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<snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_HkWtygo">PPO is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm designed to enhance policy learning efficiency and robustness compared to traditional methods like vanilla policy gradient and TRPO</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_AuYFhyP">The core idea is to optimize a modified policy gradient objective using a clipping mechanism that compares the current policy πθ to an old policy πθ_old</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">The clipped surrogate objective is defined as clip(r_t(θ), 1 − ε, 1 + ε)A(s, a), where r_t(θ) is the probability ratio between the new and old policies, ε is a tunable hyper-parameter (typically 0.1-0.2), and A(s, a) is the advantage estimate</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_9Mgjk7i">The clipping mechanism restricts the probability ratio to a range defined by ε, ensuring that the new policy does not deviate significantly from the previous policy, thereby reducing the risk of divergent behavior</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP">An entropy regularization term is included to promote action diversity, and the algorithm can train multiple epochs for each iteration due to limited policy updates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hXE5LYe">The clipped objective provides a pessimistic bound on the unclipped objective, meaning improvements in the clipped objective correlate with improvements in the overall objective only when the ratio remains within the specified bounds</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_hXE5LYe,S_z9c3Jms">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">It utilizes a clipped surrogate objective function that constrains the probability ratio between the new and old policies within a range typically set to 1 ± ε</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">This objective takes the minimum of clipped and unclipped estimates, providing a lower bound that penalizes significant deviations from 1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YKlYY4b,S_CcbSYTJ,S_9Mgjk7i">During training, the algorithm collects trajectories, computes advantage estimates (often via Generalized Advantage Estimation), and optimizes the policy with a value network loss and entropy bonus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CcbSYTJ,S_HkWtygo,S_9Mgjk7i">This allows multiple update epochs per iteration and stabilizes training by preventing excessively large policy updates</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018 Trump tariffs targeted $283 billion of US imports with rates ranging from 10% to 50%</snippet>, with the most substantial measures beginning in July 2018 against China at 25% on $34 billion and $16 billion of imports, followed by a 10% tariff on an additional $200 billion by September <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh">. The analysis suggests the tariffs created meaningful variations across products and time, allowing for a clearer assessment of their economic impact</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yHishm4">In retaliation, countries such as China, the European Union, and Canada filed cases against the US at the WTO and imposed their own tariffs on approximately $121 billion of US exports, averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I1oE0tb">The research indicates that trade-related job losses have a distinct anti-incumbent effect, while trade integration may increase perceived insecurity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I1oE0tb">Politicians from areas heavily impacted by the "China shock" have shown increased protectionist tendencies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I1oE0tb">The study constructs a county-specific exposure measure to analyze the targeting of retaliatory tariffs, revealing that these tariffs tend to focus on regions that supported Trump in the 2016 election, rather than those backing other Republican candidates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZSDo4iu">The Trump administration significantly contributed to a rise in international trade protectionism, implementing measures such as tariffs on steel and a tax on companies relocating overseas upon taking office in January 2017</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018-2019 Trump tariffs imposed $283 billion of US imports with rates from 10% to 50% on various goods, with China facing the most substantial tariffs totaling 25% on $50 billion of imports</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_yHishm4">retaliatory measures from trading partners including China, the European Union, and Canada targeted approximately $121 billion of US exports averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The tariffs were implemented amid a populist backlash against globalization, with retaliatory tariffs focusing on regions that supported Trump in the 2016 election rather than those backing other Republican candidates</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">none of the provided snippets contain results from Fajgelbaum et al.'s "The Return to Protectionism" paper specifically examining welfare effects, regressivity, or distributional incidence on low-income households</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The available evidence indicates that while tariffs may benefit specific industries, they are generally detrimental to both trading partners and the imposing country</snippet>. The search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum findings on how Trump tariffs affected working-class households or whether impacts were regressive as the agent requested.
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<snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">ZeRO-DP has three main optimization stages: Optimizer State Partitioning (P_os) for 4x memory reduction with same communication volume as DP, Add Gradient Partitioning (P_os+g) for 8x memory reduction with same communication volume as DP, and Add Parameter Partitioning (P_os+g+p) for linear memory reduction with 50% increase in communication volume</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">ZeRO conducts an all-gather operation to collect parameters during forward pass and reduce-scatter to aggregate gradients during backward pass, resulting in a total communication volume of 3, spread evenly across 2 all-gather and 1 reduce-scatter</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RRxd5ah">ZeRO is originally designed to reduce redundant memory usage across DP ranks, with each GPU holding half of the parameters or optimizer states that remain identical, leading to redundant memory usage</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RRxd5ah">Hybrid approaches like LoongTrain apply ZeRO not only across the DP dimension but also along the SP dimension, distributing model states across more GPUs to reduce redundant memory usage to 1/(N_dp × N_sp) of the model states</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">ZeRO++ offers communication optimizations including Quantized Weight Communication (qwZ) to reduce parameter communication volume by half, Hierarchical Weight Partition (hpZ) to replace cross-machine all-gather with intra-machine all-gather at the expense of higher memory overhead, and Quantized Gradient Communication (qgZ) to reduce gradient communication cost</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BWVyprV">ZeRO shards the data-parallel state such that there is no redundancy across data-parallel workers, with DeepSpeed offering incremental optimization stages (stage-1, stage-2, stage-3) corresponding to sharding optimizer state, gradients, and model parameters across all data parallel ranks</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_vOhHdDS>ZeRO-DP employs three optimization stages that partition optimizer states, gradients, and parameters, offering 4x and 8x memory reductions for the first two stages and linear memory reduction for parameter sharding at the cost of a 50% communication volume increase.</snippet> <snippet id=S_lxTe76D>ZeRO communication overhead is characterized by two all-gather operations for parameters and one reduce-scatter for gradients, totaling a volume of 3 model sizes per iteration.</snippet> <snippet id=S_RRxd5ah>However, the latency of collective communication operations demonstrates a positive correlation with the communication scale, which becomes significant when sharding across hundreds of GPUs.</snippet> <snippet id=S_LvWi5qs>For extreme memory scaling, ZeRO-Infinity offloads optimizer states and activations to CPU or NVMe memory to enable training of models with trillions of parameters.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of human stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells (hOLLCs) uncovers substantial transcriptional heterogeneity of PDGFRα-lineage hOLLCs, including sub-populations of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hOPCs) with a potential cytokine-responsive subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) revealed heterogeneity among these cells, particularly in their expression of cell-surface markers EGFR and PDGFRA, with four distinct immunophenotypic populations identified</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell RNA sequencing on 295 cells from two hiPS cell lines in 3D neural cultures identified distinct populations including O4+ cells that were closely aligned with OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes from adult cortex</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0B4X0t7">Single-cell RNA sequencing on 2,496 Pdgfra+/GFP cells from iPSC-derived populations at embryonic day 13.5 and postnatal day 7 revealed a clear temporal segregation between E13.5 and P7 cells, with subsets of P7 brain and spinal cord cells intermingling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">Single-cell RNA sequencing indicates that OPCs are transcriptionally similar across these regions at postnatal day 7, suggesting that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_74qvdrj">Single-cell transcriptomic reveals molecular diversity and developmental heterogeneity of human stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Studies utilizing single-cell transcriptomics have identified substantial transcriptional heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells (hOLLCs), discovering sub-populations such as a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Specifically, single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity in cell-surface marker expression, categorizing cells into four distinct immunophenotypic populations including putative pre-OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes based on EGFR and PDGFRA levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell sequencing of 3D hiPSC-derived neural cultures further distinguished heterogeneity within the oligodendrocyte cluster, separating proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes, and myelinating oligodendrocytes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">Investigations employing both bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on iPSC-derived OPCs suggest that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity and intrinsic epigenetic differences between developmental cohorts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">Attempts to apply RNAi against the cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) have not yielded similar results to those observed in other coleopteran pests</snippet>, with no RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) gene detected in the transcriptome analysis <snippet id="S_UDpXMMR">. However, silencing specific genes such as cytochrome P450 CYP6AE14 in the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) can increase sensitivity to cotton metabolites like gossypol</snippet>. Research indicates that transgenic plants are being developed to express dsRNAs aimed at silencing critical insect genes, with promising results observed in transgenic corn and cotton <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">. While initial tests of RNAi approaches for plant protection show potential comparable to traditional insecticidal toxins, further development and extensive field testing are necessary to fully assess the effectiveness and viability of RNAi technology in agriculture</snippet>. The cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) is a significant pest affecting cotton crops in Brazil, with transcriptome analysis identifying several contigs related to RNA interference mechanisms <snippet id="S_UDpXMMR">. However, RNAi effectiveness in insects like the cotton boll weevil is hindered by barriers such as dsRNA delivery, cellular uptake, and degradation by gut nucleases</snippet> <snippet id="S_tDo09SB">. This study identified three nucleases in the A. grandis transcriptome—AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, and AgraNuc3—linked to the inefficiency of RNAi through dsRNA feeding</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising biotechnological approach for the cotton boll weevil, with research identifying targets like vitellogenin and chitin synthase genes for silencing</snippet>. <snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>Microinjection of dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 produced unviable eggs and malformed larvae, while vitellogenin knockdown significantly affected egg viability without altering egg laying numbers</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI>However, effective oral delivery of dsRNA via transgenic plants is limited by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, AgraNuc3) that degrade the RNA in the posterior midgut</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_fXsP2MN>While silencing these nucleases can enhance gene silencing efficiency against targets like chitin synthase II, attempts to apply RNAi against the boll weevil have not yielded results comparable to other coleopteran pests</snippet>. <snippet id=S_fXsP2MN>Although transgenic cotton plants expressing dsRNA are being developed, extensive field testing remains necessary to validate efficacy in agriculture</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_OLKZZOQ">The Kuwait oil fires of 1991 exhibited a net heating rate of up to 3.9 K/h at 1 h and 2.3 K/h at 3 h plume age, with the plume ascending at ≈0.1 m/s, while showing a temperature difference of up to 6 K at 250 and 400 hPa and cooling of up to −3 K at 850 hPa, indicating significant aerosol radiative forcing effects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hTyNcJU">A comparably low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm was found by Herring and Hobbs (1994) for the plume arising from the Kuwait oil fires following the 1991 Gulf War</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0LL30pj">The State of Kuwait oil fires and military operations associated with the 1991 Gulf War resulted in substantially increased levels of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the region around it, namely, the GCC</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vaq6doy">This study investigates the radiative forcing effects of smoke aerosols from Kuwait oil fires in 1991, focusing on the uncertainties in surface and top-of-atmosphere forcing and their impacts on climate, including modifications to energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature and precipitation patterns, with black and organic carbon constituting 5-10% of total particle mass</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vOW7FR3">The study indicates that the dilution in the lower part of the plume over Lindenberg was inhibited compared to a dilution proportional to t −1, with uncertainties in the coagulation rate causing a 20-40% uncertainty in the plume's radiative forcing and a factor of 5-6 uncertainty in the state of mixture, relevant to understanding the radiative forcing of the 1991 Kuwait oil fire plumes</snippet>.
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The 1991 Kuwait oil fires produced significant aerosol radiative forcing with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour plume age, causing temperature differences of up to 6 K at 250-400 hPa and cooling of up to -3 K at 850 hPa <snippet id=S_OLKZZOQ>. These aerosol effects substantially modified energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature/precipitation patterns in the regional climate <snippet id=S_vaq6doy>. Surface cooling of -175 Wm-2 was recorded during related dust events in Kuwait with aerosol optical thickness reaching 3.617, indicating strong boundary layer perturbations <snippet id=S_dFPlFos>. The Kuwait oil fire plumes exhibited a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, confirming highly absorbing characteristics that influence radiative heating profiles <snippet id=S_hTyNcJU>. Radiative forcing uncertainties for such plumes range 20-40% depending on dilution rates and particle mixture state <snippet id=S_vOW7FR3>. These combined effects demonstrate how war-driven aerosols can alter boundary layer stability and surface wind conditions relevant to turbine operation <snippet id=S_0LL30pj>.
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<snippet id="S_UBzqh33">StealC V2 introduces several new features compared to V1, including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, enhanced payload execution methods, and the ability to decrypt stolen data server-side</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, and now uses RC4 encryption for network communications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">C2 communication has shifted to JSON-based requests and responses, with a focus on unique access tokens and error handling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses, with the control panel updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_UBzqh33>StealC V2 introduces several new features including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, along with enhanced payload execution methods</snippet>, and it can decrypt stolen data server-side. The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, but has enabled RC4 encryption for network communications which was previously disabled. Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook, with C2 communication now using JSON-based requests and responses. The control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery. Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses <snippet id=S_UBzqh33>.
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<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">A cohort study using the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases followed 608,2018 veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and September 30, 2021</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibiting a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">In the post-acute phase of the disease, compared with the contemporary control group, people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46, 95% CI 12.11-14.84, per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_11xGxOS">The veterans administration diabetes risk (VADR) cohort provides a baseline for assessing the impact of national or regional strategies to prevent diabetes in veterans, with an incidence rate of type 2 diabetes of 26 per 1000 person-years</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Altogether, there is evidence to suggest that beyond the acute phase of COVID-19, survivors might be at an increased risk of developing incident diabetes, and increased risk of incident antihyperglycemic use in the post-acute phase of the disease</snippet>. <snippet id="S_39VeTiC">A systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide a pooled estimate of the risk of developing incident diabetes following hospital discharge or at least 28 days after the COVID-19 diagnosis compared to matched controls</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study used US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases to build a cohort of US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19</snippet> with two control groups for comparison. <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">Detailed analyses showed people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes compared with the contemporary control group</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Risks and burdens of post-acute diabetes increased in a graded fashion according to the severity of the acute phase, whether patients were non-hospitalised, hospitalized, or admitted to intensive care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study authors conclude diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, and post-acute care strategies should integrate screening and management of diabetes</snippet>.
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The provided search snippets do not contain the specific percentage for global electricity from renewables in 2025. The snippets only reference the existence of the article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" by Sarwant Singh published on Forbes <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">Top 15 Global Trends For 2025</snippet> <snippet id="S_fnCGUjH">Top 15 Global Trends For 2025 · 7 months ago |. By Sarwant Singh. | Forbes Verified</snippet> <snippet id="S_sN6CcFK">Top 15 Global Trends For 2025. By Sarwant Singh. Jan 22, 2025</snippet>. None of the snippets provide the actual content or statistics from the article, so the specific renewable electricity percentage cannot be extracted from these results.
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<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was written by Sarwant Singh and published in Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage figure for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article exists and provide publication details, but do not include the actual renewable energy statistics from the article. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article URL is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>, but the renewable electricity percentage data is not accessible from these search results.
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The POMS-HK International Conference is typically held in early January each year in Hong Kong <snippet id="S_mBwOV4H">It runs an annual conference every winter</snippet>. The 15th edition is scheduled for 3-5 January 2025 at The Chinese University of Hong Kong <snippet id="S_AA5wpad">The 15th POMS-HK International Conference will be held at the Chinese University of Hong Kong on 3 – 5 January 2025</snippet>. The 14th edition took place on 5-6 January 2024 at The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology <snippet id="S_jE7LWrz">The 14th POMS-HK International Conference will be held at The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) on 5 – 6 January 2024</snippet>. The 13th edition was held on 7-8 January 2023 at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University <snippet id="S_Br57QvT">The 13 th POMS-HK International Conference will be held at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong on 7-8 January 2023</snippet>. The 12th edition was organized by Lingnan University in Hong Kong during 8-9 January 2022 <snippet id="S_5nVopPR">The 12th POMS-HK International Conference will be organized by Lingnan University in Hong Kong during 8-9 January 2022</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_mBwOV4H">The POMS-HK International Conference is held annually in early January in Hong Kong, with the 15th conference scheduled for January 3-5, 2025, the 14th for January 5-6, 2024, and the 13th for January 7-8, 2023</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_jE7LWrz,S_TUFN3jC,S_DzBPmor,S_mBwOV4H,S_Br57QvT,S_ULVAUtt,S_wmyEfiy,S_5nVopPR">none of the provided search snippets contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta or its specific dates</snippet>. Therefore, I cannot definitively compare which conference starts first without additional search results about the Atlanta meeting.
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<snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse ERVs are classified into three classes based on sequence similarity of their pol regions with exogenous retroviruses: class I resembles gamma-and epsilonretroviruses, class II resemble alpha-, beta-and deltaretroviruses, and class III resemble the spumaviruses</snippet>. <snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse representatives of class I include those similar to the classical murine leukemia viruses (MLVs) and the virus-like 30S RNA (VL30) elements</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_H5GBDki">class II includes those similar to the mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTV), the MusD family, and the large intracisternal A-particle (IAP) superfamily with about 1000 copies/cell</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ejVsieR">Based on phylogenetic analyses of Pol proteins, retroviruses have been classified into five major clades, with clades Jin and Mu including viruses related to gammaretroviruses and epsilonretroviruses (class I ERVs) and clade Shui including viruses related to alpha-, beta-, delta-retroviruses (class II ERVs)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">Infectious recombinant MLVs have been identified in murine cancer cell lines and immunodeficient strains, indicating a notable frequency of infectivity restoration</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">IAP elements are murine-specific retroviral elements that contribute to genetic variation in mouse genomes, with full-length IAPs, which are autonomous long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons, that can lead to aberrant splicing and disease if they insert near genes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">In the domesticus subspecies, 43% of all subspecies-specific IAP polymorphisms were identified, with a significant increase in the proportion of IAPs constituting ERVK insertions (54%) compared to castaneus (44%) and musculus (43%)</snippet>.
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Mouse endogenous retroviruses utilize a three-class system where MLV representatives belong to Class I (gammaretrovirus-like) and IAP elements belong to Class II (betaretrovirus-like), sharing nomenclature with human ERVs where Class I aligns with ERV1 and Class II with ERV2 <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_wHW5Oiu">. Functionally, endogenous MLVs such as Emv2 can undergo recombination to restore replication competence and produce infectious virus particles in strains like C57BL/6 mice <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. These infectious recombinant MLVs have been identified in murine cancer cell lines, where they contribute to leukemogenesis and tumor development <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. In contrast, IAP elements are autonomous long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons capable of active retrotransposition, contributing to genetic variation <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">. IAP elements are abundant, with approximately 1000 copies per cell, and specific subtypes like ID1 remain active in Mus musculus subspecies <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_VrGqnwN">. Active IAP insertions in Mus musculus domesticus account for a significant proportion of subspecies-specific polymorphisms, indicating ongoing mobilization <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">.
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<snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_jaGb9lk">Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs by retrieving evidence from external knowledge bases</snippet>, <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">which has shown promising results in significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing the accuracy, reliability, and faithfulness of model outputs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6v3TJp1">Empirical evaluations across three LVLMs and four benchmarks indicate that the proposed Active Retrieval-Augmented (ARA) model effectively mitigates hallucinations</snippet>, <snippet id="S_MJvgffY">with the capability to reduce hallucination problem by utilizing fitting retrieval mechanisms and timing the retrieval judiciously</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PbQaaQw">RAG has become a prevalent technique in alleviating hallucination by retrieving reliable documents before generation</snippet>, <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">though the effectiveness of RAG-based methods heavily relies on the quality of their retrieval mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6v3TJp1">The retrieval process is selectively activated based on a difficulty metric that assesses the mutual information between multimodal inputs, avoiding unnecessary retrieval when the LVLM is confident</snippet>.
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Research from 2023–2025 consistently demonstrates that Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. Multiple studies confirm that RAG enables models to generate responses conditioning on retrieved evidence from external knowledge bases, significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing factual accuracy <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY,S_PbQaaQw">. The technique works by retrieving reliable documents before generation, allowing LLMs to leverage external non-parameterized knowledge alongside internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_OARPrNN">. However, research also cautions that RAG's effectiveness heavily depends on retrieval mechanism quality, and the approach is not without limitations such as error accumulation and citation inaccuracies <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_Gj9myfY">. Several implementations, including Active Retrieval Augmentation frameworks, have empirically validated that optimal retrieval settings can significantly reduce hallucinations <snippet id="S_MJvgffY,S_6v3TJp1">.
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The provided search results do not contain specific information about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill case history or response techniques. All snippets reference the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (2010, Gulf of Mexico) or the Bohai Sea oil spill response (2007, China) instead. The available sources discuss Deepwater Horizon cleanup methods including booms, skimmers, dispersants, shoreline SCAT assessments, and bioremediation <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ,S_DqGbf1z,S_i5aMNhp,S_0baMwGe,S_8WsCupd,S_B84eK7e,S_n6iBrLE,S_deSmbWp">Deepwater Horizon oil spill response techniques</snippet>. The Bohai Sea study mentions oil spill response facilities in the Chinese Bohai Sea but does not provide details on the Hebei Spirit incident <snippet id="S_0baMwGe,S_Hub9Tvk,S_n6iBrLE">Bohai Sea oil spill response capabilities</snippet>. No ITOPF, IOPC Funds, or Korean government reports on the Hebei Spirit spill are present in these results. The search results are therefore not suitable for answering the specific query about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill response.
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<snippet id="">No relevant information about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill was found in the search results.</snippet> The provided snippets all concern the Deepwater Horizon (2010, Gulf of Mexico) spill or general response capabilities in other regions like the Chinese Bohai Sea. Specifically, they discuss Deepwater Horizon shoreline oiling, SCAT surveys, dispersant use, boom and skimmer deployment, and cleanup worker participation. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ">Deepwater Horizon oil stranded on 1,773 km of shoreline with 660 km receiving authorized cleanup</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_i5aMNhp">18 SCAT teams surveyed over 7,058 kilometers of shoreline</snippet>. The Boi Sea snippets discuss mechanical facility storage quantities for skimmers and booms. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">The Bohai Sea survey found 133,420 m of floating booms, 9,632 kL/h for skimmers, and 100 vessels available</snippet>. No Hebei Spirit case history from ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean authorities was included in these results.
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<snippet id="S_QMZd9uN,S_NFdiZQm">Vertical eDNA distribution in lakes shows strong seasonal stratification, with warm-water fish eDNA concentrated above the thermocline and cold-water fish eDNA below</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_eR9pNyf">sampling locations 20 m offshore and nearshore within 1 m of the shoreline indicate vertical distribution and stratification in littoral and pelagic zones</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QMZd9uN,S_7ms3BbK">During summer stratification, fish eDNA became "stratified" into layers, with lake trout detectable only at the deepest layers and warm-water fishes abundant above the thermocline</snippet>, whereas <snippet id="S_Cx6Mojy">during turnover, fish community detection became more uniform across depths, with cold-water species appearing at shallower levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DCoNvvE">eDNA in lakes is patchily distributed, necessitating multiple sampling points for detection, with vertical distribution influenced by thermal stratification</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_nblzMDI">the thermocline was confirmed as being between 4.60-6.60 m from the surface</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eR9pNyf">Thermocline depths (metalimnion) ranged from 0.75 to 3.2 m, with sampling locations 20 m offshore and nearshore within 1 m of the shoreline</snippet>, indicating that stratification and mixing influence eDNA detection in littoral and pelagic zones.
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<snippet id=S_qZTbA6e,S_7ms3BbK>Stratification leads to distinct microhabitat isolation where cold-water stenotherms are detectable only in midwater and deep habitats while warm-water minnows are abundant at the surface</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_QMZd9uN,S_7ms3BbK>community detection becomes more uniform across depths during autumn turnover when water column mixing occurs</snippet>. <snippet id=S_eR9pNyf,S_nblzMDI>Thermocline depths vary significantly between lakes, ranging from 0.75 to 3.2 m in some cases to 4.60 to 6.60 m in others</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DCoNvvE,S_qZTbA6e>Patchy distribution necessitates multiple sampling points across depths rather than single samples to capture community heterogeneity</snippet>.
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The provided search results do not contain sufficient information to identify the specific professional football club in the Southern West Bank that matches the described criteria. The snippets list general West Bank Premier League clubs like Al-Bireh, Shabab Al-Am'ari, and Shabab Al-Khalil, but do not provide details about cup-winning records or home stadium locations <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2,3a2d1ed5-3>West Bank Premier League clubs include Al-Bireh Mosaset, Ittihad Nablus, and Shabab Al-Khalil</snippet>. The search results also mention Israeli football clubs located in the West Bank, such as Beitar Givat Ze'ev and Beitar Ironi Ariel, but these are not Palestinian clubs <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-6,3a2d1ed5-8>Israeli football clubs based in West Bank settlements include Beitar Givat Ze'ev and Beitar Ironi Ariel</snippet>. No Palestinian club from the Southern West Bank is explicitly identified as having won a prominent national cup multiple times under FIFA's regulations in the provided snippets.
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Based on the search results, the major cities in the Southern West Bank include Hebron (Khalil), which has professional clubs like <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil</snippet>. The club Shabab Al-Dhahiriya from the city of Ad-Dhahiriya is also located in the Southern West Bank <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>. However, the search results do not contain sufficient information about which specific club has won the Palestinian Cup multiple times and plays in a nearby municipality rather than its home city. Additional research is needed to determine the exact club meeting all criteria mentioned in the query.
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<snippet id="S_Ex1kQjb">The U.S. Department of the Treasury provides Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates with 3-month rates of 4.03% as of 09/18/2025</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_Ex1kQjb">1-year rates of 3.61%</snippet> and <snippet id="S_Ex1kQjb">2-year rates of 3.57%</snippet> are also available. <snippet id="S_LNwC0St">The Treasury's official yield curve is a par yield curve derived using a monotone convex method</snippet> with inputs from bid-side market price quotations. <snippet id="S_9NRdU6Z">Daily Treasury Bill Rates are available as indicative closing market bid quotations on the most recently auctioned Treasury Bills</snippet> in the over-the-counter market. <snippet id="S_nEPDvRp">The Treasury Resource Center includes Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates and Daily Treasury Par Real Yield Curve Rates</snippet> for interest rate data. <snippet id="S_2WbtkJ5">A Treasury Daily Interest Rate XML Feed provides daily interest rate data in Extensible Markup Language (XML)</snippet> for programmatic access.
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<snippet id=S_Ex1kQjb>As of September 18, 2025, the 3-month Treasury rate was 4.03%</snippet>. The Treasury provides official yield curve data through its Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates page <snippet id=S_LNwC0St,S_9NRdU6Z,S_Ex1kQjb>. The 10-year rate is available through the same data source, though the snippet cuts off after showing rates for maturities up to 3 years. The Treasury's yield curve methodology uses indicative, bid-side market price quotations to derive par yields <snippet id=S_pwGFHPE,S_AsPkpls>. Official rates can also be accessed via the Treasury's daily interest rate XML feed or API documentation <snippet id=S_2WbtkJ5,S_4AaXlpd>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">The term "catastrophic climate change" remains undefined in the scientific literature, with warming above 5 °C considered "beyond catastrophic" and above 6 °C deemed an "indisputable global catastrophe"</snippet>. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">A range of tipping points have been assessed, with effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon up to an eightfold increase in the optimal carbon price</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">Beyond climate risks, there are even more severe global catastrophic risks (GCRs) related to food systems, defined as events that could threaten human well-being on a global scale</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">A specific category of these risks is termed abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios (ASRS), where a sudden event releases large amounts of aerosols into the stratosphere, potentially disrupting sunlight and further impacting food production</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">Prudent risk management requires consideration of bad-to-worst-case scenarios, yet for climate change, such potential futures are poorly understood</snippet>. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">The proposed research agenda for catastrophic climate change focuses on four key strands: understanding extreme climate change dynamics, exploring climate-triggered pathways to mass morbidity and mortality, investigating social fragility, and synthesizing findings into integrated catastrophe assessments</snippet>.
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<answer>
The recent search returned primarily climate-focused catastrophic risk literature, with "Climate Endgame" studies emerging as key references defining catastrophe thresholds. Warming above 5°C is categorized as "beyond catastrophic," while warming above 6°C constitutes an "indisputable global catastrophe," with 3°C by century's end marking extreme climate change <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">temperature thresholds for catastrophic outcomes are now being clarified</snippet>. Tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon to an eightfold increase in optimal carbon pricing <snippet id="S_60jj79u">tipping point probabilities demonstrate fat tail risk characteristics</snippet>. However, bad-to-worst-case climate scenarios remain poorly understood despite reasons to suspect they could drive worldwide societal collapse or eventual human extinction <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">catastrophic climate scenarios are underexplored yet critically important</snippet>. Food system risks include abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios that could trigger multiple bread-basket failures and global-scale well-being threats <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">global catastrophic food system risks are identified as existential threats</snippet>. Sea level rise research similarly defines "Extremely high risk" as exceeding socioecological coping capacity and possibly leading to existential or catastrophic outcomes <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">coastal settlement risks reach existential catastrophe thresholds at very high sea level rise</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY,S_bChTerS">Phytochemicals show significant potential to reduce the development of cervical cancer by inhibiting early stages of carcinogenesis and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity</snippet>, with experimental studies emphasizing the chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of plant-derived substances. <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">Challenges associated with the use of phytochemicals such as low bioavailability and toxicity can be possibly overcome with the use of chemical analogs, adjuvant therapies, and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RE7a53S">Pomegranate peel polyphenols have shown anticancer effects against cervical cancer, with 110 articles meeting the inclusion criteria in a recent review</snippet>. <snippet id="S_giUXm46">Combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs enhances their therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells</snippet>. <snippet id="S_St3cdIq">Phytochemicals have shown potential against HPV-induced cervical cancer, necessitating further research on their efficacy and safety in HNC treatment and prevention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">Relevant experimental works in the literature published in the last five years elucidate the anticancer effects of natural products on cervical cancer</snippet>.
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Recent reviews have synthesized therapeutic effects of natural products on cervical cancer through inflammatory pathways, highlighting compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, curcumin, and paclitaxel with data primarily from 2010-2021 studies<snippet id="S_RulQFFI">. Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">. Challenges associated with phytochemical use include low bioavailability and toxicity, which may be addressed through chemical analogs, adjuvant therapies, and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms<snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">. Experimental evidence emphasizes chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of plant-derived substances, with combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs shown to enhance therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells<snippet id="S_bChTerS">. Research on phytochemicals against HPV-induced cervical cancer necessitates further investigation into efficacy and safety, particularly through concurrent therapies targeting HPV-mediated mechanisms<snippet id="S_St3cdIq">. Current literature reviews continue to collect experimental works from the last five years elucidating anticancer mechanisms of plant-derived natural products in cervical cancer treatment<snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">.
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<snippet id="S_r2sDDAL">Trust in AI within public institutions is influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F456mxb">Trust levels increase if AI adds perceived value and if humans remain involved, with transparency about AI use being essential for tracking trust changes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">Public perception of AI is a critical determinant of trust, with control of AI and ethics in AI being crucial for building trust in AI technologies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PgHhtbO">Trust in government significantly influences user experiences with AI-based self-service technology in public service delivery, with personalization and aesthetics playing positive roles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VLrq6kV">Trust in AI chatbots in the Japanese public sector is influenced by the area of enquiry and the communicated purposes for introducing the technology, with initial public trust levels varying compared to trust in human administrators</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">Public trust in AI systems is evaluated across domains, with participants perceiving greater systems' benevolence in healthcare and creative arts but not in education</snippet>.
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<answer>
Trust in AI within public institutions is significantly influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems often viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers <snippet id="S_r2sDDAL,S_R1PS8iU">. Key determinants include transparency and explainability, which are essential for tracking trust changes and fostering responsible AI development <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp,S_1tU6Z3U">. Human oversight remains critical, as trust levels increase when humans remain involved in decision-making processes rather than being replaced entirely by AI <snippet id="S_F456mxb">. Reliability, tangibility, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust in AI systems, while anthropomorphism influences emotional trust <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">. Privacy concerns and data governance also negatively impact trust, particularly when citizens perceive potential privacy invasion <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">. Additionally, public perception of AI control, ethics, and perceived value of AI services are crucial determinants for acceptance in public service contexts <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U,S_F456mxb">. Technological competence and familiarity with AI also correlate with higher trust in AI capabilities across different public service domains <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">.
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<snippet id=b99d28d7-0, b99d28d7-9>Clean is available to stream on AMC+</snippet>, along with Disney Plus, Hulu, Sundance Now, Philo, The Roku Channel, Fandango at Home, Prime Video, and Apple TV. <snippet id=b99d28d7-1, b99d28d7-4>It is also available on Hulu and Amazon Prime Video</snippet>, with Prime Video offering both standard and ad-supported streaming options. <snippet id=b99d28d7-3, b99d28d7-4>Pluto TV provides free streaming with ads</snippet>, while Tubi TV offers a similar free model. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5>Philo is another streaming service where the film is available</snippet>, and <snippet id=b99d28d7-8>Decider confirms AMC+ as a streaming option for the 2022 release</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=b99d28d7-0,b99d28d7-9>Clean is available to stream on multiple platforms including AMC+, Hulu, Prime Video, Apple TV, Tubi, and Roku</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>AMC+ is specifically mentioned as one of the available streaming services for the film</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-1,b99d28d7-2,b99d28d7-4>It can also be accessed through Hulu, Amazon Prime Video, and Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5,b99d28d7-8>Philo and other services like Sundance Now and Disney+ offer the movie as well</snippet>.
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<answer>
The provided search results do not contain specific evidence on negotiated assessment or co-created assessment design in higher education. The snippets discuss general topics such as learning outcomes, outcome-based education, and teacher effectiveness, but none address student involvement in assessment design or negotiated assessment outcomes <snippet id="S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG,S_db6DLhs,S_YVMqQJL,S_1YjeXyJ,S_r34NY6x,S_yevXI89,S_ssr4mB9,S_G7aERKv,S_10M2Vpc">none of the snippets contain information on negotiated assessment or co-created assessment design</snippet>. The available literature focuses on teacher effectiveness, peer assessment design, and e-mental health interventions rather than student co-creation of assessment tasks or criteria <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">peer assessment design is discussed but without negotiated assessment or co-created criteria</snippet>. Therefore, I cannot provide empirical evidence on the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or co-created rubrics from these search results.
</answer>

<answer>
The provided search results do not contain specific empirical evidence or randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or student co-created rubrics in higher education <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv,S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">. Instead, the available literature focuses on broader concepts such as Outcome-Based Education frameworks, general peer assessment design elements, and teacher effectiveness metrics <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv">. While one systematic review notes that reliability and validity are frequently underreported in peer assessment studies, it does not quantify the impact of student involvement in task design <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">. Additional snippets discuss conceptual tensions in learning outcomes or the influence of educational technology without addressing assessment negotiation specifically <snippet id="S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_wzDgj5A">Endocytosis maintains lysosomal fitness by delivering enzymes and V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_gCWDTWV">lysosomes receive specific soluble hydrolases and membrane proteins from the trans-Golgi network through M6P receptor-mediated endocytosis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EhS0ch1">Lysosomal exocytosis can extracellularly release lysosomal hydrolases to remodel the extracellular matrix and clear unprocessed aggregates</snippet>, which may have beneficial effects on lysosomal storage disorders. <snippet id="S_gvPHAb9">Lysosomal exocytosis is regulated by the Trans-SNARE complex and Syt-VII at the lysosomal membrane, which facilitates fusion with the plasma membrane for endocytosis-mediated repair</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_pfxfGLI">a general downregulation of endocytosis during aging or senescence has been observed, with suppression of clathrin-mediated endocytosis linked to lysosomal dysfunction</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BXMwwcV">Endocytosed materials can impair lysosomal function, as evidenced by reduced lysosomal protease activity and decreased transferrin uptake after prolonged exposure to lipid nanocapsules</snippet>. The available evidence does not provide direct experimental evidence that enhancing endocytosis protects against lysosomal dysfunction, though the canonical M6P receptor pathway and lysosomal exocytosis mechanisms are described as protective in specific contexts.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_wzDgj5A,S_Y2SP2EN>Endocytosis maintains cellular homeostasis by delivering extracellular and intracellular materials to lysosomes, where they are degraded as part of the autophagy-lysosomal-endosomal system</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_wzDgj5A>Trafficking between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network is imperative for the maintenance of lysosomal fitness as it delivers enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id=S_gCWDTWV>Lysosome biogenesis also requires endocytic pathways, as lysosomal membrane proteins can be delivered via vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane followed by endocytosis</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">Lithium-ion batteries experience significant degradation in cycle life at low temperatures during fast charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">A 16 Ah graphite/NMC battery loses 75% of its capacity after only 50 cycles at 5°C, compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">The degradation mechanisms include lithium plating and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film growth, which compete under fast charging conditions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">The Arrhenius law describes the temperature dependence of reaction rates, with the rate constant influenced by absolute temperature and specific parameters determined through Arrhenius plots</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">Keil et al. (2016) examined NCA, NMC, and LFP at 25°C, 45°C, and 50°C over 300 days, finding that capacity fade did not increase linearly with SOC</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">NMC cells experienced accelerated fading at 100% SOC, while NCA cells showed modest aging acceleration above 90% SOC</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">To enhance battery longevity, LIBs should be stored at lower SOC levels, particularly avoiding high SOC at elevated temperatures</snippet>.
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<answer>
Calendar aging follows the Arrhenius equation, where elevated temperatures accelerate aging processes through increased reaction rates, making temperature regulation essential for reducing degradation <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">. SEI growth is the dominant calendar aging mechanism at high temperatures (e.g., 55°C storage), causing pore clogging and film resistance increase in anodes <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">. Higher temperatures and SOC levels significantly increase capacity degradation and internal resistance during calendar aging, with studies showing accelerated fading at 50-60°C storage <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">. In contrast, cyclic aging experiences dramatically accelerated degradation at low temperatures during charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C for graphite/NMC batteries <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. At 5°C, a 16 Ah graphite/NMC battery loses 75% capacity after only 50 cycles compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C, driven primarily by lithium plating rather than SEI growth <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. The Arrhenius law describes temperature dependence of cyclic aging reaction rates, though lithium plating at sub-zero temperatures creates an inflection point that fundamentally alters degradation mechanisms compared to calendar aging <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">.
</answer>


<answer>
The provided search results do not contain the exact threshold value for "rC,ave" or "ΔGave" from the Scientific Reports article. None of the snippets reference the specific variable names or the journal title "Scientific Reports" with the exact threshold information. The available snippets discuss general topics such as China's research evaluation reform, the influence of Chinese scholars on global science, and internationalization of Chinese research, but none provide the specific threshold values requested. Additional targeted searches with the exact DOI or author names would be needed to locate the Scientific Reports article with the rC,ave and ΔGave threshold values.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_NyxI5ht,S_RTxg6u0,S_PnWYPRp,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u">None of the provided search results contain information about a Scientific Reports article with the specific variables rC,ave and ΔGave or their critical threshold values</snippet>. The retrieved snippets discuss various aspects of Chinese research output, publication incentives, and global science influence, but none reference the target paper with the threshold information the agent is seeking <snippet id="S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t">The only mentions of "Chinese scholars" in global research context appear in titles without corresponding content</snippet>. The agent may need to refine their search with more specific terms such as "Scientific Reports rC,ave ΔGave threshold" without the broader China influence query to locate the exact paper.
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<answer>
<snippet id="22895,68190,89881">Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) was an 18th-century Swedish naturalist who formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy</snippet>. <snippet id="22895,68190,89881">He introduced the two-part Latin species name (genus + specific epithet) and hierarchical ranks (kingdom, class, order, genus, species) in his work Systema Naturae (first edition 1735)</snippet>. <snippet id="68190">His system standardized classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming</snippet>. <snippet id="22895">Linnaeus is known as the "father of modern taxonomy" and taught at Uppsala, writing chiefly in Latin</snippet>. <snippet id="89881">His botanical "sexual system" classified plants by stamens and pistils, and Linnaean taxonomy endures as the basis for naming and organizing biodiversity</snippet>.
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<answer>
Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), an 18th-century Swedish naturalist, formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy <snippet id="22895, 68190">. He introduced a two-part Latin naming system (genus + specific epithet), such as Homo sapiens, through his publication of Systema Naturae (first edition 1735) <snippet id="22895, 89881">. Linnaeus also established hierarchical classification ranks including kingdom, class, order, genus, and species <snippet id="22895, 89881">. His system standardized biological classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming <snippet id="68190">. Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaean taxonomy continues to serve as the foundation for organizing biodiversity <snippet id="22895, 89881">.
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<answer>
<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Tony Horwitz, a Pulitzer Prize-winning author</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>Horwitz retraces the voyages of Captain James Cook, a renowned British explorer</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-5>He retraced Cook's voyages across the Pacific</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-6>The work follows a specific route, retracing the voyages across the Pacific of the British explorer</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-8>Hampton Sides also wrote about British explorer's final voyage to the Pacific islands</snippet>, but Horwitz's work is the Pulitzer-winning journalist retracing Cook's voyages.
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<answer>
<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Tony Horwitz</snippet>, which retraces the voyages of British explorer Captain James Cook across the Pacific <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>. Cook was from Yorkshire, a county in northern England, and his historic HMS Endeavour has been reconstructed for modern voyages <snippet id=1701849e-6>. The book follows a specific route through Pacific island countries that Cook originally visited during his explorations <snippet id=1701849e-5>. Horwitz's approach combines historical research with personal adventure travel to explore Cook's legacy <snippet id=1701849e-1>. This work differed from Horwitz's previous books by focusing on a specific exploration route across the Pacific Ocean <snippet id=1701849e-6>.
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<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH">The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM) by necessitating remote work and digitalization, with most organizational practices conducted with the help of technology since many employees work from home</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rm0f44F">Remote work rose from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce, emphasizing the need for e-HRM and digitalization to enhance flexibility and productivity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">Extraordinary changes caused by COVID-19 have enforced companies around the globe to accelerate transition to digital business processes, with HRM in the heart of these transformations helping organizations to navigate in the vague present and unforeseeable future</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sFMyq5N">The COVID-19 pandemic challenged the maintenance of conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention from the scientific community in order to deal with such challenges</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi">A CEDEL model—complicator–exposer–disruptor–enabler–legitimizer—conceptualizes our understanding of the role of COVID-19 in sustainable HRM</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hGtii0p">The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated a shift to online training and highlighted challenges in teamwork and productivity among HRD professionals, with a study of 208 supervisory respondents in Poland revealing the need for S-HRD principles to enhance employee engagement and adaptability in HR practices</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_CbPhWNe">The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), with remote work necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms and e-HRM practices</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH,Sn_rm0f44F">Research indicates this acceleration has been global in scope, with one study noting remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi,S_sFMyq5N">Systematic literature reviews characterize COVID-19 as a complicator-disruptor-enabler that challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">The crisis established lasting implications including more flexible, remote-friendly digital working norms that organizations must address through new policies and hybrid working models</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_xBncrdH">Preprints are preliminary reports not yet peer-reviewed, and arXiv and other preprint servers emphasize that their materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice or reported as established information without expert consultation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">bioRxiv does not perform peer review but implements a screening process to filter out inappropriate content and enhance the utility of submissions, with bioRxiv staff performing internal checks including automated plagiarism detection and manual reviews for spam or inappropriate content, followed by a group of experienced scientists known as bioRxiv Affiliates further reviewing the submissions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">The screening policies for preprints at bioRxiv, medRxiv, and arXiv vary in their approach to biosecurity, with medRxiv screening submissions for material that could endanger public health, including dual-use research, and bioRxiv conducting a basic screening for content that might pose health or biosecurity risks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">ArXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns, which raises potential issues since it includes quantitative biology, and there are instances where articles rejected by bioRxiv or medRxiv for security reasons were accepted by arXiv</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lUJRGnM">Thirty-three preprint platforms were examined regarding their article screening processes, with 75% providing details about their screening, and some platforms like FocUS Archive and SocArxiv mentioned checks without specifics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">A study indicated that 86% of high-impact clinical journals permit previously posted preprints, alleviating concerns about publication disqualification</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">arXiv performs pre-peer review screening that includes plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language quality</snippet>, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">but does not conduct formal peer review before posting</snippet>. Key quality control measures on arXiv include <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">author registration and endorsement requirements, completeness checks, relevance verification, plagiarism detection, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>, unlike bioRxiv and medRxiv which screen for material that could endanger public health or pose biosecurity risks. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">ArXiv emphasizes that its materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. Despite the absence of peer review, preprints on arXiv still undergo screening as a "coarse filter" to exclude nonscientific or inappropriate content, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">though this does not guarantee validity of the content</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams</snippet>. <snippet id="S_n6aoW4b">The construct of reading as defined by Alderson (2000) emphasizes that reading is an interactive process involving both lower-level (bottom-up) and higher-level (top-down) processes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">The search results do not explicitly enumerate "intensive" as a separate category, but rather list "interactive" and "extensive" as the two main reading types</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">The available sources do not provide a direct definition or contrast between "intensive" and "extensive" reading</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books.</snippet> <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores, outperforming BERT and BioBERT</snippet>. <snippet id="S_wkwj2K0">When fine-tuned on the PUBHEALTH dataset, SCIBERT and BIOBERT showed improved performance compared to original BERT for fact-checking label prediction</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">BIOBERT demonstrates higher accuracies than BERT for named entity recognition, relation extraction and question answering in the biomedical domain</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">SCIBERT outperforms BERT in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">Training deep learning models on real-world medical claims greatly improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RXgSB12">Our experiments show that training deep learning-based fact-checking models on real-world and in-domain claims substantially improves the performance compared to training on synthetic and open-domain claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HA4fMd9">COVIDFact, HealthVer, and SCIFACT are scientific claim verification datasets that verify COVID-19 claims against scientific literature</snippet>.
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<answer>
Research on medical fact-checking shows that domain-specific language models often outperform general models on health claim verification tasks. On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores compared to BERT and other baseline models <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. BioBERT demonstrates higher accuracies than BERT for biomedical tasks including named entity recognition, relation extraction, and question answering in the biomedical domain <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. Similarly, SCIBERT shows improvements over the original BERT and outperforms it in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. However, performance varies by dataset; on SCIFACT, RoBERTa-large achieved the best performance among the sentence encoders tested, including SciBERT and BioMedRoBERTa <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. Additionally, training deep learning models on real-world medical claims substantially improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">The waterfall model is a linear and sequential software engineering approach where progress flows through distinct phases: system specification, planning, design, development, testing, and deployment</snippet>, with each phase completed before the next begins. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model, part of the Software Development Life Cycle, allows for initial simplified implementations that evolve through multiple iterations with incremental changes</snippet>, where projects are divided into smaller parts undergoing repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">The Waterfall-Iterative approach (also called "Waterative") integrates waterfall and iterative approaches, with waterfall phases executed iteratively as the project elaborates</snippet>, including requirement analysis for each iteration and design based on selected requirements. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The waterfall model is characterized by strict documentation and end products for each stage, while the iterative model emphasizes flexibility and quicker adjustments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The waterfall model is relatively slow and time-consuming, prompting organizations to reconsider its use</snippet>, whereas the iterative model is increasingly favored for digitalization initiatives.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">The traditional waterfall model is defined as a linear, sequential software development approach where each phase must be completed before the next begins, with strict documentation and sign-offs required between stages</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">In contrast, "iterative waterfall" (also called "Waterative") executes waterfall phases iteratively as the project elaborates, incorporating requirement analysis for each iteration with design followed by product backlog creation using Scrum framework's agile principles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model allows incremental changes and divided project parts with repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation, enabling more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to waterfall</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">A key distinction is that waterfall accommodates substantial requirement changes with significant disruption, whereas iterative approaches emphasize evolving implementations with each cycle enhancing previous work</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz,S_u8WEXgX">Waterfall is characterized by sequential phases requiring strict documentation and end products per stage, while iterative/wative approaches include unit testing during sprints followed by systems integration testing and user acceptance testing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">Waterfall approaches work well for simple, straightforward projects, but are less suitable for complex projects requiring flexibility</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_IbmwH6I,S_4uYEvn0">Digital banking has enhanced financial inclusion by offering accessible and affordable services, with digital transformation linked to improved operational efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4uYEvn0">Research indicates that digital transformation diminishes the impact of income levels on financial service access, with digital payments enhancing account ownership and savings</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4uYEvn0">Financial inclusion contributes positively to bank stability and reduces operational costs, while automation and digitalization in banking lead to greater self-sufficiency among customers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cecyK56">In Sub-Saharan Africa, economic growth often precedes financial inclusion, with digital financial inclusion being more significant in low-income countries due to inefficiencies in traditional banking</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AlV0rKF">Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability (measured by z-score) and negatively correlates with non-performing loans, while increased bank competition negatively affects bank stability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ipBYA4S">Fintech is seen as a potential solution to gaps in financial services, particularly in areas underserved by traditional banks, though some studies suggest it primarily serves those typically excluded from banking services</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kq45sEh">Challenges remain, including data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy, with the e-payment system needing further evolution to solve challenges such as consumer protection and data inequality</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gkl8lvJ">Mobile banking and e-payments have recently increased financial inclusion among developing countries, with China finding that digital financial inclusion has accelerated the emergence of financial inclusions through household consumption such as online shopping and digital payments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Q1OC4lz">Digitalising business processes can promote financial inclusion and positively impact economic growth, though there is uncertainty regarding whether digital financial services are genuinely inclusive, particularly for women and underprivileged communities</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X>S digital transformation in banking is defined as the application of innovative technologies, particularly digital payments, to enhance financial inclusion and operational efficiency</snippet>, with research showing it <snippet id=S_4uYEvn0>S diminishes the impact of income levels on financial service access</snippet> while enhancing account ownership and savings. <snippet id=S_cecyK56>S Economic impact varies by income level: in low-income countries, digital financial inclusion is more significant than traditional finance due to banking inefficiencies</snippet>, whereas in middle-income countries both forms complement each other. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability (z-score) and negatively with non-performing loans</snippet>, though increased bank competition negatively affects stability according to the competition-fragility hypothesis. <snippet id=S_kq45sEh>S Challenges include data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy</snippet>, with findings from Sub-Saharan Africa, ASEAN, and EU contexts; <snippet id=S_cecyK56,S_Q1OC4lz>Yemen-specific evidence is sparse and limited by fragile state conditions</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Policy recommendations emphasize promoting digital financial literacy, regulatory frameworks treating digital and traditional finance as complementary</snippet>, and strategic measures to maintain bank stability alongside inclusion initiatives.
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<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Never Look Back (1952) is a British B‑drama directed by Francis Searle, produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The film stars Hugh Sinclair and Rosamund John, with Harry H. Corbett appearing briefly as a policeman</snippet>. <snippet id="81776">Hugh Sinclair plays the fiancé who prosecutes the accused, while Guy Middleton is the newly appointed K.C. who defends the ex-lover</snippet>. <snippet id="55190">The film was released on 26 May 1952 in the UK and runs 73 minutes</snippet>. <snippet id="86941">It was shot at Manchester Film Studios from 17 September to 19 October 1951</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The 1952 British drama Never Look Back was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett appears in a brief supporting role as a policeman</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Hugh Sinclair is confirmed as a main star in the cast, playing the prosecutor</snippet>. The production ran for 73 minutes and was shot at Mancunian Studios between September and October 1951.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">The disposition index (DI) was derived to characterize beta-cell function relative to insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue, allowing for a comprehensive evaluation of beta-cell function in relation to visceral adipose tissue</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">The early and total-phase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) were calculated, and the disposition index (DI) was derived to characterize beta-cell function relative to insulin resistance in skeletal muscle (DI Skm), liver (DI Hep), and adipose tissue (DI Adip)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">This approach allowed for a comprehensive evaluation of beta-cell function in relation to visceral adipose tissue and insulin response during glucose challenges</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">The study assessed beta-cell function in obese adults through a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) after an overnight fast</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">Blood samples were collected at multiple time points to measure glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">Key metrics included the total area under the curve (tAUC) for glucose and insulin, and insulin resistance (IR) was estimated for skeletal muscle, hepatic, and adipose tissues using established indices</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">The early and total-phase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) were calculated, and the disposition index (DI) was derived to characterize beta-cell function relative to insulin resistance in skeletal muscle (DI Skm), liver (DI Hep), and adipose tissue (DI Adip)</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
The provided search results do not directly address the relationship between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and pancreatic beta-cell function metrics in humans. The snippets primarily define how beta-cell function indices like the disposition index, insulinogenic index, and acute insulin response are calculated from OGTT or IVGTT data <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_77OipMD">the disposition index is calculated as the product of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion measures such as the insulinogenic index</snippet>. One study suggests adipose tissue insulin resistance affects beta-cell function assessment, noting that elevated plasma free fatty acids can impair β-cell function and proposing adjustments to the disposition index to account for adipose tissue <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2">incorporating adipose insulin resistance into assessments provides a more comprehensive index of β-cell function</snippet>. Another study reported that leptin and GM-CSF were negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI and hsCRP, indicating roles in inflammation and lipid metabolism <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">leptin and GM-CSF showed negative associations with the disposition index and positive correlations with BMI and inflammatory markers</snippet>. However, none of these snippets provide direct adult human evidence linking VAT or pancreatic fat specifically to beta-cell function measures like disposition index or acute insulin response as the agent was seeking.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">The intervention aimed to decrease exposure to like-minded sources by one-third, which resulted in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language, but did not lead to measurable changes in eight key political attitudes, including affective polarization and belief in false claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">An experiment compared various feed types, including chronological and engagement-based feeds, as well as innovative designs aimed at promoting democratic values, with findings indicating that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mUfOdDp">Research indicates that social media algorithms can influence users' perceptions of their in-group and out-group, with users exposed to algorithmically selected tweets reporting more positive feelings toward their in-group and more negative feelings toward their out-group compared to those viewing a chronological timeline</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EIYKoMB">The authors propose redesigning social media ranking algorithms to mitigate polarization by incorporating democratic values into their structure, noting that previous studies primarily used observational data or bottom-up interventions to address partisan animosity</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>. The intervention aimed to decrease exposure to like-minded sources by one-third, which resulted in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">but did not lead to measurable changes in eight key political attitudes, including affective polarization and belief in false claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">An experiment compared various feed types, including chronological and engagement-based feeds, as well as innovative designs aimed at promoting democratic values</snippet>. Findings indicate that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans, but may inadvertently increase perceived threats to free speech among users <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">. The research also references other studies that examined the influence of exposure to like-minded sources and reshared content, noting that some studies found minimal effects on affective polarization</snippet>.

</answer>


<answer>
The provided search results do not contain specific documentation on how canonical IAMs (FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE) integrate tropical cyclones or floods into their economic damage functions. The snippets focus on tropical cyclone modeling and flood risk assessment using CLIMADA, HWCM, and CMIP6 multimodel ensembles, but none describe the canonical IAMs' structural representation of extreme weather impacts <snippet id="S_93wqG64">Projected tropical cyclone activity by 2050 generally declines in the South Indian Ocean, while changes in other ocean basins are more uncertain and sensitive to both tracking algorithm and imposed forcings</snippet>. None of the snippets mention FUND, PAGE, DICE, or RICE as integrated assessment models with built-in extreme weather modules. The available content discusses tropical cyclone modeling approaches and flood protection services but does not address how these are incorporated into IAM economic damage functions.
</answer>

<answer>
Unfortunately, the provided search results do not contain specific information about how FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE, or other canonical IAMs incorporate extreme weather events into their damage functions. The available snippets focus on hazard modeling (CLIMADA model for tropical cyclones, mangrove flood protection services, hydrodynamic modeling) but do not document IAM integration methods <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>. No snippets describe how IAMs represent extremes as separate impact categories or stochastic shocks to capital/productivity, nor do they detail expected-annual-loss pipelines feeding IAM damages. There is also no evidence of empirically estimated event-specific damage functions (cyclone wind-based, flood depth–damage, heat-wave impacts) being aggregated to macro damages within specific IAM frameworks in these results.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_Fgb4QWW,S_ygceipK">HPV infection begins when the virus accesses the basal layer of the epithelium through wounds or micro-damage, where the major capsid protein L1 first binds to laminin-332 in the basement membrane</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_ygceipK,S_4kyiDLH">This interaction is followed by L1 being cleaved by kallikrein-8 (KLK8), which alters its conformation and exposes the N-terminus of the L2 protein</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_ygceipK,S_4kyiDLH">The L2 protein is subsequently cleaved by the cellular protease furin, reducing L1's affinity for HSPGs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK">This process is essential for the viral entry and subsequent infection cycle, as it exposes the N-terminus of the L2 protein, which is subsequently cleaved by furin, preparing the viral particle for entry</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_qd5yqrp">HPV enters cells through endocytosis, similar to micropinocytosis, and reaches the nucleus within approximately 24 hours via post-endocytic trafficking through endosomes, the Golgi network, and the endoplasmic reticulum</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9692W5p">The L2 protein then binds to the S100A10 subunit of annexin A2, facilitating clathrin-independent endocytosis of HPV into the cell</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9">Once in the endosome, L2 interacts with different proteins that ensure vesicular trafficking of the L2-HPV episome, including Sortin Nexin 17 (SNX17) and members of the retromer cargo complex</snippet>.
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<answer>
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) entry typically begins at microlesions in the epithelium where the major capsid protein L1 binds to laminin-332 or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the basement membrane <S_9692W5p, S_06dh88l, S_ygceipK, S_4kyiDLH>. This initial attachment induces L1 conformational changes, often facilitated by Cyclophilin B, which exposes the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2 <S_9692W5p, S_ygceipK, S_sYaeZRH>. Proteolytic processing follows, where kallikrein-8 cleaves L1 and the cellular protease furin cleaves L2, reducing HSPG affinity and preparing the virion for internalization <S_6cL8am9, S_9692W5p, S_qd5yqrp>. Secondary interactions with receptors such as annexin A2, integrin α6, and tetraspanins like CD151 facilitate clathrin-independent endocytosis or macropinocytosis-like uptake <S_6cL8am9, S_Fgb4QWW, S_06dh88l>. Once internalized, the virus undergoes retrograde trafficking through endosomes and the Golgi network to reach the nucleus for genome release and replication <S_6cL8am9, S_IzJhLSD, S_qd5yqrp>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_FvypqMm">The Laplace mechanism has been applied to preserve privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions by adding noise to numeric query results</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_u2uIkcN">it enables privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions by adding noise calibrated with a standard deviation of √2b based on the function's sensitivity</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_kR7QkfG">the available search results do not contain specific case studies or empirical applications of the Laplace mechanism in high-impact financial journals</snippet> such as IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or top economics/finance journals (JFE, RFS, JF). The snippets confirm the Laplace mechanism is a popular choice for differential privacy with -differential privacy guarantees <snippet id="S_dR6xJKK">, but none provide documented financial data applications in the target journals</snippet>. Additional targeted searches in specific financial or statistics journals would be needed to identify concrete case studies.
</answer>

<answer>
The search results provide limited evidence of concrete case studies from high-impact journals applying the Laplace mechanism specifically to financial/banking/credit transaction data. Two snippets mention financial applications: S_FvypqMm notes the Laplace mechanism can preserve "user privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions" within parking recommender system research <snippet id=S_FvypqMm>, and S_u2uIkcN states the mechanism enables "privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions" for prospect theoretic analysis <snippet id=S_u2uIkcN>. However, neither snippet explicitly confirms publication in high-impact journals like IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or major finance/economics journals that the agent prioritized <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_3Vks9VQ>. Most other search results discuss the Laplace mechanism in medical data <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG>, social networks <snippet id=S_XWjGWtA,S_gaV539r>, or power flow systems <snippet id=S_3Vks9VQ> rather than verified financial case studies. Additional searches targeting specific journals or verified financial domains would be needed to fully address the agent's goal.
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<answer>
<snippet id="21438">Jitendra Narayan (1886–1922) was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar</snippet>. <snippet id="21438">He founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet>, which matches the educational institution named after his father. <snippet id="21438">As "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar" he played one first‑class cricket match on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs in total</snippet>. <snippet id="21438">The match was against Lord Willingdon's XI, not a Prince of Wales XI</snippet>, which contradicts the agent's hypothesis about the Prince of Wales' XI opponent. <snippet id="21438">There is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>. <snippet id="21438">The search results do not confirm succession by his offspring or linkage to Cooch Behar Palace</snippet>.
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<answer>
Jitendra Narayan was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar <snippet id="21438">and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet> as an educational institution named after his father. He played one first‑class cricket match for "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI" against Lord Willingdon's XI on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs total <snippet id="21438">. There is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>, which contradicts one key element of the hypothesis that the match was against the Prince of Wales' XI during the 1921–22 India tour. Biographical details indicate he was linked to Cooch‑Behar Palace (also known as Victor Jubilee Palace) as the ruling Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar during his lifetime <snippet id="21438">, though succession by his offspring is not confirmed in the available snippets. Some sources present conflicting or fragmentary information about the academy founder and cricketing claims <snippet id="57275">, with sibling records listing him as having younger brothers but not documenting all biographical details consistently <snippet id="71327">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_gnrEepM">A study on monoclonal antibody quantification in plasma assessed various calibration approaches and found that using two stable signature peptides (SPs) was necessary for accuracy, with protein-level and hybrid calibrations achieving error <10%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gnrEepM">Peptide-level calibration showed significant negative biases (−23 to −62%) and discordant results between SPs, while extended-peptide calibration showed improvements but still lacked acceptable accuracy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1t8pQcf">The surrogate peptide method for quantifying total antibodies in antibody-drug conjugates typically achieves good linearity, a wide dynamic range, and high sensitivity, with limits of quantification in the low ng/mL to pg/mL range</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1t8pQcf">Selecting suitable surrogate peptides from light or heavy chains is crucial for assay accuracy, with stable isotopically labeled internal standards (SIL-IS) often used to enhance quantification accuracy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XWxG38W">A high-throughput strategy for selecting surrogate peptides for quantifying in vivo protein expression levels utilized a minimum of three light and two heavy peptide fragments, enhancing reproducibility and ensuring peptide identity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AxEd4LB">A fast, quantitative LC-MRM assay was developed for the quantification of host-cell protein impurities in monoclonal antibody preparations, demonstrating the feasibility of using proteolytic peptides for mAb analysis</snippet>.
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<answer>
Current evidence suggests that using two signature peptides is recommended over a single peptide for reliable mAb quantification in serum. A study assessing calibration approaches for monoclonal antibody quantification emphasized "the importance of using two SPs for reliability" and found single peptide calibration had "significant negative biases" and "discordant results between SPs" <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>. Practical implementations in therapeutic protein studies typically employ multiple peptides; for instance, one Fc-engineered mAb PK assay determined concentrations using "multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides" <snippet id=S_kjDg3lX>. Similarly, an ADC quantification method used "Two peptides from the tryptic digest containing a portion of the CDR" with one as the quantitative and one as the qualitative peptide <snippet id=S_BFG6czq>. While single peptides can be detected, protein-level and hybrid calibrations with two SPs achieved "good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results" compared to peptide-level calibration which showed poor reliability <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_SvIkmlU,S_rtPxhtT">Umbrella reviews indicate that the time of day for resistance training (morning vs. evening) does not significantly affect increases in muscle strength and mass, as both timings yield similar results</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU">However, one 24-week study showed that evening resistance training resulted in a larger muscle cross-sectional area in men</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_JKFS2Wu">another study suggested that strength training in the evening may lead to greater muscle hypertrophy compared to morning training</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HhyT8Rz">Research indicates that the time of day for strength training can influence performance, particularly in relation to an individual's chronotype (morning, evening, or neither)</snippet>, with morning training tending to reduce diurnal variation in performance while evening training enhances it. <snippet id="S_gRYJWoz">For women, morning exercise enhances total and abdominal fat loss, whereas evening exercise greatly increases upper body muscle strength, power, and endurance</snippet>, while for men, evening exercise lowers systolic blood pressure and fatigue, and stimulates fat oxidation compared to early morning exercise. <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU">These findings suggest that the time of day for strength and hypertrophy training should be based on personal preference, although more research appears to be needed to really verify if differences exist between training in the morning vs. evening hours</snippet>.
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<answer>
Umbrella reviews indicate that increases in muscle strength and mass do not significantly differ between morning and evening resistance training <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT,S_SvIkmlU>. Acute performance metrics typically peak around 6:00 p.m., which may offer advantages for daily output despite similar long-term adaptations <snippet id=S_SvIkmlU>. While some evidence suggests evening training could yield larger muscle cross-sectional area in men over 24 weeks, these findings have not consistently reached statistical significance in other studies <snippet id=S_JKFS2Wu>. Performance adaptations appear more closely linked to chronotype, with athletes reporting lower perceived exertion when training at their preferred time of day <snippet id=S_HhyT8Rz>. Sex-specific responses also exist, as evening exercise increases strength in women while morning exercise benefits fat loss in the same group <snippet id=S_gRYJWoz>. Therefore, experts recommend selecting training times based on personal preference to maximize adherence given the lack of clear superiority between schedules <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT>.
</answer>