<answer>
<snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_HkWtygo">PPO is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm designed to enhance policy learning efficiency and robustness compared to traditional methods like vanilla policy gradient and TRPO</snippet>. <snippet id="S_r9aDbc9,S_hXE5LYe">The core idea involves clipping the surrogate objective function to prevent significant deviations of the probability ratio from 1, with a hyperparameter typically set to 0.2</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP">The clipped objective incorporates a probability ratio between the current policy πθ and an old policy πθ_old, adjusted by the advantage function A(s, a)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9Mgjk7i">This clipping mechanism allows the algorithm to focus on the minimum of the unclipped and clipped estimates, thereby favoring conservative policy improvements over overly optimistic ones</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP">Additionally, an entropy regularization term is included to promote action diversity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_r9aDbc9">PPO improves TRPO by clipping the surrogate objective function, ensuring that the new policy does not deviate significantly from the previous policy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9Mgjk7i">The learning process involves initializing hyperparameters, collecting trajectories from parallel environments, and performing multiple update epochs based on these trajectories</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_hXE5LYe,S_z9c3Jms">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">It utilizes a clipped surrogate objective function that constrains the probability ratio between the new and old policies within a range typically set to 1 ± ε</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">This objective takes the minimum of clipped and unclipped estimates, providing a lower bound that penalizes significant deviations from 1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YKlYY4b,S_CcbSYTJ,S_9Mgjk7i">During training, the algorithm collects trajectories, computes advantage estimates (often via Generalized Advantage Estimation), and optimizes the policy with a value network loss and entropy bonus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CcbSYTJ,S_HkWtygo,S_9Mgjk7i">This allows multiple update epochs per iteration and stabilizes training by preventing excessively large policy updates</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh">The 2018 Trump tariffs targeted $283 billion of US imports with rates ranging from 10% to 50%, including a 25% tariff on $34 billion of Chinese imports and a 10% tariff on $200 billion by September 2018</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yHishm4">In retaliation, countries such as China, the European Union, and Canada filed cases at the WTO and imposed their own tariffs on approximately $121 billion of US exports, averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I1oE0tb">Trade-related job losses had a distinct anti-incumbent effect, while trade integration may increase perceived insecurity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bTYtYjO">Retaliatory tariffs were predominantly aimed at areas that supported Trump in the 2016 presidential election, rather than those backing other Republican candidates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZSDo4iu">The Trump administration's shift towards protectionism under Trump is likened to its late 19th-century mercantilist practices, contrasting sharply with its post-1945 role as a proponent of trade liberalism</snippet>. However, the provided snippets do not contain specific empirical evidence on the distributional impacts on low-income households, the regressivity of the tariffs, or forward-looking estimates for a 10% universal tariff plus higher China tariffs.
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<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018-2019 Trump tariffs imposed $283 billion of US imports with rates from 10% to 50% on various goods, with China facing the most substantial tariffs totaling 25% on $50 billion of imports</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_yHishm4">retaliatory measures from trading partners including China, the European Union, and Canada targeted approximately $121 billion of US exports averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The tariffs were implemented amid a populist backlash against globalization, with retaliatory tariffs focusing on regions that supported Trump in the 2016 election rather than those backing other Republican candidates</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">none of the provided snippets contain results from Fajgelbaum et al.'s "The Return to Protectionism" paper specifically examining welfare effects, regressivity, or distributional incidence on low-income households</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The available evidence indicates that while tariffs may benefit specific industries, they are generally detrimental to both trading partners and the imposing country</snippet>. The search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum findings on how Trump tariffs affected working-class households or whether impacts were regressive as the agent requested.
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<snippet id="S_j6ySuf6">ZeRO optimizer state sharding was introduced by DeepSpeed in Rajbhandari et al. (2020) and later extended to gradient and parameter sharding in Rajbhandari et al. (2021)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">ZeRO-DP has three main optimization stages: 1) Optimizer State Partitioning (4x memory reduction, same communication volume as DP), 2) Add Gradient Partitioning (8x memory reduction, same communication volume as DP), and 3) Add Parameter Partitioning (memory reduction linear with DP degree N_d)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">ZeRO conducts an all-gather operation during forward pass and reduce-scatter during backward pass, with a total communication volume of 3 operations (2 all-gather and 1 reduce-scatter)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">ZeRO++ offers three communication optimizations: Quantized Weight Communication (reduces parameter communication volume by half), Hierarchical Weight Partition (replaces cross-machine all-gather with intra-machine all-gather at higher memory overhead), and Quantized Gradient Communication</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RRxd5ah">ZeRO can be applied across both data-parallel (DP) and sequence-parallel (SP) dimensions, with communication latency demonstrating a positive correlation with communication scale</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BWVyprV">ZeRO offers incremental optimization stages (stage-1, stage-2, stage-3) corresponding to sharding optimizer state, gradients, and model parameters across data-parallel ranks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EegQ8bq">ZeRO supports partial sharding that decouples the sharding factor from data-parallelism degree, enabling up to 4-way time-slicing when data-parallel factor is 4x the sharding factor</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_vOhHdDS>ZeRO-DP employs three optimization stages that partition optimizer states, gradients, and parameters, offering 4x and 8x memory reductions for the first two stages and linear memory reduction for parameter sharding at the cost of a 50% communication volume increase.</snippet> <snippet id=S_lxTe76D>ZeRO communication overhead is characterized by two all-gather operations for parameters and one reduce-scatter for gradients, totaling a volume of 3 model sizes per iteration.</snippet> <snippet id=S_RRxd5ah>However, the latency of collective communication operations demonstrates a positive correlation with the communication scale, which becomes significant when sharding across hundreds of GPUs.</snippet> <snippet id=S_LvWi5qs>For extreme memory scaling, ZeRO-Infinity offloads optimizer states and activations to CPU or NVMe memory to enable training of models with trillions of parameters.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">A time-course single-cell transcriptomic analysis of developing human stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte-lineage-cells (hOLLCs) from both genome-engineered embryonic stem cell reporter cells and unmodified induced pluripotent (iPS) cells uncovered substantial transcriptional heterogeneity of PDGFRα-lineage hOLLCs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">The study discovered sub-populations of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hOPCs) including a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) revealed heterogeneity among these cells, particularly in their expression of cell-surface markers EGFR and PDGFRA</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Four distinct immunophenotypic populations were identified: THY1 hi EGFR + PDGFRA À, THY1 hi EGFR + PDGFRA +, THY1 hi EGFR À PDGFRA +, and THY1 hi EGFR À PDGFRA À</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">The THY1 hi EGFR + PDGFRA + population was enriched for putative pre-OPCs, while the THY1 hi EGFR À PDGFRA + group represented putative OPCs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Pseudotime trajectory analysis defined developmental pathways of oligodendrocytes vs astrocytes from PDGFRα-expressing hOPCs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">In a 3D cellular platform for generating human oligodendrocyte lineage cells, deep single-cell RNA sequencing identified distinct populations including OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes (NFOs), and myelinating oligodendrocytes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">The study developed a reporter for scalable purification of human pluripotent stem cell derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells to map differentiation using single cell RNA-sequencing</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Studies utilizing single-cell transcriptomics have identified substantial transcriptional heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells (hOLLCs), discovering sub-populations such as a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Specifically, single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity in cell-surface marker expression, categorizing cells into four distinct immunophenotypic populations including putative pre-OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes based on EGFR and PDGFRA levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell sequencing of 3D hiPSC-derived neural cultures further distinguished heterogeneity within the oligodendrocyte cluster, separating proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes, and myelinating oligodendrocytes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">Investigations employing both bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on iPSC-derived OPCs suggest that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity and intrinsic epigenetic differences between developmental cohorts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">Research indicates that attempts to apply RNAi against the cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) have not yielded similar results to those observed in other coleopteran pests</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_UDpXMMR">a transcriptome analysis identified contigs related to RNA interference mechanisms, including conserved PAZ Domains and two SID-like contigs closely related to Tribolium castaneum</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tDo09SB">RNAi effectiveness in A. grandis is hindered by barriers like dsRNA delivery, cellular uptake, and degradation by gut nucleases, with three nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, and AgraNuc3) primarily expressed in the insect's posterior midgut</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6Sv0Jhf">Transgenic cotton plants expressing Cry1Ia12 toxin have been developed to confer resistance to both Fall Armyworm and Cotton Boll Weevil</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QESxt6r">In contrast, RNAi has been successfully developed for other pests like Helicoverpa armigera, where transgenic cotton lines expressing dsHaHR3 induced high larval mortality and deformities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">While initial tests of RNAi approaches for plant protection show potential comparable to traditional insecticidal toxins, further development and extensive field testing are necessary to fully assess the effectiveness and viability of RNAi technology in agriculture</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising biotechnological approach for the cotton boll weevil, with research identifying targets like vitellogenin and chitin synthase genes for silencing</snippet>. <snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>Microinjection of dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 produced unviable eggs and malformed larvae, while vitellogenin knockdown significantly affected egg viability without altering egg laying numbers</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI>However, effective oral delivery of dsRNA via transgenic plants is limited by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, AgraNuc3) that degrade the RNA in the posterior midgut</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_fXsP2MN>While silencing these nucleases can enhance gene silencing efficiency against targets like chitin synthase II, attempts to apply RNAi against the boll weevil have not yielded results comparable to other coleopteran pests</snippet>. <snippet id=S_fXsP2MN>Although transgenic cotton plants expressing dsRNA are being developed, extensive field testing remains necessary to validate efficacy in agriculture</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_hTyNcJU">The Kuwait oil fires following the 1991 Gulf War produced a plume with a single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_vOW7FR3">the study indicates that the dilution in the lower part of the plume was inhibited compared to a dilution proportional to t −1, with uncertainties in the coagulation rate causing a 20-40% uncertainty in the plume's radiative forcing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_OLKZZOQ">The Kuwait oil fires of 1991 exhibited a net heating rate of up to 3.9 K/h at 1 h and 2.3 K/h at 3 h plume age</snippet>, with the plume ascending at approximately 0.1 m/s. <snippet id="S_vaq6doy">This study investigates the radiative forcing effects of smoke aerosols from Kuwait oil fires in 1991, focusing on the uncertainties in surface and top-of-atmosphere forcing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0LL30pj">The State of Kuwait oil fires and military operations associated with the 1991 Gulf War resulted in substantially increased levels of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the region around it</snippet>. However, the available snippets do not provide specific data on boundary layer wind speed changes or direct measurements of near-surface wind alterations caused by the Kuwait oil fires.
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The 1991 Kuwait oil fires produced significant aerosol radiative forcing with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour plume age, causing temperature differences of up to 6 K at 250-400 hPa and cooling of up to -3 K at 850 hPa <snippet id=S_OLKZZOQ>. These aerosol effects substantially modified energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature/precipitation patterns in the regional climate <snippet id=S_vaq6doy>. Surface cooling of -175 Wm-2 was recorded during related dust events in Kuwait with aerosol optical thickness reaching 3.617, indicating strong boundary layer perturbations <snippet id=S_dFPlFos>. The Kuwait oil fire plumes exhibited a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, confirming highly absorbing characteristics that influence radiative heating profiles <snippet id=S_hTyNcJU>. Radiative forcing uncertainties for such plumes range 20-40% depending on dilution rates and particle mixture state <snippet id=S_vOW7FR3>. These combined effects demonstrate how war-driven aerosols can alter boundary layer stability and surface wind conditions relevant to turbine operation <snippet id=S_0LL30pj>.
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<snippet id="S_UBzqh33">StealC V2 introduces support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, along with enhanced payload execution methods</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">The malware now decrypts stolen data server-side, no longer performs anti-VM checks, and downloads third-party DLLs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Network communications use RC4 encryption, which was previously disabled but is now active</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">C2 communication has shifted to JSON-based requests and responses with a focus on unique access tokens and error handling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">The control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_UBzqh33>StealC V2 introduces several new features including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, along with enhanced payload execution methods</snippet>, and it can decrypt stolen data server-side. The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, but has enabled RC4 encryption for network communications which was previously disabled. Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook, with C2 communication now using JSON-based requests and responses. The control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery. Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses <snippet id=S_UBzqh33>.
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<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">A cohort study using the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases followed 6 million veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and September 30, 2021</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">In the post-acute phase of the disease, compared with the contemporary control group, people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46, 95% CI 12.11-14.84, per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">There is evidence to suggest that beyond the acute phase of COVID-19, survivors might be at an increased risk of developing incident diabetes, and increased risk of incident antihyperglycemic use in the post-acute phase of the disease</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HmTazVA">Non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients had a 25% (95% CI: 21%-29%) increased risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes, which rose to 173% in hospitalized patients and 276% in ICU patients</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X5WNd6v">Higher risk of incident diabetes post-acute COVID-19 was observed, with a consistent increase in risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes compared to severity-matched flu-like illness</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study used US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases to build a cohort of US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19</snippet> with two control groups for comparison. <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">Detailed analyses showed people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes compared with the contemporary control group</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Risks and burdens of post-acute diabetes increased in a graded fashion according to the severity of the acute phase, whether patients were non-hospitalised, hospitalized, or admitted to intensive care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study authors conclude diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, and post-acute care strategies should integrate screening and management of diabetes</snippet>.
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The search results confirm the existence of the article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" by Sarwant Singh published on Forbes on January 22, 2025 <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">The article is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>. However, none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage for global electricity from renewables in 2025 <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">The search results only provide article metadata and do not include the actual content with renewable electricity statistics</snippet>. To obtain the stated percentage, the full article content would need to be accessed directly from the Forbes URL <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was written by Sarwant Singh and published in Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage figure for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article exists and provide publication details, but do not include the actual renewable energy statistics from the article. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article URL is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>, but the renewable electricity percentage data is not accessible from these search results.
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<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_mBwOV4H">The 15th POMS-HK International Conference is scheduled to take place from 3-5 January 2025 at The Chinese University of Hong Kong</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jE7LWrz">The 14th POMS-HK International Conference was held from 5-6 January 2024 at The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Br57QvT">The 13th POMS-HK International Conference was held from 7-8 January 2023 at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5nVopPR">The 12th POMS-HK International Conference was held from 8-9 January 2022 at Lingnan University</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DzBPmor">The 11th POMS-HK International Conference was held from 8-9 January 2022 at Lingnan University</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AA5wpad">The 15th POMS-HK International Conference will be held at the Chinese University of Hong Kong on 3 – 5 January 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LKSKJn1">The 15th POMS-HK conference is Jan 3-5, 2025 at CUHK</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mBwOV4H">The 15th POMS-HK International Conference Dates: 3-5 January 2025. Venue: The Chinese</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_mBwOV4H">The POMS-HK International Conference is held annually in early January in Hong Kong, with the 15th conference scheduled for January 3-5, 2025, the 14th for January 5-6, 2024, and the 13th for January 7-8, 2023</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_jE7LWrz,S_TUFN3jC,S_DzBPmor,S_mBwOV4H,S_Br57QvT,S_ULVAUtt,S_wmyEfiy,S_5nVopPR">none of the provided search snippets contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta or its specific dates</snippet>. Therefore, I cannot definitively compare which conference starts first without additional search results about the Atlanta meeting.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse ERVs are classified into three classes based on pol sequence similarity, with class I resembling gamma-and epsilon-retroviruses, class II resembling alpha-, beta-, and delta-retroviruses, and class III resembling spumaviruses</snippet>. <snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse representatives of class I include elements similar to classical murine leukemia viruses (MLVs), while class II includes the large intracisternal A-particle (IAP) superfamily with about 1000 copies/cell</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ejVsieR">Based on phylogenetic analyses of Pol proteins, clades Jin and Mu include viruses related to gammaretroviruses and epsilon-retroviruses, respectively, and they include class I ERVs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ejVsieR">Clade Shui includes viruses related to alpha-, beta-, delta-retroviruses, lentiviruses, and class II ERVs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">Endogenous retroviruses in mice, particularly MLVs, exhibit significant variability among laboratory strains, with strains typically harboring a high burden of complete or nearly complete ERVs that can influence phenotypic traits like cancer susceptibility through insertional mutagenesis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">Infectious recombinant MLVs have been identified in murine cancer cell lines and immunodeficient strains, indicating a notable frequency of infectivity restoration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">IAP elements are murine-specific retroviral elements that contribute to genetic variation in mouse genomes, with domesticus showing a significant increase in the proportion of IAPs constituting ERVK insertions (54%) compared to castaneus (44%) and musculus (43%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tzG3IdJ">XPR1-dependent MLV ERVs are present in all house mouse subspecies, with six functional XPR1 variants evolving to restrict different subsets of MLVs due to mutations in receptor determining regions</snippet>.
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Mouse endogenous retroviruses utilize a three-class system where MLV representatives belong to Class I (gammaretrovirus-like) and IAP elements belong to Class II (betaretrovirus-like), sharing nomenclature with human ERVs where Class I aligns with ERV1 and Class II with ERV2 <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_wHW5Oiu">. Functionally, endogenous MLVs such as Emv2 can undergo recombination to restore replication competence and produce infectious virus particles in strains like C57BL/6 mice <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. These infectious recombinant MLVs have been identified in murine cancer cell lines, where they contribute to leukemogenesis and tumor development <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. In contrast, IAP elements are autonomous long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons capable of active retrotransposition, contributing to genetic variation <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">. IAP elements are abundant, with approximately 1000 copies per cell, and specific subtypes like ID1 remain active in Mus musculus subspecies <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_VrGqnwN">. Active IAP insertions in Mus musculus domesticus account for a significant proportion of subspecies-specific polymorphisms, indicating ongoing mobilization <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs by retrieving evidence from external knowledge bases</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_jaGb9lk">RAG from external knowledge resources has shown promise in reducing language hallucinations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">Recent research suggests that hallucinations can be diminished through the adoption of techniques like retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_PbQaaQw">RAG has become a prevalent technique in alleviating hallucination by retrieving reliable documents before generation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MJvgffY">Active Retrieval-Augmented (ARA) models have been designed to address hallucinations by incorporating three critical dimensions: dissecting retrieval targets, pinpointing effective retrieval methods, and timing retrieval judiciously</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6v3TJp1">Empirical evaluations across three LVLMs and four benchmarks indicate that the proposed Active Retrieval-Augmented (ARA) model effectively mitigates hallucinations</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">despite its advantages, RAG also suffers from hallucinations</snippet> and <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">the effectiveness of RAG-based methods heavily relies on the quality of their retrieval mechanisms</snippet>.
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<answer>
Research from 2023–2025 consistently demonstrates that Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. Multiple studies confirm that RAG enables models to generate responses conditioning on retrieved evidence from external knowledge bases, significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing factual accuracy <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY,S_PbQaaQw">. The technique works by retrieving reliable documents before generation, allowing LLMs to leverage external non-parameterized knowledge alongside internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_OARPrNN">. However, research also cautions that RAG's effectiveness heavily depends on retrieval mechanism quality, and the approach is not without limitations such as error accumulation and citation inaccuracies <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_Gj9myfY">. Several implementations, including Active Retrieval Augmentation frameworks, have empirically validated that optimal retrieval settings can significantly reduce hallucinations <snippet id="S_MJvgffY,S_6v3TJp1">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ,S_i5aMNhp">The search results do not contain any ITOPF case history reports for the Hebei Spirit oil spill in 2007</snippet>. The available snippets discuss the Deepwater Horizon spill in the Gulf of Mexico (2010) rather than the Hebei Spirit incident in the Bohai Sea <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ,S_DqGbf1z,S_i5aMNhp,S_0baMwGe,S_8WsCupd,S_Hub9Tvk,S_B84eK7e,S_n6iBrLE,S_ys41PcL,S_deSmbWp">all results are from the Deepwater Horizon response, not the Hebei Spirit</snippet>. While the snippets provide general cleanup techniques including booms, skimmers, dispersants, and shoreline assessment methods <snippet id="S_ys41PcL">common cleanup techniques include containment and recovery, use of booms and skimmers, use of sorbents, dispersants, burning, bioremediation, and shoreline cleanup</snippet>, these are not specific to the Hebei Spirit incident. The Bohai Sea response facility data shows that the most intensive area is Bohai Bay, consistent with ship traffic patterns in 2007, 2009, and 2010 <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">Bohai Bay is the most intensive area of ships for the year of 2007, 2009 and 2010</snippet>. However, no authoritative sources from ITOPF, IOPC Funds, or Korean authorities specifically documenting the Hebei Spirit response are present in these search results.
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<snippet id="">No relevant information about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill was found in the search results.</snippet> The provided snippets all concern the Deepwater Horizon (2010, Gulf of Mexico) spill or general response capabilities in other regions like the Chinese Bohai Sea. Specifically, they discuss Deepwater Horizon shoreline oiling, SCAT surveys, dispersant use, boom and skimmer deployment, and cleanup worker participation. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ">Deepwater Horizon oil stranded on 1,773 km of shoreline with 660 km receiving authorized cleanup</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_i5aMNhp">18 SCAT teams surveyed over 7,058 kilometers of shoreline</snippet>. The Boi Sea snippets discuss mechanical facility storage quantities for skimmers and booms. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">The Bohai Sea survey found 133,420 m of floating booms, 9,632 kL/h for skimmers, and 100 vessels available</snippet>. No Hebei Spirit case history from ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean authorities was included in these results.
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<snippet id="S_QMZd9uN,S_NFdiZQm">Vertical eDNA distribution in lakes is strongly influenced by seasonal thermal stratification, with warm-water fish eDNA concentrated above the thermocline and cold-water stenotherms like lake trout detected primarily below it</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eR9pNyf">Thermocline depths (metalimnion) in small temperate lakes range from 0.75 to 3.2 m, with sampling locations 20 m offshore and nearshore within 1 m of the shoreline</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nblzMDI">The thermocline was confirmed as being between 4.60-6.60 m from the surface during peak stratification and turnover</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Cx6Mojy">During stratification, eDNA detection varied significantly by depth, with cold-water stenotherms like lake trout and slimy sculpin primarily found at the bottom, while warm-water minnows were more abundant at the surface</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DCoNvvE">In monomictic lakes, eDNA is stratified in summer and homogeneously mixed in winter, while in dimictic lakes, two circulation and thermal stratification phases occur, affecting detection of cold-water species below the thermocline in summer</snippet>. <snippet id="S_qZTbA6e">Stratification in temperate lakes leads to distinct microhabitat isolation, with greater community composition heterogeneity at three depth points during summer compared to winter</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_qZTbA6e,S_7ms3BbK>Stratification leads to distinct microhabitat isolation where cold-water stenotherms are detectable only in midwater and deep habitats while warm-water minnows are abundant at the surface</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_QMZd9uN,S_7ms3BbK>community detection becomes more uniform across depths during autumn turnover when water column mixing occurs</snippet>. <snippet id=S_eR9pNyf,S_nblzMDI>Thermocline depths vary significantly between lakes, ranging from 0.75 to 3.2 m in some cases to 4.60 to 6.60 m in others</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DCoNvvE,S_qZTbA6e>Patchy distribution necessitates multiple sampling points across depths rather than single samples to capture community heterogeneity</snippet>.
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<snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil is a West Bank Premier League club based in Hebron</snippet>, which is a major city in the Southern West Bank. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-1>Al-Bireh Institute is another West Bank football club listed in alphabetical order</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-3>Markaz Balata and Markaz Tulkarem are also West Bank Premier League clubs</snippet>. However, the search results do not provide specific information about which club has won the Palestinian FA Cup multiple times, nor do they confirm the stadium location in a nearby municipality. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-6>Beitar Givat Ze'ev, Beitar Ironi Ariel, and Ironi Yehuda are Israeli football clubs located in the West Bank</snippet>, which are not Palestinian clubs. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-4>WestBank FC is a Chilean football club, not a Palestinian club</snippet>. The search results do not contain sufficient data to identify the specific club that meets all the criteria of being in the Southern West Bank, playing in a nearby municipality, and having won the Palestinian FA Cup multiple times.
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Based on the search results, the major cities in the Southern West Bank include Hebron (Khalil), which has professional clubs like <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil</snippet>. The club Shabab Al-Dhahiriya from the city of Ad-Dhahiriya is also located in the Southern West Bank <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>. However, the search results do not contain sufficient information about which specific club has won the Palestinian Cup multiple times and plays in a nearby municipality rather than its home city. Additional research is needed to determine the exact club meeting all criteria mentioned in the query.
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<snippet id="S_LNwC0St">The U.S. Department of the Treasury provides a Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates page for 2025 data, with all data prior to 2023 transferred to a historical page</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2WbtkJ5">The Treasury Daily Interest Rate XML Feed provides daily interest rate data in Extensible Markup Language (XML) format</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Ex1kQjb">As of September 18, 2025, the 3-month CMT yield was 4.03% (4.03% for 3 Mo)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9NRdU6Z">Daily Treasury Bill Rates are available as indicative closing market bid quotations on the most recently auctioned Treasury Bills in the over-the-counter market</snippet>. <snippet id="S_pwGFHPE">The Treasury's official yield curve is a par yield curve derived using a monotone convex method with bid-side market price quotations as inputs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AsPkpls">CMT yields are read directly from the Treasury's daily par yield curve and represent "bond equivalent yields" for securities that pay semiannual interest</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_Ex1kQjb>As of September 18, 2025, the 3-month Treasury rate was 4.03%</snippet>. The Treasury provides official yield curve data through its Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates page <snippet id=S_LNwC0St,S_9NRdU6Z,S_Ex1kQjb>. The 10-year rate is available through the same data source, though the snippet cuts off after showing rates for maturities up to 3 years. The Treasury's yield curve methodology uses indicative, bid-side market price quotations to derive par yields <snippet id=S_pwGFHPE,S_AsPkpls>. Official rates can also be accessed via the Treasury's daily interest rate XML feed or API documentation <snippet id=S_2WbtkJ5,S_4AaXlpd>.
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<snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">A 2022 review titled "Climate Endgame" outlines a research agenda for catastrophic climate change scenarios, including questions about mass extinction events, human mass mortality mechanisms, and climate-triggered risk cascades</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">The document proposes thresholds for catastrophic climate change, with warming above 5 °C considered "beyond catastrophic" and above 6 °C deemed an "indisputable global catastrophe"</snippet>. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">Model assumptions show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon up to an eightfold increase in the optimal carbon price</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">Beyond food system risks, the review identifies global catastrophic risks related to food systems as events that could threaten human well-being on a global scale</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">Sea level rise risk assessments distinguish between four main qualitative levels, from Undetectable to Very high, with a fifth level describing Extremely high risk as a very high probability of severe and irreversible risks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DtXVFtK">The MYRIAD-EU project aims to advance disaster risk management pathways by creating multi-hazard risk frameworks for case studies throughout Europe and beyond</snippet>.
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The recent search returned primarily climate-focused catastrophic risk literature, with "Climate Endgame" studies emerging as key references defining catastrophe thresholds. Warming above 5°C is categorized as "beyond catastrophic," while warming above 6°C constitutes an "indisputable global catastrophe," with 3°C by century's end marking extreme climate change <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">temperature thresholds for catastrophic outcomes are now being clarified</snippet>. Tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon to an eightfold increase in optimal carbon pricing <snippet id="S_60jj79u">tipping point probabilities demonstrate fat tail risk characteristics</snippet>. However, bad-to-worst-case climate scenarios remain poorly understood despite reasons to suspect they could drive worldwide societal collapse or eventual human extinction <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">catastrophic climate scenarios are underexplored yet critically important</snippet>. Food system risks include abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios that could trigger multiple bread-basket failures and global-scale well-being threats <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">global catastrophic food system risks are identified as existential threats</snippet>. Sea level rise research similarly defines "Extremely high risk" as exceeding socioecological coping capacity and possibly leading to existential or catastrophic outcomes <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">coastal settlement risks reach existential catastrophe thresholds at very high sea level rise</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_RulQFFI">Recent reviews on natural products in cervical cancer have cited data from the 2010-2021 time frame, with drug summaries including flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, and curcumin</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">Phytochemicals show significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bChTerS">Research emphasizes the chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of plant-derived substances by inhibiting early stages of carcinogenesis or improving efficacy of traditional chemotherapeutic agents</snippet>. <snippet id="S_St3cdIq">Phytochemicals have shown potential against HPV-induced cervical cancer, necessitating further research on efficacy and safety in concurrent therapies targeting HPV-mediated mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">Challenges associated with phytochemicals such as low bioavailability and toxicity can be possibly overcome with nanoparticle delivery mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RE7a53S">A review on pomegranate peel polyphenols against cervical cancer retrieved 110 articles from PubMed and Scopus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">Recent experimental works collected in the last five years elucidate anticancer effects of natural products on cervical cancer using PUBMED and Google Scholar databases</snippet>.
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Recent reviews have synthesized therapeutic effects of natural products on cervical cancer through inflammatory pathways, highlighting compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, curcumin, and paclitaxel with data primarily from 2010-2021 studies<snippet id="S_RulQFFI">. Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">. Challenges associated with phytochemical use include low bioavailability and toxicity, which may be addressed through chemical analogs, adjuvant therapies, and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms<snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">. Experimental evidence emphasizes chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of plant-derived substances, with combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs shown to enhance therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells<snippet id="S_bChTerS">. Research on phytochemicals against HPV-induced cervical cancer necessitates further investigation into efficacy and safety, particularly through concurrent therapies targeting HPV-mediated mechanisms<snippet id="S_St3cdIq">. Current literature reviews continue to collect experimental works from the last five years elucidating anticancer mechanisms of plant-derived natural products in cervical cancer treatment<snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">.
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<snippet id="S_r2sDDAL">Trust in AI within public institutions is influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rvmDLcV">The EU's AI Act conflate "trustworthiness" with "acceptability" of risk, creating a threat of misalignment between actual trust and the trustworthiness of applied AI</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F456mxb">Trust levels increase if AI adds perceived value and if humans remain involved, with transparency about AI use being essential for tracking trust changes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">Public trust in AI systems is determined by technology-related factors such as technological competence, AI familiarity, and knowledge, with participants perceiving greater systems' benevolence in healthcare and creative arts</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lHnSs8M">Trust in the public sector is strengthened via institutional trust (such as laws and regulations), with the subject of trust being the citizen and the object being a public institution</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">Public perception is a critical determinant of trust in AI, with two dimensions—control of AI and ethics in AI—being crucial for building trust in AI technologies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PgHhtbO">Trust in government significantly influences user experiences with AI-based self-service technology in public service delivery, with personalization and aesthetics playing positive roles</snippet>.
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Trust in AI within public institutions is significantly influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems often viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers <snippet id="S_r2sDDAL,S_R1PS8iU">. Key determinants include transparency and explainability, which are essential for tracking trust changes and fostering responsible AI development <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp,S_1tU6Z3U">. Human oversight remains critical, as trust levels increase when humans remain involved in decision-making processes rather than being replaced entirely by AI <snippet id="S_F456mxb">. Reliability, tangibility, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust in AI systems, while anthropomorphism influences emotional trust <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">. Privacy concerns and data governance also negatively impact trust, particularly when citizens perceive potential privacy invasion <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">. Additionally, public perception of AI control, ethics, and perceived value of AI services are crucial determinants for acceptance in public service contexts <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U,S_F456mxb">. Technological competence and familiarity with AI also correlate with higher trust in AI capabilities across different public service domains <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">.
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<snippet id=b99d28d7-0,b99d28d7-9>AMC+ is one of the streaming services where Clean is available</snippet>, along with <snippet id=b99d28d7-0>Disney Plus, Hulu, Sundance Now, Philo, The Roku Channel, Fandango at Home, Prime Video, and Apple TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-4>Pluto TV also offers the movie with ads</snippet>, and <snippet id=b99d28d7-3>Tubi TV provides free streaming with ads</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5>Philos free trial is another option for viewers</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-6>Netflix does not currently stream Clean</snippet>.
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<snippet id=b99d28d7-0,b99d28d7-9>Clean is available to stream on multiple platforms including AMC+, Hulu, Prime Video, Apple TV, Tubi, and Roku</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>AMC+ is specifically mentioned as one of the available streaming services for the film</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-1,b99d28d7-2,b99d28d7-4>It can also be accessed through Hulu, Amazon Prime Video, and Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5,b99d28d7-8>Philo and other services like Sundance Now and Disney+ offer the movie as well</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_dUrCta4">Learning outcomes are used throughout assessment processes in higher education, though their current mode of use has far less flexibility than they should provide</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u5mSiUG">Evaluating learning outcomes is crucial for assessing the effectiveness of educational interventions in higher education, with the concept central to Outcome-Based Education (OBE) that aligns educational activities with intended outcomes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_db6DLhs">The review evaluates the effectiveness of OBE and factors influencing student learning outcomes in higher education, though it calls for more rigorous studies with larger sample sizes to address gaps in measuring outcomes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YVMqQJL">There is a lack of valid measures for evaluating partnership effectiveness beyond standard student outcome metrics in research-practice partnerships</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">Reliability and validity are often underreported as outcome measures in peer assessment studies, despite their established importance compared to teacher assessments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_r34NY6x">The use of ChatGPT in higher education raises concerns about the effectiveness of assessment processes and the ability to verify student knowledge and understanding</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yevXI89">A meta-analysis examined the impact of e-mental health interventions on academic performance in university and college students through randomized controlled trials</snippet>. <snippet id="S_G7aERKv">The scoping review examines teacher effectiveness in higher education, noting that student-centered teaching styles are viewed as more effective and engaging by students</snippet>. <snippet id="S_10M2Vpc">Teacher effectiveness in higher education is assessed through three interrelated perspectives: inputs, processes, and outcomes, with no universally accepted definition</snippet>.
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The provided search results do not contain specific empirical evidence or randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or student co-created rubrics in higher education <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv,S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">. Instead, the available literature focuses on broader concepts such as Outcome-Based Education frameworks, general peer assessment design elements, and teacher effectiveness metrics <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv">. While one systematic review notes that reliability and validity are frequently underreported in peer assessment studies, it does not quantify the impact of student involvement in task design <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">. Additional snippets discuss conceptual tensions in learning outcomes or the influence of educational technology without addressing assessment negotiation specifically <snippet id="S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">.
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<snippet id="S_wzDgj5A">Endocytosis maintains lysosomal fitness by delivering enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_gCWDTWV">lysosomes receive their specific soluble hydrolases and membrane proteins from the trans-Golgi network through M6P receptor-dependent and -independent pathways</snippet>. <snippet id="S_idvg3li">Lysosomes can release their contents through lysosomal exocytosis, which aids in plasma membrane repair and the secretion of enzymes</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_gvPHAb9">lysosomal exocytosis is regulated by the cytoskeleton and is essential for cellular health</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EhS0ch1">Recent studies suggest that lysosomal exocytosis stimulation may have beneficial effects on the accumulation of unprocessed aggregates, leading to their extracellular elimination</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_pfxfGLI">a general downregulation of endocytosis during aging or senescence has been observed, and some components important for endocytosis regulation such as βPIX or GIT also seem to be downregulated in senescent cells</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mWADzHZ">Impaired lysosomal protease activity and consequent accumulation of undigested material in macrophages, disrupt the endocytic recycling and impair migration to, and thus engulfment of, dying cells</snippet>. The available literature indicates that endocytosis supports lysosomal function through delivery of enzymes and membrane repair mechanisms, though direct experimental evidence of endocytosis protecting against lysosomal dysfunction in disease contexts requires further investigation.
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<snippet id=S_wzDgj5A,S_Y2SP2EN>Endocytosis maintains cellular homeostasis by delivering extracellular and intracellular materials to lysosomes, where they are degraded as part of the autophagy-lysosomal-endosomal system</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_wzDgj5A>Trafficking between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network is imperative for the maintenance of lysosomal fitness as it delivers enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id=S_gCWDTWV>Lysosome biogenesis also requires endocytic pathways, as lysosomal membrane proteins can be delivered via vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane followed by endocytosis</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">Calendar aging of lithium-ion batteries can be explained by the Arrhenius equation, where both f(SOC) and E_a(SOC) are SOC-dependent terms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Ykw4nQx">The evaluation of calendar aging utilizes an empirical model based on the Eyring equation, which incorporates factors such as capacity loss rate, activation energy, and temperature</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F060bwG">Calendar aging is primarily a function of time and temperature, with ambient temperature and storage conditions playing a crucial role in influencing the rate of calendar aging</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">Studies indicate that higher temperatures and SOC levels, particularly 100% SOC at 60°C, significantly increased capacity degradation and internal resistance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">Keil et al. (2016) examined NCA, NMC, and LFP at 25°C, 45°C, and 50°C over 300 days, finding that capacity fade did not increase linearly with SOC</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">The Arrhenius law describes the temperature dependence of reaction rates, with the rate constant influenced by absolute temperature and specific parameters determined through Arrhenius plots</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">Research indicates that lithium-ion batteries experience significant degradation in cycle life at low temperatures during fast charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">The degradation mechanisms include lithium plating and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film growth, which compete under fast charging conditions</snippet>.
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Calendar aging follows the Arrhenius equation, where elevated temperatures accelerate aging processes through increased reaction rates, making temperature regulation essential for reducing degradation <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">. SEI growth is the dominant calendar aging mechanism at high temperatures (e.g., 55°C storage), causing pore clogging and film resistance increase in anodes <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">. Higher temperatures and SOC levels significantly increase capacity degradation and internal resistance during calendar aging, with studies showing accelerated fading at 50-60°C storage <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">. In contrast, cyclic aging experiences dramatically accelerated degradation at low temperatures during charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C for graphite/NMC batteries <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. At 5°C, a 16 Ah graphite/NMC battery loses 75% capacity after only 50 cycles compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C, driven primarily by lithium plating rather than SEI growth <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. The Arrhenius law describes temperature dependence of cyclic aging reaction rates, though lithium plating at sub-zero temperatures creates an inflection point that fundamentally alters degradation mechanisms compared to calendar aging <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">.
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The provided search results do not contain the exact threshold value for rC,ave or ΔGave from the Scientific Reports article. The snippets discuss general topics such as China's research evaluation reform, the influence of Chinese scholars on global science, and incentive programs for international publications, but none of them mention the specific threshold values for rC,ave or ΔGave <snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw">The search results discuss general topics such as China's research evaluation reform, the influence of Chinese scholars on global science, and incentive programs for international publications, but none of them mention the specific threshold values for rC,ave or ΔGave</snippet>. The available information includes statistics about China's share of global publications in different disciplines, such as 27.7% in physical sciences and 4.4% in social sciences by 2018 <snippet id="S_RXJTnMw">In 2018, China significantly influenced global science, particularly in physical sciences STEM, where its share of Scopus papers rose from 8.5% in 2000 to 27.7%</snippet>. However, the exact threshold values for rC,ave and ΔGave are not present in these search results.
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<snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_NyxI5ht,S_RTxg6u0,S_PnWYPRp,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u">None of the provided search results contain information about a Scientific Reports article with the specific variables rC,ave and ΔGave or their critical threshold values</snippet>. The retrieved snippets discuss various aspects of Chinese research output, publication incentives, and global science influence, but none reference the target paper with the threshold information the agent is seeking <snippet id="S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t">The only mentions of "Chinese scholars" in global research context appear in titles without corresponding content</snippet>. The agent may need to refine their search with more specific terms such as "Scientific Reports rC,ave ΔGave threshold" without the broader China influence query to locate the exact paper.
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<snippet id="22895,68190,89881">Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) was an 18th-century Swedish naturalist who formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy</snippet>. <snippet id="22895,68190,89881">He introduced the two-part Latin species name (genus + specific epithet) and hierarchical ranks (kingdom, class, order, genus, species)</snippet>. <snippet id="22895">His work was published in Systema Naturae (first edition 1735), where he standardized classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria</snippet>. <snippet id="68190">The Linnean Society continues to promote his legacy as the father of modern taxonomy</snippet>.
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Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), an 18th-century Swedish naturalist, formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy <snippet id="22895, 68190">. He introduced a two-part Latin naming system (genus + specific epithet), such as Homo sapiens, through his publication of Systema Naturae (first edition 1735) <snippet id="22895, 89881">. Linnaeus also established hierarchical classification ranks including kingdom, class, order, genus, and species <snippet id="22895, 89881">. His system standardized biological classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming <snippet id="68190">. Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaean taxonomy continues to serve as the foundation for organizing biodiversity <snippet id="22895, 89881">.
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<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before by Tony Horwitz is a Pulitzer Prize-winning book that retraces the voyages of Captain James Cook</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-5>Horwitz discusses retracing Cook's voyages across the Pacific</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-6>This work differs from his earlier work in that it follows a specific route across the Pacific</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-3>Horwitz is a prize-winning journalist and National Geographic Fellow</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-8>Hampton Sides also wrote about the British explorer's final voyage to the Pacific islands</snippet>.
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<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Tony Horwitz</snippet>, which retraces the voyages of British explorer Captain James Cook across the Pacific <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>. Cook was from Yorkshire, a county in northern England, and his historic HMS Endeavour has been reconstructed for modern voyages <snippet id=1701849e-6>. The book follows a specific route through Pacific island countries that Cook originally visited during his explorations <snippet id=1701849e-5>. Horwitz's approach combines historical research with personal adventure travel to explore Cook's legacy <snippet id=1701849e-1>. This work differed from Horwitz's previous books by focusing on a specific exploration route across the Pacific Ocean <snippet id=1701849e-6>.
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<snippet id="S_nIz8sUp,S_CbPhWNe,S_NBYIjl3,S_rm0f44F">The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM) by necessitating remote work and digitalization, particularly in organizations from 2020 to 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EFHhJY4">The use of technology in HR practices, known as e-HRM or HR digital transformation, has become more crucial since the pandemic, with most organizational practices conducted remotely</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">HRM needs to manage people during the crisis to enable business continuity and ensure work-life balance, with experts identifying the need to develop new policies for hybrid working models</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rm0f44F">Remote work rose from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce, emphasizing the need for e-HRM and digitalization to enhance flexibility and productivity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sFMyq5N">The pandemic challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention from the scientific community to deal with these challenges</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi">A systematic literature review conceptualizes the role of COVID-19 in sustainable HRM using a CEDEL model (complicator–exposer–disruptor–enabler–legitimizer)</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_CbPhWNe">The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), with remote work necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms and e-HRM practices</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH,Sn_rm0f44F">Research indicates this acceleration has been global in scope, with one study noting remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi,S_sFMyq5N">Systematic literature reviews characterize COVID-19 as a complicator-disruptor-enabler that challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">The crisis established lasting implications including more flexible, remote-friendly digital working norms that organizations must address through new policies and hybrid working models</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">bioRxiv does not perform peer review but implements a screening process to filter out inappropriate content, including nonscientific or pseudoscientific material, non-biological content, potentially harmful information, and non-research articles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">This screening is conducted in two stages: first, bioRxiv staff perform internal checks including automated plagiarism detection and manual reviews for spam or inappropriate content</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">Then, a group of experienced scientists, known as bioRxiv Affiliates, further reviews the submissions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">MedRxiv screens submissions for material that could endanger public health, including dual-use research, and has historically declined studies involving pathogens of pandemic potential</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">arXiv and ChemRxiv have enhanced scrutiny for COVID-19 related articles, while bioRxiv has ceased accepting certain predictive studies related to COVID-19 treatments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">arXiv and other preprint servers emphasize that their materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice or reported as established information without expert consultation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lUJRGnM">bioRxiv, medRxiv, and arXiv vary in their screening approaches, with bioRxiv conducting a basic screening for content that might pose health or biosecurity risks</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">arXiv performs pre-peer review screening that includes plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language quality</snippet>, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">but does not conduct formal peer review before posting</snippet>. Key quality control measures on arXiv include <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">author registration and endorsement requirements, completeness checks, relevance verification, plagiarism detection, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>, unlike bioRxiv and medRxiv which screen for material that could endanger public health or pose biosecurity risks. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">ArXiv emphasizes that its materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. Despite the absence of peer review, preprints on arXiv still undergo screening as a "coarse filter" to exclude nonscientific or inappropriate content, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">though this does not guarantee validity of the content</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kOME3NW">The interactive reading (IR) task is a framework for AIG and automatic scoring of reading comprehension passages that requires test takers to sequentially interact with the text</snippet>. <snippet id="S_n6aoW4b">Reading is an interactive process involving both lower-level (bottom-up) and higher-level (top-down) processes, with bottom-up processes including recognizing written words and grammatical information</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">The search results do not explicitly list intensive reading as a category in Brown's framework, though extensive reading is clearly defined as encompassing longer readings such as articles and books</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books.</snippet> <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams.</snippet>
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores for automatic medical fact-checking</snippet>. <snippet id="S_wkwj2K0">Fine-tuning on the PUBHEALTH dataset, the two versions of BIOBERT (v1.0 trained for 470K steps and v1.1 trained for 1M steps) were compared alongside SCIBERT and original BERT uncased</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">BIOBERT demonstrates higher accuracies than BERT for named entity recognition, relation extraction, and question answering in the biomedical domain</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">On three medical fact-checking datasets including HEALTHVER, COVID-Fact, and SCI-FACT, MULTIVERS showed better performance on zero-shot and few-shot settings compared with existing methods</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">HEALTHVER is a new dataset for evidence-based fact-checking of health-related claims that allows evaluation against scientific articles, and training deep learning models on real-world medical claims greatly improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RXgSB12">HEALTHVER is a challenging testbed for developing new evidence-based fact-checking systems designed to validate real-world and health-related claims against a corpus of textual documents</snippet>.
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<answer>
Research on medical fact-checking shows that domain-specific language models often outperform general models on health claim verification tasks. On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores compared to BERT and other baseline models <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. BioBERT demonstrates higher accuracies than BERT for biomedical tasks including named entity recognition, relation extraction, and question answering in the biomedical domain <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. Similarly, SCIBERT shows improvements over the original BERT and outperforms it in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. However, performance varies by dataset; on SCIFACT, RoBERTa-large achieved the best performance among the sentence encoders tested, including SciBERT and BioMedRoBERTa <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. Additionally, training deep learning models on real-world medical claims substantially improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">The waterfall model is a linear, sequential software development approach where progress flows through distinct phases: system specification, planning, design, development, testing, and deployment</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">Each phase must be completed before moving to the next, with strict documentation and end products for each stage</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX">The Waterfall-Iterative approach, also noted as "Waterative," is a Waterfall model with its phases being executed iteratively as the project elaborates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">This model allows for initial simplified implementations that evolve through multiple iterations, with each iteration enhancing the previous work</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ouqwh6C">The waterfall model is recursive, allowing for phases to be repeated until perfected, emphasizing a structured and non-parallel approach to software development</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rX8lFYK">The waterfall method includes seven sequential stages with feedback loops possible</snippet>. However, the current search results do not provide a comprehensive definition of Agile methodology or its principles, nor do they contain comparative evidence on requirements change handling, delivery cadence, or customer involvement dimensions.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">The traditional waterfall model is defined as a linear, sequential software development approach where each phase must be completed before the next begins, with strict documentation and sign-offs required between stages</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">In contrast, "iterative waterfall" (also called "Waterative") executes waterfall phases iteratively as the project elaborates, incorporating requirement analysis for each iteration with design followed by product backlog creation using Scrum framework's agile principles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model allows incremental changes and divided project parts with repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation, enabling more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to waterfall</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">A key distinction is that waterfall accommodates substantial requirement changes with significant disruption, whereas iterative approaches emphasize evolving implementations with each cycle enhancing previous work</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz,S_u8WEXgX">Waterfall is characterized by sequential phases requiring strict documentation and end products per stage, while iterative/wative approaches include unit testing during sprints followed by systems integration testing and user acceptance testing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">Waterfall approaches work well for simple, straightforward projects, but are less suitable for complex projects requiring flexibility</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_IbmwH6I">Digital banking has enhanced financial inclusion by offering accessible and affordable services, with the USA's strong regulatory framework and technological advancements leading to innovative solutions that reduce barriers to access</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ipBYA4S">Digital financial inclusion involves accessing and using formal financial services via digital platforms like mobile phones and computers, including services such as digital payments and lending</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4uYEvn0">Digital transformation in the financial sector is linked to enhanced financial inclusion and operational efficiency, with research showing that digital payments enhance account ownership and savings</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Dw5oN7X">The study examines the impact of digital transformation on the sustainable development of the financial sector, particularly focusing on financial inclusion and operational efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AlV0rKF">The study investigates the impact of digital financial inclusion and bank competition on bank stability in Sub-Saharan Africa from 2014 to 2020, finding that digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kq45sEh">The study reviews trends in financial inclusion through technology in emerging markets, emphasizing its significance for economic development</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cecyK56">The economic impact of financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa varies between traditional and digital finance, with digital financial inclusion being more significant in low-income countries due to inefficiencies in traditional banking</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Q1OC4lz">Recent studies indicate that digitalising business processes can promote financial inclusion and positively impact economic growth</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X>S digital transformation in banking is defined as the application of innovative technologies, particularly digital payments, to enhance financial inclusion and operational efficiency</snippet>, with research showing it <snippet id=S_4uYEvn0>S diminishes the impact of income levels on financial service access</snippet> while enhancing account ownership and savings. <snippet id=S_cecyK56>S Economic impact varies by income level: in low-income countries, digital financial inclusion is more significant than traditional finance due to banking inefficiencies</snippet>, whereas in middle-income countries both forms complement each other. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability (z-score) and negatively with non-performing loans</snippet>, though increased bank competition negatively affects stability according to the competition-fragility hypothesis. <snippet id=S_kq45sEh>S Challenges include data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy</snippet>, with findings from Sub-Saharan Africa, ASEAN, and EU contexts; <snippet id=S_cecyK56,S_Q1OC4lz>Yemen-specific evidence is sparse and limited by fragile state conditions</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Policy recommendations emphasize promoting digital financial literacy, regulatory frameworks treating digital and traditional finance as complementary</snippet>, and strategic measures to maintain bank stability alongside inclusion initiatives.
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<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Never Look Back (1952) is a British B-drama directed by Francis Searle and produced by Hammer Film Productions</snippet>, <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The film stars Hugh Sinclair and Rosamund John, with Harry H. Corbett appearing briefly as a policeman</snippet>. <snippet id="55190">Released on 26 May 1952 in the UK</snippet>. <snippet id="81776">Hugh Sinclair plays the fiancé who prosecutes the accused, while Harry H. Corbett has a supporting role in the courtroom melodrama</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The 1952 British drama Never Look Back was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett appears in a brief supporting role as a policeman</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Hugh Sinclair is confirmed as a main star in the cast, playing the prosecutor</snippet>. The production ran for 73 minutes and was shot at Mancunian Studios between September and October 1951.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_qpkzufM">The disposition index is calculated as the product of the Gutt insulin sensitivity index and the insulinogenic index to estimate beta-cell function</snippet>. <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi">A study proposes adjusting the disposition index for obese adults by incorporating adipose tissue insulin resistance, as elevated plasma free fatty acids impair beta-cell function</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DYXy4QI">The disposition index is calculated as the product of acute insulin response (AIR) from the IVGTT and M FFM (mean rate of glucose infusion during clamp)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2GRyVKu">In a study of children and adolescents, beta-cell function was assessed using OGTT-derived insulinogenic index and disposition index (DIOGTT), where insulinogenic index correlates well with insulin secretion measured by the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0G85ZD2">The disposition index reflects the relationship between insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion, traditionally calculated using acute insulin response from the intravenous glucose tolerance test</snippet>. <snippet id="S_77OipMD">The disposition index is given as OGIS times IGI_ins, where IGI_ins represents beta-cell function at portal level</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">In obese adults, beta-cell function was evaluated through a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test, with insulin resistance estimated for skeletal muscle, hepatic, and adipose tissues, and the disposition index derived to characterize beta-cell function relative to insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue</snippet>. However, these search results do not provide specific adult human evidence linking visceral adipose tissue accumulation to beta-cell function metrics or interventional evidence showing reversibility with reductions in visceral/pancreatic fat.
</answer>

<answer>
The provided search results do not directly address the relationship between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and pancreatic beta-cell function metrics in humans. The snippets primarily define how beta-cell function indices like the disposition index, insulinogenic index, and acute insulin response are calculated from OGTT or IVGTT data <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_77OipMD">the disposition index is calculated as the product of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion measures such as the insulinogenic index</snippet>. One study suggests adipose tissue insulin resistance affects beta-cell function assessment, noting that elevated plasma free fatty acids can impair β-cell function and proposing adjustments to the disposition index to account for adipose tissue <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2">incorporating adipose insulin resistance into assessments provides a more comprehensive index of β-cell function</snippet>. Another study reported that leptin and GM-CSF were negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI and hsCRP, indicating roles in inflammation and lipid metabolism <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">leptin and GM-CSF showed negative associations with the disposition index and positive correlations with BMI and inflammatory markers</snippet>. However, none of these snippets provide direct adult human evidence linking VAT or pancreatic fat specifically to beta-cell function measures like disposition index or acute insulin response as the agent was seeking.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">The intervention aimed to decrease exposure to like-minded sources by one-third, which resulted in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">However, it did not lead to measurable changes in eight key political attitudes, including affective polarization and belief in false claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">Research on social media feed designs during the 2020 US presidential election compared various feed types, including chronological and engagement-based feeds</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">Findings indicated that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mUfOdDp">A 2020 study by Guess et al. found no significant long-term effects of Facebook and Instagram's algorithms on users' affective polarization over a three-month period</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sJfbnsu">The U.S. 2020 Facebook and Instagram Election Study was a unique collaboration between academics and researchers at Meta that allowed unprecedented access to Meta platform data</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>. The intervention aimed to decrease exposure to like-minded sources by one-third, which resulted in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">but did not lead to measurable changes in eight key political attitudes, including affective polarization and belief in false claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">An experiment compared various feed types, including chronological and engagement-based feeds, as well as innovative designs aimed at promoting democratic values</snippet>. Findings indicate that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans, but may inadvertently increase perceived threats to free speech among users <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">. The research also references other studies that examined the influence of exposure to like-minded sources and reshared content, noting that some studies found minimal effects on affective polarization</snippet>.

</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_StdTMvV">The CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions at a resolution of 0.1° using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level based on the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship data</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VGFFWS5">The HWCM approach enhances tropical cyclone risk assessments by simulating high-resolution wind and rain fields, allowing for better representation of interactions with topography, generating multiple impact scenarios, and improving the understanding of decay rates and rainfall distributions, which are crucial for evaluating storm flood damages in vulnerable communities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_93wqG64">Projected tropical cyclone activity by 2050 generally declines in the South Indian Ocean, while changes in other ocean basins are more uncertain and sensitive to both tracking algorithm and imposed forcings</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IAQSdJr">Longer time series of storms (i.e. 1,000 years of synthetic tropical cyclones) results in better accuracy in flood predictions than shorter time series (i.e. 71 years of historical IBTrACS dataset)</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain specific documentation on how canonical IAMs (FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE) integrate these extreme weather modules into their economic damage functions.
</answer>

<answer>
Unfortunately, the provided search results do not contain specific information about how FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE, or other canonical IAMs incorporate extreme weather events into their damage functions. The available snippets focus on hazard modeling (CLIMADA model for tropical cyclones, mangrove flood protection services, hydrodynamic modeling) but do not document IAM integration methods <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>. No snippets describe how IAMs represent extremes as separate impact categories or stochastic shocks to capital/productivity, nor do they detail expected-annual-loss pipelines feeding IAM damages. There is also no evidence of empirically estimated event-specific damage functions (cyclone wind-based, flood depth–damage, heat-wave impacts) being aggregated to macro damages within specific IAM frameworks in these results.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_ygceipK,S_4kyiDLH">HPV infection begins when the virus accesses the basal layer of the epithelium through wounds or micro-damage, with the major capsid protein L1 binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) or heparan sulfate syndecan (Sdc) proteoglycans, specifically Sdc2 and Sdc4, on the cell membrane</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_ygceipK,S_4kyiDLH">This initial binding to HSPGs triggers a conformational change in the L1 protein, exposing the N-terminus of the L2 protein for cleavage by the cellular protease furin</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p">The L2 protein is subsequently cleaved by furin upstream of the RG-1 epitope, reducing L1's affinity for HSPGs and preparing the viral particle for entry</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_06dh88l">Following this, L2 binds to the S100A10 subunit of annexin A2, facilitating clathrin-independent endocytosis of HPV into the cell</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9">Once internalized, L2 interacts with γ-secretase protease and p120-catenin as chaperones, allowing insertion of L2 into vesicular membranes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9">The virus reaches the nucleus within approximately 24 hours via post-endocytic trafficking through endosomes, the Golgi network, and the endoplasmic reticulum, where it associates with promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_06dh88l">HPV is epithiotropic and infects undifferentiated basal cells, the only dividing cells in this otherwise terminally differentiated tissue</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) entry typically begins at microlesions in the epithelium where the major capsid protein L1 binds to laminin-332 or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the basement membrane <S_9692W5p, S_06dh88l, S_ygceipK, S_4kyiDLH>. This initial attachment induces L1 conformational changes, often facilitated by Cyclophilin B, which exposes the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2 <S_9692W5p, S_ygceipK, S_sYaeZRH>. Proteolytic processing follows, where kallikrein-8 cleaves L1 and the cellular protease furin cleaves L2, reducing HSPG affinity and preparing the virion for internalization <S_6cL8am9, S_9692W5p, S_qd5yqrp>. Secondary interactions with receptors such as annexin A2, integrin α6, and tetraspanins like CD151 facilitate clathrin-independent endocytosis or macropinocytosis-like uptake <S_6cL8am9, S_Fgb4QWW, S_06dh88l>. Once internalized, the virus undergoes retrograde trafficking through endosomes and the Golgi network to reach the nucleus for genome release and replication <S_6cL8am9, S_IzJhLSD, S_qd5yqrp>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_FvypqMm">The Laplace mechanism has been applied to financial data like banking credit transactions</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_u2uIkcN">privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions</snippet> enabled by adding noise calibrated with standard deviation of √2b based on function sensitivity. <snippet id="S_3Vks9VQ">The Laplace mechanism is a popular choice for queries with low sensitivity, such as counting queries and sum-separable functions</snippet>, where the noise is drawn from a Laplace distribution with mean 0 and scale parameter Δ/ε. <snippet id="S_dR6xJKK">The Laplace mechanism preserves (ε, 0)-differential privacy</snippet> for any function f with sensitivity Δ, and <snippet id="S_gaV539r">the noise is drawn from a Laplace distribution with a mean of zero and scale of Δ(f)/ε</snippet>. However, the current search results do not provide specific case studies or empirical applications in high-impact journals (e.g., IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, Nature Scientific Data, PNAS, Management Science, Operations Research, Information Systems Research) that demonstrate the Laplace mechanism's use for financial data.
</answer>

<answer>
The search results provide limited evidence of concrete case studies from high-impact journals applying the Laplace mechanism specifically to financial/banking/credit transaction data. Two snippets mention financial applications: S_FvypqMm notes the Laplace mechanism can preserve "user privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions" within parking recommender system research <snippet id=S_FvypqMm>, and S_u2uIkcN states the mechanism enables "privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions" for prospect theoretic analysis <snippet id=S_u2uIkcN>. However, neither snippet explicitly confirms publication in high-impact journals like IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or major finance/economics journals that the agent prioritized <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_3Vks9VQ>. Most other search results discuss the Laplace mechanism in medical data <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG>, social networks <snippet id=S_XWjGWtA,S_gaV539r>, or power flow systems <snippet id=S_3Vks9VQ> rather than verified financial case studies. Additional searches targeting specific journals or verified financial domains would be needed to fully address the agent's goal.
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<answer>
<snippet id="21438">Jitendra Narayan (20 Dec 1886–20 Dec 1922) was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar</snippet>, and <snippet id="21438">he founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet>. <snippet id="21438">As "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar" he played one first‑class cricket match (Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI v Lord Willingdon's XI) on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs in total</snippet>. <snippet id="21438">There is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>. <snippet id="71327">The source lists biographical/military and civic roles for Victor and Hitendra but does not mention founding a Nripendra Narayan Academy or any first-class cricket/Prince of Wales XI involvement</snippet>. <snippet id="57275">Details and attributions are inconsistent or missing in the available excerpt regarding the academy's founder</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Jitendra Narayan was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar <snippet id="21438">and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet> as an educational institution named after his father. He played one first‑class cricket match for "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI" against Lord Willingdon's XI on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs total <snippet id="21438">. There is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>, which contradicts one key element of the hypothesis that the match was against the Prince of Wales' XI during the 1921–22 India tour. Biographical details indicate he was linked to Cooch‑Behar Palace (also known as Victor Jubilee Palace) as the ruling Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar during his lifetime <snippet id="21438">, though succession by his offspring is not confirmed in the available snippets. Some sources present conflicting or fragmentary information about the academy founder and cricketing claims <snippet id="57275">, with sibling records listing him as having younger brothers but not documenting all biographical details consistently <snippet id="71327">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_gnrEepM">A study assessed various calibration approaches for monoclonal antibody quantification in plasma and found that using two stable signature peptides (SP) achieved good accuracy with errors <10% and consistent results between SPs (deviations <15%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gnrEepM">In contrast, peptide-level calibration had significant negative biases (−23 to −62%) and discordant results between SPs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1t8pQcf">The surrogate peptide method is a prevalent approach for quantifying total antibodies and drug levels in pharmacokinetic assessments, with stable isotopically labeled internal standards (SIL-IS) often used to enhance quantification accuracy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kjDg3lX">For Fc-engineered monoclonal antibodies, a bottom-up LC-MS/MS assay was developed using surrogate peptides from Fab or Fc regions for quantification, with concentrations determined using multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides relative to standards</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AhkXycl">Highly selective LC-MS/MS made it possible for simultaneous quantification of several co-administered human antibodies (mAbs) in cynomolgus monkey serum, which cannot be obtained by ELISA assay</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BFG6czq">For antibody-drug conjugates, two peptides from the tryptic digest containing a portion of the CDR were identified and used as signature peptides for the total antibody assay</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XWxG38W">A high-throughput strategy was developed to select and validate surrogate peptides for quantifying in vivo protein expression levels, with a minimum of three light and two heavy peptide fragments to enhance reproducibility</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Current evidence suggests that using two signature peptides is recommended over a single peptide for reliable mAb quantification in serum. A study assessing calibration approaches for monoclonal antibody quantification emphasized "the importance of using two SPs for reliability" and found single peptide calibration had "significant negative biases" and "discordant results between SPs" <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>. Practical implementations in therapeutic protein studies typically employ multiple peptides; for instance, one Fc-engineered mAb PK assay determined concentrations using "multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides" <snippet id=S_kjDg3lX>. Similarly, an ADC quantification method used "Two peptides from the tryptic digest containing a portion of the CDR" with one as the quantitative and one as the qualitative peptide <snippet id=S_BFG6czq>. While single peptides can be detected, protein-level and hybrid calibrations with two SPs achieved "good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results" compared to peptide-level calibration which showed poor reliability <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>.
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<snippet id="S_SvIkmlU">An umbrella review concluded that hypertrophy adaptations were similar regardless of the time of day the training sessions were located</snippet>, with maximum performance reaching around 6:00 p.m. <snippet id="S_rtPxhtT">The review indicates that the time of day for resistance training (morning vs. evening) does not significantly affect increases in muscle strength and mass, as both timings yield similar results</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_JKFS2Wu">a 24-week study showed that evening resistance training resulted in a larger muscle cross-sectional area in men</snippet>, though Sedliak et al. observed similar trends that were statistically insignificant. <snippet id="S_HhyT8Rz">Research indicates that the time of day for strength training can influence performance, particularly in relation to an individual's chronotype (morning, evening, or neither)</snippet>, with morning training tending to reduce diurnal variation in performance while evening training enhances it. <snippet id="S_gRYJWoz">Morning exercise in women enhances total and abdominal fat loss, whereas evening exercise greatly increases upper body muscle strength, power, and endurance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU">These findings could be partially explained by the similar levels of p70S6K phosphorylation observed after strength training performed in the morning or afternoon</snippet>. Overall, the evidence suggests that while some studies show evening training may optimize muscle growth, the field of chrono-exercise remains developing and more research is needed to solidify these findings.
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Umbrella reviews indicate that increases in muscle strength and mass do not significantly differ between morning and evening resistance training <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT,S_SvIkmlU>. Acute performance metrics typically peak around 6:00 p.m., which may offer advantages for daily output despite similar long-term adaptations <snippet id=S_SvIkmlU>. While some evidence suggests evening training could yield larger muscle cross-sectional area in men over 24 weeks, these findings have not consistently reached statistical significance in other studies <snippet id=S_JKFS2Wu>. Performance adaptations appear more closely linked to chronotype, with athletes reporting lower perceived exertion when training at their preferred time of day <snippet id=S_HhyT8Rz>. Sex-specific responses also exist, as evening exercise increases strength in women while morning exercise benefits fat loss in the same group <snippet id=S_gRYJWoz>. Therefore, experts recommend selecting training times based on personal preference to maximize adherence given the lack of clear superiority between schedules <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT>.
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