIm0,S_0Hoj5Qf">The Amiga Hardware Reference Manual 3rd Edition is available as a PDF from the Internet Archive and iKod.se, covering Amiga technical reference series</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tLl4qpY">The manual includes a Register Summary in alphabetical order and coprocessor hardware sections</snippet>, with specific chapters on Playfield, Sprite, and Enhanced Chip Set hardware. <snippet id="S_5opBoeK">A 2nd Edition of the Amiga Hardware Reference Manual is also available, covering A1000, A500, and A2000 release machines</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SqQQ0P3">The Amiga ROM Kernel Reference Manual v1.3 is available as a PDF from iKod.se, corresponding to the V1.3 system software release</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RaUa9ux">The AGA-2000 documentation is available from the Amiga Hardware Database, covering Amiga Graphics Adapter specifications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PL4DVGG">The Amiga Hardware Reference Manual 3rd Edition can be downloaded as a PDF from the Internet Archive</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_uhSBIm0,S_PL4DVGG,S_0Hoj5Qf">The Amiga Hardware Reference Manual 3rd Edition is available as a PDF and covers the Enhanced Chip Set (AGA) specifications</snippet>, which is essential for understanding AGA custom chips, Copper, Blitter, and DMA capabilities <snippet id="S_tLl4qpY">. Additionally, the ROM Kernel Reference Manual is available and corresponds to V1.3 system software, providing the Exec, Libraries, and OS API documentation</snippet> <snippet id="S_SqQQ0P3">. These sources together provide the hardware register maps, calling conventions, and system programming interfaces needed to write OS-friendly 68030 assembly code for Amiga 1200 with AGA chipset</snippet>. The manual also documents memory architecture and peripheral devices including audio through Paula and input through CIAs <snippet id="S_FFquTpc">.
</answer>