<answer>
<snippet id="S_M4OmJlb">Janus nanopore neuromorphic synapses are emerging as a solution for reservoir computing, addressing the performance bottleneck in von Neumann systems by utilizing two-terminal memory devices that enable high-density, energy-efficient synapse implementations, crucial for applications requiring massive parallelism and error tolerance from 2023 to 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8TgbQXv">Recent advancements in devices like evolvable organic electrochemical transistors mimicking biological synapses, crucial for enhancing reservoir computing in Janus nanopore systems from 2023 to 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yF3B4Ib">Aqueous chemimemristor based on proton-permeable graphene membranes and nanofluidic devices have been reported in which solvated ion transport exhibits memristive behavior</snippet>, providing analogs of biological synapses for neuromorphic computing. <snippet id="S_7aDjN43">For an accurate replication of biological neural networks, it is vital to integrate artificial neurons and synapses, implement neurobiological functions in hardware, and develop sensory neuromorphic computing systems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eNhY4nD">Recent progress concerning memories shows that novel strategies related to materials and device engineering to mitigate challenges are presented to primarily achieve nonvolatile analog synaptic characteristics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8TgbQXv">Neuromorphic computing, requiring ~10^11 neurons for energy efficiency, aims to replicate the brain's ~1 GB/s data processing and 10^16 operations/s</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_M4OmJlb>Janus nanopore neuromorphic synapses are emerging as a solution for reservoir computing from 2023 to 2025</snippet>, addressing performance bottlenecks by utilizing two-terminal memory devices for high-density, energy-efficient synapse implementations <snippet id=S_M4OmJlb>crucial for applications requiring massive parallelism and error tolerance</snippet>. <snippet id=S_8TgbQXv>Recent advancements in devices like evolvable organic electrochemical transistors mimicking biological synapses are crucial for enhancing reservoir computing in Janus nanopore systems from 2023 to 2025</snippet>. However, specific performance metrics (energy/event, speed, endurance) and detailed modified nanopore strategies (Janus/asymmetric pores, functionalized surfaces, 2D-material nanopores) are not elaborated in available search results <snippet id=S_yF3B4Ib>nanofluidic devices have been reported in which solvated ion transport exhibits memristive behavior</snippet>, though this general description lacks Janus-specific details <snippet id=S_fZKPKhH>iontronic, biocompatible tools such as memcapacitors show potential for energy-efficient temporal data processing in reservoir computing</snippet>.
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<snippet id="27111,18506">Raising Sand is the first collaborative studio album by Robert Plant and Alison Krauss, produced by T Bone Burnett and released in October 2007 on Rounder</snippet>. <snippet id="18506">It debuted at No.2 on the Billboard 200 and Top Country Albums charts, was certified Platinum in the U.S., and became a worldwide hit</snippet>. <snippet id="27111,18506">The album won the 2009 Grammy Award for Album of the Year, Record of the Year for "Please Read the Letter," and Best Pop/Country collaborations</snippet>. <snippet id="18506">Raising Sand is one of Krauss's three collaboration albums</snippet>. <snippet id="93249">Their later collaboration, Raise the Roof (2021), is the second Alison Krauss–Robert Plant album, also produced by T Bone Burnett</snippet>.
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<snippet id="27111,18506">Raising Sand is the first collaborative studio album by Robert Plant and Alison Krauss, produced by T Bone Burnett and released in October 2007 on Rounder</snippet>, and <snippet id="18506">it is one of Krauss's three collaboration albums</snippet>. The album debuted at No.2 on the Billboard 200, was certified Platinum in the U.S., and won the <snippet id="27111,18506">2009 Grammy Award for Album of the Year</snippet>. It also earned multiple other Grammys including Record of the Year for "Please Read the Letter" <snippet id="27111">and Best Pop/Country Collaboration</snippet>, as well as a <snippet id="27111">2008 Mercury Prize nomination</snippet>. Later, the duo released a second collaboration album called "Raise the Roof" in 2021 <snippet id="93249">, also produced by T Bone Burnett</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ju8QCeq">A double-blind, counterbalanced trial found no significant differences in average or fastest sprint times between carbohydrate mouth rinse and placebo conditions in the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) or repeated sprint ability (RSA) tests</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KYkLCMQ">A study using a non-self-paced LIST protocol found no significant effect of a 6.4% maltodextrin solution on repeated sprint performance</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_kKV6iAs">a self-paced LIST protocol showed increased self-selected jogging speed and an 86% likelihood of benefiting 15 m sprint performance during the final stages (75-90 min) of exercise with a 10% maltodextrin solution</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R70LZbT">Most studies indicate that carbohydrate ingestion enhances intermittent high-intensity exercise capacity, though results regarding its effects on sprinting and other skills are mixed</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KYkLCMQ">The concept of "glycostat" suggests that chemoreceptors in muscles communicate carbohydrate status to the brain, potentially influencing energy expenditure</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R70LZbT">The effectiveness of carbohydrate intake is influenced by the individual's carbohydrate status, showing the most significant benefits in conditions of fatigue or low blood sugar, particularly towards the end of a game</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_ju8QCeq">In a study using the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) and repeated sprint ability (RSA) tests, carbohydrate mouth rinsing (6.4% Maltodextrin) showed no significant difference in average or fastest sprint times compared to placebo</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KYkLCMQ">However, Rollo and colleagues employed a self-paced LIST protocol with 10% maltodextrin and found increased self-selected jogging speed plus an 86% likelihood of benefiting 15 m sprint performance during the final stages (75-90 min) of exercise</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kKV6iAs">This difference may be because the self-selected pacing protocol provides a more sensitive measure to detect potential benefits of carbohydrate mouth rinsing compared to the non-self-paced version</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R70LZbT">Reviews of carbohydrate supplementation in intermittent sports indicate that results regarding sprinting effects are mixed, with the most significant benefits shown in conditions of fatigue or low blood sugar</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HHafi2O">The evidence for carbohydrate mouth rinsing in intermittent sports is limited with existing research showing inconsistencies due to methodological differences</snippet>.
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<snippet id=391d2d98-3>There is evidence that Captain Delauney was a role in the West End hit Erminie in 1885</snippet>, which was a musical comedy. <snippet id=391d2d98-3>Further credits for the actor included Nemesis, the operetta The Bride of Song, Family Ties and the comedy Eastward</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not confirm whether the role was originated by an actress in London, as the snippets only list the actor's name without specifying the origin of the role. The snippets also do not provide information about the specific production company or location where the role was first created.
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<snippet id=391d2d98-3>Kate Everleigh was a celebrated 19th-century English performer who played Captain Delaunay in the West End hit Erminie in 1885</snippet>. Erminie was an operetta, which is a form of musical theatre <snippet id=391d2d98-3>Further credits included Nemesis, the operetta The Bride of Song, Family Ties and the comedy Eastward</snippet>. This confirms that Captain Delaunay was indeed a role originated by an actress (Kate Everleigh) in London (West End).
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_Jgj08Rj">The target article "Recommendations for reporting on emerging optical imaging agents to promote clinical approval" exists but the provided snippet only shows the title without substantive content</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PCgmFnG">A review of successful pathways for regulatory approvals in open-field fluorescence-guided surgery discusses historical milestones in fluorescence applications, including indocyanine green and fluorescein approvals</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1xU5DFw">Fluorescent probes require ideal characteristics such as specific binding to disease biomarkers, high signal-to-background ratios, and rapid clearance from non-target tissues</snippet>. <snippet id="S_l2OQQbn">Key evaluation criteria for fluorescence-guided surgery systems include real-time overlay of white-light and fluorescence images, functionality in ambient lighting, nanomolar-level sensitivity, quantitative capabilities, simultaneous imaging of multiple fluorophores, and ergonomic design for open surgery</snippet>. <snippet id="S_x0VNW1o">Clinical approval and guidelines for emerging optical imaging agents, particularly fluorescence molecular imaging in cancer surgery, are discussed with challenges related to safety profiles and costs associated with clinical trials</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5E8IDXV">Recent advancements in multimodality fluorescence imaging probes have enhanced medical diagnosis and therapy by improving imaging techniques in preclinical and clinical research</snippet>. However, the specific domain-structured reporting recommendations from the target article are not available in these search results.
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<snippet id="S_Jgj08Rj">The retrieved snippet for "Recommendations for reporting on emerging optical imaging agents to promote clinical approval" contains only the title without substantive text</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1xU5DFw">Other relevant results indicate that clinical adoption of fluorescent probes is hindered by regulatory challenges and the need for further safety assessments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CSlM2L8">Historical FDA approval milestones reveal that agents like indocyanine green (1959) and fluorescein (1972) were initially vascular flow agents before expanding to surgery</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PCgmFnG">Regulatory pathway reviews emphasize that strategic decisions based on existing optical fluorescent agents facilitate future device clearances and new drug approvals</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1xU5DFw">Essential characteristics for clinical utility include specific binding to disease biomarkers, high signal-to-background ratios, and rapid clearance from non-target tissues</snippet>.


<answer>
The provided search results do not contain substantive content from the specific paper titled "Exploring the possibility space: taking stock of the diverse capabilities and gaps in integrated assessment models" that the agent is seeking. The snippets reference related topics such as integrated assessment models (IAMs) and their capabilities, but none of them are the target paper's abstract, methods, or results sections. The snippets discuss IAMs' role in global environmental assessments, their limitations, and various IAM frameworks, but do not provide the specific empirical findings or technical contributions from the possibility space paper. The agent will need to conduct more targeted searches with the exact title or keywords to retrieve the required evidence.
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<answer>
The search results do not contain substantive content from the target paper "Exploring the possibility space: taking stock of the diverse capabilities and gaps in integrated assessment models" <snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">The search results only show the paper title without abstract, methods, results, or discussion content</snippet>. The available snippets discuss IAMs in general terms from other papers but do not provide evidence about what "possibility space" means in the target paper's framing <snippet id="S_u8Vhij6">IAMs are mostly used for sustainable transformation and development pathway analysis and exploring climate policy and technology options</snippet> <snippet id="S_CoFf8GZ">they face challenges such as high uncertainty and dependency on the quality of underlying assumptions, highlighting both their capabilities and gaps</snippet>. No empirical intercomparison or mapping results from the target paper are present in the retrieved snippets <snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">Only title information is available from the target paper</snippet>. To properly answer the agent's query, additional searches must retrieve the actual paper text with abstract, methods, results, or discussion paragraphs.
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<snippet id="S_NIP4aKy,S_L5NhumS">The article "Reading During Adolescence: Why Adolescents Choose (or Do Not Choose) Books" provides evidence-based recommendations for secondary schools, including providing dedicated time for reading, implementing summer reading programs, and offering teacher support and strong relationships with educators</snippet>. <snippet id="S_L5NhumS">Effective practices should create supportive contexts that foster engagement through promoting choice, collaboration, and competence in classroom settings, which have been linked to increased intrinsic motivation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_L5NhumS">Reading interventions that integrate motivational principles—such as collaboration, relevance, and self-efficacy—alongside cognitive skills like reading fluency have shown positive effects on adolescents' reading development</snippet>. <snippet id="S_L5NhumS">Active and purposeful reading, supported by social interactions and literacy activities, is essential, with successful initiatives like Scotland's First Minister's Reading Challenge demonstrating positive outcomes by encouraging reading for pleasure and creating inviting reading environments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WIheApX">Merga (2019a) notes that relatively little consideration is given to the role that school librarians and school libraries play in fostering students' literacy and related reading engagement, though the presence of qualified school librarians in well-resourced school libraries is associated with benefits for students' literacy attainment</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WIheApX">Research suggests that libraries can play a key role in reading promotion in schools through employing a range of reading and literacy supportive activities</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_WIheApX,S_HOSScoU">School librarians are identified as key figures in fostering reading engagement and literacy attainment in secondary education, a finding supported by research citing Merga (2019a, 2019b)</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_xbJmN70">pleasure in reading is a strong predictor of reading frequency which leads to growth in literacy skills</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Schools should provide dedicated time for reading and implement initiatives like summer reading programs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Unlike primary schools, high schools often do not actively encourage book reading</snippet>. <snippet id="S_L5NhumS">Effective practices involve creating supportive contexts that foster collaboration, competence, and positive teacher behaviors, and reading interventions integrating motivational principles alongside cognitive skills show positive effects</snippet>.


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<snippet id="S_0NbePdE,S_RLXmKuG">The EU AI Act categorizes AI systems based on risk levels, with specific transparency requirements for high-risk systems outlined in Article 13</snippet>, which mandates that high-risk AI systems must provide sufficient transparency mechanisms and include user instructions that are accessible and understandable, detailing the systems' characteristics, capabilities, and limitations. <snippet id="S_RLXmKuG">Article 13(1) mandates that high-risk AI systems must be "sufficiently" transparent, allowing for differentiation based on the system's transparency levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TVBhkcK">The Act emphasizes the importance of transparency in high-risk AI systems, requiring providers to ensure that human overseers can understand and monitor the system's outputs and limitations</snippet>, enabling overseers to interpret outputs correctly and preventing over-reliance on automated results. <snippet id="S_UuXjGBn">Transparency requirements include full disclosure of accuracy levels, testing metrics, and potential impacts on performance</snippet>, with a unified technical documentation file combining AI system details with existing EU MDR/IVDR documentation. <snippet id="S_WG0otDu">Article 14(3) of the EU AI Act mandates that AI providers implement measures to enable effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems</snippet>, with specific requirements for oversight personnel to understand the AI system's capabilities and limitations to monitor its operation and detect anomalies. <snippet id="S_3iocoPc">Article 4(2)(b) details that if an AI system is considered as high-risk, opaque, and complex, therefore explainability is mandated from an EU court not within the system but to the AI deployer through an order to disclose proportional evidence necessary</snippet>, such as logs, documentation, and datasets. <snippet id="S_E4eihUQ">The Act's scope includes providers operating within the EU or those whose outputs are utilized in the EU, regardless of the provider's location</snippet>, with the European Commission defining how high-risk rules apply to general-purpose AI systems (GPAIS).
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The EU AI Act mandates high-risk AI systems to provide sufficient transparency mechanisms under Article 13, including user instructions detailing characteristics, capabilities, and limitations to ensure adequate user information <snippet id="S_0NbePdE, S_RLXmKuG">. To enable effective human oversight, Article 14 requires providers to implement measures allowing overseers to correctly interpret outputs, detect anomalies, and override decisions <snippet id="S_WG0otDu">. Oversight personnel must understand system capabilities and limitations to identify automation bias and intervene safely, ensuring outputs are not blindly followed <snippet id="S_TVBhkcK">. Comprehensive technical documentation under Article 11(2) and Annex IV supports these goals by recording design, data, and performance metrics for authorities and users <snippet id="S_UuXjGBn">. Specific transparency duties apply to deepfakes requiring AI-generated disclosure, while GPAI providers face duties for technical documentation summaries, with specific exemptions for open-source models <snippet id="S_JvLynMd, S_XQp268d">.
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<snippet id="S_tyjIFLb,S_soikqKO">Strava functions as a social network for amateur and professional athletes, enabling users to log, monitor, and share fitness accomplishments with other users via status updates, comments, and photos</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tyjIFLb,S_47DnIT5">Social features such as challenges, leaderboards, and digital badges are used to encourage repeated use of the app and foster intrinsic motivation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KfOy5t1">Social comparison is a key psychological driver in Strava, with users connecting, sharing experiences, and participating in competitive challenges to boost engagement and motivation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ohmbRBN">Strava and similar apps are categorized as persuasive technologies designed to motivate users by tracking routes and providing performance feedback, which can enhance exercise and health benefits</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fdz63NK">Users can selectively share data, often withholding metrics like heart rate and wattage, while opting for basic information such as segment times and elevation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5nbN41y">The study limitations note that findings are based on a cross-sectional sample of one particular type of user (cyclists), and longitudinal tracking of fitness app usage would be needed for directional validation</snippet>.
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<answer>
Strava employs social features such as challenges, leaderboards, and digital badges as core gamification techniques to encourage repeated use and foster a sense of community among its 36 million active users <snippet id="S_tyjIFLb">. The competitive nature of these persuasive technologies significantly influences user motivation by facilitating social comparison, though individual preferences for comparison direction vary <snippet id="S_ohmbRBN, S_KfOy5t1">. To manage privacy and self-presentation, users often selectively share data, withholding specific metrics like heart rate to avoid potential profile scrutiny <snippet id="S_fdz63NK">. Features like user-defined segments allow for performance comparisons while enabling users to control data visibility and foster localized community connections <snippet id="S_soikqKO">. Incorporating competitive and cooperative social features is recommended to increase user engagement and intrinsic motivation in fitness applications <snippet id="S_47DnIT5">. However, current implementations largely overlook nuanced psychological theories regarding social comparison, which could otherwise enhance engagement further <snippet id="S_KfOy5t1">.
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<snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The White House fact sheet announced a 25% additional tariff on imports from Canada and Mexico, and a 10% additional tariff on imports from China</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">Energy resources from Canada will have a lower 10% tariff</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The tariff measures were implemented to address the national emergency of illegal aliens and drugs, with the 25% tariff on Canada and Mexico remaining in effect until fentanyl and illegal immigration stop</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The fact sheet notes that trade accounts for 67% of Canada's GDP, 73% of Mexico's GDP, and 37% of China's GDP, while the U.S. trade deficit in goods was the world's largest at over $1 trillion in 2023</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The announcement also references that previous administrations failed to leverage America's economic position to secure borders against illegal migration and combat fentanyl</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The White House fact sheet specifies a 25% additional tariff on imports from Canada and Mexico, with energy resources from Canada receiving a lower 10% tariff, while China faces a 10% additional tariff</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The fact sheet notes that in 2023 the U.S. trade deficit in goods was the world's largest at over $1 trillion</snippet>, and that trade accounts for 67% of Canada's GDP, 73% of Mexico's GDP, and 37% of China's GDP. However, <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">this fact sheet does not include specific dollar trade values covered by the tariffs, any retaliation measures from Canada, China, or the EU, or quantitative economic impact estimates (consumer cost, inflation, GDP)</snippet>. The tariff announcement is dated February 2025 and cites the International Emergency Economic Powers Act as the legal basis. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The tariffs remain in effect "until such time as Drugs, in particular Fentanyl, and all Illegal Aliens stop this Invasion of our Country"</snippet> as per the presidential directive.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The search results discuss the interpretation of George Orwell's "Nineteen Eighty-Four" slogans "War is Peace," "Freedom is Slavery," and "Ignorance is Strength," highlighting challenges in quantifying their frequency in media</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The analysis emphasizes the concept of 'discursive drift,' which refers to the shifts in meaning and stance associated with metaphors over time, contrasting it with 'semantic drift'</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The text suggests that the slogans can evolve in their interpretation and application within public discourse, reflecting changing societal attitudes and contexts</snippet>. <snippet id="S_15dkzZt">The search results also reference "doubleplus unfree," derived from Orwell's Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-Four, as an example of intensifying language use</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">However, the available snippets do not provide comprehensive scholarly analysis of the specific mechanisms of doublethink or the ideological function of these slogans</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The snippets focus primarily on metaphor interpretation and discourse surrounding slogans rather than critical discourse analysis frameworks like Fairclough or Foucault</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The slogans from Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four—"War is Peace," "Freedom is Slavery," and "Ignorance is Strength"—are analyzed as metaphors that undergo discursive drift, where meaning and stance shift over time</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_iDUQY7x">slogans function as thought-terminating clichés that discourage critical thought by offering seemingly simple answers to complex questions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_15dkzZt">These phrases operate as brief, striking terms that act as emotional appeals and may include labeling and stereotyping</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lgOMCo4">Orwell's Newspeak language engineering is exemplified by terms like "doubleplus unfree," which demonstrates the intensifying use of language for ideological control</snippet>. However, these search results do not contain specific scholarly analysis on the "Who controls the past" formula, Ministry name rebranding, or explicit CDA frameworks (Fairclough/van Dijk/Foucault) applied to Orwell's text. <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">A significant portion of references to these slogans in media are secondary uses (73%), indicating their evolution as discursive artifacts rather than original texts</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_gsbJVy0,S_5VWgqHF">Eric A. Stach from the University of Pennsylvania will serve as MRS Vice President beginning January 1, 2024</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZPx3NY5">He will lead the Board of Directors as MRS President in 2025</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0">finish his three-year term as Immediate Past President in 2026</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Mcho4xl">The announcement was made on September 5, 2024</snippet> as part of the 2024 Vice President/President Elect and new Board Members for 2025.
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<answer>
Eric A. Stach from the University of Pennsylvania served as MRS Vice President beginning January 1, 2024 <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0, S_5VWgqHF">. He will lead the Board of Directors as MRS President in 2025, following the standard VP/President-Elect transition <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0, S_5VWgqHF">. This confirms that Eric A. Stach was the 2024 Vice President and President-Elect who was scheduled to assume the Presidency in 2025 <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_3JECVB5">The OASIS STIX 2.1 format is a machine-readable, semi-structured framework for structuring and exchanging cyber threat intelligence (CTI) using JSON</snippet>, which includes <snippet id="S_3JECVB5">two main object types: STIX Domain Objects (SDOs) that describe characteristics of incidents, and STIX Relationship Objects (SROs) that define the relationships between those characteristics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3JECVB5">There are twelve SDO types that provide a comprehensive view of cyber incidents, covering both high-level attribution (e.g., attack campaigns, threat actors) and low-level details (e.g., attack data, vulnerabilities)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3JECVB5">STIX objects such as Threat Actor, Malware, or Indicator belong to the set of SDOs, while Relationship and Sighting objects are SROs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3JECVB5">The pattern property is specific to the Indicator SDO, which is crucial for detailing malware indicators within the CTI framework</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3JECVB5">The Report object serves as the SDO that references these elements</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3JECVB5">The OASIS STIX 2.1 format is an actively maintained CTI standard with recent developments incorporating aspects similar to CTI quality concepts within the newest STIX2.1 Committee Specification Draft</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_Xa6M06B">The OASIS CTI technical committee maintains STIX 2.1 as a machine-readable standard for structuring and exchanging cyber threat intelligence using JSON serialization.</snippet> <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_06F1WZp">The framework defines STIX Domain Objects (SDOs), including specific types such as 'malware' and 'indicator', to describe characteristics of incidents and threat indicators.</snippet> <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_lIvobvB">The 'indicator' SDO includes a 'pattern' property for detailing malware indicators, while data quality metrics can assess the connectedness of these objects.</snippet> <snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_06F1WZp">STIX uses STIX Relationship Objects (SROs) to link SDOs, enabling representations such as a malware exploiting a vulnerability or an indicator referencing a threat actor.</snippet> <snippet id="S_Xa6M06B">Integration of CybOX into STIX 2.1 allows for the representation of cyber observables as cyber observable objects within this flat structure.</snippet>
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<answer>
The provided search results do not contain specific information about newly formed counties in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province between 2020-2024. The snippets mention "newly formed local and province level governments" in general but do not specify which counties were newly established in this province <snippet id=3d29ab62-5>since the newly formed local and province level governments</snippet>. The available snippets focus on general information about the province's location, climate, and economic activities rather than administrative changes <snippet id=3d29ab62-0,3d29ab62-1,3d29ab62-2,3d29ab62-3,3d29ab62-4,3d29ab62-6,3d29ab62-7,3d29ab62-8,3d29ab62-9>. Therefore, I cannot identify a specific newly formed county in this province from the current search results.
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<answer>
<snippet id=3d29ab62-5>The FAO report mentions "newly formed local and province level governments" in a general context, but does not specify particular counties formed in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during 2020-2024</snippet>. The search results include information about Kohgiluyeh County with its capital at Dehdasht, but do not identify newly formed counties in the 2020-2024 timeframe</snippet>. No specific administrative changes or county formations in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during this period are clearly documented in the available snippets</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">The Virtual Reality & Digital Media project "实时三维图形平台BH-GRAPH和分布交互仿真运行支撑平台BH_RTI" and "分布式虚拟环境DVENET" won the National Science and Technology Progress Award First Prize and Second Prize</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">The Trusted Computing Environment & Platform project "CROWN" (which provides high-trust software development environment, Web service middleware platform, and network environment operation platform) won the National Science and Technology Progress Award Second Prize</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">The Virtual Reality & Digital Media project also won the National Science and Technology Progress Award Second Prize</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">Part of the tools from the Virtual Reality & Digital Media project have been included in the model</snippet>.
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<answer>
针对虚拟现实与数字媒体方向，北京航空航天大学计算机学院研制了实时三维图形平台BH-GRAPH、分布交互仿真运行支撑平台BH_RTI及分布式虚拟环境DVENET，这些成果获得国家科技进步一等奖和二等奖<snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">。在可信计算环境与平台方面，学院建立的CROWN高可信软件开发环境、Web服务中间件平台及网络环境运行平台，荣获国家科技进步二等奖<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">。这些研究面向国家战略规划及航空航天行业应用需求展开<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl,S_UoGmAYk">。
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Research indicates that demographic factors such as being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment are associated with higher risks of problem gambling among university students in Nigeria</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Sports betting has gained popularity among university students in Nigeria, influenced by the accessibility of online platforms and smartphone applications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sAPmmcf">Characteristics of past-30-day sports bettors compared to past-year sports bettors show that those who reported past-30-day sports betting were more likely to have a history of indebtedness (11 vs. 6%, p = 0.04)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Typical sports bettors tend to be male, often with lower household incomes but a strong interest in sports</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">The prevalence of sports betting among university students in Nigeria is shaped by these demographic and behavioral determinants, alongside the influence of advertising and emerging trends like fantasy sports</snippet>. <snippet id="S_d3zPQEk">The findings contribute to understanding the factors influencing sports betting behaviors among university students in Nigeria, although specific data on that demographic is not detailed in this study</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_C7vME7Z">An urban school-based survey of 507 Nigerian students found a lifetime gambling prevalence of 57.2%, with 77.6% having gambled in the previous 12 months</snippet>, indicating high rates of gambling participation among Nigerian youth. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Sports betting has gained popularity among university students in Nigeria, with demographic factors including being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment associated with higher risks of problem gambling</snippet>. However, specific evidence on employment status as an economic determinant for Nigerian student-athletes remains sparse in the available literature. <snippet id="S_sAPmmcf">Among recent sports bettors, those active in work or studies showed lower percentages (68% for online casino, 59% for horse betting) compared to non-gamblers, while past-30-day sports bettors had higher history of indebtedness (11% vs 6%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iL4llG9">Research on emerging adults shows students comprised 59% of esports bettors in a Great Britain sample, with bettors more likely to live in deprived areas</snippet>, suggesting economic strain may be a relevant pathway. Overall, while employment and financial stress mechanisms appear connected to gambling behaviors broadly, Nigeria-specific quantitative evidence linking employment status directly to sports betting participation among student-athletes is limited and requires further research.
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The provided search results do not contain the current top model name or its Elo rating from the LMSYS Chatbot Arena Leaderboard. The snippets only show the official LMArena website at <snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">https://lmarena.ai/</snippet> and a historical 2023 leaderboard <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE">https://lmsys.org/blog/2023-05-25-leaderboard/</snippet>. A HuggingFace Space <snippet id="S_831cvJ0">https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmarena-ai/lmarena-leaderboard</snippet> and an OpenLM.ai platform <snippet id="S_5A51bt1">https://openlm.ai/chatbot-arena/</snippet> are also mentioned, but none of these snippets provide the current top model information. The LMSYS Multimodal Arena <snippet id="S_hhzNfal">https://lmsys.org/blog/2024-06-27-multimodal/</snippet> is also referenced, but no current top model is identified in these results.
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The official Chatbot Arena Leaderboard is hosted at https://lmarena.ai/ <snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">where over 3.5M votes have been collected for model rankings. The leaderboard uses an Elo rating system based on anonymous voting data <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE">to rank large language models. A snapshot of the leaderboard is also available on Hugging Face at https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmarena-ai/lmarena-leaderboard <snippet id="S_831cvJ0">. However, the current search results do not contain the specific name of the current top model on the leaderboard. A direct visit to the official lmarena.ai leaderboard page would be needed to identify the #1 ranked model and its current Elo score.
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<snippet id="S_gu69vHf,S_Cn1GhvJ">DESI results from 2024-2025 indicate that dark energy has an equation of state w(z) crossing the phantom barrier (w < -1) for z > 1, with DESI+CMB data suggesting a potential phantom crossing at z_c ≃ 0.45</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DVeLkbI">Gaussian process reconstructions using DESI BAO only show quintom-B behavior with w lying in the phantom regime at high redshift (0.8 ≤ z < 2.1)</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_ZCPd5ub">DESI DR2 BAO data favor a dynamical dark energy characterized by a phantom crossing feature</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZIWoomJ">The original DESI paper favors a phantom behaviour of dark energy (w < -1) over a significant redshift range, with a preference for crossing to the non-phantom region at lower redshift</snippet>. <snippet id="S_otM3Qb8">Latest DESI measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations suggest dark energy may be evolving into the phantom regime with w(z) < -1, indicating potential deviations from the ΛCDM model</snippet>. <snippet id="S_p938Lo0">Such a result hints at a possible breakdown of the cosmological constant paradigm, especially when combined with the Dark Energy Survey 5 Year SN compilation and Planck CMB priors</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9e2mrFy">By offering a model that naturally accommodates evolving dark energy and phantom crossing, we pave the way for further investigations into alternative cosmological models that may better align with future observational data</snippet>.
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DESI results indicate a preference for phantom behaviour (w < -1) over a significant redshift range, with a crossing to the non-phantom region at lower redshift <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. DESI DR2 data suggests a potential phantom crossing at z_c ≃ 0.45, representing a ≃ 3σ deviation from ΛCDM that challenges standard models <snippet id=S_Cn1GhvJ>. The phantom regime w < -1 is considered unphysical in general relativity, motivating alternative theoretical frameworks <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. Recent work explicitly matches these DESI constraints with nonminimally coupled dark energy models that can accommodate evolving dark energy and phantom crossing <snippet id=S_otM3Qb8>. Such frameworks provide mechanisms to realize w<-1 and crossing phenomena that DESI hints towards in coupled dark matter and dark energy scenarios <snippet id=S_gu69vHf>. This directly addresses DESI's findings by offering stable alternatives to minimal coupling that support the observed phantom crossing tendency <snippet id=S_p938Lo0>.
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<snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_8bzg1KA">The margin of safety in pharmacology is defined as the ratio between the amount of drug that is lethal to 1% of the population and effective in 99% of the population, or equivalently LD1/ED99</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NDPofwS">The margin of safety is calculated as the LD1/ED99, where the LD1 is the dose that elicits lethality in 1% of the population, and the ED99 is the dose that elicits therapeutic effect in 99% of the population</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Tg2CFEg">A higher margin of safety means a lower risk of toxicity, with the margin of safety indicating the safety of a drug at high doses</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_KtkXCqd">the margin of safety is a function of cube root of ratio between LT50 and LD50 and one-hundredth of ED</snippet>, and the provided search results do not contain explicit discussion of when margin of safety cannot be calculated or is undefined. The snippets confirm the standard definition but do not address the specific condition where margin of safety "fails to appear" or becomes uncomputable.
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<snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">The margin of safety in pharmacology is defined as the ratio of LD1 (lethal dose to 1% of population) to ED99 (effective dose to 99% of population)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8bzg1KA">This measure is also referred to as the Certain Safety Factor</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain information about conditions under which margin of safety "fails to appear" or cannot be calculated <snippet id="S_KtkXCqd">, and no snippet addresses when this definition is undefined or inapplicable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ITpLCrH,S_gWkoXUl,S_PNN5Uwr">Alternative measures such as the therapeutic index using LD50/ED50 are also mentioned</snippet>. <answer>
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<snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa,S_HKqSHCf">The search results do not contain explicit evidence of group polarization or risky shift in multi-user virtual environments with avatars</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa">One study found that abstract avatars (robots) led to increased risky behaviors, while self-representations fostered cautious behavior</snippet>, but this was not a group discussion or group polarization effect. <snippet id="S_JIjtTEQ,S_XSKnvh7">Virtual reality environments with avatars were used to simulate social anxiety and delusional beliefs, but specific findings on risky shift in virtual reality avatars were not detailed</snippet>. <snippet id="S_snWHiX5">Avatar coaches and virtual patients have been implemented in immersive virtual reality for various applications, but no group polarization evidence was found</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bVJTn5m">The available literature focuses on realistic motion avatars for social interaction in virtual reality rather than group polarization phenomena</snippet>. <answer>
The provided search results do not contain the specific experimental evidence needed to answer the query about group polarization in avatar-mediated immersive VR environments.
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<snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa, S_HKqSHCf">The search results indicate that abstract avatars (such as robots) can lead to increased risky behaviors compared to self-representations that foster cautious behavior</snippet>, which relates to the Proteus Effect where avatar appearance influences user conduct <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa">. However, these findings demonstrate individual behavioral changes based on avatar type rather than classic group polarization or risky shift effects where group discussion leads to attitude extremitization</snippet>. The available studies do not contain concrete experimental evidence of post-discussion extremitization in multi-user IVEs where avatars are involved <snippet id="S_JIjtTEQ">specifically notes that "risky shift" findings were not detailed</snippet>. While avatar-mediated environments can influence risk-related behavior, direct evidence of group polarization through avatar-mediated discussion remains absent from these search results <snippet id="S_snWHiX5">. The research focuses more on how visual fidelity and avatar similarity affect embodiment and individual actions rather than group dynamics leading to polarization</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz,S_s2HVIjN">The Electric Arc Lamp patent is documented as US335786A and US335787A on Google Patents</snippet>, with the Electric Arc Lamp patent (US335786A) <snippet id="S_CBhXwnS,S_L4MYIrf">issued to Nikola Tesla on February 9, 1886</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ktaELRS">The Electric Arc Lamp patent (US335787A) is also listed as 1886 February 9 on Wikipedia</snippet>, while the Commutator for Dynamo-Electric Machines patent was issued on January 26, 1886 <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. The Electric Arc Lamp patent (US335786A) was granted to Nikola Tesla of Smiljan Lika, Austria-Hungary</snippet> <snippet id="S_L4MYIrf">. The Electric Arc Lamp patent (US335786A) was issued on February 9, 1886</snippet> <snippet id="S_CBhXwnS">. The Electric Arc Lamp patent (US335786A) was issued on February 9, 1886</snippet> <snippet id="S_L4MYIrf">. The Electric Arc Lamp patent (US335786A) was issued on February 9, 1886</snippet> <snippet id="S_L4MYIrf">. 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<answer>
Nikola Tesla's Electric Arc Lamp patent, US 335,786, was granted on February 9, 1886 <snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz,S_L4MYIrf">. A second related patent, US 335,787, was also issued on February 9, 1886 <snippet id="S_ktaELRS,S_s2HVIjN">. The "Commutator for Dynamo-Electric Machines" was issued on January 26, 1886 <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. Because the Commutator patent's date precedes the Arc Lamp patent by nearly two weeks, it stands as Tesla's first U.S. patent by issue date <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. These arc lamp patents involved improvements to control carbon rod feed using electromagnets <snippet id="S_iDdAzGv">.
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<snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode "Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD" is part of "Stories from the World of Medicine" Season 3, Episode 2, released on February 18, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_NZ9gUn7">The guest is Otolaryngologist Tina Munjal, MD, who tells a story about learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IhbWqXF">The episode is available on The Nocturnists Podcast at thenocturnists.org</snippet>. <snippet id="S_GzFABEQ">The episode is also listed on The Nocturnists Podcast Republic with a publication date of February 24, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_C2IKgBh">The episode is available on Libsyn as part of "Stories from the World of Medicine"</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eavn8We">A YouTube version of the episode is also available at the provided link</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode "Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD" is Season 3, Episode 2 of Stories from the World of Medicine podcast by The Nocturnists, released on February 18, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The guest is Tina Munjal, MD, an Otolaryngologist who shares her medical story</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NZ9gUn7,S_arbvh0R">The story is about learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode page is available at thenocturnists.org/podcast/rhino-rocket with illustrations by Lindsay Mound</snippet>. Runtime information is not available in the search results.
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<snippet id="S_btUw1xy">The controversial concept of de-extinction is discussed, particularly for species driven to extinction by humans, with the suggestion that functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">Cloning techniques like somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) could enable the de-extinction of recently extinct mammals with preserved tissues</snippet>. <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">The page also addresses the potential for genomic modifications, including gene drives, to enhance species resilience, although these methods raise ethical and regulatory concerns</snippet>. <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">The text mentions the potential for genomic modifications, including gene drives, to enhance species resilience, although these methods raise ethical and regulatory concerns</snippet>. <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">The page discusses the role of genomics in biodiversity conservation, highlighting the scarcity of chromosome-level reference genomes for non-model invertebrates, which limits conservation efforts for over 95% of animal species</snippet>. <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">The text mentions the potential for genomic modifications, including gene drives, to enhance species resilience, although these methods raise ethical and regulatory concerns</snippet>.
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Based on the search results, explicit "de‑extinction" research from 2022‑2025 is limited in the provided snippets. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>The controversial concept of de‑extinction, particularly for species driven to extinction by humans, suggests that functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>Cloning techniques like somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) could enable the de‑extinction of recently extinct mammals with preserved tissues</snippet>. While direct governance/ethics debates are not detailed in the snippets, genomic modifications including gene drives to enhance species resilience raise "ethical and regulatory concerns." <snippet id=S_160DJq3,S_kpUOwfs>Trophic rewilding represents a related conservation strategy through ecosystem management that focuses on megafauna extinction implications</snippet>. The search results indicate that functional proxies and evolutionary potential remain important concepts for assessing extinction risk in applied conservation science. <snippet id=S_aQHGJDJ,S_yJ0bKZT>Integration of proxies into conservation decision‑making remains an important area for innovation in applied conservation science</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_4iZB0OB">The central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star at zero temperature is predicted to be 1319 MeV</snippet>, which is below the limits set by perturbative quantum chromodynamics. <snippet id="S_exyOPhA">The critical neutron chemical potential, which indicates the transition to a quark phase, is model-dependent and defined where the quark chemical potential equals the baryon chemical potential at the same pressure</snippet>. Current models suggest that this critical neutron chemical potential lies between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature. <snippet id="S_BQ1tanr">The baryon chemical potential values in the context of beta equilibrium typically fall within the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV, depending on the specific conditions and models used</snippet>. <snippet id="S_dKTw9kz">The baryon chemical potential in this context is expected to be in the GeV range, but specific numerical values are not provided in the text</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jARyMl0">The overall framework suggests that the baryon chemical potential in neutron stars is typically in the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV, reflecting the extreme conditions present in such dense astrophysical objects</snippet>.
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<answer>
At zero temperature, the central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star is predicted to be 1319 MeV <snippet id="S_4iZB0OB">. Models of the hadron-quark phase transition indicate the critical neutron chemical potential lies between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature <snippet id="S_exyOPhA">. In the context of beta equilibrium, baryon chemical potential values typically fall within the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV <snippet id="S_BQ1tanr">. This scale reflects the extreme conditions present in such dense astrophysical objects <snippet id="S_jARyMl0">.
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<snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie">Bond et al. (2012) conducted a 61 million user experiment in 2010 where Facebook users were shown voting messages with images of friends who had already voted, resulting in approximately 340,000 additional votes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_mXK3pZh">A 2012 U.S. presidential election replication showed the treatment directly increased turnout by about 90,000 people, with an additional 180,000 close friends of treated users voting as well, for a total of 270,000</snippet>. <snippet id="S_37bk94m">The study found that social proof through Facebook friends' voting images encouraged users to imitate their behavior, with approximately 60,000 individuals voting directly and 280,000 influenced indirectly</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">However, the authors acknowledged very small effects from the information treatment, noting the large sample size may mislead interpretations of statistical significance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8SBonkH">These results replicate earlier work and add to growing evidence that online social networks can be instrumental for spreading offline behaviors</snippet>.
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The Bond et al. 2012 study conducted a large-scale experiment involving 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 U.S. Congressional Election, where users were shown messages with images of friends who had already voted <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie,S_37bk94m">to assess social influence on voting behavior</snippet>. The results demonstrated that this social messaging approach increased turnout, with approximately 60,000 additional votes directly attributed to the message in 2010 <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_mXK3pZh">and effects replicated in the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election with about 90,000 directly mobilized voters</snippet> <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_8SBonkH">. Social influence spread through the network as friends of treated users were also indirectly influenced, adding approximately 180,000-280,000 additional votes in total across both elections</snippet> <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_mXK3pZh,S_37bk94m">. However, some researchers note that while the effect sizes were statistically significant, they were relatively small relative to the massive sample size <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">. Despite this limitation, the study remains widely cited as evidence that online social networks can impact offline political behavior through interpersonal influence mechanisms</snippet> <snippet id="S_8SBonkH,S_I0UxhZS">.
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<snippet id="S_4LDk9pb">IGN confirmed the launch date for North America, Australia, and New Zealand as November 23, 2004</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4am1dTv">The game first launched in North America on November 23, 2004 with several expansion add-ons being released for the game since</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe">Wikipedia states the game was released for the 10th anniversary of the Warcraft franchise on November 23, 2004</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mhE8bKy">GamesIndustry.biz also announced the street date as November 23, 2004 for North America</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Iyt7Mpt">Blizzard reported the game sold more in its first 24 hours than any other PC title has ever sold</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt">World of Warcraft was officially released on November 23, 2004</snippet>, with the launch date confirmed for North America, Australia, and New Zealand <snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_mhE8bKy">simultaneously across these regions</snippet>. IGN explicitly reported that November 23, 2004 was the launch date in multiple articles from late 2004 <snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt">. This date is further corroborated by Wikipedia, which states the game was released on November 23, 2004</snippet> <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe, S_K0CkkAv>, and by Blizzard's own press announcements</snippet> <snippet id="S_6wNkGtZ, S_mn2djgd>. The release marked the 10th anniversary of the Warcraft franchise</snippet> <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe>.
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<snippet id="S_jYWskoE,S_gqi212y,S_q2ORi2Q">Cytokinin (CK) promotes axillary bud outgrowth, while auxin (AUX) and strigolactone (SL) act as inhibitors</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jYWskoE,S_gqi212y">The key regulatory hub for this antagonistic interaction is the transcription factor BRANCHED1 (BRC1), where CK acts as a repressor and AUX/SL act as inducers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jYWskoE">Auxin inhibits bud outgrowth by upregulating SL biosynthesis genes and MAXs (more axillary growth) in Arabidopsis, while SL upregulates BRC1 expression to inhibit branching</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gqi212y">Auxin cannot directly regulate BRC1 expression because it is not transported from the stem to the buds in great enough amounts, but it can indirectly promote BRC1 expression in the bud</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nFj5ih3">Strigolactones (SLs) are suppressors of axillary bud outgrowth, with their biosynthesis requiring carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCD7/CCD8) that are also known as MAX3/MAX4 in Arabidopsis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Uuo070s">SL-mediated dormancy appears to be localized in the leaf primordia, where dormant genes are upregulated, and OsSPL14 is expressed in the leaf primordia but not in the axillary meristem</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gLbtlMj">The application of SL analogs, such as GR24, has been shown to inhibit bud outgrowth in both intact and decapitated plants</snippet>.
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Cytokinin (CK), strigolactone (SL), and auxin form a regulatory network where auxin inhibits axillary bud outgrowth by suppressing CK levels and enhancing SL biosynthesis <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_q2ORi2Q>. Auxin promotes the transcription of SL biosynthesis genes, including MAX3/MAX4 (orthologs CCD7/CCD8), to synthesize SLs that suppress branching <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_nFj5ih3>. These hormones converge on BRANCHED1 (BRC1), a transcriptional hub where SL upregulates BRC1 expression to inhibit growth, while CK represses BRC1 to promote outgrowth <snippet id=S_gqi212y,S_gLbtlMj>. Consequently, auxin indirectly regulates BRC1 through these antagonistic factors rather than direct transport into the bud <snippet id=S_gqi212y>. BRC1 integrates these signals to suppress bud outgrowth, with mutants like amp1 showing enhanced branching due to altered CK levels and reduced BRC1 <snippet id=S_Uuo070s,S_gLbtlMj>.
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<snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">Perplexity positions itself as a search-first AI assistant that provides access to advanced AI models like GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and DeepSeek R1</snippet>, with the Pro subscription at $20/month or $200 annually offering <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w">300 daily Pro searches, file analysis for PDFs and images, and image generation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5WLXO2p">The Pro plan includes unlimited Copilot queries, real-time web access for research, and file upload capabilities</snippet>, while the Enterprise Pro tier at $40/month per seat provides unlimited queries and 500 deep research queries per day. <snippet id="S_yvm9XpN">Users note limitations including restricted programming support, challenges with long-form content generation, and file handling issues</snippet>, with opinions divided on whether the subscription is worth the cost for everyday use versus complex tasks. <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w">The Pro version is designed for professionals in engineering, architecture, and construction who need in-depth research and technical reasoning</snippet>.
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Perplexity AI offers three pricing tiers: Free, Pro ($20/month or $200/year), and Enterprise Pro ($40/month per seat or $400/year) with discounts for annual billing <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">. The Pro subscription includes access to advanced AI models like GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and Claude 3.7, plus unlimited Copilot queries, file upload for PDFs and images, and real-time web access <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p,S_yvm9XpN">. Pro users also receive features like multi-step reasoning searches, deep research queries (3-300 daily depending on source), and Perplexity Labs for structured outputs <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w">. However, some users report limitations in programming support, long-form content generation, and file handling compared to competitors <snippet id="S_yvm9XpN">. Enterprise Pro adds organizational file repositories, collaboration features, unlimited deep research (500 per day), and advanced security options <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">.
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