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<snippet id="S_krnNJsl">Digital health equity training for healthcare professionals is recognized as essential, particularly in the context of telehealth and telerehabilitation for musculoskeletal conditions</snippet>, with the Association of American Medical Colleges reporting that 60% of surveyed medical schools included telemedicine in their curricula. <snippet id="S_ow0RlxD">Telehealth has the potential to reduce healthcare access gaps for isolated and rural populations, but it may inadvertently exacerbate disparities for those who would benefit most due to existing barriers</snippet>, including socioeconomic gaps, cultural barriers, and digital literacy limitations. <snippet id="S_rBaa6iD">Health providers may lack training and competencies in consideration of digital health equity as well as the cultural humility to understand how their patients and communities may experience or interact with technology</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrMxYXW">Structured, evidence-based training for healthcare professionals to ensure competency in delivering telehealth services should be integrated into pre-registration qualifications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DUMUv4Q">The emerging role of digital navigators—individuals trained to assist healthcare teams in implementing digital health technologies—requires specific competencies in digital health</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ChDg9cS">Training healthcare providers to understand the social determinants of health is essential for tailoring telemedicine services to meet the specific needs of patients</snippet>. <snippet id="S_b61oqd3">Addressing disparities in access to digital health technologies requires ongoing investment in broadband and telehealth access, as well as efforts to enhance digital literacy among healthcare professionals and patients</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_rBaa6iD>Providers may lack training and competencies in consideration of digital health equity and cultural humility</snippet>, while <snippet id=S_paP0n66,S_ChDg9cS>health policies must strengthen telehealth training to accommodate language barriers, cultural considerations, and varying levels of digital literacy</snippet>. <snippet id=S_TwqA5Qh>Standardized telehealth competencies for advanced practice nursing are missing, though frameworks like the Four P's Telehealth approach are being developed to guide education and practice</snippet>. <snippet id=S_VrMxYXW>Digital health training should be integrated into pre-registration qualifications to prepare graduates for telehealth roles</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DUMUv4Q>Emerging roles like digital navigators require specific training and certification to support clinical teams with technology integration</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">A greenhouse experiment studied mepiquat chloride application to cotton seeds at five doses (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 g kg⁻¹ seed) on the cultivar FM 993</snippet>, where the application decreased shoot length but had no significant effect on dry matter production, root length, shoot:root ratio, or leaf area:root length ratio <snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">. The study concluded that the application of MC to cotton seeds is not expected to have a deleterious effect on plant water acquisition</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hyBY58K">Mepiquat chloride is effective in controlling excessive cotton growth, significantly reducing plant height and node number in relation to its application rate, up to 45 g ha⁻¹</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7sCukyL">MC is commonly used in China's cotton belt and worldwide to improve fiber quality and seed yields</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hyBY58K">Multiple applications of MC are commonly employed to manage cotton growth, starting when the first bud reaches a diameter of 3 mm, typically 6 to 10 days after bud formation begins</snippet>. <snippet id="S_H2pBJjb">There are differences among cotton cultivars regarding their sensitivity to mepiquat chloride, with the earliest cultivars being the most sensitive</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">Mepiquat chloride (MC) has been studied as a cotton seed treatment, with greenhouse experiments applying doses of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 g kg -1 seed</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">The application of MC to cotton seeds decreased shoot length but had no significant effect on dry matter production, root length, shoot:root ratio or leaf area: root length ratio</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">Thus, the application of MC to cotton seeds is not expected to have a deleterious effect on plant water acquisition</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7sCukyL">MC is commonly used worldwide as a growth regulator to improve fiber quality and seed yields</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hyBY58K">For foliar applications, MC is effective at reducing plant height up to 45 g ha −1</snippet>, though seed treatment studies used much lower rates (up to 12 g per kg seed). <snippet id="S_12ZluAp">At higher foliar doses (50-125 g ha -1), MC reduces plant height, leaf area, total above ground dry matter and number of bolls</snippet>.
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<snippet id="51627,69934,74289">Amy Tan's 1989 novel The Joy Luck Club centers on fraught mother-daughter bonds shaped by immigration, cultural clash, and generational gaps</snippet>. <snippet id="51627,69934,74289">The narrative weaves sixteen interlocking stories about four Chinese immigrant mothers and their American-born daughters</snippet>. <snippet id="51627,69934,74289">Central themes include trauma, sacrifice, unmet expectations, and the conflict between Chinese tradition versus American individualism</snippet>. <snippet id="51627">Key motifs include inherited identity, maternal sacrifice, and language/expectation conflicts</snippet>. <snippet id="69934,74289">The novel moves toward reconciliation through communication, empathy, and revisiting pasts such as June's trip to China</snippet>.
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<snippet id="51627,69934,74289">Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club is a 1989 novel that centers on fraught mother‑daughter bonds shaped by immigration, cultural clash, and generational gaps</snippet>. <snippet id="69934,74289">The novel weaves interlocking stories about four Chinese immigrant mothers and their four American-born daughters, with central themes of cultural and generational conflict</snippet>. <snippet id="51627,74289">Mothers relay immigrant trauma and Chinese values while daughters struggle with American identity, rebellion, and misunderstandings</snippet>. <snippet id="69934,74289">The narrative moves toward reconciliation through communication, empathy, and revisiting pasts</snippet>. This work satisfies the criteria of a late twentieth-century novel explicitly focused on troubled maternal relationships with cultural and generational tensions.
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<snippet id="S_iTfCBaw">Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) provides less biased cellular coverage and can be applied to archived frozen specimens, with nuclear proportion of total cellular mRNA varying from 20% to over 50% for large and small pyramidal neurons</snippet>. <snippet id="S_386ZR9h">High-throughput snRNA-seq analysis of adult mouse brain revealed 4,998 discrete clusters, predominantly neuronal (97%), with minimal batch effects across 92 anatomical locations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KNwlTux">scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq are advanced techniques used to study the transcriptomic landscape of the brain, including the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, particularly in the context of psychiatric disorders</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sBVDz14">Single-nucleus transcriptomics of the prefrontal cortex in major depressive disorder implicates oligodendrocyte precursor cells and excitatory neurons, with gene expression changes in these two cell types</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EVwyDNd">scRNA-seq has been performed on FAC-sorted cells from the medial prefrontal cortex of wild-type mice at postnatal day 5 to capture around 5,000 cells per genotype</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gAMV8ZR">The Allen Brain Institute generated human adult snRNA-seq data from the medial temporal gyrus and primary motor cortex, though these are human rather than mouse</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hu2Og7m">Rodent models for psychiatric disorders emphasize the importance of single-cell RNA sequencing to investigate the molecular basis of psychiatric disorders, with publicly available datasets and cell atlases for validation</snippet>. However, the current search results do not contain specific scRNA-seq evidence on ketamine or SSRI-induced transcriptional changes in mouse prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.
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<snippet id="S_iTfCBaw,S_386ZR9h,S_hu2Og7m">The provided search results do not contain scRNA-seq evidence on cell-type-specific transcriptional changes in mouse brain regions after antidepressant administration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iTfCBaw">While some snippets compare snRNA-seq and scRNA-seq methodologies in mouse cortex, they do not include antidepressant treatment data</snippet>. <snippet id="S_386ZR9h">One study profiles 4,388,420 nuclei across 92 mouse brain locations but only mentions ketamine as a potential substance of interest without providing actual treatment results</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hu2Og7m">Another snippet discusses rodent models for psychiatric disorders and mentions scRNA-seq as a tool, but provides no specific ketamine or SSRI transcriptional findings</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sBVDz14">Human MDD post-mortem snRNA-seq data is presented instead of mouse antidepressant intervention studies</snippet>. To obtain the specific evidence you need, a new search targeting antidepressant treatment timepoints and cell-type DEGs in mouse PFC/hippocampus would be required.
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<snippet id="S_vKl66cs,S_t1UFtY4">The Netherlands has implemented a governmentwide circular economy programme aiming for a fully circular economy by 2050, with a target of achieving at least 50% circularity in the building and construction sector by 2030</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vKl66cs">The 2010 'crisis and recovery act' allows temporary use of buildings and sites regardless of their pre-designated functions, incorporating consideration of cultural history into land use plans</snippet>. <snippet id="S_t1UFtY4">The economic recession from 2008 to 2014 prompted a shift from state funding for cultural heritage to private and civic investments, impacting the heritage sector negatively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kl9jhfa">Private ownership in projects increased from 45% to 89%, with public funding and subsidies accounting for 52% of financial instruments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0hvikSw">Adaptive reuse is widely recognised as a driver for circularity by helping to reduce raw material use, energy consumption, waste, and environmental costs while curbing air pollutants and carbon emissions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZEzeufE">In Amsterdam, the Westergasfabriek has been transformed into a recreational space featuring aquatic displays and a new community square, while in Rotterdam, the Van Nelle Fabriek has been converted into an office space</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R69NOII">However, there is a noted disconnect between the preservation of cultural values and the perceived importance of circularity performance in conservation interventions, indicating a limited understanding of the circularity framework among stakeholders</snippet>. <snippet id="S_GM3wBvb">The architectural heritage sector is increasingly focused on adaptive reuse, which involves modifying historical buildings to suit new functions and requirements, preserving cultural heritage while reducing urban sprawl</snippet>.
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In the Netherlands, <snippet id="S_vKl66cs,S_t1UFtY4">community-led adaptive reuse is supported by policies such as the 2010 'crisis and recovery act' that reposition local authorities as facilitators</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_R69NOII">public engagement rates reached 65% of cases following the 2016 'heritage act'</snippet>. Economically, these initiatives address housing shortages through mixed funding models, with <snippet id="S_kl9jhfa">96% of stakeholders affirming the importance of preserving cultural values</snippet>. Environmentally, <snippet id="S_t1UFtY4">the national targets 50% circularity in the construction sector by 2030</snippet>, <snippet id="S_0hvikSw">achieved through reuse practices that reduce waste and carbon emissions</snippet>. Socially, <snippet id="S_ZEzeufE">projects like Amsterdam's Westergasfabriek transform heritage into spaces enhancing community wellbeing</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_R69NOII">current circularity performance often neglects broader socio-economic factors</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_Q6ina6d">The ARCS model has been applied in blended teaching methodologies using the Instructional Material Motivation Survey (IMMS) with 36 questions to measure students' motivation in online environments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Q6ina6d">This study involved a cohort of seventy-five undergraduate students from different program majors in a six-week mandatory IT in Business course</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Q6ina6d">The research found that ARCS-based blended teaching methodologies enhanced and/or sustained students' motivation and kept the subject interesting in an online setting</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hX0trSo">In nursing education, blended learning interventions have been shown to enhance nursing students' autonomous motivation and perceived competence</snippet>. <snippet id="S_N6iFqRQ">A study of senior nursing students in South Korea used motivation as a variable of analysis in online learning contexts</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sojw4wD">Blended learning combined with flipped classrooms allows nursing students to become self-directed autonomous learners, thus enhancing nursing competencies effectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Nv2DGCg">Nursing students' motivation regulation strategies in blended learning have been studied through qualitative insights into their experiences</snippet>.
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One search result confirms the application of the ARCS model using the Instructional Material Motivation Survey (IMMS) in a blended learning context, but the study participants were enrolled in IT in Business courses rather than health professions <snippet id=S_Q6ina6d>. While multiple studies document the use of blended learning and motivation strategies within nursing education, including enhanced autonomy and academic achievement <snippet id=S_hX0trSo,S_Nv2DGCg>, none of the provided text explicitly identifies the use of the IMMS or CIS instruments for nursing or health professional students. Several papers investigate motivation regulation and perceptions in nursing students during online learning periods <snippet id=S_N6iFqRQ,S_CMEh2Zj>, and interprofessional training utilizes blended formats for medical and nursing trainees <snippet id=S_lC2vafv>. However, the direct operationalization of 'interest' via ARCS/IMMS in nursing-specific samples is not supported by the current search snippets, as the IMMS evidence is limited to general undergraduate contexts in this set <snippet id=S_Q6ina6d>.
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<snippet id="S_aUWw0r7">Knowledge graphs have emerged as a powerful tool for capturing and representing complex relationships within large datasets, including electronic health records (EHRs)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aUWw0r7">In this study, the MIMIC III dataset was mapped to an ontology using text refinement and Protege, then converted to a knowledge graph using GraphDB</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7vrGXF4">The implementation of an EHR knowledge graph using the MIMIC III dataset and GraphDB reduces query execution time to less than 0.15 s</snippet>. <snippet id="S_H6H06tT">The EHR knowledge graph has the potential to revolutionize decision-making in healthcare settings, leading to more efficient and effective patient care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6tLta3F">This approach addresses key research gaps and contributes to a more scalable, interoperable, and clinically valid approach to knowledge graph development</snippet>. However, these snippets do not specifically detail semantic data dictionary frameworks or linked codebook implementations for medical measurements.
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<snippet id="S_aUWw0r7,S_6tLta3F">Knowledge graph implementations have been developed for EHR data, including mapping datasets like MIMIC III to ontologies using Protege and creating knowledge graphs using GraphDB via RDF mapping procedures</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_aUWw0r7,S_6tLta3F">these approaches described involve materializing knowledge graphs rather than virtual/ontology-based data access (OBDA) where relational data is accessed through mappings without materialization</snippet>. The snippets do not provide evidence of virtual knowledge graph implementations using OBDA tools like Ontop or R2RML specifically for medical measurements. <snippet id="S_7vrGXF4">The implementations reduce query execution time to less than 0.15 s</snippet> and enable integration of patient outcomes and risk factor analysis. <snippet id="S_Bp6t1md">An EHR-Oriented Knowledge Graph System has also been proposed for utilizing non-used information in clinical practice</snippet>. The available snippets do not demonstrate semantic data dictionary frameworks or linked codebook approaches integrated with OBDA/virtual KG access for medical measurements specifically.
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<snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">Precipitation is the most commonly used method for extracting metals after leaching in hydrometallurgical recycling, though it can result in co-precipitation of lithium causing total losses up to 30%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">Solvent extraction (SX) is highly effective, reducing losses to 3% per extraction stage and reducing overall lithium losses to 15%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I12FLcH">Selective solvent extraction is widely used, where immiscible organic extractants transfer targeted metals, and cobalt and lithium can be sequentially precipitated using ammonium oxalate and sodium carbonate solutions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MqwIWhe">The precipitation of lithium from pregnant leaching liquors gained from spent lithium-ion batteries is typically done with sodium carbonate, with alternative agents like sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate also investigated</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aewi150">Nanofiltration membranes can facilitate the separation of lithium from multivalent transition metal cations in battery leachates, improving lithium yield and reducing acid production by minimizing the number of ion exchange stages needed</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cFB3tdS">Hydrometallurgical recycling offers advantages like lower energy requirements, higher recovery rates, and improved purity of recovered materials compared to pyrometallurgy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZrllGPw">Hydrometallurgy is more suitable for recycling spent LIBs with single chemical composition, and its equipment investment cost is low, suitable for the recycling of small-and medium-scale spent lithium batteries</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">Precipitation as lithium carbonate is currently the most commonly used method to recover lithium after hydrometallurgical leaching of LIBs, but it can cause total lithium losses up to 30% due to co-precipitation with other metals</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">solvent extraction methods are highly effective at reducing lithium losses to 15% overall by selectively removing elements like Co, Ni, Al, and Mn before lithium precipitation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I12FLcH">Selective solvent extraction using immiscible organic extractants is widely employed, where metals like nickel, manganese, cobalt, and lithium can be sequentially separated using reagents such as dimethylglyoxime, D2EHPA, ammonium oxalate, and sodium carbonate</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MqwIWhe">Recent research compares classic sodium carbonate precipitation with alternative agents like sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate, investigating temperature and stoichiometric factors to improve efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aewi150">Ion exchange technology presents significant challenges including high energy consumption and acid waste production, contributing to only 6% of batteries being recycled globally</snippet>, but <snippet id="S_aewi150">nanofiltration membranes are emerging as innovative selective technologies that can effectively remove multivalent cations like Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ from leachates, improving lithium yield while reducing acid production</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zrllGPw">Hydrometallurgy remains widely used for lithium recovery with low equipment investment costs, though its suitability varies with battery chemical composition and operational scale</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ep51C66">A typical adult human has approximately 8 to 12 pints (about 4.5 to 6.8 liters) of blood circulating through their body</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6ZepFD3">The blood volume is about 78 ml per kilogram (about 6.7 litres for a man weighing 86 kg)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QOkX4rw">A 154-pound person has about 12 pints (5.5 liters) of blood</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SoTD265">Most sources state the volume of blood in an average human adult, who is between 150 to 160 pounds, as between 4.7 and 5 liters</snippet>. <snippet id="S_h22XXil">A typical adult has a blood volume of approximately 5 liters</snippet>.
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Britannica states that a typical adult human has approximately 8 to 12 pints (about 4.5 to 6.8 liters) of blood circulating through their body <snippet id="S_ep51C66">. Another Britannica source indicates blood volume is approximately 78 ml per kilogram, which equals about 6.7 litres for a man weighing 86 kg <snippet id="S_6ZepFD3">. For a 154-pound person, Britannica estimates about 5.5 liters of blood <snippet id="S_QOkX4rw">. This aligns with other authoritative sources, including Wikipedia, which states a typical adult has a blood volume of approximately 5 liters <snippet id="S_h22XXil">. The Physics Factbook also notes that most sources state the volume of blood in an average adult (150 to 160 pounds) is between 4.7 and 5 liters <snippet id="S_SoTD265">. Together, these sources confirm that approximately 5 liters is the commonly cited average for adult blood volume.
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<snippet id="S_AMKgb7w">The interstitial fraction in alpha-Mn bcc derived I-43m tetrahedral sites ranges from 0.0 to 1.0, with 12 tetrahedral interstitial sites per unit cell</snippet>. At the lowest interstitial fraction of 0.01, dopants form small clusters with bcc symmetry, while some clusters exhibit liquid-like properties with q6 values around 0.26. <snippet id="S_xHv2FdY">Both octahedral and tetrahedral bcc interstices have tetragonal symmetry</snippet>, and the fcc crystal structure with all octahedral sites occupied becomes that of cubic rocksalt adopted by many transition metal carbides and nitrides. <snippet id="S_cLXRF0f">The tetrahedral sites are 1.2 eV higher than the quasi-hexagonal site</snippet>, with the reason being partially steric: the unrelaxed nearest neighbour distances are shorter at the hexagonal site where the smaller interstitials are stable and longer at the tetrahedral site where the larger interstitials sit. <snippet id="S_Z3bEhFs">Tetrahedral interstitial Mn i (As) is more stable than Mn i (Ga) by 0.16, 0.31, and 0.31 eV for charge states q=1,2, and 3, respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u36TTzI">In Ga1-x-y BeyMnxAs films, the fraction of Mn in interstitial sites (Mn I) is approximately 7%, increasing with Be content</snippet>.
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Alpha-Mn is identified as a bcc-derived cubic structure with I-43m symmetry that explicitly features tetrahedral interstitial sites <snippet id=S_AMKgb7w>. Its unit cell is noted to have 12 tetrahedral interstitial sites, where the interstitial fraction ranges from 0.0 to 1.0 in the studied system <snippet id=S_AMKgb7w>. Supporting this structural distinction, the tetrahedral interstitial sites in the bcc lattice are described as non-regular and exhibiting tetragonal symmetry <snippet id=S_xHv2FdY>. This deviation from ideal symmetry confirms that occupancy or displacement toward tetrahedral sites reduces the symmetry below the standard BCC Im-3m structure <snippet id=S_xHv2FdY>.
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<snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty">The CLARITY-AD Phase 3 trial enrolled 1795 participants randomized 1:1 to lecanemab (10 mg/kg biweekly) versus placebo, with the primary endpoint being change from baseline on the CDR-SB at 18 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty">Lecanemab slowed decline on the CDR-SB by 0.45 points (+1.21 point change) compared with placebo (+1.66 point change), representing a 27% relative effect (95% CI -0.67 to -0.23, p < 0.001)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty">The incidence of ARIA-E was 12.5-12.6% with lecanemab versus 1.7-1.9% with placebo, while ARIA-H was 17-17.3% with lecanemab versus 8.7-9.0% with placebo</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo">Infusion-related reactions were the most common adverse events, occurring at 26.4% in the lecanemab arm versus 7.4% in the placebo arm</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo">Safety data showed that non-carriers of the APOE ε4 allele had the lowest incidence of ARIA-H (11.9%) and ARIA-E (5.4%), while ε4 heterozygotes had higher incidence (ARIA-H: 14%; ARIA-E: 10.9%) and ε4 homozygotes had the highest (ARIA-H: 39%; ARIA-E: 32.6%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ipB4qty">The trial was completed in September 2022, with results published in NEJM in 2022</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_i9d1QdD>The CLARITY-AD trial primary endpoint showed lecanemab reduced CDR-SB decline by 0.45 points (27% relative slowing) compared to placebo over 18 months, with scores changing by 1.21 versus 1.66 respectively.</snippet> <snippet id=S_ipB4qty,S_VxjMD7K>Overall ARIA-E rates were 12.5-12.6% for lecanemab versus 1.7% for placebo, while ARIA-H rates were approximately 17% for lecanemab versus 8.7-9.0% for placebo.</snippet> <snippet id=S_ipB4qty>Symptomatic events were observed in 2.8% for ARIA-E and 0.7% for ARIA-H in the lecanemab group.</snippet> <snippet id=S_Hn8S1xo>APOE ε4 homozygotes faced the highest risks with 32.6% ARIA-E and 39% ARIA-H incidence, compared to 10.9%/14% for heterozygotes and 5.4%/11.9% for non-carriers.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_MvO6XoQ">A meta-analysis indicated a medium interleaving effect (Hedge's g = 0.67) in education, requiring 75 participants for detection</snippet>, with a total of 150 Dutch students (99 from research universities, 45 from applied sciences) recruited to explore the impact of study strategies on long-term retention <snippet id="S_MvO6XoQ">. In their meta-analysis of the interleaving effect, Brunmair and Richter (2019) found robust evidence that interleaving is more effective than blocking, with an intermediate effect size (Hedges' g = 0.42)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JXQqQJ9">Interleaving was found to be most effective for learning material that shows subtle, rather than pronounced, differences between categories</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6doaVxd">A three-way repeated measures ANOVA found that participants' performance in spaced (interleaved) study was significantly better than their performance in massed study in the short and long-term retention conditions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HjbjDyG">Interleaving enhances long-term retention by promoting discriminative-contrast learning, despite students perceiving it as more difficult</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oqb2O6f">Presentation of related categorical material together may mitigate retrieval-induced forgetting, and spaced retrieval helps to reinforce schema formation by solidifying the framework the individual students form when learning the material</snippet>. <snippet id="S_avfxf73">Interleaving is an evidence-based, learning-science strategy that is relevant to the planning and implementation of continuing professional development</snippet>.
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Meta-analytic evidence indicates interleaving produces robust effects in education, with Brunmair and Richter (2019) finding an intermediate effect size (Hedges' g = 0.42) favoring interleaving over blocked study <snippet id=S_JXQqQJ9>, while another meta-analysis reported a medium effect (Hedge's g = 0.67) in education contexts <snippet id=S_MvO6XoQ>. Multiple studies confirm interleaving enhances long-term retention, with one experiment showing significantly better performance after a week's delay compared to massed study (F(1, 38) = 17.43, p < .001, ηp² = .31) <snippet id=S_6doaVxd>. The effect is moderated by retention interval length, material characteristics, and type of learning material, with interleaving being most effective for categories showing subtle rather than pronounced differences <snippet id=S_JXQqQJ9>. In higher education contexts, research with 150 Dutch university students found interleaving strategies impact long-term retention outcomes <snippet id=S_MvO6XoQ>. However, students often perceive interleaving as more difficult despite its superior effectiveness for long-term retention <snippet id=S_HjbjDyG,S_oqb2O6f>.
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<snippet id="S_AmYsVOa">Exosomal CEA in serum achieves a higher AUC (0.9354) compared to serum CEA alone (0.8557) for predicting distant metastasis in colorectal cancer</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AmYsVOa">Overexpression of interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF-2) in serum exosomes is associated with lymph node metastasis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R0Q0yol">A liquid biopsy panel of exosomal miRNAs achieves an AUC of 0.84 for identifying T1 CRC patients at risk for lymph node metastasis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R0Q0yol">Plasma exosomal markers EGFR and ITGB3 demonstrate AUCs of 0.91 and 0.87, respectively, for distinguishing CRC from metastatic CRC</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XwzmeRy">Plasma exosomal glycoproteins FGB and b2-GP1 achieve AUC values of 0.871 and 0.834, respectively, compared to CEA and CA19-9</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4qjDYAk">Plasma exosomal miR-125a-3p achieves an AUC of 68.5% for predicting early-stage colon cancer, with combination improving to 85.5%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BgQS4mb">Exosomal miR-92b shows a higher AUC of 0.830 in differentiating CRC at clinical stage II/III from non-cancer individuals</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SlKteGa">Exosomal miRNA-1246, miRNA-21, and miRNA-23a have shown potential as diagnostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YHbihgJ">LncRNA CCAT2 is overexpressed in CRC patients and associated with local invasion and lymph node metastasis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gIxvWlW">Exosomal lncRNAs in serum may present new, relatively non-invasive cancer biomarkers for CRC detection</snippet>.
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<answer>
Serum exosomal biomarkers have demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy for colorectal cancer metastasis, with serum exosomal CEA achieving an AUC of 0.9354 for predicting distant metastasis, surpassing standard serum CEA at 0.8557 <snippet id=S_AmYsVOa>. Plasma exosomal proteins EGFR and ITGB3 showed AUCs of 0.91 and 0.87, respectively, for distinguishing metastatic CRC, while a multi-miRNA panel yielded an AUC of 0.84 for lymph node metastasis risk <snippet id=S_R0Q0yol>. Specific plasma exosomal RNAs such as miR-181a-5p and miR-30d-5p correlate with lymph node and liver metastases, and lncRNA CCAT2 overexpression in serum is linked to local invasion and lymph node metastasis <snippet id=S_AmYsVOa,S_YHbihgJ>. Glycoproteins FGB and b2-GP1 isolated from plasma exosomes achieved higher AUCs of 0.871 and 0.834 than conventional markers like CEA and CA19-9 <snippet id=S_XwzmeRy>. Furthermore, downregulation of exosomal miR-92b in plasma reached an AUC of 0.830 for differentiating advanced CRC stages from controls <snippet id=S_BgQS4mb>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_XrGnjYs,S_DuAkisQ">The Microservice Data Exchange Model and Communication Model categorize communication protocols into four groups: REST, gRPC, graphQL, and pub/sub</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_XrGnjYs,S_DuAkisQ">gRPC highlighted as the most comprehensive protocol for microservices</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4WGstNM">Both synchronous communication methods such as HTTP, gRPC, and REST, and asynchronous communication patterns can be utilized within the same microservice architecture</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7PvkkuE">A study comparing gRPC implementations in Go and Rust found that both implementations showed similar latency contributions from gRPC</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1JNQagV">mRPC achieves performance comparable to gRPC after switching to using protobuf + HTTP/2, with mRPC still performing 2.6× and 3.7× as fast as gRPC + Envoy in terms of goodput and goodput per core</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SvuawN6">mRPC speeds up gRPC by 1.7× and 1.6× in terms of mean latency and P99 tail latency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ywHowou">gRPC demonstrates superior performance, being approximately seven times faster for data reception and ten times faster for data transmission than REST</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YwM0nRf">The IoHT-MBA platform utilizes gRPC, which supports more programming languages and demonstrates lower CPU and RAM consumption compared to MQTT, CoAP, and XMPP</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_S9ByqQU">the available search results do not provide specific quantitative energy efficiency metrics (e.g., RAPL, power meters) for these communication protocols in microservices</snippet>.
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Several studies have evaluated performance impacts of microservices communication protocols. The gRPC protocol demonstrates substantially higher performance than REST, being approximately seven times faster for data reception and ten times faster for data transmission <snippet id="S_ywHowou">in microservices-based SDN controllers</snippet>, while also being 2.6× and 3.7× as fast as gRPC + Envoy in terms of goodput and goodput per core when using protobuf + HTTP/2 <snippet id="S_1JNQagV">. For latency, mRPC speeds up gRPC+Envoy by 2.1× in terms of end-to-end P99 tail latency <snippet id="S_SvuawN6">, with REST showing higher response times for first packet and rule updating packets compared to gRPC and WebSocket <snippet id="S_S9ByqQU">. Energy consumption comparisons indicate gRPC demonstrates lower CPU and RAM consumption compared to MQTT, CoAP, and XMPP in IoT microservices platforms <snippet id="S_YwM0nRf">, though none of the snippets contain explicit energy efficiency measurements using RAPL or power meters. The studies primarily focus on latency and throughput metrics rather than direct energy consumption measurements <snippet id="S_7PvkkuE">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_aOtgB03">One study examines public transport development in 30 Chinese provinces using 2SLS to address endogeneity issues, with the core explanatory variable being the number of public buses multiplied by passenger volume</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_aOtgB03">the instrumental variables used are per capita GDP, population density, private car ownership, and foreign direct investment, rather than historical population</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PYQsOyc">Another study addresses endogeneity in urbanization and CO2 emissions models, using provincial population density in 1990 as an instrumental variable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_afKjSFM">A third study employs a bus stop presence as an instrumental variable for off-farm employment in a 2SLS framework</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MIQYR8I">A fourth study uses the number of post offices in 1984 as an instrumental variable for digital technology innovation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CQnAcl7">A fifth study uses lagged values of the dependent variable as instrumental variables in a 2SLS regression</snippet>. <snippet id="S_04AZIBc">A sixth study employs urbanization lagging behind by one period as an instrumental variable in a 2SLS regression</snippet>. None of these studies explicitly use historical population as an instrumental variable for the number of buses at the provincial level.
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<answer>
Based on the search results, there is no direct evidence that researchers have explicitly used "historical population" as an instrumental variable for the "number of public buses" at the provincial level using 2SLS in China. <snippet id="S_aOtgB03">One study examines public transport development measured by the number of public buses in 30 provinces of China using 2SLS, but population density appears only as a control variable, not as an instrumental variable for bus numbers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PYQsOyc">The closest related work uses provincial population density in 1990 as an instrumental variable, but this instrument targets urbanization rather than bus fleet size</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MIQYR8I">Other studies use historical infrastructure (e.g., number of post offices in 1984) as IVs in 2SLS frameworks, demonstrating the methodology exists but not for bus population applications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_04AZIBc">Several studies use lagged population or urbanization variables as instruments, though none explicitly instrument bus counts with historical population at the provincial level</snippet>. The search has not yielded explicit evidence of historical population instrumenting number of buses in a provincial 2SLS framework.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_Sg0YKfT,S_njVYIe9,S_id0PX4B,S_P4Rhuyo">The probability integral transform (PIT) maps a continuous random variable X through its cumulative distribution function F, resulting in a transformed variable Y = F(X) that follows a standard uniform distribution on the interval [0,1]</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LJFSCQ2">This transformation is applicable when the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the target distribution is tractable, and if the true distribution g equals the known distribution p, the PIT values will be continuous and uniformly distributed</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7WhjA6B">The inverse transform sampling method uses U = F(X) where U is a uniform (0,1) random variable to derive random deviates from the distribution F by applying the inverse function X = F⁻¹(U)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CvfT2A0">The PIT serves as a non-discretizing method that produces real-valued outputs, making it useful for making the empirical marginal distribution of time series values approximately uniform</snippet>. <snippet id="S_njVYIe9">The proof relies on showing that as the sample size approaches infinity, the probability of the transformed variable U = F(X) exceeding a threshold approaches zero for fixed ε, establishing the validity of the test statistic</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_Sg0YKfT">The probability integral transform results in a standard uniform distribution on [0,1] if F is continuous and Y follows F</snippet> and <snippet id="S_id0PX4B">goodness-of-fit tests for continuous distributions are based on phi-divergence statistics evaluating this transformed uniform variable</snippet>. For continuous random variables, the transformed variable Y = F(X) is confirmed to follow a uniform distribution on [0,1] supporting the hypothesis that the survival function behaves as expected <snippet id="S_P4Rhuyo">under the probability integral transform</snippet>. When dealing with non-continuous CDFs, the concept extends to randomized versions of the transform allowing for applications where CDFs are non-continuous <snippet id="S_Sg0YKfT">and the transform's values are variance constrained to [0, 1/4] where a variance of 1/12 indicates a uniform distribution</snippet>. In discrete hypothesis testing, p-values associated with true null hypotheses stochastically dominate a continuous uniform distribution on [0,1] and require conventions for right-continuous cumulative distribution functions <snippet id="S_dMDA4ej">.
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<snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">Mobile edge computing in SAGIN enhances content caching and file distribution, with active mobile edge caching achieving 100% user satisfaction while offloading 98% of backhaul traffic</snippet>. <snippet id="S_o4BZhpx">A fine-grained joint offloading and caching scheme based on orbit-ground collaboration enables LEO satellites to cache required data for future reuse or retransmission</snippet>. <snippet id="S_titujAo">A two-tier data transmission model allows UAVs to pre-store popular content and serve multiple ground users simultaneously, with retrieval from LEO satellites when requested files are not in the UAV's cache</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ajCseb7">SAGIN architecture leverages UAVs at the aerial network layer to assist in communication, computing, and caching for ground networks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7k8hpA5">UAVs are proposed as intelligent content cache providers in 6G networks, with machine learning techniques like liquid state machines employed to predict user content request patterns</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AXV48a6">UAV-assisted caching enhances the process by allowing dynamic delivery of cached content to users as they move, reducing the need for multiple copies of the same content in different locations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F19Wt1q">SAGIN allows for flexible resource deployment through UAVs and satellites that can adjust their positions and configurations to optimize service delivery based on user needs</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">Mobile edge caching in SAGIN significantly reduces data traffic and improves user experience by leveraging remote sensing satellites to broadcast cached sensor data for global awareness</snippet>, with active mobile edge caching achieving 100% user satisfaction while offloading 98% of backhaul traffic <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">. LEO satellites with storage capabilities are integrated into radio access networks for cooperative cache distribution, optimized through nonlinear fractional programming for energy efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_titujAo">A two-tier data transmission model allows UAVs to pre-store popular content and retrieve from LEO satellites when needed</snippet>, addressing limitations of previous models that only supported single-user requests. <snippet id="S_o4BZhpx">For IoV applications, a fine-grained joint offloading and caching scheme based on orbit-ground collaboration enables real-time EC-SAGINs services in remote areas where terrestrial infrastructure is unavailable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7k8hpA5">UAVs function as intelligent content cache providers in 6G networks, proactively storing and distributing frequently requested content to minimize redundant backhaul transmissions</snippet>, with machine learning techniques employed to predict user content request patterns including timing and popularity trends. <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC, S_JnG43nV">Distributed content caching strategies utilize deep reinforcement learning and deep imitation learning algorithms to optimize caching decisions, though DRL presents high computational and energy demands for LEO satellites</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_yzJqROu">Cr3C2–NiCr coatings offer greater corrosion and oxidation resistance, maintaining high hardness, strength, and wear resistance up to a maximum operating temperature of 900 °C</snippet>, with the corrosion resistance provided by the NiCr matrix while the wear resistance is mainly due to the carbide ceramic phase. <snippet id="S_FSPtLIL">Nanocrystalline cermet coatings exhibit better erosion–corrosion resistance compared to conventional coatings</snippet>, as the fine-grain structure with homogeneous distribution of hard carbide phases allows faster repassivation when the coating is subjected to wear. <snippet id="S_eYIt1PI">HVOF sprayed Cr3C2-25% NiCr coatings possess low porosity, high micro-hardness, and enough adhesion strength</snippet>, with the coating sprayed at a powder feed rate of 33.5 g/min having the best wear resistance due to its dense structure and enough fracture toughness. <snippet id="S_XDbgjf4">Load-dependent wear behavior and degradation mechanisms in Cr3C2-NiCr coatings deposited by HVAF and HVOF</snippet> have been investigated, though specific oilfield-relevant tribo/erosion-corrosion or CO2/H2S brine data are not provided in these search results. <snippet id="S_HbidxMV">Erosion-Corrosion Protection Due to Cr3C2-NiCr Cermet Coating on Stainless Steel</snippet> confirms the suitability of these coatings for erosion-corrosion protection applications.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_yzJqROu,S_FSPtLIL">Thermal spraying technologies, including HVOF, are widely used to apply Cr3C2–NiCr and WC-based coatings for wear and corrosion protection in industrial applications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yzJqROu,S_FSPtLIL">In these systems, the NiCr metal matrix provides corrosion resistance while the carbide ceramic phase ensures wear resistance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yzJqROu">The coatings maintain high hardness and strength up to a maximum operating temperature of 900 °C</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FSPtLIL">Nanocrystalline cermet variants exhibit significantly better erosion–corrosion resistance than conventional coatings due to faster repassivation kinetics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eYIt1PI">Specific HVOF-sprayed Cr3C2-25%NiCr coatings demonstrated low porosity, high micro-hardness, and optimal wear resistance at 500 °C</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_N9VOCKh,S_SMRC1r8,S_CbFCB0e,S_QJsPloF,S_fg0OhCM,S_0mTkMYt,S_CjscVjT,S_ufhk6e0,S_J2hzkDn">LTE applies Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) for downlink and Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for uplink communications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SMRC1r8">SC-FDMA incorporates DFT pre-coding to mitigate the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) associated with OFDM</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbFCB0e">The LTE radio access network is managed by eNodeBs, which facilitate communication between mobile phones (UE) and the network core</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbFCB0e">Data transmission occurs in 10ms frames, divided into ten 1ms subframes, each containing two slots with 7 OFDM symbols</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fg0OhCM">The LTE downlink resource grid consists of a 10 ms frame divided into ten 1 ms subframes, each containing two time slots with seven or six OFDM symbols</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QJsPloF">OFDMA and SC-FDMA are the techniques of choice for the physical layer of the radio interface of the new standard for mobile communications long-term evolution (LTE)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0mTkMYt">In the time domain, data is organized into frames consisting of 10 subframes, each 1 ms long</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CjscVjT">LTE-M is designed for low-cost, low-power IoT applications, supporting mobile machine-type communication (MTC) and voice over networks</snippet>.
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<answer>
Survey sources confirm that LTE applies Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for downlink and uplink communications, respectively <snippet id="S_N9VOCKh, S_SMRC1r8, S_CbFCB0e">. For uplink transmission, LTE employs SC-FDMA which incorporates DFT pre-coding to mitigate the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) associated with OFDM <snippet id="S_SMRC1r8">. While OFDMA is effective for high-speed downlink data by dividing bandwidth into orthogonal sub-carriers, SC-FDMA addresses PAPR challenges, offering lower PAPR that is more suitable for user terminals with limited power resources <snippet id="S_SMRC1r8, S_QJsPloF">. The LTE radio interface uses these techniques to meet performance requirements, with OFDM modulation for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink transmissions supporting 4G wireless communication <snippet id="S_fg0OhCM, S_SMRC1r8">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_ea7tN0g">A paper titled "Enabling Secure Database as a Service using Fully Homomorphic Encryption" discusses challenges and opportunities for FHE-based database-as-a-service platforms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Yzpob9g">Another study presents FHOPE, a practical and secure homomorphic order-preserving encryption scheme that allows cloud servers to perform complex SQL queries over encrypted data without repeated encryption</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5FDQWBF">Research on FHE applications identifies that using a scheme supporting addition, multiplication, AND and XOR on ciphertexts enables processing of complex selection, range, join or aggregation queries on encrypted data on the server side</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oqULw15">Systems like CryptDB demonstrate that FHE enables encrypted SQL database queries in cloud services, allowing computations on ciphertext that yield results matching plaintext operations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oMwLrsm">FHE enables privacy-preserving database queries in cloud services, allowing users to query sensitive data without revealing their information while ensuring data security and correctness</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FoUBUWR">However, FHE allows SQL queries over encrypted data in cloud databases but is impractical due to high computational overhead, while order-preserving encryption (OPE) supports SQL range queries but exposes private information</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YCCuRuG">FHE allows computation on encrypted data without revealing the private key, enabling secure SQL database queries in cloud services, but its practical use is limited due to high resource demands</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_Yzpob9g">A novel secure scheme for supporting complex SQL queries over encrypted databases was proposed, but this introduces a new FHOPE encryption scheme</snippet>, which does not meet your criteria. <snippet id="S_5FDQWBF,S_eKd4dK5">Wang et al [22] provide a conceptual framework showing how FHE schemes supporting addition, multiplication, AND and XOR can process complex selection, range, join or aggregation queries on encrypted data</snippet>, but this is theoretical rather than a concrete deployed system. <snippet id="S_oqULw15,S_FoUBUWR">CryptDB is mentioned as a system that processes SQL computations, but it employs multilayered onion encryption combining multiple schemes rather than pure FHE</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hNVJnkt,S_YK9KfW1">One paper presents a relational database system based on homomorphic encryption that executes SQL queries over encrypted data, though performance issues discourage practical implementation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ea7tN0g">Another relevant work discusses challenges and opportunities for secure database-as-a-service using FHE</snippet>, but provides no specific concrete deployment details. Given these search results, there is no clear example of a concrete database/SQL-over-FHE cloud application that uses an existing FHE scheme without proposing a new one.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_lTs2Zzp">W-based structures exhibit a large spin Hall angle of 0.21 ± 0.21 and spin diffusion length of 2.1 ± 0.5 nm, with spin Hall magnetoresistance reaching about 1% in W/CoFeB/MgO samples</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BgT3YJS">The conductive α-W phase shows the largest spin–orbit torque efficiency of approximately 0.20–0.50, with spin Hall conductivity of 3.71×10⁵ Ω⁻¹ m⁻¹</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TzxwlH0">The CoFeB layer achieves field-free deterministic magnetic switching with critical switching current density ranging from ±7.20 MA/cm² at zero field to ±2.80 MA/cm² at 10 mT, highlighting efficiency of spin Hall angle torque in achieving sub-nanosecond switching energy in the femtojoule range</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6TGIQVx">The W/CoFeB/MgO multilayer structure enables transmission of spin currents generated by in-plane charge current in the W layer to apply strong spin torque on the CoFeB, with both antidamping-like and field-like components of the spin torque exerted on a 1 nm CoFeB layer being of comparable magnitudes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vChUXr4">The W/CoFeB/MgO heterostructure enables voltage-controlled spin–orbit torque switching with maximum efficiency, where the primary effect of gate voltage is via voltage controlled magnetic anisotropy rather than spin torque from the tunneling current</snippet>.
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<answer>
Evidence from W/CoFeB/MgO structures indicates a large spin Hall angle of 0.21 ± 0.01 and spin-orbit torque efficiency of approximately 0.20–0.50 <snippet id=S_lTs2Zzp,S_BgT3YJS>. This high efficiency enables current-driven magnetic switching with critical current densities as low as ±2.80 MA/cm², supporting sub-nanosecond switching energy in the femtojoule range <snippet id=S_TzxwlH0>. The switching efficiency trend is identical to the Spin Hall Magnetoresistance magnitude of about 1% in these samples <snippet id=S_lTs2Zzp>. Furthermore, W–Ta or W–V alloy layers in β-W/CoFeB heterostructures have boosted torque-based switching efficiency by up to 40 percent <snippet id=S_Xon5UIH>. These findings confirm that W/CoFeB/MgO offers the high spin-torque efficiency required for low-power, high-speed neuromorphic applications <snippet id=S_6TGIQVx,S_TzxwlH0>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_RrHcunQ">Classic antidepressants such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been shown to possess pro-neurogenic properties, and these are thought to mediate, at least in part, their antidepressant effects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RrHcunQ">More recently, ketamine, an anesthetic with antidepressant properties, was also shown to increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BdibMrv">The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is identified as a crucial regulator of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, suggesting potential therapeutic targets for developing more effective and safer antidepressant treatments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_dFyF1WC">Both ketamine and physical exercise increase AMPK activity, which enhances BDNF signaling and supports neurogenesis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QJaZTc4">Exercise has been shown to enhance cognitive functions, spatial learning, and memory while reversing stress-induced behavioral changes, with both forced and voluntary exercise increasing cell proliferation in the hippocampus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7ytHv3s">Enriched environments (EE) significantly enhance neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus, with studies showing a fivefold increase in neurogenesis in adult mice exposed to EE</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WDAActN">The microbiota-gut-brain axis can influence adult hippocampal neurogenesis through immune pathways, microbial metabolites, endocrine signalling, and the nervous system, with interventions like prebiotics, probiotics, and antibiotics being highly accessible</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BGYAtdc">Physical exercise, particularly treadmill training, has been shown to improve memory and social deficits in autism, with studies indicating increased neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of animal models</snippet>.
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<answer>
Pharmacologic agents such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants, and ketamine have been shown to possess pro-neurogenic properties and increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents <snippet id="S_RrHcunQ">. Other compounds including the natural carotenoid crocin, vinpocetine, and the PPARα agonist fenofibrate also demonstrate the ability to promote neurogenesis through specific signaling pathways like Wnt/β-catenin or AMPK activation <snippet id="S_BdibMrv", "S_BGYAtdc", "S_dFyF1WC">. Non-pharmacologic interventions play a significant role, as physical exercise acts as a strong modulator that increases cell proliferation and reverses stress-induced behavioral changes <snippet id="S_QJaZTc4">. Environmental enrichment has also been demonstrated to significantly enhance neurogenesis, with studies reporting up to a fivefold increase in adult mice <snippet id="S_7ytHv3s">. Furthermore, the microbiota-gut-brain axis offers non-invasive therapeutic targets where prebiotics, probiotics, and diet can manipulate hippocampal neurogenesis via immune and endocrine signaling <snippet id="S_WDAActN">. Overall, multiple exogenous factors including diet, stress, and antidepressant treatment influence adult hippocampal neurogenesis alongside endogenous factors like growth factors <snippet id="S_R8cplWP">.
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<snippet id="S_pgimEba">The mml2omml.xsl stylesheet is used as an XSLT to convert MathML to OMML in Word 2013</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_IXERiTx">Microsoft Office contains the omml2mml.xsl stylesheet that is included with Microsoft Word</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WCeewzq">To convert OMML into MathML in Word, you can use the OMML2MML.XSL stylesheet that is included with Microsoft Word</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iQ091kz">Microsoft provides a listing from MathML and Ecma Math (OMML) of the OMML elements and exact or approximate MathML counterparts</snippet>. <snippet id="S_n4jxMgT">The omml2mathml utility is a port of the omml2mathml.xsl XSLT that Microsoft ships with Office</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6ei1ndp">OMML differentiates between a linear fraction and a skewed one, with both written as bevelled in MathML</snippet>.
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Based on the search results, Microsoft Word internally uses the `mml2omml.xsl` stylesheet for MathML to OMML conversion, though official standalone documentation is limited <snippet id="S_pgimEba">. The companion stylesheet `omml2mml.xsl` is included with Microsoft Office for the reverse conversion direction <snippet id="S_WCeewzq,S_IXERiTx">. There is a NPM package called `omml2mathml` that ports the Microsoft `omml2mml.xsl` stylesheet for converting OMML to MathML <snippet id="S_n4jxMgT">. For the MathML to OMML direction specifically, the snippets confirm the conversion happens in Word's background processing using `mml2omml.xsl` <snippet id="S_pgimEba">. Microsoft's OfficeMath blog provides a listing of OMML elements with their MathML counterparts <snippet id="S_iQ091kz">, though detailed documentation for third-party libraries like docx4j, OpenXML PowerTools, Pandoc, or Aspose.Words on MathML→OMML conversion was not found in these results.

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<answer>
<snippet id="S_lONVbK5">Research on teaching children with intellectual disabilities highlights various strategies for enhancing self-monitoring and self-understanding</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lONVbK5">Bierbaum et al. (2005) noted that these children often misbehave during challenging tasks, suggesting that teachers should emphasize their similarities to peers and support engagement</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lONVbK5">Coughlin et al. (2012) found that self-monitoring strategies reduced off-task behavior in children with mild disabilities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lONVbK5">Washington et al. (2012) emphasized the importance of teaching self-advocacy and self-determination, particularly for students of color with severe disabilities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lONVbK5">The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) can screen for emotional and behavioral issues</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lONVbK5">One-on-one instruction was linked to increased task engagement, though some negative aspects were noted</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lONVbK5">Additional strategies include adapted power cards for transitions and literacy-based interventions to mitigate negative behaviors</snippet>.
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<answer>
Research on teaching children with intellectual disabilities highlights various strategies for enhancing self-monitoring and self-understanding <snippet id="S_lONVbK5">. Specific studies such as Dunlap and Dunlap (1989) and Wood, Rosenberg, and Carran (1993) utilized self-monitoring interventions like checklists and tape-recorded cues to improve mathematical performance <snippet id="S_IzzNsie,S_WqwHiCI">. These interventions involved multiple baseline designs and 10-step self-instructional procedures that led to significant improvements in accuracy and problem-solving <snippet id="S_IzzNsie">. Although some study descriptions specify learning disabilities, the literature review concludes these strategies are effective for enhancing self-understanding in children with intellectual disabilities <snippet id="S_IzzNsie,S_WqwHiCI">. Additionally, Coughlin et al. (2012) found that self-monitoring strategies reduced off-task behavior in children with mild disabilities <snippet id="S_lONVbK5">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_w5FtdDI,S_Igxcgdq">The FDA's January 2, 2020 enforcement policy prioritized enforcement against flavored, cartridge-based ENDS products, with the exception of tobacco- or menthol-flavored products</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1AnfYBw">The FDA finalized an enforcement policy on flavored cartridge-based e-cigarettes, including fruit and mint, that appeal to children</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IkYr1CP">The FDA published final guidance banning most flavored cartridge-based e-cigarettes, except for tobacco and menthol</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MMGoou2">Retailers should not sell any flavored, cartridge-based ENDS products (other than a tobacco- or menthol-flavored) to anyone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yEAxweY">The FDA's enforcement priorities are not a "ban" on flavored or cartridge-based ENDS</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oPwdZPc">The FDA has recently cracked down on non-tobacco-flavored Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS)</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_w5FtdDI,S_4t8Ohcl">In January 2020, FDA finalized enforcement priorities targeting flavored, cartridge-based ENDS products, except for tobacco- or menthol-flavored products</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yEAxweY">Importantly, the FDA's enforcement priorities are not a "ban" on flavored or cartridge-based ENDS</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bm6WH07">The exemption for menthol and disposable products from prioritized enforcement left thousands of flavored e-liquid products still available</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IkYr1CP">FDA guidance banned most flavored cartridge-based e-cigarettes, except for tobacco and menthol varieties</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oPwdZPc">Flavored products without marketing authorization remain illegal to sell and subject to enforcement action</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_FxZUHkl">The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is applied to long-term care sustainability from 2020 to 2025</snippet>, with government strategies significantly influencing service quality where public institutions in Shanghai showed better outcomes than private ones <snippet id="S_FxZUHkl">. </snippet> <snippet id="S_AyOIA3X">A hybrid multi-criteria decision making approach evaluates the long-term care system for over 12 million Americans, assessing economy, policy, organizational setting, and community environment to enhance quality, access, and cost-effectiveness</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8XJoond">Economic conditions in rural areas significantly impact elderly access to long-term care services, with sustainability challenges highlighted by market failures and fiscal imbalances</snippet>. <snippet id="S_L4yUklD">Member States are committed to ensure accessible, high-quality and sustainable health care and long-term care by promoting a rational use of resources through good governance and coordination between care systems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9PDixuh">Denmark is cited as a model in the development of home- and community-based systems for the frail elderly population, with expenditures leveling off and access to services remaining generally satisfactory</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Ytpi9uV">China's elderly population reached 20.56 million by the end of 2021, with a 5 billion yuan investment from 2016 to 2020 for pilot reforms in sustainable community home-based elderly care services</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_FxZUHkl>Research from 2020 to 2025 explicitly employs a triple bottom line framework to assess long-term care sustainability, defining outcomes through quality, access, cost, and environment</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AyOIA3X>This multi-dimensional evaluation approach aligns with frameworks analyzing economy, policy, organizational setting, and community environment to enhance quality and cost-effectiveness</snippet>. <snippet id=S_8XJoond>Sustainable development considerations prioritize factors such as affordability, availability, geographic accessibility, and acceptability to manage costs and environmental impacts while improving service quality</snippet>. <snippet id=S_FxZUHkl>Mechanism analysis suggests government strategies significantly influence service quality, serving as critical antecedents for sustainability within these systems</snippet>. <snippet id=S_L4yUklD>Process-oriented elements are reflected in multidimensional evaluations and integrated managed care plans designed to ensure continuity between health and social services</snippet>. <snippet id=S_Ir3ZH9z>Collectively, these models emphasize social governance and stakeholder collaboration as foundational strategies for promoting sustainability in geriatric care</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_Q8i28GO">The design optimization of mooring systems for offshore floating structures is complex due to numerous variables and constraints, with genetic algorithms and multi-objective optimization methods being used to reduce platform responses and minimize fatigue risk</snippet>. <snippet id="S_50cAkdQ">Key design factors for an optimal FPV system include modularity, reliability, durability, protection, support structure size, ease of installation, and cost reduction, with the floating structure typically made of high-density polyethylene and the mooring system securing the platform using anchors and cables</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HcBohzv">Mooring lines ensure the flexibility and stability of the FPV system during severe wind and waves, with elastic mooring lines being particularly beneficial during varying water levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_o7Xj46N">The study focuses on developing a numerical model for a floating photovoltaic (FPV) system intended for offshore installation near Lampedusa, evaluating the dynamics and displacements of various floating platforms under different weather and sea conditions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bc5a0Y3">The ActiveFloat platform features a semi-submersible design with one central and three offset vertical columns, with a mooring system consisting of three catenary cables each with an upstretched length of 614 m and a diameter of 0.16 m</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8tiGRfz">For mooring, semisubmersible and spar platforms use chain mooring with nontensioned or catenary configurations, while TLPs employ cable mooring with a tensioned setup</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hTDcmSA">A typical floating solar PV system comprises five subsystems: the PV subsystem, floating platform, mooring subsystem, underwater cables for power transfer, and the electric power and control subsystem</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CoNxRSP">The stability of these structures is crucial, requiring proper anchoring based on the reservoir's soil type and water level, with concrete block anchors commonly used and elastic mooring lines being particularly beneficial during varying water levels</snippet>.
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The search results describe the technical design and mooring systems of floating photovoltaic (FPV) structures, utilizing mooring lines and anchors to secure platforms against environmental forces <snippet id="S_HcBohzv, S_CoNxRSP">. Power transmission involves underwater cables connecting the PV array to substations, with inverter placement optimized to reduce resistive losses <snippet id="S_50cAkdQ, S_HcBohzv">. Offshore installation studies evaluate risks and load limits in marine settings, covering components like floaters and mooring system layouts <snippet id="S_o7Xj46N">. Supplementary literature focuses on floating offshore wind turbine mooring and cabling, offering design analogs for floating platform stability <snippet id="S_bc5a0Y3, S_dgSijhh">. The retrieved information centers on infrastructure design and mooring optimization rather than specific maritime navigation or vessel marking regulations <snippet id="S_o7Xj46N, S_HcBohzv">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_lxdfOap">In 2018, the ILO adopted the ICSE-18 classification to address misclassification issues in employment statuses, updating the previous ICSE-93 framework that categorized jobs into paid employment and self-employment</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PnJtPJ7">The ICSE-18 defines employees as those in "paid employment jobs" with contracts ensuring remuneration not tied to unit revenue</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NLMME1P">The classification includes six employment categories: wage and salaried workers, employers, own-account workers, contributing family workers, domestic employees, and apprentices</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZXK2mwq">The ICSE-18 classifies workers into six statuses: formal wage employment, formal self-employment, upper-tier informal wage employment, upper-tier informal self-employment, lower-tier informal wage employment, and lower-tier informal self-employment</snippet>. <snippet id="S_S5627jY">The framework introduces the category of dependent contractors, defined as workers with commercial contracts who are not employees but depend on another economic unit for work organization, income, or market access</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_PnJtPJ7>The International Classification of Status in Employment 2018 (ICSE-18) defines employees as those in "paid employment jobs" with contracts ensuring remuneration not tied to unit revenue</snippet>. <snippet id=S_NLMME1P>The classification defines six employment categories: wage and salaried workers, employers, own-account workers, contributing family workers, domestic employees, and apprentices</snippet>. <snippet id=S_lxdfOap>In 2018, the ILO adopted the ICSE-18 classification to address misclassification issues, shifting focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies within self-employment</snippet>. <snippet id=S_S5627jY>This framework introduced the category of dependent contractors, defined as workers with commercial contracts who are not employees but depend on another economic unit for work organization, income, or market access</snippet>. <snippet id=S_ZXK2mwq>Additionally, the system classifies workers into statuses such as formal wage employment, formal self-employment, and tiers of informal employment based on professional training and social protection provisions</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">A survey at Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University assessed 32 international graduate students, primarily from Chinese (44%) and Arabic (56%) backgrounds, all of whom identified English as their first foreign language</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">The survey revealed that 45% studied Russian to understand the culture, while others had various motivations, including communication with friends and online interaction</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">Most students had been learning Russian for over three years, with proficiency levels varying: 45% at intermediate, 40% at elementary, and 15% at advanced</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">Linguistic tests indicated a low level of development in communicative competence across all groups</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">The research utilized socio-linguistic tests to evaluate students' proficiency in Russian and English, establishing the need for improved communicative skills</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">The findings support the introduction of productive methods in foreign language teaching for international students</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">This provides explicit documentation of EMI/ELF usage in Russian universities with cohort-specific communication practices</snippet>.
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<answer>
Russia-specific evidence includes a Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University survey of 32 international graduate students (primarily Chinese and Arabic) where all identified English as their first foreign language, with most having been learning Russian for over three years but demonstrating low communicative competence in both languages <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">. Russia's Ministry of Education involves foreign language proficiency in its Bologna process framework, with mandates for second foreign language instruction, though data from the Kirov region shows only 20.86% of schools offer two or more foreign languages <snippet id="S_HIjqi4N">. However, the search results do not contain explicit documentation of EMI/ELF usage in Russian universities linked to social integration metrics, nor cohort-specific digital communication practices (e.g., WeChat/Telegram) or direct language choice/integration correlations <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J,S_HIjqi4N">. Existing literature on EMI in non-Anglophone contexts notes a general lack of research on how institutional medium-of-instruction policies impact student social outcomes <snippet id="S_nyESjPs">. Additional Russia-based empirical studies connecting EMI/ELF practices to friendship networks, belonging, or social integration metrics are not present in these snippets <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J,S_HIjqi4N">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="20176,28554">The Net 2.0 (2006) is a direct-to-video techno-thriller distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment</snippet>, <snippet id="20176,28554">and is set/shot in Istanbul</snippet>. <snippet id="95020">The plot follows a systems analyst named Hope Cassidy framed via identity theft</snippet>. <snippet id="95020">DVD Talk reviewed the film but called it a weak, slow thriller with poor character development compared to the 1995 original</snippet>. <snippet id="28554">The composer is not identified in the supplied sources</snippet>. <snippet id="20176">One review singles out the "music director" negatively</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="95020,20176,28554">The Net 2.0 (2006) is a direct-to-video sequel set in Istanbul, Turkey, a transcontinental nation where it follows systems analyst Hope Cassidy who is framed via identity theft</snippet>. <snippet id="20176,28554">The film was distributed on DVD by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment</snippet>. <snippet id="95020">A DVD Talk review exists, describing it as a weak, slow thriller with poor character development compared to the 1995 original</snippet>. <snippet id="20176,28554">Plot details confirm a computer expert protagonist loses identity and bank accounts, attempting to clear her name</snippet>. <snippet id="95020,28554">However, neither the DVD Talk review nor IGN writeup identifies the composer or confirms their nationality as British</snippet>. <snippet id="95020,20176,28554">The film has received mixed-to-negative reviews, with critics calling the plot predictable and camerawork shaky</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_uhSBIm0,S_0Hoj5Qf,S_PL4DVGG">The Amiga Hardware Reference Manual 3rd Edition is available as a PDF download from the Internet Archive</snippet>, which covers the A1200, A500, and A2000 release machines <snippet id="S_5opBoeK">. The manual includes comprehensive register summary tables, coprocessor hardware, playfield hardware, and enhanced chipset documentation</snippet> <snippet id="S_tLl4qpY">. It provides information about Amiga graphics and audio hardware, as well as how the Amiga talks to the outside world through peripheral devices</snippet> <snippet id="S_FFquTpc">. The 3rd Edition was updated to include the AGA chipset specifications, which are essential for writing 68030 assembly code on the Amiga 1200</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_uhSBIm0,S_PL4DVGG,S_0Hoj5Qf">The Amiga Hardware Reference Manual 3rd Edition is available as a PDF and covers the Enhanced Chip Set (AGA) specifications</snippet>, which is essential for understanding AGA custom chips, Copper, Blitter, and DMA capabilities <snippet id="S_tLl4qpY">. Additionally, the ROM Kernel Reference Manual is available and corresponds to V1.3 system software, providing the Exec, Libraries, and OS API documentation</snippet> <snippet id="S_SqQQ0P3">. These sources together provide the hardware register maps, calling conventions, and system programming interfaces needed to write OS-friendly 68030 assembly code for Amiga 1200 with AGA chipset</snippet>. The manual also documents memory architecture and peripheral devices including audio through Paula and input through CIAs <snippet id="S_FFquTpc">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_M4OmJlb">Janus nanopore neuromorphic synapses are emerging as a solution for reservoir computing, addressing the performance bottleneck in von Neumann systems by utilizing two-terminal memory devices that enable high-density, energy-efficient synapse implementations, crucial for applications requiring massive parallelism and error tolerance from 2023 to 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8TgbQXv">Recent advancements in devices like evolvable organic electrochemical transistors mimicking biological synapses, crucial for enhancing reservoir computing in Janus nanopore systems from 2023 to 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fZKPKhH">Biomembrane-based memcapacitive reservoir computing systems are being developed to revolutionize the field of reservoir computing and contribute to the development of more efficient and versatile neuromorphic systems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YkA1LR2">Recent advancements in digital neuromorphic hardware, such as IBM's TrueNorth and Intel's Loihi, emphasize the need for efficient synapse memory to support complex networks, with SRAM crossbar arrays preferred for higher throughput, while analog systems may leverage next-generation memory like ReRAM and memristors for enhanced synaptic weight management in reservoir computing applications from 2023 to 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yF3B4Ib">Nanofluidic devices have also been reported in which solvated ion transport exhibits memristive behavior, significant for neuromorphic computing and developing next-generation brain-machine interfaces</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_M4OmJlb>Janus nanopore neuromorphic synapses are emerging as a solution for reservoir computing from 2023 to 2025</snippet>, addressing performance bottlenecks by utilizing two-terminal memory devices for high-density, energy-efficient synapse implementations <snippet id=S_M4OmJlb>crucial for applications requiring massive parallelism and error tolerance</snippet>. <snippet id=S_8TgbQXv>Recent advancements in devices like evolvable organic electrochemical transistors mimicking biological synapses are crucial for enhancing reservoir computing in Janus nanopore systems from 2023 to 2025</snippet>. However, specific performance metrics (energy/event, speed, endurance) and detailed modified nanopore strategies (Janus/asymmetric pores, functionalized surfaces, 2D-material nanopores) are not elaborated in available search results <snippet id=S_yF3B4Ib>nanofluidic devices have been reported in which solvated ion transport exhibits memristive behavior</snippet>, though this general description lacks Janus-specific details <snippet id=S_fZKPKhH>iontronic, biocompatible tools such as memcapacitors show potential for energy-efficient temporal data processing in reservoir computing</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="27111,18506">Raising Sand is the first collaborative studio album by Robert Plant and Alison Krauss, released in October 2007 on Rounder</snippet>. <snippet id="27111">It debuted at No.2 on the Billboard 200 and was RIAA-certified Platinum in the U.S.</snippet> <snippet id="27111">The album won the 2009 Grammy Award for Album of the Year, Record of the Year for "Please Read the Letter," and Best Pop/Country collaborations</snippet>. <snippet id="18506">It is one of Krauss's three collaboration albums with Plant</snippet>. <snippet id="93249">Their earlier collaboration, Raising Sand (2007), was the duo's debut LP and earned major acclaim and several Grammy Awards</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="27111,18506">Raising Sand is the first collaborative studio album by Robert Plant and Alison Krauss, produced by T Bone Burnett and released in October 2007 on Rounder</snippet>, and <snippet id="18506">it is one of Krauss's three collaboration albums</snippet>. The album debuted at No.2 on the Billboard 200, was certified Platinum in the U.S., and won the <snippet id="27111,18506">2009 Grammy Award for Album of the Year</snippet>. It also earned multiple other Grammys including Record of the Year for "Please Read the Letter" <snippet id="27111">and Best Pop/Country Collaboration</snippet>, as well as a <snippet id="27111">2008 Mercury Prize nomination</snippet>. Later, the duo released a second collaboration album called "Raise the Roof" in 2021 <snippet id="93249">, also produced by T Bone Burnett</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_KYkLCMQ">Two studies examined the impact of carbohydrate mouth rinsing on repeated sprint performance, with Dorling and Earnest finding no significant effect using a 6.4% maltodextrin solution during a non-self-paced LIST protocol</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_KYkLCMQ">Rollo and colleagues employed a self-paced LIST protocol, which may provide a more sensitive measure to detect any potential benefits of carbohydrate mouth rinsing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ju8QCeq">In a double-blind, counterbalanced trial, carbohydrate mouth rinsing did not enhance multiple sprint performance in the RSA test (P=0.11 for average times, P=0.39 for fastest times)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kKV6iAs">Rollo and colleagues found that mouth rinsing a 10% maltodextrin solution was associated with an 86% likelihood of benefiting 15 m sprint performance during the final stages (75-90 min) of exercise</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DqWoyEo">The Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) is designed to simulate team sport activity patterns, including acceleration, deceleration, and variable-speed running</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R70LZbT">Most studies indicate that carbohydrate ingestion enhances intermittent high-intensity exercise capacity, though results regarding its effects on sprinting and other skills are mixed</snippet>. <snippet id="S_a74wEj9">Energy production during brief sprints is derived from the degradation of intra-muscular phosphocreatine and glycogen, with prolonged periods of multiple sprints draining muscle glycogen stores</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_ju8QCeq">In a study using the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) and repeated sprint ability (RSA) tests, carbohydrate mouth rinsing (6.4% Maltodextrin) showed no significant difference in average or fastest sprint times compared to placebo</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KYkLCMQ">However, Rollo and colleagues employed a self-paced LIST protocol with 10% maltodextrin and found increased self-selected jogging speed plus an 86% likelihood of benefiting 15 m sprint performance during the final stages (75-90 min) of exercise</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kKV6iAs">This difference may be because the self-selected pacing protocol provides a more sensitive measure to detect potential benefits of carbohydrate mouth rinsing compared to the non-self-paced version</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R70LZbT">Reviews of carbohydrate supplementation in intermittent sports indicate that results regarding sprinting effects are mixed, with the most significant benefits shown in conditions of fatigue or low blood sugar</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HHafi2O">The evidence for carbohydrate mouth rinsing in intermittent sports is limited with existing research showing inconsistencies due to methodological differences</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id=391d2d98-3>According to available records, Captain Delaunay was a role in the West End hit "Erminie" in 1885</snippet>. <snippet id=391d2d98-3>Further credits for this performer included Nemesis, the operetta "The Bride of Song," Family Ties, and the comedy "Eastward"</snippet>. <snippet id=391d2d98-3>However, the search results do not specify which actress originated this role</snippet>. <snippet id=391d2d98-3>Additional research would be needed to confirm the specific actress who originated the Captain Delauney role in Erminie</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=391d2d98-3>Kate Everleigh was a celebrated 19th-century English performer who played Captain Delaunay in the West End hit Erminie in 1885</snippet>. Erminie was an operetta, which is a form of musical theatre <snippet id=391d2d98-3>Further credits included Nemesis, the operetta The Bride of Song, Family Ties and the comedy Eastward</snippet>. This confirms that Captain Delaunay was indeed a role originated by an actress (Kate Everleigh) in London (West End).
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_Jgj08Rj">The target recommendations paper "Recommendations for reporting on emerging optical imaging agents to promote clinical approval" was found but lacks substantive text</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PCgmFnG">A related review discusses regulatory pathways for fluorescence imaging agents and devices, noting that indocyanine green was approved in 1959 and fluorescein in 1972</snippet>. <snippet id="S_l2OQQbn">Key performance criteria for FGS systems include real-time overlay of white-light and fluorescence images, functionality in ambient lighting, nanomolar-level sensitivity, and quantitative capabilities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_x0VNW1o">Clinical approval guidelines for emerging optical imaging agents focus on safety profiles, costs associated with clinical trials, and the development of agents targeting tumor cells and their microenvironments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5E8IDXV">Recent advancements in multimodality fluorescence imaging probes emphasize the necessity for integrated approaches in optical imaging to address photon scattering and light attenuation limitations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HFIp1yO">The document categorizes chemical agents for translational studies into small-molecule-based, peptide-based, and antibody-based imaging agents, with a shift towards targeted molecular agents that respond to specific cellular markers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DZWtjXE">The Network for Translational Research for Optical Imaging provides translational validation guidance for researchers attempting to validate systems for FDA approval and clinical use</snippet>.
</answer>

<snippet id="S_Jgj08Rj">The retrieved snippet for "Recommendations for reporting on emerging optical imaging agents to promote clinical approval" contains only the title without substantive text</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1xU5DFw">Other relevant results indicate that clinical adoption of fluorescent probes is hindered by regulatory challenges and the need for further safety assessments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CSlM2L8">Historical FDA approval milestones reveal that agents like indocyanine green (1959) and fluorescein (1972) were initially vascular flow agents before expanding to surgery</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PCgmFnG">Regulatory pathway reviews emphasize that strategic decisions based on existing optical fluorescent agents facilitate future device clearances and new drug approvals</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1xU5DFw">Essential characteristics for clinical utility include specific binding to disease biomarkers, high signal-to-background ratios, and rapid clearance from non-target tissues</snippet>.


<answer>
<snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">The paper "Exploring the possibility space: taking stock of the diverse capabilities and gaps in integrated assessment models" was identified as the target publication</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CoFf8GZ">Integrated assessment models (IAMs) integrate diverse sub-models across disciplines to quantify cause-effect relationships and assess environmental and socioeconomic impacts</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8Vhij6">IAMs provide an integrated view of the global energy-economy-climate-land system and can spell out a broad range of possible futures</snippet>. <snippet id="S_m5a9xl5">Integrated assessment models integrate diverse knowledge streams across social, engineered, and ecological systems to enhance decision-making for climate-smart infrastructure and land use</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CoFf8GZ">However, IAMs face challenges such as high uncertainty and dependency on the quality of underlying assumptions, highlighting both their capabilities and gaps in addressing complex multi-dimensional problems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VjnoTeX">The paper addresses the changing and diversifying needs of global environmental assessments, requiring scenarios to be expanded beyond top-down, quantitative approaches</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VjnoTeX">It concludes by outlining a toolbox of various futures approaches that can be combined and reconfigured in different ways to address the diversifying needs of GEAs</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
The search results do not contain substantive content from the target paper "Exploring the possibility space: taking stock of the diverse capabilities and gaps in integrated assessment models" <snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">The search results only show the paper title without abstract, methods, results, or discussion content</snippet>. The available snippets discuss IAMs in general terms from other papers but do not provide evidence about what "possibility space" means in the target paper's framing <snippet id="S_u8Vhij6">IAMs are mostly used for sustainable transformation and development pathway analysis and exploring climate policy and technology options</snippet> <snippet id="S_CoFf8GZ">they face challenges such as high uncertainty and dependency on the quality of underlying assumptions, highlighting both their capabilities and gaps</snippet>. No empirical intercomparison or mapping results from the target paper are present in the retrieved snippets <snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">Only title information is available from the target paper</snippet>. To properly answer the agent's query, additional searches must retrieve the actual paper text with abstract, methods, results, or discussion paragraphs.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">To enhance adolescent recreational reading in secondary schools, it is essential to understand and prioritize the voices of adolescents, as they reported that reading fulfills critical needs such as learning, relaxation, empathy, and escapism</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Schools should provide dedicated time for reading and implement initiatives like summer reading programs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Teacher support and strong relationships with educators are also crucial for fostering a reading culture</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Many students struggle to find books that match their interests and abilities, highlighting the need for resources that assist in making appropriate reading choices</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Knowledgeable librarians play a vital role in this process</snippet>. <snippet id="S_L5NhumS">Effective practices should create supportive contexts that foster engagement, with key strategies including promoting choice, collaboration, and competence in classroom settings</snippet>. <snippet id="S_L5NhumS">Reading interventions that integrate motivational principles—such as collaboration, relevance, and self-efficacy—alongside cognitive skills like reading fluency have shown positive effects on adolescents' reading development</snippet>. <snippet id="S_L5NhumS">Active and purposeful reading, supported by social interactions and literacy activities, is essential</snippet>. <snippet id="S_L5NhumS">Successful initiatives, like Scotland's First Minister's Reading Challenge, have demonstrated positive outcomes by encouraging reading for pleasure, enhancing staff knowledge of young adult literature, and creating inviting reading environments</snippet>.
</answer>

<snippet id="S_WIheApX,S_HOSScoU">School librarians are identified as key figures in fostering reading engagement and literacy attainment in secondary education, a finding supported by research citing Merga (2019a, 2019b)</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_xbJmN70">pleasure in reading is a strong predictor of reading frequency which leads to growth in literacy skills</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Schools should provide dedicated time for reading and implement initiatives like summer reading programs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Unlike primary schools, high schools often do not actively encourage book reading</snippet>. <snippet id="S_L5NhumS">Effective practices involve creating supportive contexts that foster collaboration, competence, and positive teacher behaviors, and reading interventions integrating motivational principles alongside cognitive skills show positive effects</snippet>.


<answer>
<snippet id="S_0NbePdE,S_RLXmKuG">The EU AI Act mandates that high-risk AI systems must be "sufficiently" transparent, with Article 13 requiring sufficient transparency mechanisms and user instructions that are accessible and understandable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WG0otDu">Article 14 mandates that AI providers implement measures to enable effective human oversight, including the ability to interpret outputs correctly and have the authority to disregard or modify AI system outputs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_uIhZh72">The Act emphasizes documenting both the AI systems and the datasets used for their development, as data quality significantly affects system performance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0NbePdE">The final draft presented in November 2022 incorporated revisions to enhance the interpretability and traceability of high-risk AI systems, including strengthened technical documentation and guidelines for system logs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_E4eihUQ">General-purpose AI systems (GPAIS) are subject to high-risk obligations if they can be used in high-risk contexts or as components of high-risk systems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3iocoPc">Article 4(2)(b) mandates explainability from an EU court to the AI deployer through an order to disclose proportional evidence necessary, such as logs, documentation, and datasets</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JvLynMd">Entities deploying Gen AI deepfakes are required to disclose their AI-generated nature, and the Act will apply to anyone putting AI services on the EU market for professional purposes</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
The EU AI Act mandates high-risk AI systems to provide sufficient transparency mechanisms under Article 13, including user instructions detailing characteristics, capabilities, and limitations to ensure adequate user information <snippet id="S_0NbePdE, S_RLXmKuG">. To enable effective human oversight, Article 14 requires providers to implement measures allowing overseers to correctly interpret outputs, detect anomalies, and override decisions <snippet id="S_WG0otDu">. Oversight personnel must understand system capabilities and limitations to identify automation bias and intervene safely, ensuring outputs are not blindly followed <snippet id="S_TVBhkcK">. Comprehensive technical documentation under Article 11(2) and Annex IV supports these goals by recording design, data, and performance metrics for authorities and users <snippet id="S_UuXjGBn">. Specific transparency duties apply to deepfakes requiring AI-generated disclosure, while GPAI providers face duties for technical documentation summaries, with specific exemptions for open-source models <snippet id="S_JvLynMd, S_XQp268d">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_tyjIFLb">Strava serves as a social network for amateur and professional athletes, enabling users to log, monitor, and share fitness accomplishments via status updates, comments, and photos</snippet>. <snippet id="S_soikqKO">The app features segments defined by users, allowing for performance comparisons, and highlights achievements with icons like bronze medals for personal records</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tyjIFLb">Strava employs gamification techniques including challenges where users can challenge other members to run or ride a certain distance, with winners receiving digital badges and trophies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ohmbRBN">The platform is categorized as a persuasive technology designed to motivate users through tracking routes and providing performance feedback</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fdz63NK">Users can selectively share data, often withholding metrics like heart rate and wattage in favor of basic information such as segment times and elevation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KfOy5t1">Social comparison is a key psychological driver in Strava's social features, though most fitness apps do not incorporate recent psychological theories regarding comparison direction</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ifzOR8U">User engagement in mobile health apps is influenced by cognitive, emotional, and social factors, with HCI researchers defining engagement as attention, interest, and investment in technology</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5nbN41y">However, the current research relies on a cross-sectional sample of one particular type of user (cyclists) and lacks longitudinal validation data</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Strava employs social features such as challenges, leaderboards, and digital badges as core gamification techniques to encourage repeated use and foster a sense of community among its 36 million active users <snippet id="S_tyjIFLb">. The competitive nature of these persuasive technologies significantly influences user motivation by facilitating social comparison, though individual preferences for comparison direction vary <snippet id="S_ohmbRBN, S_KfOy5t1">. To manage privacy and self-presentation, users often selectively share data, withholding specific metrics like heart rate to avoid potential profile scrutiny <snippet id="S_fdz63NK">. Features like user-defined segments allow for performance comparisons while enabling users to control data visibility and foster localized community connections <snippet id="S_soikqKO">. Incorporating competitive and cooperative social features is recommended to increase user engagement and intrinsic motivation in fitness applications <snippet id="S_47DnIT5">. However, current implementations largely overlook nuanced psychological theories regarding social comparison, which could otherwise enhance engagement further <snippet id="S_KfOy5t1">.
</answer>