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<snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The White House fact sheet announces a 25% additional tariff on imports from Canada and Mexico, and a 10% additional tariff on imports from China</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">Energy resources from Canada will have a lower 10% tariff</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The policy is implemented as a response to illegal immigration and fentanyl threats, with the 25% tariff on Mexico and Canada remaining in effect until drugs and illegal aliens stop entering the country</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">Trade accounts for 67% of Canada's GDP, 73% of Mexico's GDP, and 37% of China's GDP, though it accounts for only 24% of U.S. GDP</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The U.S. trade deficit in goods was the world's largest at over $1 trillion in 2023</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The policy is framed as a use of economic leverage to secure national security and safety interests</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The White House fact sheet specifies a 25% additional tariff on imports from Canada and Mexico, with energy resources from Canada receiving a lower 10% tariff, while China faces a 10% additional tariff</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The fact sheet notes that in 2023 the U.S. trade deficit in goods was the world's largest at over $1 trillion</snippet>, and that trade accounts for 67% of Canada's GDP, 73% of Mexico's GDP, and 37% of China's GDP. However, <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">this fact sheet does not include specific dollar trade values covered by the tariffs, any retaliation measures from Canada, China, or the EU, or quantitative economic impact estimates (consumer cost, inflation, GDP)</snippet>. The tariff announcement is dated February 2025 and cites the International Emergency Economic Powers Act as the legal basis. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The tariffs remain in effect "until such time as Drugs, in particular Fentanyl, and all Illegal Aliens stop this Invasion of our Country"</snippet> as per the presidential directive.
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<snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The page discusses the interpretation of metaphors, particularly focusing on the slogans from George Orwell's "Nineteen Eighty-Four": "War is Peace," "Freedom is Slavery," and "Ignorance is Strength."</snippet> It highlights the challenges in quantifying the frequency of these slogans in media, noting that a significant portion of references (73%) are secondary uses rather than original. <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The text emphasizes the concept of 'discursive drift,' which refers to the shifts in meaning and stance associated with metaphors over time, contrasting it with 'semantic drift.' This analysis suggests that the slogans can evolve in their interpretation and application within public discourse, reflecting changing societal attitudes and contexts.</snippet> The analysis further notes that the slogans can undergo significant reinterpretation over time, particularly through critical discourse. <snippet id="S_NFQ0e6U">The initial positive connotation of centrality is transformed into negative associations related to health and decay, altering public perception.</snippet> This shift is facilitated by the introduction of vivid imagery and medical metaphors, which evoke feelings of deterioration and blockage. <snippet id="S_WxyOc9V">The metaphor of the "heart" has evolved since its initial use in 1991, transitioning from a conventional positive connotation (HEART-AS-CENTRE) to a more critical view influenced by sarcastic reinterpretations.</snippet> These reinterpretations liken the heart of the EU to a dysfunctional or diseased organ, using imagery that suggests illness or decay. <snippet id="S_WxyOc9V">This shift in metaphorical meaning has altered the evaluative connotations associated with being at the "heart" of Europe, diminishing its desirability.</snippet> The analysis emphasizes how innovative uses of metaphor can challenge established perceptions and influence public discourse. <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The text emphasizes the concept of 'discursive drift,' which refers to the shifts in meaning and stance associated with metaphors over time, contrasting it with 'semantic drift.' This analysis suggests that the slogans can evolve in their interpretation and application within public discourse, reflecting changing societal attitudes and contexts.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The slogans from Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four—"War is Peace," "Freedom is Slavery," and "Ignorance is Strength"—are analyzed as metaphors that undergo discursive drift, where meaning and stance shift over time</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_iDUQY7x">slogans function as thought-terminating clichés that discourage critical thought by offering seemingly simple answers to complex questions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_15dkzZt">These phrases operate as brief, striking terms that act as emotional appeals and may include labeling and stereotyping</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lgOMCo4">Orwell's Newspeak language engineering is exemplified by terms like "doubleplus unfree," which demonstrates the intensifying use of language for ideological control</snippet>. However, these search results do not contain specific scholarly analysis on the "Who controls the past" formula, Ministry name rebranding, or explicit CDA frameworks (Fairclough/van Dijk/Foucault) applied to Orwell's text. <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">A significant portion of references to these slogans in media are secondary uses (73%), indicating their evolution as discursive artifacts rather than original texts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_gsbJVy0,S_5VWgqHF">Eric A. Stach from the University of Pennsylvania will serve as MRS Vice President beginning January 1, 2024</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0">He will lead the Board of Directors as MRS President in 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZPx3NY5">The 2024 election results show Takao Someya (2024) in the position of vice president/president-elect</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Mcho4xl">The MRS announced the Vice President/President Elect and new Board Members for 2025</snippet>.
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Eric A. Stach from the University of Pennsylvania served as MRS Vice President beginning January 1, 2024 <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0, S_5VWgqHF">. He will lead the Board of Directors as MRS President in 2025, following the standard VP/President-Elect transition <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0, S_5VWgqHF">. This confirms that Eric A. Stach was the 2024 Vice President and President-Elect who was scheduled to assume the Presidency in 2025 <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0">.
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<snippet id="S_3JECVB5">The OASIS STIX 2.1 format is a machine-readable, semi-structured framework for structuring and exchanging cyber threat intelligence (CTI) using JSON serialization</snippet>. <snippet id="S_06F1WZp">STIX 2.1 defines STIX Domain Objects (SDOs) and STIX Relationship Objects (SROs) as specific subsets of required and optional attributes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3JECVB5">There are twelve SDO types that provide a comprehensive view of cyber incidents, covering both high-level attribution (e.g., attack campaigns, threat actors) and low-level details (e.g., attack data, vulnerabilities)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3JECVB5">SROs come in two types: one that connects two SDOs to highlight relationships (e.g., malware exploiting a vulnerability) and another that identifies a specific SDO with evidential data</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS">The 'pattern' property is specific to the Indicator SDO, which is crucial for detailing malware indicators within the CTI framework</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Xa6M06B">In STIX 2.1, the structure is flat, with STIX Domain Objects (SDOs) defined at the top level and relationships between them managed through STIX Relationship Objects (SROs)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3M0PARM">The dataset analyzed consists of 204 reports from 62 sources, including notable organizations like Palo Alto Networks and Trend Micro</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_Xa6M06B">The OASIS CTI technical committee maintains STIX 2.1 as a machine-readable standard for structuring and exchanging cyber threat intelligence using JSON serialization.</snippet> <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_06F1WZp">The framework defines STIX Domain Objects (SDOs), including specific types such as 'malware' and 'indicator', to describe characteristics of incidents and threat indicators.</snippet> <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_lIvobvB">The 'indicator' SDO includes a 'pattern' property for detailing malware indicators, while data quality metrics can assess the connectedness of these objects.</snippet> <snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_06F1WZp">STIX uses STIX Relationship Objects (SROs) to link SDOs, enabling representations such as a malware exploiting a vulnerability or an indicator referencing a threat actor.</snippet> <snippet id="S_Xa6M06B">Integration of CybOX into STIX 2.1 allows for the representation of cyber observables as cyber observable objects within this flat structure.</snippet>
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The search results do not contain specific information about newly formed counties in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province between 2020-2024 <snippet id=3d29ab62-0,3d29ab62-1,3d29ab62-2,3d29ab62-3,3d29ab62-4,3d29ab62-5,3d29ab62-6,3d29ab62-7,3d29ab62-8,3d29ab62-9>None of the provided snippets mention newly formed counties in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province</snippet>. The available search results only provide general information about the province's location in southwestern Iran <snippet id=3d29ab62-0>It is in the southwest of the country, in Iran's Region 2</snippet> and its capital city Dehdasht <snippet id=3d29ab62-1>Its capital is the city of Dehdasht</snippet>. While some snippets reference 2024 studies about the province <snippet id=3d29ab62-2,3d29ab62-5,3d29ab62-6,3d29ab62-7,3d29ab62-9>2024 studies about the province</snippet>, none of them document any county creation or administrative changes during this period <snippet id=3d29ab62-0,3d29ab62-1,3d29ab62-2,3d29ab62-3,3d29ab62-4,3d29ab62-5,3d29ab62-6,3d29ab62-7,3d29ab62-8,3d29ab62-9>None of the provided snippets mention newly formed counties in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province</snippet>.
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<snippet id=3d29ab62-5>The FAO report mentions "newly formed local and province level governments" in a general context, but does not specify particular counties formed in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during 2020-2024</snippet>. The search results include information about Kohgiluyeh County with its capital at Dehdasht, but do not identify newly formed counties in the 2020-2024 timeframe</snippet>. No specific administrative changes or county formations in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during this period are clearly documented in the available snippets</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">The project "可信计算环境与平台" (Trusted Computing Environment & Platform) won the National Science and Technology Progress Second Class Award (二等奖)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">The project "虚拟现实与数字媒体" (Virtual Reality & Digital Media) won the National Science and Technology Progress First Class Award (一等奖) and Second Class Award (二等奖)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">This project established CROWN, a high-trust software development environment, Web service middleware platform, and network environment operation platform</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">The virtual reality project developed the real-time 3D graphics platform BH-GRAPH and distributed interactive simulation support platform BH_RTI</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">The distributed virtual environment DVENET supports remote and异地 (remote) collaborative operations</snippet>.
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针对虚拟现实与数字媒体方向，北京航空航天大学计算机学院研制了实时三维图形平台BH-GRAPH、分布交互仿真运行支撑平台BH_RTI及分布式虚拟环境DVENET，这些成果获得国家科技进步一等奖和二等奖<snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">。在可信计算环境与平台方面，学院建立的CROWN高可信软件开发环境、Web服务中间件平台及网络环境运行平台，荣获国家科技进步二等奖<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">。这些研究面向国家战略规划及航空航天行业应用需求展开<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl,S_UoGmAYk">。
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<snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Research indicates that demographic factors such as being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment are associated with higher risks of problem gambling among university students in Nigeria</snippet>. <snippet id="S_C7vME7Z">An urban school-based cross-sectional survey in Nigeria found a lifetime gambling prevalence of 57.2%, out of which 77.6% had gambled in the previous 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sAPmmcf">Past-30-day sports bettors were more likely to have a history of indebtedness (11 vs. 6%, p = 0.04) and had higher levels of gambling problems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zEaN2n7">Regularly participating in sports betting, fantasy sports betting, and daily fantasy sports betting among adolescents was associated with a higher risk of gambling problems, with students aged 16-19 years old at a higher risk for developing a gambling problem</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rqYsRo2">A study of 5,000 college students from 12 universities in Ghana explored the role of financial literacy in predicting financial behavior among university students, which may relate to the prevalence of sports betting among this demographic in Nigeria</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7jM1r4W">Sports betting is more prevalent among men and younger individuals, with the risk of gambling problems increasing significantly with sports betting frequency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_d3zPQEk">The study examines the determinants and prevalence of esports betting among emerging adults, though specific data on that demographic is not detailed in this study</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_C7vME7Z">An urban school-based survey of 507 Nigerian students found a lifetime gambling prevalence of 57.2%, with 77.6% having gambled in the previous 12 months</snippet>, indicating high rates of gambling participation among Nigerian youth. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Sports betting has gained popularity among university students in Nigeria, with demographic factors including being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment associated with higher risks of problem gambling</snippet>. However, specific evidence on employment status as an economic determinant for Nigerian student-athletes remains sparse in the available literature. <snippet id="S_sAPmmcf">Among recent sports bettors, those active in work or studies showed lower percentages (68% for online casino, 59% for horse betting) compared to non-gamblers, while past-30-day sports bettors had higher history of indebtedness (11% vs 6%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iL4llG9">Research on emerging adults shows students comprised 59% of esports bettors in a Great Britain sample, with bettors more likely to live in deprived areas</snippet>, suggesting economic strain may be a relevant pathway. Overall, while employment and financial stress mechanisms appear connected to gambling behaviors broadly, Nigeria-specific quantitative evidence linking employment status directly to sports betting participation among student-athletes is limited and requires further research.
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The official LMSYS Chatbot Arena leaderboard can be accessed through the main LMArena website at <snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">https://lmarena.ai/</snippet>, which has collected over 3.5M votes. The leaderboard is based on a crowdsourced, randomized battle platform for large language models <snippet id="S_5A51bt1">.</snippet> However, the current top model name and its specific Elo rating are not visible in the search results. The leaderboard uses an Elo rating system based on anonymous voting data collected between April 24 and May 22, 2023 <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE">.</snippet> To find the current top model, you would need to visit the official leaderboard page directly at the LMArena URL.
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The official Chatbot Arena Leaderboard is hosted at https://lmarena.ai/ <snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">where over 3.5M votes have been collected for model rankings. The leaderboard uses an Elo rating system based on anonymous voting data <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE">to rank large language models. A snapshot of the leaderboard is also available on Hugging Face at https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmarena-ai/lmarena-leaderboard <snippet id="S_831cvJ0">. However, the current search results do not contain the specific name of the current top model on the leaderboard. A direct visit to the official lmarena.ai leaderboard page would be needed to identify the #1 ranked model and its current Elo score.
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<snippet id="S_gu69vHf,S_Cn1GhvJ">DESI DR2 BAO measurements indicate that dark energy has an equation of state w(z) crossing the phantom barrier (w < -1) for z > 1, with w0 > -1, suggesting evolving dark energy models that deviate from w = -1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Cn1GhvJ">DESI+CMB data suggest a ≃ 3σ deviation from ΛCDM, indicating a potential phantom crossing at z_c ≃ 0.45, where w(z) < -1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZCPd5ub">Recent findings from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Data Release 2 (DR2) favor a dynamical dark energy characterized by a phantom crossing feature</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZIWoomJ">The original DESI paper favors a phantom behaviour of dark energy (w < -1) over a significant redshift range, with a preference for crossing to the non-phantom region at lower redshift</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DVeLkbI">DESI BAO only preferred phantom behavior while others had a trend of ΛCDM compared to the previous results</snippet>. <snippet id="S_otM3Qb8">Latest DESI measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) suggest dark energy may be evolving into the phantom regime with w(z) < -1</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_p938Lo0">a recent study indicates that DESI data may not support the resolution of the H_0 tension with evolving dark energy, adding complexity to this approach</snippet>.
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DESI results indicate a preference for phantom behaviour (w < -1) over a significant redshift range, with a crossing to the non-phantom region at lower redshift <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. DESI DR2 data suggests a potential phantom crossing at z_c ≃ 0.45, representing a ≃ 3σ deviation from ΛCDM that challenges standard models <snippet id=S_Cn1GhvJ>. The phantom regime w < -1 is considered unphysical in general relativity, motivating alternative theoretical frameworks <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. Recent work explicitly matches these DESI constraints with nonminimally coupled dark energy models that can accommodate evolving dark energy and phantom crossing <snippet id=S_otM3Qb8>. Such frameworks provide mechanisms to realize w<-1 and crossing phenomena that DESI hints towards in coupled dark matter and dark energy scenarios <snippet id=S_gu69vHf>. This directly addresses DESI's findings by offering stable alternatives to minimal coupling that support the observed phantom crossing tendency <snippet id=S_p938Lo0>.
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<snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_8bzg1KA,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">In pharmacology, margin of safety is defined as the ratio between the amount of drug that is lethal to 1% of the population and effective in 99% of the population, or LD1/ED99</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NDPofwS">The LD1 is the dose that elicits lethality in 1% of the population, and the ED99 is the dose that elicits therapeutic effect in 99% of the population</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ITpLCrH">This index is also sometimes represented as LD50/ED50, which is the therapeutic index</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KtkXCqd">The margin of safety is a function of cube root of ratio between LT50 and LD50 and one-hundredth of ED</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_8bzg1KA,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">none of the provided search snippets contain information about when margin of safety cannot be calculated or when it fails to appear</snippet>. The available results only provide the standard pharmacological definition but do not address the specific conditions under which this metric becomes undefined or uncomputable.
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<snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">The margin of safety in pharmacology is defined as the ratio of LD1 (lethal dose to 1% of population) to ED99 (effective dose to 99% of population)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8bzg1KA">This measure is also referred to as the Certain Safety Factor</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain information about conditions under which margin of safety "fails to appear" or cannot be calculated <snippet id="S_KtkXCqd">, and no snippet addresses when this definition is undefined or inapplicable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ITpLCrH,S_gWkoXUl,S_PNN5Uwr">Alternative measures such as the therapeutic index using LD50/ED50 are also mentioned</snippet>. <answer>
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<snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa,S_HKqSHCf">Research on avatar visual fidelity in immersive virtual environments found that abstract representations (robots, suits) led to a disconnection from reality and increased risky behaviors, while self-representations fostered a connection to the physical world and promoted cautious behavior</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa">The Proteus Effect was observed, with half of the participants reporting altered reactions and strategies based on the avatar they controlled</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JIjtTEQ,S_XSKnvh7">However, specific findings related to "risky shift" in virtual reality avatars were not detailed in the provided text</snippet>. <snippet id="S_snWHiX5">Avatar coaches have been employed in immersive virtual reality situations for treating fear of heights and risk prevention education</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bVJTn5m">Realistic motion avatars are considered the future for social interaction in virtual reality</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6RqGXgi">Digital doubles can be used to perform dangerous stunts, reducing risks for human actors</snippet>. <snippet id="S_axZETIo">Participants were instructed to rotate their whole body to determine the orientation of their avatar in the VR world</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa, S_HKqSHCf">The search results indicate that abstract avatars (such as robots) can lead to increased risky behaviors compared to self-representations that foster cautious behavior</snippet>, which relates to the Proteus Effect where avatar appearance influences user conduct <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa">. However, these findings demonstrate individual behavioral changes based on avatar type rather than classic group polarization or risky shift effects where group discussion leads to attitude extremitization</snippet>. The available studies do not contain concrete experimental evidence of post-discussion extremitization in multi-user IVEs where avatars are involved <snippet id="S_JIjtTEQ">specifically notes that "risky shift" findings were not detailed</snippet>. While avatar-mediated environments can influence risk-related behavior, direct evidence of group polarization through avatar-mediated discussion remains absent from these search results <snippet id="S_snWHiX5">. The research focuses more on how visual fidelity and avatar similarity affect embodiment and individual actions rather than group dynamics leading to polarization</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz,S_s2HVIjN">Nikola Tesla's Electric Arc Lamp patent is US335786A, not US335787A as initially thought</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CBhXwnS,S_L4MYIrf">The patent was issued on February 9, 1886</snippet>. <snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz">The patent title is "Electric arc lamp" and was granted to Tesla of Smiljan Lika, Austria-Hungary</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iDdAzGv">The invention used electromagnets and lever mechanisms to precisely separate and feed carbon electrodes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ktaELRS">The patent number is 335,786, with the issue date listed as February 9, 1886</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">This confirms the Electric Arc Lamp patent was issued on February 9, 1886, following the Commutator patent issued on January 26, 1886</snippet>.
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Nikola Tesla's Electric Arc Lamp patent, US 335,786, was granted on February 9, 1886 <snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz,S_L4MYIrf">. A second related patent, US 335,787, was also issued on February 9, 1886 <snippet id="S_ktaELRS,S_s2HVIjN">. The "Commutator for Dynamo-Electric Machines" was issued on January 26, 1886 <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. Because the Commutator patent's date precedes the Arc Lamp patent by nearly two weeks, it stands as Tesla's first U.S. patent by issue date <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. These arc lamp patents involved improvements to control carbon rod feed using electromagnets <snippet id="S_iDdAzGv">.
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<snippet id="S_cGRsAZI">The official episode page for "Stories from the World of Medicine, Season 3 Episode 2" is available at https://thenocturnists.org/podcast/rhino-rocket</snippet>, which confirms the episode title, date (2/18/20), and guest (Otolaryngologist Tina Munjal, MD). <snippet id="S_IhbWqXF">The episode is also listed in the podcast's main directory at https://thenocturnists.org/storiesfromtheworldofmedicine</snippet>, with the same publication date of Feb 18, 2020. <snippet id="S_NZ9gUn7">The episode features Tina Munjal telling a story about learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Q1JiXuV">The episode is also referenced in Everand's catalog as S3 E2: Rhino Rocket</snippet>. <snippet id="S_C2IKgBh">Libsyn also hosts the episode with the title "Stories from the World of Medicine" and the specific episode "Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD"</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode "Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD" is Season 3, Episode 2 of Stories from the World of Medicine podcast by The Nocturnists, released on February 18, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The guest is Tina Munjal, MD, an Otolaryngologist who shares her medical story</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NZ9gUn7,S_arbvh0R">The story is about learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode page is available at thenocturnists.org/podcast/rhino-rocket with illustrations by Lindsay Mound</snippet>. Runtime information is not available in the search results.
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<snippet id="S_btUw1xy">The search results identify the controversial concept of de-extinction, particularly for species driven to extinction by humans, and suggest that functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">Recent availability of E. muelleri's genome facilitates research on selection, adaptation, and genetic diversity, which is crucial for monitoring conservation status in poorly studied invertebrates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">Cloning techniques like somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) could enable the de-extinction of recently extinct mammals with preserved tissues</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aQHGJDJ">Extinction-risk assessments play a major role in prioritizing conservation action at national and international levels, with evolutionary potential (EP) being difficult to evaluate but proxies for EP can be estimated from environmental, phenotypic, and genetic data</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BVGS7oK">Evolutionary potential can have profound implications for extinction risk, and once specieswide EP is lost, it is extremely difficult to restore, highlighting the importance of basic practices for maintaining EP</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yJ0bKZt">The review examines the relationship between EP and extinction risk from theoretical and applied perspectives, reviewing proxies for EP and discussing current approaches for integrating EP into extinction-risk assessments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_160DJq3">The review discusses the late-Quaternary megafauna extinctions, with focus on patterns, drivers and consequences of megafauna disappearance as well as its relevancy for conservation and restoration</snippet>.
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Based on the search results, explicit "de‑extinction" research from 2022‑2025 is limited in the provided snippets. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>The controversial concept of de‑extinction, particularly for species driven to extinction by humans, suggests that functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>Cloning techniques like somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) could enable the de‑extinction of recently extinct mammals with preserved tissues</snippet>. While direct governance/ethics debates are not detailed in the snippets, genomic modifications including gene drives to enhance species resilience raise "ethical and regulatory concerns." <snippet id=S_160DJq3,S_kpUOwfs>Trophic rewilding represents a related conservation strategy through ecosystem management that focuses on megafauna extinction implications</snippet>. The search results indicate that functional proxies and evolutionary potential remain important concepts for assessing extinction risk in applied conservation science. <snippet id=S_aQHGJDJ,S_yJ0bKZT>Integration of proxies into conservation decision‑making remains an important area for innovation in applied conservation science</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_4iZB0OB">At zero temperature, the central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star is predicted to be 1319 MeV</snippet>, which is below the limits set by perturbative quantum chromodynamics (PQCD). <snippet id="S_exyOPhA">The critical neutron chemical potential, which indicates the transition to a quark phase, is model-dependent and defined where the quark chemical potential equals the baryon chemical potential at the same pressure</snippet>, with current models suggesting this value lies between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature. <snippet id="S_dKTw9kz">The baryon chemical potential in neutron stars is expected to be in the GeV range</snippet>, though specific numerical values are not provided in the text. <snippet id="S_jARyMl0">The baryon chemical potential in neutron stars is typically in the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV</snippet>, reflecting the extreme conditions present in such dense astrophysical objects. <snippet id="S_WRBepHG">In high-density environments, additional baryons, such as Λ hyperons, can emerge through weak interactions, replacing energetic neutrons when their chemical potential condition (µΛ = µn = µp + µe) is satisfied</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_r56vXjO">specific values for the baryon chemical potential in the context of beta equilibrium are not provided</snippet> in the available search results.
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At zero temperature, the central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star is predicted to be 1319 MeV <snippet id="S_4iZB0OB">. Models of the hadron-quark phase transition indicate the critical neutron chemical potential lies between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature <snippet id="S_exyOPhA">. In the context of beta equilibrium, baryon chemical potential values typically fall within the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV <snippet id="S_BQ1tanr">. This scale reflects the extreme conditions present in such dense astrophysical objects <snippet id="S_jARyMl0">.
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<snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie">Bond et al. (2012) conducted a large-scale experiment involving 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 U.S. Congressional Election</snippet>, where participants were shown get-out-the-vote messages that included images of friends who had already voted <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc">. The results showed that the social message group was more likely to vote than the informational message group without social context</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mXK3pZh">The study found approximately 60,000 additional votes directly attributed to the message</snippet>, with an additional 280,000 votes influenced through close friends with strong offline relationships <snippet id="S_37bk94m">. This effect was replicated during the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election, where the total increase was 270,000 people voting</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">The study demonstrated that social proof through Facebook friends encouraged users to imitate their behavior rather than relying on direct algorithmic recommendations</snippet>.
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The Bond et al. 2012 study conducted a large-scale experiment involving 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 U.S. Congressional Election, where users were shown messages with images of friends who had already voted <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie,S_37bk94m">to assess social influence on voting behavior</snippet>. The results demonstrated that this social messaging approach increased turnout, with approximately 60,000 additional votes directly attributed to the message in 2010 <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_mXK3pZh">and effects replicated in the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election with about 90,000 directly mobilized voters</snippet> <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_8SBonkH">. Social influence spread through the network as friends of treated users were also indirectly influenced, adding approximately 180,000-280,000 additional votes in total across both elections</snippet> <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_mXK3pZh,S_37bk94m">. However, some researchers note that while the effect sizes were statistically significant, they were relatively small relative to the massive sample size <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">. Despite this limitation, the study remains widely cited as evidence that online social networks can impact offline political behavior through interpersonal influence mechanisms</snippet> <snippet id="S_8SBonkH,S_I0UxhZS">.
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<snippet id="S_4LDk9pb">IGN confirms that November 23, 2004 is the launch date for North America, Australia, and New Zealand</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4am1dTv">Another IGN article states that World of Warcraft first launched in North America on November 23, 2004</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Iyt7Mpt">A December 2004 IGN report notes that the game was released on November 23</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mhE8bKy">GamesIndustry.biz corroborates this with a press announcement stating the street date is November 23, 2004</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe">Wikipedia confirms the game was released for the 10th anniversary of the Warcraft franchise on November 23, 2004</snippet>. <snippet id="S_K0CkkAv">Wowpedia also states the game was released on November 23, 2004</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt">World of Warcraft was officially released on November 23, 2004</snippet>, with the launch date confirmed for North America, Australia, and New Zealand <snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_mhE8bKy">simultaneously across these regions</snippet>. IGN explicitly reported that November 23, 2004 was the launch date in multiple articles from late 2004 <snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt">. This date is further corroborated by Wikipedia, which states the game was released on November 23, 2004</snippet> <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe, S_K0CkkAv>, and by Blizzard's own press announcements</snippet> <snippet id="S_6wNkGtZ, S_mn2djgd>. The release marked the 10th anniversary of the Warcraft franchise</snippet> <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe>.
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<snippet id="S_jYWskoE,S_gqi212y,S_nFj5ih3">In Arabidopsis, auxin inhibits bud outgrowth by suppressing cytokinin biosynthesis through an AXR1-dependent pathway while promoting strigolactone biosynthesis</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_jYWskoE,S_gqi212y">strigolactones upregulate BRANCHED1 (BRC1) expression to inhibit branching</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jYWskoE,S_gqi212y">Cytokinin acts as a repressor of BRC1 expression, where decreased CK levels elevate BRC1/TB1/FC1 expression and inhibit bud outgrowth</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jLTk85S">The interactions among auxin, cytokinin, and strigolactone are crucial for axillary bud outgrowth, with key transcription factors including BRC1, MYB13, and WRKY71 involved in regulating lateral bud growth</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gLbtlMj">SL functions as an endogenous inhibitor of shoot branching, with application of SL analogs like GR24 inhibiting bud outgrowth in both intact and decapitated plants</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nFj5ih3">The biosynthesis of SLs requires carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases, specifically CCD7 and CCD8, which are also known as MORE AXILLARY BRANCHING3 (MAX3) and MAX4 in Arabidopsis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XRhJBhI">The regulatory network for axillary bud outgrowth includes auxin, strigolactone, and cytokinins, with auxin acting as a major inhibitor by suppressing BRC1 expression</snippet>.
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Cytokinin (CK), strigolactone (SL), and auxin form a regulatory network where auxin inhibits axillary bud outgrowth by suppressing CK levels and enhancing SL biosynthesis <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_q2ORi2Q>. Auxin promotes the transcription of SL biosynthesis genes, including MAX3/MAX4 (orthologs CCD7/CCD8), to synthesize SLs that suppress branching <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_nFj5ih3>. These hormones converge on BRANCHED1 (BRC1), a transcriptional hub where SL upregulates BRC1 expression to inhibit growth, while CK represses BRC1 to promote outgrowth <snippet id=S_gqi212y,S_gLbtlMj>. Consequently, auxin indirectly regulates BRC1 through these antagonistic factors rather than direct transport into the bud <snippet id=S_gqi212y>. BRC1 integrates these signals to suppress bud outgrowth, with mutants like amp1 showing enhanced branching due to altered CK levels and reduced BRC1 <snippet id=S_Uuo070s,S_gLbtlMj>.
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<snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">Perplexity offers three pricing tiers for its AI Copilot services: Free, Pro, and Enterprise Pro</snippet>, with the <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">Pro version costing $20 per month or $200 annually</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w">The Pro plan includes access to advanced AI models like GPT-4, Claude 3, and GPT-4o</snippet>, along with <snippet id="S_5WLXO2p">unlimited Copilot queries, file upload capabilities, and real-time web access for research</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">The Enterprise Pro tier is priced at $40/month per seat or $400/year (16% discount)</snippet> and provides <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">unlimited queries, extensive deep research capabilities (500 per day), and enhanced collaboration features</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w">Pro users can utilize Perplexity Labs for structured outputs like reports and dashboards</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_yvm9XpN">the Pro subscription provides access to Claude 3.7 Sonnet, GPT-4o, and DeepSeek R1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">The Enterprise Pro tier includes organizational file repositories, advanced security options, and dedicated support</snippet>.
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Perplexity AI offers three pricing tiers: Free, Pro ($20/month or $200/year), and Enterprise Pro ($40/month per seat or $400/year) with discounts for annual billing <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">. The Pro subscription includes access to advanced AI models like GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and Claude 3.7, plus unlimited Copilot queries, file upload for PDFs and images, and real-time web access <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p,S_yvm9XpN">. Pro users also receive features like multi-step reasoning searches, deep research queries (3-300 daily depending on source), and Perplexity Labs for structured outputs <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w">. However, some users report limitations in programming support, long-form content generation, and file handling compared to competitors <snippet id="S_yvm9XpN">. Enterprise Pro adds organizational file repositories, collaboration features, unlimited deep research (500 per day), and advanced security options <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">.
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