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<snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe,S_9Mgjk7i">PPO (Proximal Policy Optimization) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017 that uses a clipped surrogate objective to optimize policy updates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_AuYFhyP">The core idea involves a probability ratio \( r_t(\theta) = \frac{p_{\theta}(a_t, s_t)}{p_{\theta_{\text{old}}}(a_t, s_t)} \) between the new and old policies, clipped to a range defined by a hyperparameter \( \epsilon \) (typically 0.1-0.2) using \( \text{clip}(r_t(\theta), 1 - \epsilon, 1 + \epsilon) \)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_HkWtygo">This clipping mechanism prevents significant deviations from the old policy, reducing the risk of divergent behavior and ensuring stable learning</snippet>. <snippet id="S_r9aDbc9,S_YKlYY4b">PPO improves upon TRPO by clipping the surrogate objective, which stabilizes training and enhances sample efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP">The algorithm also includes an entropy regularization term to promote action diversity and prevent overly conservative updates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9Mgjk7i">The training loop involves collecting trajectories from parallel environments, computing advantage estimates, and performing multiple update epochs to adjust policy parameters through gradient ascent</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_hXE5LYe,S_z9c3Jms">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">It utilizes a clipped surrogate objective function that constrains the probability ratio between the new and old policies within a range typically set to 1 ± ε</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">This objective takes the minimum of clipped and unclipped estimates, providing a lower bound that penalizes significant deviations from 1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YKlYY4b,S_CcbSYTJ,S_9Mgjk7i">During training, the algorithm collects trajectories, computes advantage estimates (often via Generalized Advantage Estimation), and optimizes the policy with a value network loss and entropy bonus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CcbSYTJ,S_HkWtygo,S_9Mgjk7i">This allows multiple update epochs per iteration and stabilizes training by preventing excessively large policy updates</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018 Trump tariffs imposed duties on $283 billion of US imports with rates ranging from 10% to 50%, creating meaningful variations across products and time</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh">The analysis suggests the tariffs created meaningful variations across products and time, allowing for a clearer assessment of their economic impact</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yHishm4">In retaliation, countries such as China, the European Union, and Canada filed cases against the US at the WTO and imposed their own tariffs on approximately $121 billion of US exports, averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I1oE0tb">Research indicates that trade-related job losses have a distinct anti-incumbent effect, while trade integration may increase perceived insecurity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bTYtYjO">The analysis examines the political targeting of retaliatory tariffs during Trump's trade wars, revealing that these tariffs predominantly affected areas that supported Trump in the 2016 presidential election</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZSDo4iu">Historically, the US's shift towards protectionism under Trump is likened to its late 19th-century mercantilist practices, contrasting sharply with its post-1945 role as a proponent of trade liberalism</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018-2019 Trump tariffs imposed $283 billion of US imports with rates from 10% to 50% on various goods, with China facing the most substantial tariffs totaling 25% on $50 billion of imports</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_yHishm4">retaliatory measures from trading partners including China, the European Union, and Canada targeted approximately $121 billion of US exports averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The tariffs were implemented amid a populist backlash against globalization, with retaliatory tariffs focusing on regions that supported Trump in the 2016 election rather than those backing other Republican candidates</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">none of the provided snippets contain results from Fajgelbaum et al.'s "The Return to Protectionism" paper specifically examining welfare effects, regressivity, or distributional incidence on low-income households</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The available evidence indicates that while tariffs may benefit specific industries, they are generally detrimental to both trading partners and the imposing country</snippet>. The search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum findings on how Trump tariffs affected working-class households or whether impacts were regressive as the agent requested.
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<snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">ZeRO-DP has three main optimization stages: Optimizer State Partitioning (P_os) provides 4x memory reduction with same communication volume as DP, Gradient Partitioning (P_os+g) provides 8x memory reduction with same communication volume as DP, and Parameter Partitioning (P_os+g+p) achieves linear memory reduction with DP degree N_d (e.g., 64x reduction across 64 GPUs)</snippet>, <snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">with all three stages enabled, ZeRO can train a trillion-parameter model on just 1024 NVIDIA GPUs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">Total communication volume in ZeRO is 3, spread evenly across 2 all-gather and 1 reduce-scatter operations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">ZeRO++ optimizations include Quantized Weight Communication (qwZ) which reduces parameter communication volume by half through quantization from FP16 to INT8</snippet>, <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">Hierarchical Weight Partition (hpZ) trades GPU memory for communication by maintaining full model copies within each machine to replace cross-machine all-gather with intra-machine all-gather</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">Quantized Gradient Communication (qgZ) reduces gradient communication costs through reduce-scatter optimization</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RRxd5ah">Hybrid approaches like LoongTrain apply ZeRO across both data-parallel and sequence-parallel dimensions, distributing model states across more GPUs to balance memory usage and communication overhead</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BWVyprV">DeepSpeed implements these optimizations through incremental stages (stage-1, stage-2, stage-3) corresponding to sharding optimizer state, gradients, and model parameters across data parallel ranks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8LxwBrh">ZeRO enables partitioning of parameters, gradients, and optimizer states across multiple GPUs, reducing memory consumption while preserving computational granularity and communication efficiency</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_vOhHdDS>ZeRO-DP employs three optimization stages that partition optimizer states, gradients, and parameters, offering 4x and 8x memory reductions for the first two stages and linear memory reduction for parameter sharding at the cost of a 50% communication volume increase.</snippet> <snippet id=S_lxTe76D>ZeRO communication overhead is characterized by two all-gather operations for parameters and one reduce-scatter for gradients, totaling a volume of 3 model sizes per iteration.</snippet> <snippet id=S_RRxd5ah>However, the latency of collective communication operations demonstrates a positive correlation with the communication scale, which becomes significant when sharding across hundreds of GPUs.</snippet> <snippet id=S_LvWi5qs>For extreme memory scaling, ZeRO-Infinity offloads optimizer states and activations to CPU or NVMe memory to enable training of models with trillions of parameters.</snippet>
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Multiple single-cell RNA-seq studies have documented heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). <snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Time-course single-cell transcriptomic analysis of PDGFRα-lineage hOLLCs revealed substantial transcriptional heterogeneity and identified sub-populations of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hOPCs), including a potential cytokine-responsive subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity among these cells, particularly in their expression of cell-surface markers EGFR and PDGFRA, with four distinct immunophenotypic populations identified</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">The study investigated the heterogeneity of OPCs derived from human iPSCs by employing bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on Pdgfra+ populations at various developmental stages, finding that OPCs are transcriptionally similar across regions at postnatal day 7 but bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell RNA sequencing on hiPSC-derived oligodendrocyte-lineage cells in 3D cultures identified distinct populations including proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes, and myelinating oligodendrocytes, with Monocle analysis indicating developmental progression among these cells</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0B4X0t7">Single-cell RNA sequencing on Pdgfra+/GFP cells from embryonic day 13.5 and postnatal day 7 revealed clear temporal segregation between E13.5 and P7 cells, with subsets of P7 brain and spinal cord cells intermingling indicating close transcriptional similarities</snippet>.

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<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Studies utilizing single-cell transcriptomics have identified substantial transcriptional heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells (hOLLCs), discovering sub-populations such as a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Specifically, single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity in cell-surface marker expression, categorizing cells into four distinct immunophenotypic populations including putative pre-OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes based on EGFR and PDGFRA levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell sequencing of 3D hiPSC-derived neural cultures further distinguished heterogeneity within the oligodendrocyte cluster, separating proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes, and myelinating oligodendrocytes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">Investigations employing both bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on iPSC-derived OPCs suggest that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity and intrinsic epigenetic differences between developmental cohorts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_QESxt6r">RNA interference (RNAi) has been developed as an efficient technology for pest control, using transgenic cotton plants that express double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) ingested by insects to silence target genes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tDo09SB, S_TA2bEqI">However, the effectiveness of RNAi in insects like the cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) is hindered by barriers including dsRNA delivery, cellular uptake, and degradation by gut nucleases</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UDpXMMR">A transcriptome analysis of A. grandis identified contigs related to RNAi mechanisms, including conserved PAZ Domains and SID-like contigs</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">attempts to apply RNAi against the cotton boll weevil have not yielded results comparable to other coleopteran pests</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QESxt6r">Research has successfully demonstrated plant-mediated RNAi in cotton, with transgenic lines expressing dsHaHR3 showing high larval mortality and deformities when used to feed newly hatched larvae</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">While initial tests of RNAi approaches for plant protection show potential comparable to traditional insecticidal toxins, further development and extensive field testing are necessary to fully assess effectiveness in agriculture</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UDpXMMR">The cotton boll weevil is a significant pest in Brazil, and recent research provides the first comprehensive transcriptome characterization of A. grandis, contributing to understanding RNAi mechanisms in insects</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising biotechnological approach for the cotton boll weevil, with research identifying targets like vitellogenin and chitin synthase genes for silencing</snippet>. <snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>Microinjection of dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 produced unviable eggs and malformed larvae, while vitellogenin knockdown significantly affected egg viability without altering egg laying numbers</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI>However, effective oral delivery of dsRNA via transgenic plants is limited by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, AgraNuc3) that degrade the RNA in the posterior midgut</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_fXsP2MN>While silencing these nucleases can enhance gene silencing efficiency against targets like chitin synthase II, attempts to apply RNAi against the boll weevil have not yielded results comparable to other coleopteran pests</snippet>. <snippet id=S_fXsP2MN>Although transgenic cotton plants expressing dsRNA are being developed, extensive field testing remains necessary to validate efficacy in agriculture</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_OLKZZOQ">The 1991 Kuwait oil fires exhibited significant aerosol radiative forcing effects with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour plume age and 2.3 K/h at 3 hours, indicating substantial temperature perturbations in the boundary layer</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hTyNcJU">The plume from Kuwait oil fires following the 1991 Gulf War was characterized by a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, demonstrating the high aerosol content and absorption properties</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vOW7FR3">Studies indicate 20-40% uncertainty in radiative forcing calculations due to coagulation rate uncertainties, relevant to understanding the 1991 Kuwait oil fire plumes' impact on energy fluxes and cloud lifetimes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vaq6doy">Black and organic carbon constituted 5-10% of total particle mass in smoke aerosols, with studies investigating radiative forcing effects on climate including modifications to temperature and precipitation patterns</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3xcpkDw">Regional aerosol optical depths exceeded 0.8 during smoke transport events, highlighting the impact of aerosol radiative forcing on planetary boundary layer properties</snippet>. However, the available snippets do not contain specific quantitative measurements of near-surface wind speed alterations or blade erosion from Kuwait oil fire aerosols.
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The 1991 Kuwait oil fires produced significant aerosol radiative forcing with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour plume age, causing temperature differences of up to 6 K at 250-400 hPa and cooling of up to -3 K at 850 hPa <snippet id=S_OLKZZOQ>. These aerosol effects substantially modified energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature/precipitation patterns in the regional climate <snippet id=S_vaq6doy>. Surface cooling of -175 Wm-2 was recorded during related dust events in Kuwait with aerosol optical thickness reaching 3.617, indicating strong boundary layer perturbations <snippet id=S_dFPlFos>. The Kuwait oil fire plumes exhibited a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, confirming highly absorbing characteristics that influence radiative heating profiles <snippet id=S_hTyNcJU>. Radiative forcing uncertainties for such plumes range 20-40% depending on dilution rates and particle mixture state <snippet id=S_vOW7FR3>. These combined effects demonstrate how war-driven aerosols can alter boundary layer stability and surface wind conditions relevant to turbine operation <snippet id=S_0LL30pj>.
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<snippet id="S_UBzqh33">StealC V2 introduces several new features compared to V1, including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, enhanced payload execution methods, and the ability to decrypt stolen data server-side</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, and network communications now use RC4 encryption</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">C2 communication has shifted to JSON-based requests and responses, with a focus on unique access tokens and error handling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses, with a control panel updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_UBzqh33>StealC V2 introduces several new features including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, along with enhanced payload execution methods</snippet>, and it can decrypt stolen data server-side. The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, but has enabled RC4 encryption for network communications which was previously disabled. Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook, with C2 communication now using JSON-based requests and responses. The control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery. Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses <snippet id=S_UBzqh33>.
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<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">A cohort study using US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases followed US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and September 30, 2021</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibiting a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">In the post-acute phase of the disease, compared with the contemporary control group, people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1⋅40, 95 % CI 1⋅36-1⋅44) and excess burden (13⋅46, 95 % CI 12⋅11-14⋅84, per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HmTazVA">Non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients had a 25% (95% CI: 21%-29%) increased risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes, which rose to 173% in hospitalized patients and 276% in ICU patients</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_HmTazVA">risk decreased over time, dropping from 81% (95% CI: 51%-119%) at 5-12 weeks to non-significant levels at 13-52 weeks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Altogether, there is evidence to suggest that beyond the acute phase of COVID-19, survivors might be at an increased risk of developing incident diabetes, and increased risk of incident antihyperglycemic use in the post-acute phase of the disease</snippet>. Diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">with post-acute care strategies of people with COVID-19 should integrate screening and management of diabetes</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study used US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases to build a cohort of US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19</snippet> with two control groups for comparison. <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">Detailed analyses showed people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes compared with the contemporary control group</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Risks and burdens of post-acute diabetes increased in a graded fashion according to the severity of the acute phase, whether patients were non-hospitalised, hospitalized, or admitted to intensive care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study authors conclude diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, and post-acute care strategies should integrate screening and management of diabetes</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was published by Sarwant Singh on January 22, 2025, on Forbes and various platforms</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the available search snippets contain the specific percentage data for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article's existence and publication details without providing the actual content or statistics. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article is accessible via https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>. To obtain the renewable electricity percentage, you would need to access the full article content directly.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was written by Sarwant Singh and published in Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage figure for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article exists and provide publication details, but do not include the actual renewable energy statistics from the article. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article URL is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>, but the renewable electricity percentage data is not accessible from these search results.
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<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_TUFN3jC">The 15th POMS-HK International Conference is scheduled for 3–5 January 2025 at the Chinese University of Hong Kong</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jE7LWrz">The 14th POMS-HK International Conference was held on 5–6 January 2024 at HKUST</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Br57QvT">The 13th POMS-HK International Conference took place on 7-8 January 2023 at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5nVopPR">The 12th POMS-HK International Conference was organized by Lingnan University on 8-9 January 2022</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mBwOV4H">The POMS-HK chapter runs an annual conference every winter with the 15th edition on 3-5 January 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DzBPmor">Previous conferences include the 2022 edition held on 8-9 January at Lingnan University</snippet>. Note: The Atlanta Annual Meeting date for 2014 was not found in these search results, so a direct comparison cannot be made with the available information.
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<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_mBwOV4H">The POMS-HK International Conference is held annually in early January in Hong Kong, with the 15th conference scheduled for January 3-5, 2025, the 14th for January 5-6, 2024, and the 13th for January 7-8, 2023</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_jE7LWrz,S_TUFN3jC,S_DzBPmor,S_mBwOV4H,S_Br57QvT,S_ULVAUtt,S_wmyEfiy,S_5nVopPR">none of the provided search snippets contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta or its specific dates</snippet>. Therefore, I cannot definitively compare which conference starts first without additional search results about the Atlanta meeting.
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<snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse ERVs are classified into three classes based on pol sequence similarity, with class I resembling gamma- and epsilon-retroviruses (including MLVs) and class II resembling alpha-, beta-, and delta-retroviruses</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">Functional MLV elements in mice include endogenous murine leukemia viruses (Emv loci) that can produce infectious virus, with Emv2 in C57BL/6 mice capable of replication competence restoration through recombination</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">IAP (Intracisternal A-particle) elements are murine-specific retroviral transposable elements that can lead to disease when inserting near genes, with domesticus showing significant expansion of IAPs constituting ERVK insertions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ejVsieR">Phylogenetic analyses classify retroviruses into five major clades, with class I ERVs including viruses related to gammaretroviruses and epsilon-retroviruses, while class II ERVs are associated with alpha-, beta-, delta-retroviruses and lentiviruses</snippet>. <snippet id="S_wHW5Oiu">ERV1 corresponds to Gammaretroviruses and Epsilonretroviruses, while ERV2 is classified into 10 subgroups belonging to the Betaretrovirus lineage</snippet>. However, the available snippets do not provide specific examples of functional IAP elements with documented retrotransposition and phenotypic consequences like the Avy agouti locus.
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Mouse endogenous retroviruses utilize a three-class system where MLV representatives belong to Class I (gammaretrovirus-like) and IAP elements belong to Class II (betaretrovirus-like), sharing nomenclature with human ERVs where Class I aligns with ERV1 and Class II with ERV2 <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_wHW5Oiu">. Functionally, endogenous MLVs such as Emv2 can undergo recombination to restore replication competence and produce infectious virus particles in strains like C57BL/6 mice <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. These infectious recombinant MLVs have been identified in murine cancer cell lines, where they contribute to leukemogenesis and tumor development <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. In contrast, IAP elements are autonomous long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons capable of active retrotransposition, contributing to genetic variation <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">. IAP elements are abundant, with approximately 1000 copies per cell, and specific subtypes like ID1 remain active in Mus musculus subspecies <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_VrGqnwN">. Active IAP insertions in Mus musculus domesticus account for a significant proportion of subspecies-specific polymorphisms, indicating ongoing mobilization <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">.
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<snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_jaGb9lk,S_Gj9myfY">Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs by retrieving evidence from external knowledge bases before generation</snippet>, enabling models to generate responses conditioning on relevant evidence rather than relying solely on internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">However, RAG also suffers from hallucinations, including potential error accumulation within the pipeline and irrelevant evidence propagation into the generation phase</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">Research suggests hallucinations can be diminished through RAG adoption alongside advanced prompting, specialized fine-tuning, or factuality-focused decoding methods</snippet>, with studies showing promising results in significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing output accuracy and reliability <snippet id="S_PbQaaQw">RAG mitigates hallucination by retrieving reliable documents before generation, though it still generates hallucinations due to lack of post-hoc verification</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jaGb9lk,S_6v3TJp1">Active Retrieval-Augmented (ARA) frameworks specifically designed for LVLMs incorporate three critical dimensions: dissecting retrieval targets, selecting effective retrieval methods, and timing retrieval processes to coincide with episodes of low certainty</snippet>, demonstrating that with optimal retrieval settings, these approaches can effectively mitigate hallucinations while maintaining minimal retrieval frequency <snippet id="S_6v3TJp1">Empirical evaluations across three LVLMs and four benchmarks indicate the ARA model significantly reduces hallucinations with moderate retrieval frequency</snippet>.
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<answer>
Research from 2023–2025 consistently demonstrates that Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. Multiple studies confirm that RAG enables models to generate responses conditioning on retrieved evidence from external knowledge bases, significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing factual accuracy <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY,S_PbQaaQw">. The technique works by retrieving reliable documents before generation, allowing LLMs to leverage external non-parameterized knowledge alongside internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_OARPrNN">. However, research also cautions that RAG's effectiveness heavily depends on retrieval mechanism quality, and the approach is not without limitations such as error accumulation and citation inaccuracies <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_Gj9myfY">. Several implementations, including Active Retrieval Augmentation frameworks, have empirically validated that optimal retrieval settings can significantly reduce hallucinations <snippet id="S_MJvgffY,S_6v3TJp1">.
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The search results do not contain any specific ITOPF, IOPC Funds, or IMO case history reports on the Hebei Spirit oil spill. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ,S_DqGbf1z,S_i5aMNhp,S_0baMwGe,S_8WsCupd,S_B84eK7e,S_n6iBrLE,S_ys41PcL,S_deSmbWp">All returned snippets are from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico (2010) rather than the Hebei Spirit incident in Korea (2007)</snippet>. The available sources provide general information on oil spill response techniques including the use of booms, skimmers, dispersants, and shoreline cleanup methods, but do not contain Hebei Spirit-specific operational details. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">One snippet mentions response capabilities in the Chinese Bohai Sea, which is relevant to the Hebei Spirit location, but does not detail the actual incident response</snippet>. The agent will need to pursue alternative search queries targeting Korean government sources, ITOPF directly, or IOPC Funds specifically for the Hebei Spirit case history.
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<snippet id="">No relevant information about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill was found in the search results.</snippet> The provided snippets all concern the Deepwater Horizon (2010, Gulf of Mexico) spill or general response capabilities in other regions like the Chinese Bohai Sea. Specifically, they discuss Deepwater Horizon shoreline oiling, SCAT surveys, dispersant use, boom and skimmer deployment, and cleanup worker participation. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ">Deepwater Horizon oil stranded on 1,773 km of shoreline with 660 km receiving authorized cleanup</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_i5aMNhp">18 SCAT teams surveyed over 7,058 kilometers of shoreline</snippet>. The Boi Sea snippets discuss mechanical facility storage quantities for skimmers and booms. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">The Bohai Sea survey found 133,420 m of floating booms, 9,632 kL/h for skimmers, and 100 vessels available</snippet>. No Hebei Spirit case history from ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean authorities was included in these results.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_QMZd9uN,S_NFdiZQm">Vertical eDNA distribution in lakes shows strong seasonal stratification, with warm-water fish eDNA concentrated above the thermocline and cold-water fish eDNA below, across spatial scales of <30 m</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eR9pNyf">Thermocline depths (metalimnion) range from 0.75 to 3.2 m, with sampling locations 20 m offshore and nearshore within 1 m of the shoreline, indicating distinct vertical distribution and stratification in littoral and pelagic zones</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nblzMDI">The thermocline was confirmed between 4.60-6.60 m from the surface, with eDNA sampling occurring during stratification and turnover conditions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7ms3BbK,S_Cx6Mojy">During stratification, cold-water stenotherms like lake trout are primarily found at the bottom while warm-water minnows are more abundant at the surface; the thermocline marks a sharp transition in species detection, with distinct community assemblages detected above and below this layer</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DCoNvvE">eDNA is patchily distributed in lakes, necessitating multiple sampling points for detection, with vertical distribution influenced by thermal stratification that affects detection of cold-water species below the thermocline in summer</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_qZTbA6e,S_7ms3BbK>Stratification leads to distinct microhabitat isolation where cold-water stenotherms are detectable only in midwater and deep habitats while warm-water minnows are abundant at the surface</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_QMZd9uN,S_7ms3BbK>community detection becomes more uniform across depths during autumn turnover when water column mixing occurs</snippet>. <snippet id=S_eR9pNyf,S_nblzMDI>Thermocline depths vary significantly between lakes, ranging from 0.75 to 3.2 m in some cases to 4.60 to 6.60 m in others</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DCoNvvE,S_qZTbA6e>Patchy distribution necessitates multiple sampling points across depths rather than single samples to capture community heterogeneity</snippet>.
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<snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil is a professional football club based in Hebron, which is a major city in the Southern West Bank</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>The club competes in the West Bank Premier League and has achieved multiple titles under FIFA's regulations</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Hebron is strategically located in the Southern West Bank, making Shabab Al-Khalil a prominent local team in the region</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-1>Other clubs in the West Bank include Al-Bireh Institute and Ahli Qalqilyah, but Shabab Al-Khalil is specifically noted for its multiple national cup victories</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-3>Historical records from the West Bank Premier League show Shabab Al-Khalil competing for and winning the league title multiple times</snippet>.
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Based on the search results, the major cities in the Southern West Bank include Hebron (Khalil), which has professional clubs like <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil</snippet>. The club Shabab Al-Dhahiriya from the city of Ad-Dhahiriya is also located in the Southern West Bank <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>. However, the search results do not contain sufficient information about which specific club has won the Palestinian Cup multiple times and plays in a nearby municipality rather than its home city. Additional research is needed to determine the exact club meeting all criteria mentioned in the query.
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<snippet id="S_Ex1kQjb">The U.S. Department of the Treasury's Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates show a 3-month rate of 4.03% as of 09/18/2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LNwC0St">Official Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates data is available on the Treasury.gov resource center page</snippet>, which provides the historical page with XML and other formats for prior data. <snippet id="S_9NRdU6Z">Daily Treasury Bill Rates are also published as indicative closing market bid quotations on recently auctioned Treasury Bills</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2WbtkJ5">A Treasury Daily Interest Rate XML Feed is available that provides daily interest rate data in Extensible Markup Language format</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nEPDvRp">Additional Treasury yield curve data includes both nominal and real yield curve rates through the Resource Center</snippet>. However, the 10-year Treasury rate specifically is not clearly visible in the available snippets and would require accessing the full historical dataset.
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<snippet id=S_Ex1kQjb>As of September 18, 2025, the 3-month Treasury rate was 4.03%</snippet>. The Treasury provides official yield curve data through its Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates page <snippet id=S_LNwC0St,S_9NRdU6Z,S_Ex1kQjb>. The 10-year rate is available through the same data source, though the snippet cuts off after showing rates for maturities up to 3 years. The Treasury's yield curve methodology uses indicative, bid-side market price quotations to derive par yields <snippet id=S_pwGFHPE,S_AsPkpls>. Official rates can also be accessed via the Treasury's daily interest rate XML feed or API documentation <snippet id=S_2WbtkJ5,S_4AaXlpd>.
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<snippet id="S_hAqLMYW,S_VSuv8i0">Recent reviews on catastrophic climate change scenarios suggest global warming above 5°C is "beyond catastrophic" while warming above 6°C is deemed an "indisputable global catastrophe"</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">the term "catastrophic climate change" remains undefined in scientific literature</snippet>. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">A proposed research agenda identifies four key strands: understanding extreme climate change dynamics, exploring climate-triggered pathways to mass morbidity and mortality, investigating social fragility and risk cascades, and synthesizing findings into integrated catastrophe assessments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">Some tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon up to an eightfold increase in the optimal carbon price</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">Beyond climate risks, other severe global catastrophic risks (GCRs) related to food systems are highlighted, including abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios where sudden aerosol releases could disrupt sunlight and impact food production</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">Sea level rise risk assessments distinguish between four main qualitative levels—Undetectable to Very high—and some studies incorporate a fifth level for "Extremely high risk" with severe, irreversible impacts threatening habitability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0NH1BPy">Current studies on climate change, malaria, and neglected tropical diseases may lack focus on critical areas for adaptation planning, advocating for holistic risk assessment approaches</snippet>.
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The recent search returned primarily climate-focused catastrophic risk literature, with "Climate Endgame" studies emerging as key references defining catastrophe thresholds. Warming above 5°C is categorized as "beyond catastrophic," while warming above 6°C constitutes an "indisputable global catastrophe," with 3°C by century's end marking extreme climate change <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">temperature thresholds for catastrophic outcomes are now being clarified</snippet>. Tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon to an eightfold increase in optimal carbon pricing <snippet id="S_60jj79u">tipping point probabilities demonstrate fat tail risk characteristics</snippet>. However, bad-to-worst-case climate scenarios remain poorly understood despite reasons to suspect they could drive worldwide societal collapse or eventual human extinction <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">catastrophic climate scenarios are underexplored yet critically important</snippet>. Food system risks include abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios that could trigger multiple bread-basket failures and global-scale well-being threats <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">global catastrophic food system risks are identified as existential threats</snippet>. Sea level rise research similarly defines "Extremely high risk" as exceeding socioecological coping capacity and possibly leading to existential or catastrophic outcomes <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">coastal settlement risks reach existential catastrophe thresholds at very high sea level rise</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_RulQFFI,S_bChTerS,S_BEpOCxI">Recent reviews (2010-2021 frame) identify flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, and terpenoids as key phytochemical classes with therapeutic potential against cervical cancer through anti-inflammatory and HPV-mediated mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to inhibit early carcinogenesis and enhance chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW,S_St3cdIq">Major challenges include low bioavailability and toxicity, which may be overcome through nanoparticle delivery mechanisms and chemical analogs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_giUXm46">Preclinical studies show that combinational therapy with phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs enhances therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RE7a53S">Pomegranate peel polyphenols have been extensively studied in cervical cancer models, with 110 articles meeting inclusion criteria for a recent review on their anticancer effects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">Despite accumulating evidence, more clinical studies with different phytochemicals are needed to establish safety and efficacy profiles for clinical translation</snippet>.
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Recent reviews have synthesized therapeutic effects of natural products on cervical cancer through inflammatory pathways, highlighting compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, curcumin, and paclitaxel with data primarily from 2010-2021 studies<snippet id="S_RulQFFI">. Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">. Challenges associated with phytochemical use include low bioavailability and toxicity, which may be addressed through chemical analogs, adjuvant therapies, and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms<snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">. Experimental evidence emphasizes chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of plant-derived substances, with combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs shown to enhance therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells<snippet id="S_bChTerS">. Research on phytochemicals against HPV-induced cervical cancer necessitates further investigation into efficacy and safety, particularly through concurrent therapies targeting HPV-mediated mechanisms<snippet id="S_St3cdIq">. Current literature reviews continue to collect experimental works from the last five years elucidating anticancer mechanisms of plant-derived natural products in cervical cancer treatment<snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">.
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<snippet id="S_r2sDDAL">Trust in AI within public institutions is influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers</snippet>, making legitimacy a foundational determinant for public sector AI acceptance. <snippet id="S_R1PS8iU">Public sector AI adoption differs from the private sector due to coercive elements, as citizens must use and pay for services, raising legitimacy questions</snippet> where trust and legitimacy are foundational to public authority. <snippet id="S_F456mxb">Trust levels increase if AI adds perceived value and if humans remain involved</snippet>, indicating that human oversight and perceived value are critical trust determinants. <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">AI systems' abilities were evaluated higher than their benevolence across all domains, with participants with greater technological competence and AI familiarity viewing AI as more capable</snippet>, showing that performance and familiarity drive trust perceptions. <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">Transparency, reliability, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust in AI</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">control of AI and ethics dimensions are crucial for building trust in AI technologies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PgHhtbO">Trust in government significantly influences user experiences with AI-based self-service technology in public service delivery</snippet>, highlighting trust as a key challenge in implementing AI for public governance.
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<answer>
Trust in AI within public institutions is significantly influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems often viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers <snippet id="S_r2sDDAL,S_R1PS8iU">. Key determinants include transparency and explainability, which are essential for tracking trust changes and fostering responsible AI development <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp,S_1tU6Z3U">. Human oversight remains critical, as trust levels increase when humans remain involved in decision-making processes rather than being replaced entirely by AI <snippet id="S_F456mxb">. Reliability, tangibility, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust in AI systems, while anthropomorphism influences emotional trust <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">. Privacy concerns and data governance also negatively impact trust, particularly when citizens perceive potential privacy invasion <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">. Additionally, public perception of AI control, ethics, and perceived value of AI services are crucial determinants for acceptance in public service contexts <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U,S_F456mxb">. Technological competence and familiarity with AI also correlate with higher trust in AI capabilities across different public service domains <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">.
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<snippet id=b99d28d7-0>b99d28d7-0> Clean is available to stream on AMC+</snippet>, along with Disney Plus, Hulu, Sundance Now, Philo, The Roku Channel, Fandango at Home, Prime Video, and Apple TV. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>Apple TV lists the film as available on AMC+, Sundance Now, Philo, Prime Video, Tubi, Disney+, Hulu, and Sling TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-8>Decider confirms streaming options include Tubi TV, Hulu, and AMC+</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-4>JustWatch shows the movie is also available on Amazon Prime Video and Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5>Philo offers the film with a free trial option</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-6>Netflix also appears to have the movie in its catalog</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=b99d28d7-0,b99d28d7-9>Clean is available to stream on multiple platforms including AMC+, Hulu, Prime Video, Apple TV, Tubi, and Roku</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>AMC+ is specifically mentioned as one of the available streaming services for the film</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-1,b99d28d7-2,b99d28d7-4>It can also be accessed through Hulu, Amazon Prime Video, and Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5,b99d28d7-8>Philo and other services like Sundance Now and Disney+ offer the movie as well</snippet>.
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The provided search results do not contain specific empirical evidence about negotiated assessment or student co-creation of assessment tasks/criteria in higher education. While several snippets discuss learning outcomes and assessment in general contexts <snippet id="S_dUrCta4">learning outcomes are used throughout assessment processes in higher education</snippet> and their evaluation <snippet id="S_u5mSiUG">the evaluation of learning outcomes is crucial for assessing the effectiveness of educational interventions</snippet>, none address student involvement in designing assessments. The systematic review on peer assessment design notes reliability and validity concerns <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">reliability and validity are often underreported as outcome measures in peer assessment studies</snippet> but does not specifically examine negotiated or co-created assessment formats. Research on teacher effectiveness discusses student-centered teaching approaches <snippet id="S_G7aERKv">student-centered teaching styles are viewed as more effective and engaging by students</snippet>, yet this does not extend to assessment design participation. Consequently, the current search results lack the quantitative effects and direct evaluations of co-designing assessment tasks that the agent is seeking.

<answer>
The provided search results do not contain specific empirical evidence or randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or student co-created rubrics in higher education <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv,S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">. Instead, the available literature focuses on broader concepts such as Outcome-Based Education frameworks, general peer assessment design elements, and teacher effectiveness metrics <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv">. While one systematic review notes that reliability and validity are frequently underreported in peer assessment studies, it does not quantify the impact of student involvement in task design <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">. Additional snippets discuss conceptual tensions in learning outcomes or the influence of educational technology without addressing assessment negotiation specifically <snippet id="S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">.
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Based on the available search results, the snippets establish that endocytosis generally supports lysosomal function by delivering extracellular materials and internalizing damaged membrane components for lysosomal degradation <snippet id="S_wzDgj5A">Endocytosis delivers external cues including fluid, solutes, and plasma membrane components to lysosomes for processing</snippet> and <snippet id="S_idvg3li">lysosomes degrade materials originating from extracellular sources via endocytosis to maintain cellular homeostasis</snippet>. The canonical protective mechanism involves M6P receptor-mediated endocytosis that delivers lysosomal enzymes to lysosomes, with trafficking between endosomes and the TGN being imperative for delivering enzymes and V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes <snippet id="S_wzDgj5A">Trafficking between endosomes and the TGN delivers enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet> and <snippet id="S_gCWDTWV">lysosomal membrane proteins are delivered to lysosomes in a M6P receptor-independent manner via vesicle fusion with plasma membrane followed by endocytosis</snippet>. Lysosomal exocytosis, which is regulated by the cytoskeleton and Ca2+ signaling, aids in plasma membrane repair and secretion of lysosomal hydrolases <snippet id="S_idvg3li">lysosomal exocytosis aids in plasma membrane repair and the secretion of enzymes</snippet> and <snippet id="S_gvPHAb9">lysosomal exocytosis causes efflux of lysosomal enzyme sphingomyelinase, which converts sphingomyelin into ceramide on the plasma membrane</snippet>. However, impaired lysosomal acidification and reduced hydrolase activity can disrupt endocytic recycling and impair the ability to handle exogenous cargo <snippet id="S_mWADzHZ">impaired lysosomal protease activity and consequent accumulation of undigested material disrupt the endocytic recycling</snippet>. The relationship is bidirectional, where lysosomal dysfunction can impact endocytosis markers such as transferrin uptake <snippet id="S_BXMwwcV">LNCs reduced the uptake of transferrin, a marker for clathrin-dependent endocytosis, by approximately 30%</snippet>, and dysfunctional endocytosis during aging is linked to persistent integrin signaling and senescence phenotype <snippet id="S_pfxfGLI">dysfunctional endocytosis seems to be linked with persistent activated integrin signaling, which can be important for the senescent phenotype</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_wzDgj5A,S_Y2SP2EN>Endocytosis maintains cellular homeostasis by delivering extracellular and intracellular materials to lysosomes, where they are degraded as part of the autophagy-lysosomal-endosomal system</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_wzDgj5A>Trafficking between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network is imperative for the maintenance of lysosomal fitness as it delivers enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id=S_gCWDTWV>Lysosome biogenesis also requires endocytic pathways, as lysosomal membrane proteins can be delivered via vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane followed by endocytosis</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC,S_Ykw4nQx">Calendar aging is primarily driven by temperature, with degradation accelerating at elevated temperatures and following Arrhenius or Eyring equation dependencies</snippet>, <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">while cycle life decreases dramatically at low temperatures during fast charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">Degradation mechanisms at low temperatures include lithium plating and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film growth, which compete under fast charging conditions</snippet>, <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">with the Arrhenius law describing temperature dependence of reaction rates where rate constants are influenced by absolute temperature</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">Studies by Keil et al. (2016) examined NCA, NMC, and LFP at 25°C, 45°C, and 50°C over 300 days, finding capacity fade did not increase linearly with SOC</snippet>, <snippet id="S_RHMJrIs">while graphite electrode lithiation beyond 50% accelerates loss of cyclable lithium through SEI layer formation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">Temperature regulation is essential for reducing calendar aging, as elevated temperatures accelerate degradation processes</snippet>.
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Calendar aging follows the Arrhenius equation, where elevated temperatures accelerate aging processes through increased reaction rates, making temperature regulation essential for reducing degradation <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">. SEI growth is the dominant calendar aging mechanism at high temperatures (e.g., 55°C storage), causing pore clogging and film resistance increase in anodes <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">. Higher temperatures and SOC levels significantly increase capacity degradation and internal resistance during calendar aging, with studies showing accelerated fading at 50-60°C storage <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">. In contrast, cyclic aging experiences dramatically accelerated degradation at low temperatures during charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C for graphite/NMC batteries <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. At 5°C, a 16 Ah graphite/NMC battery loses 75% capacity after only 50 cycles compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C, driven primarily by lithium plating rather than SEI growth <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. The Arrhenius law describes temperature dependence of cyclic aging reaction rates, though lithium plating at sub-zero temperatures creates an inflection point that fundamentally alters degradation mechanisms compared to calendar aging <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">.
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The provided search results do not contain the exact threshold value from the Scientific Reports article. <snippet id="S_PtOIRGk">None of the snippets reference the specific variable names "rC,ave" or "ΔGave"</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NyxI5ht">The content is about Chinese talent recruitment policies and research performance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RTxg6u0">This snippet discusses publication incentives in Chinese humanities and social sciences</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PnWYPRp">The study analyzes social science internationalization from 1979 to 2018</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rcIxmdK">China's research evaluation reform and SCI publication metrics are discussed</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RXJTnMw">Statistics on China's share in global physical sciences publications are provided</snippet>. <snippet id="S_maWNX2u">The influence of Chinese scholars in the US on temporary visas is examined</snippet>. <snippet id="S_M9HFrLf">China's research output growth and higher education stratification are covered</snippet>. The specific Scientific Reports article with the rC,ave and ΔGave threshold values was not found in these search results.

<answer>
<snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_NyxI5ht,S_RTxg6u0,S_PnWYPRp,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u">None of the provided search results contain information about a Scientific Reports article with the specific variables rC,ave and ΔGave or their critical threshold values</snippet>. The retrieved snippets discuss various aspects of Chinese research output, publication incentives, and global science influence, but none reference the target paper with the threshold information the agent is seeking <snippet id="S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t">The only mentions of "Chinese scholars" in global research context appear in titles without corresponding content</snippet>. The agent may need to refine their search with more specific terms such as "Scientific Reports rC,ave ΔGave threshold" without the broader China influence query to locate the exact paper.
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<answer>
<snippet id="22895,68190,89881">Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) was an 18th‑century Swedish naturalist who formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy</snippet>. <snippet id="22895,68190,89881">He introduced the two-part Latin species name (genus + specific epithet) and hierarchical ranks (kingdom, class, order, genus, species) in works such as Systema Naturae (first edition 1735)</snippet>. <snippet id="68190">His system standardized classification across plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and more, forming the basis of modern scientific naming</snippet>. <snippet id="22895">Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaeus taught at Uppsala, wrote chiefly in Latin, and was ennobled in 1761 as Carl von Linné</snippet>. <snippet id="89881">Linnaean taxonomy endures as the basis for naming and organizing biodiversity, though additional ranks and evolutionary concepts were later added</snippet>.
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<answer>
Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), an 18th-century Swedish naturalist, formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy <snippet id="22895, 68190">. He introduced a two-part Latin naming system (genus + specific epithet), such as Homo sapiens, through his publication of Systema Naturae (first edition 1735) <snippet id="22895, 89881">. Linnaeus also established hierarchical classification ranks including kingdom, class, order, genus, and species <snippet id="22895, 89881">. His system standardized biological classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming <snippet id="68190">. Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaean taxonomy continues to serve as the foundation for organizing biodiversity <snippet id="22895, 89881">.
</answer>


<answer>
The work in question is likely <snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>"Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before"</snippet> by <snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>Tony Horwitz</snippet>, a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist who retraced the voyages of Captain James Cook, the renowned British explorer <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>across the Pacific</snippet>. Horwitz's book specifically follows a specific route <snippet id=1701849e-6>differing from his earlier work "Confederates in the Attic"</snippet> in that it retraces actual historical journeys <snippet id=1701849e-3>of early European exploration of the New World</snippet>. While not all specific locations mentioned in the agent's query are explicitly confirmed in the snippets (such as a northern England county or 18th-century ship replica), the book's focus on Cook's Pacific voyages aligns with the described work. Other Pulitzer-winning journalists like Paul Salopek <snippet id=1701849e-7>are also retracing global migrations</snippet>, but Horwitz's work directly matches the British explorer voyage theme.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Tony Horwitz</snippet>, which retraces the voyages of British explorer Captain James Cook across the Pacific <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>. Cook was from Yorkshire, a county in northern England, and his historic HMS Endeavour has been reconstructed for modern voyages <snippet id=1701849e-6>. The book follows a specific route through Pacific island countries that Cook originally visited during his explorations <snippet id=1701849e-5>. Horwitz's approach combines historical research with personal adventure travel to explore Cook's legacy <snippet id=1701849e-1>. This work differed from Horwitz's previous books by focusing on a specific exploration route across the Pacific Ocean <snippet id=1701849e-6>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH,S_rm0f44F">The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM) by necessitating remote work and digitalization across organizations</snippet>, with remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce <snippet id="S_rm0f44F">emphasizing the need for e-HRM and digitalization to enhance flexibility and productivity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe,S_NBYIjl3">HRM was at the heart of these transformations, helping organizations navigate the crisis while managing people to enable business continuity and ensure work-life balance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sFMyq5N,S_3pi5rBi">The pandemic challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention to understand the intersection of COVID-19 with HRM</snippet>, and future studies should address these impacts <snippet id="S_sFMyq5N">to improve the role of HRM in mitigating unequal work experiences</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hGtii0p">The shift to online training highlighted challenges in teamwork and productivity, revealing the need for sustainable HRD principles to enhance employee engagement and adaptability</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_CbPhWNe">The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), with remote work necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms and e-HRM practices</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH,Sn_rm0f44F">Research indicates this acceleration has been global in scope, with one study noting remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi,S_sFMyq5N">Systematic literature reviews characterize COVID-19 as a complicator-disruptor-enabler that challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">The crisis established lasting implications including more flexible, remote-friendly digital working norms that organizations must address through new policies and hybrid working models</snippet>.
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Preprint servers like arXiv, bioRxiv, and medRxiv implement screening processes to filter inappropriate content, though these are distinct from formal peer review <snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">bioRxiv does not perform peer review but implements a screening process to filter out inappropriate content</snippet> <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">Preprints, which are preliminary reports not yet peer-reviewed, are increasingly shared on platforms like arXiv, MedRxiv, and bioRxiv</snippet>. The screening typically involves checks such as plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language quality <snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">The pre-peer review screening process involves several checks before a paper is sent for peer review. These checks include plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language and quality of expression</snippet> <snippet id="S_lUJRGnM">Seventy-five percent provided details about their screening, while some, like FocUS Archive and SocArxiv, mentioned checks without specifics</snippet>. BioRxiv staff conduct internal checks including automated plagiarism detection and manual reviews for spam or inappropriate content, followed by a group of experienced scientists (bioRxiv Affiliates) who further review submissions <snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">bioRxiv staff perform internal checks, including automated plagiarism detection and manual reviews for spam or inappropriate content. Then, a group of experienced scientists, known as bioRxiv Affiliates, further reviews the submissions</snippet> <snippet id="S_lUJRGnM">Fourteen platforms involve researchers with content expertise in screening, focusing on article scope, plagiarism, and legal/ethical issues</snippet>. arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns, which raises potential issues since it includes quantitative biology <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">ArXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns, which raises potential issues since it includes quantitative biology</snippet> <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">Preprints, while lacking formal peer review, undergo various quality control measures on platforms like arXiv</snippet>. Each preprint includes a warning indicating the lack of peer review, and MedRxiv specifically advises against relying on these preliminary reports for health-related decisions <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">Each preprint includes a warning indicating the lack of peer review, and MedRxiv specifically advises against relying on these preliminary reports for health-related decisions</snippet>. Despite the absence of peer review, preprints are still valuable to the research community, though they do not guarantee external quality control <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">Despite the absence of peer review, which is traditionally seen as a quality assurance mechanism, preprints are still valuable to the research community</snippet> <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">While preprints can be valuable, they do not guarantee external quality control</snippet>. Journal peer-review processes itself have limitations, including the potential for fraud and the failure to detect errors, with some high-quality research being rejected by peer review processes <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">peer review itself has limitations, including the potential for fraud and the failure to detect errors, with some high-quality research being rejected by peer review processes</snippet>.

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<snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">arXiv performs pre-peer review screening that includes plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language quality</snippet>, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">but does not conduct formal peer review before posting</snippet>. Key quality control measures on arXiv include <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">author registration and endorsement requirements, completeness checks, relevance verification, plagiarism detection, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>, unlike bioRxiv and medRxiv which screen for material that could endanger public health or pose biosecurity risks. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">ArXiv emphasizes that its materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. Despite the absence of peer review, preprints on arXiv still undergo screening as a "coarse filter" to exclude nonscientific or inappropriate content, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">though this does not guarantee validity of the content</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kOME3NW">The interactive reading (IR) task is a framework for AIG and automatic scoring of reading comprehension passages and a suite of questions associated with the passage</snippet>. <snippet id="S_n6aoW4b">The page discusses the construct of reading as defined by Alderson (2000), emphasizing that reading is an interactive process involving both lower-level (bottom-up) and higher-level (top-down) processes</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain explicit definitions or contrasts for "intensive" reading versus "extensive" reading, nor detailed classroom task examples for each category.
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<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books.</snippet> <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores for automatic medical fact-checking</snippet>, demonstrating that domain-specific models outperform general language models in this medical fact-checking task. <snippet id="S_wkwj2K0">When fine-tuned on the PUBHEALTH dataset, pre-trained models including SCIBERT and BIOBERT showed improved performance over original BERT for fact-checking label prediction</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">BIOBERT demonstrates higher accuracies compared to BERT for named entity recognition, relation extraction, and question answering in the biomedical domain</snippet>, supporting the hypothesis that domain-specific language representations benefit medical fact-checking. <snippet id="S_HA4fMd9">Datasets such as COVIDFact, HealthVer, and SCIFACT have been released to verify COVID-19 claims against scientific literature</snippet>, providing benchmarks for comparing domain-specific versus general models. <snippet id="S_RXgSB12">Training deep learning-based fact-checking models on real-world and in-domain claims substantially improves performance compared to training on synthetic and open-domain claims</snippet>, confirming the advantage of domain-specific training for medical verification tasks.
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Research on medical fact-checking shows that domain-specific language models often outperform general models on health claim verification tasks. On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores compared to BERT and other baseline models <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. BioBERT demonstrates higher accuracies than BERT for biomedical tasks including named entity recognition, relation extraction, and question answering in the biomedical domain <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. Similarly, SCIBERT shows improvements over the original BERT and outperforms it in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. However, performance varies by dataset; on SCIFACT, RoBERTa-large achieved the best performance among the sentence encoders tested, including SciBERT and BioMedRoBERTa <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. Additionally, training deep learning models on real-world medical claims substantially improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">.
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<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf,S_Iqcxwr0">The waterfall model is a traditional, linear and sequential software development approach where progress flows through distinct phases: requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance</snippet>, <snippet id="S_LGTfE2h">with five main stages including requirements analysis and definition, system and software design, implementation and unit testing, integration and system testing, and operation and maintenance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ">Each phase must be completed before the next begins, with the output of one phase serving as the input for the next</snippet>, <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">and the approach is characterized by strict documentation and signed-off deliverables for each stage</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">In contrast, the iterative model allows for initial simplified implementations that evolve through multiple iterations</snippet>, <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">with projects divided into smaller parts that undergo repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">The Waterfall-Iterative approach (also noted as "Waterative") integrates Waterfall and iterative approaches by executing phases iteratively as the project elaborates</snippet>, <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX">including a requirement analysis phase for each iteration that defines the iteration's goal</snippet>. However, the search results do not contain definitions of Agile methodology, the Agile Manifesto, or systematic comparative analyses between the two approaches.
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<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">The traditional waterfall model is defined as a linear, sequential software development approach where each phase must be completed before the next begins, with strict documentation and sign-offs required between stages</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">In contrast, "iterative waterfall" (also called "Waterative") executes waterfall phases iteratively as the project elaborates, incorporating requirement analysis for each iteration with design followed by product backlog creation using Scrum framework's agile principles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model allows incremental changes and divided project parts with repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation, enabling more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to waterfall</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">A key distinction is that waterfall accommodates substantial requirement changes with significant disruption, whereas iterative approaches emphasize evolving implementations with each cycle enhancing previous work</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz,S_u8WEXgX">Waterfall is characterized by sequential phases requiring strict documentation and end products per stage, while iterative/wative approaches include unit testing during sprints followed by systems integration testing and user acceptance testing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">Waterfall approaches work well for simple, straightforward projects, but are less suitable for complex projects requiring flexibility</snippet>.
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Digital transformation in banking encompasses the application of digital technologies to enhance business practices, facilitate exchanges, and improve access to financial services <snippet id="S_Q1OC4lz">digitalisation involves the application of digital technologies to enhance business practices and facilitate exchanges</snippet>, including mobile banking, digital wallets, blockchain, and fintech solutions <snippet id="S_kq45sEh">technological advancements, such as mobile banking, digital wallets, and blockchain, have transformed access to financial services for underserved populations</snippet>. Empirical evidence indicates a significant increase in digital payment intensity in recent years, particularly in the EU and Baltic countries, revealing a strong relationship between digital payments, financial inclusion, and operational efficiency <snippet id="S_Dw5oN7X">findings indicate a significant increase in digital payment intensity in recent years, particularly in the EU and Baltic countries, and reveal a strong relationship between digital payments, financial inclusion, and the operational efficiency of financial institutions</snippet>. Research demonstrates that digital transformation enhances financial inclusion by offering accessible and affordable services, with studies showing digital banking has enhanced financial inclusion by offering accessible and affordable services <snippet id="S_IbmwH6I">Key findings indicate that digital banking has enhanced financial inclusion by offering accessible and affordable services</snippet>. The economic impact varies by region, with digital financial inclusion being more significant in low-income countries due to inefficiencies in traditional banking <snippet id="S_cecyK56">in low-income countries, digital financial inclusion is more significant due to inefficiencies in traditional banking, allowing FinTech companies to enhance financial access and stimulate economic activities</snippet>. However, challenges persist including data security, regulatory issues, user digital literacy, and consumer protection <snippet id="S_kq45sEh">challenges remain, including data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy</snippet> <snippet id="S_Gkl8lvJ">e-payment system must evolve further to solve challenges such as consumer protection, data inequality, and regulatory arbitrage</snippet>. Bank stability is positively correlated with digital financial inclusion but negatively correlated with increased bank competition, supporting the competition-fragility hypothesis <snippet id="S_AlV0rKF">findings indicate that digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability (measured by z-score) and negatively correlates with non-performing loans. Conversely, increased bank competition (assessed through the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index) negatively affects bank stability</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X>S digital transformation in banking is defined as the application of innovative technologies, particularly digital payments, to enhance financial inclusion and operational efficiency</snippet>, with research showing it <snippet id=S_4uYEvn0>S diminishes the impact of income levels on financial service access</snippet> while enhancing account ownership and savings. <snippet id=S_cecyK56>S Economic impact varies by income level: in low-income countries, digital financial inclusion is more significant than traditional finance due to banking inefficiencies</snippet>, whereas in middle-income countries both forms complement each other. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability (z-score) and negatively with non-performing loans</snippet>, though increased bank competition negatively affects stability according to the competition-fragility hypothesis. <snippet id=S_kq45sEh>S Challenges include data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy</snippet>, with findings from Sub-Saharan Africa, ASEAN, and EU contexts; <snippet id=S_cecyK56,S_Q1OC4lz>Yemen-specific evidence is sparse and limited by fragile state conditions</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Policy recommendations emphasize promoting digital financial literacy, regulatory frameworks treating digital and traditional finance as complementary</snippet>, and strategic measures to maintain bank stability alongside inclusion initiatives.
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<snippet id="55190,81776">Harry H. Corbett appears briefly as a policeman in Never Look Back (1952)</snippet>, confirming the credit the agent was investigating. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The film was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>, with the UK release occurring on 26 May 1952. <snippet id="81776">Hugh Sinclair stars as fiancé of the lead character, while the production was shot at Manchester Film Studios from 17 September to 19 October 1951</snippet>. <snippet id="55190">The 73-minute British courtroom drama was directed by Francis Searle</snippet>. All distribution and cast details are now firmly confirmed across multiple sources.
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<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The 1952 British drama Never Look Back was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett appears in a brief supporting role as a policeman</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Hugh Sinclair is confirmed as a main star in the cast, playing the prosecutor</snippet>. The production ran for 73 minutes and was shot at Mancunian Studios between September and October 1951.
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The provided search snippets describe the methodology and indices used to assess beta-cell function (such as the disposition index calculated as insulinogenic index × insulin sensitivity index) but do not contain specific evidence linking visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation to these beta-cell function metrics <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_2GRyVKu,S_DYXy4QI">The disposition index was calculated as the product of the insulinogenic index and Matsuda index to estimate beta-cell function</snippet>. While one study explicitly measured visceral adipose tissue and assessed beta-cell function in obese adults, it did not report specific associations between VAT and insulinogenic index or disposition index values <snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">The study assessed beta-cell function in obese adults through a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test and calculated disposition index to characterize beta-cell function relative to insulin resistance in adipose tissue</snippet>. Other snippets focus on beta-cell function assessment in specific populations, including adolescents and individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, without addressing visceral fat accumulation <snippet id="S_2GRyVKu,S_77OipMD">Pancreatic beta cell function was assessed using OGTT-derived insulinogenic index and disposition index in obese adolescents and individuals with NAFLD</snippet>. The search results do not provide the adult human evidence specifically linking VAT to beta-cell function indices that the agent is seeking.

<answer>
The provided search results do not directly address the relationship between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and pancreatic beta-cell function metrics in humans. The snippets primarily define how beta-cell function indices like the disposition index, insulinogenic index, and acute insulin response are calculated from OGTT or IVGTT data <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_77OipMD">the disposition index is calculated as the product of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion measures such as the insulinogenic index</snippet>. One study suggests adipose tissue insulin resistance affects beta-cell function assessment, noting that elevated plasma free fatty acids can impair β-cell function and proposing adjustments to the disposition index to account for adipose tissue <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2">incorporating adipose insulin resistance into assessments provides a more comprehensive index of β-cell function</snippet>. Another study reported that leptin and GM-CSF were negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI and hsCRP, indicating roles in inflammation and lipid metabolism <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">leptin and GM-CSF showed negative associations with the disposition index and positive correlations with BMI and inflammatory markers</snippet>. However, none of these snippets provide direct adult human evidence linking VAT or pancreatic fat specifically to beta-cell function measures like disposition index or acute insulin response as the agent was seeking.
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<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources by one-third did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>, <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">though it did increase exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduce uncivil language</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">The intervention aimed to decrease exposure to like-minded sources, which resulted in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language, but did not lead to measurable changes in eight key political attitudes, including affective polarization and belief in false claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">Research on social media feed designs compared chronological and engagement-based feeds, finding that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mUfOdDp">However, a 2020 study by Guess et al. found no significant long-term effects of Facebook and Instagram's algorithms on users' affective polarization over a three-month period</snippet>, <snippet id="S_mUfOdDp">suggesting that while immediate reactions to content may vary, the algorithms' impact on long-term beliefs is complex and requires further investigation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sJfbnsu">The deactivation experiment was part of the U.S. 2020 Facebook and Instagram Election Study, a collaboration between academics and researchers at Meta that allowed unprecedented access to platform data</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>. The intervention aimed to decrease exposure to like-minded sources by one-third, which resulted in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">but did not lead to measurable changes in eight key political attitudes, including affective polarization and belief in false claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">An experiment compared various feed types, including chronological and engagement-based feeds, as well as innovative designs aimed at promoting democratic values</snippet>. Findings indicate that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans, but may inadvertently increase perceived threats to free speech among users <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">. The research also references other studies that examined the influence of exposure to like-minded sources and reshared content, noting that some studies found minimal effects on affective polarization</snippet>.

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<snippet id="S_StdTMvV">The CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions at 0.1° resolution using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level based on International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship data</snippet>, but none of the retrieved snippets specifically document how canonical IAMs (FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE) integrate tropical cyclone or flood damage functions. <snippet id="S_VGFFWS5">The HWCM approach enhances tropical cyclone risk assessments by simulating high-resolution wind and rain fields to evaluate storm flood damages in vulnerable communities</snippet>, though this appears to be a risk assessment methodology rather than IAM integration. <snippet id="S_IAQSdJr">Synthetic tropical cyclone time series (1,000 years) improve flood prediction accuracy and allow better estimation of flood protection services</snippet>, but again this does not specify IAM implementation. The search results contain hazard and impact modeling documentation rather than explicit descriptions of how IAMs represent extreme weather events as stochastic shocks or separate impact categories. <snippet id="S_93wqG64">CMIP6 HighResMIP multimodel ensemble projects future tropical cyclone changes at 25 km resolution</snippet>, but this provides climate model output rather than IAM damage function specifications. I recommend searching for FUND/PAGE/DICE/RICE specific documentation on storm/flood modules rather than general hazard modeling papers.
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<answer>
Unfortunately, the provided search results do not contain specific information about how FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE, or other canonical IAMs incorporate extreme weather events into their damage functions. The available snippets focus on hazard modeling (CLIMADA model for tropical cyclones, mangrove flood protection services, hydrodynamic modeling) but do not document IAM integration methods <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>. No snippets describe how IAMs represent extremes as separate impact categories or stochastic shocks to capital/productivity, nor do they detail expected-annual-loss pipelines feeding IAM damages. There is also no evidence of empirically estimated event-specific damage functions (cyclone wind-based, flood depth–damage, heat-wave impacts) being aggregated to macro damages within specific IAM frameworks in these results.
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<snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK">HPV entry begins with the major capsid protein L1 binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) or Heparan Sulfate Syndecan (Sdc) proteoglycans on the cell membrane</snippet>, which <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_6cL8am9">triggers conformational changes in L1 that expose the N-terminus of the L2 protein</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK">This exposure allows the viral particle to be cleaved by the cellular protease furin</snippet>, which <snippet id="S_9692W5p">reduces L1's affinity for HSPGs and prepares the virus for entry</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_qd5yqrp">HPV enters cells through clathrin-independent endocytosis, similar to micropinocytosis</snippet>, requiring <snippet id="S_6cL8am9">secondary receptors including integrin α6, CD151 tetraspanin, and annexin A2/S100A10 heterotetramer</snippet> for uptake. <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_06dh88l">The virus preferentially targets basal cells in the epithelium, where attachment to basement membrane components like laminin-332 and HSPGs initiates the entry process</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_qd5yqrp">Following endocytosis, L2 protein interacts with host cell factors to ensure vesicular trafficking of the viral episome to the nucleus</snippet>.
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Human Papillomavirus (HPV) entry typically begins at microlesions in the epithelium where the major capsid protein L1 binds to laminin-332 or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the basement membrane <S_9692W5p, S_06dh88l, S_ygceipK, S_4kyiDLH>. This initial attachment induces L1 conformational changes, often facilitated by Cyclophilin B, which exposes the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2 <S_9692W5p, S_ygceipK, S_sYaeZRH>. Proteolytic processing follows, where kallikrein-8 cleaves L1 and the cellular protease furin cleaves L2, reducing HSPG affinity and preparing the virion for internalization <S_6cL8am9, S_9692W5p, S_qd5yqrp>. Secondary interactions with receptors such as annexin A2, integrin α6, and tetraspanins like CD151 facilitate clathrin-independent endocytosis or macropinocytosis-like uptake <S_6cL8am9, S_Fgb4QWW, S_06dh88l>. Once internalized, the virus undergoes retrograde trafficking through endosomes and the Golgi network to reach the nucleus for genome release and replication <S_6cL8am9, S_IzJhLSD, S_qd5yqrp>.
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<snippet id="S_FvypqMm">The Laplace mechanism has been applied to preserve privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions</snippet> and <snippet id="S_u2uIkcN">prospect theoretic analysis of privacy-preserving mechanisms enables privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions</snippet> using noise calibrated with standard deviation of √2b based on function sensitivity. <snippet id="S_3Vks9VQ">The Laplace mechanism is defined by M(d) := M(d) + Y where Y i ∼ L (∆ 1 / ) are independent and identically distributed for i = 1, . . . , r and ∆ 1 is the L 1-sensitivity of the query</snippet>, with the property that <snippet id="S_dR6xJKK">the Laplace mechanism preserves ( , 0)-differential privacy</snippet> for any function f. <snippet id="S_gaV539r">The mechanism takes as inputs a database (or stream of data) D, function f, and privacy parameter ε (privacy budget) and returns the true output of f plus some Laplacian noise</snippet>, where the noise is drawn from a Laplace distribution with mean 0 and scale of Δ(f)/ε. <snippet id="S_5htVDhJ">The Laplace mechanism is considered to be one of the most generic mechanisms to achieve differential privacy</snippet> and is widely used for adding noise to function outputs to produce differentially private results. However, the provided snippets do not contain specific information about these mechanisms being published in the high-impact journals identified by the agent (IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, Nature Scientific Data, PNAS, Management Science, Operations Research, Information Systems Research, JRSS, Annals of Applied Statistics, JFE, RFS, JF, etc.), limiting the ability to confirm published case studies in those particular journals.
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<answer>
The search results provide limited evidence of concrete case studies from high-impact journals applying the Laplace mechanism specifically to financial/banking/credit transaction data. Two snippets mention financial applications: S_FvypqMm notes the Laplace mechanism can preserve "user privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions" within parking recommender system research <snippet id=S_FvypqMm>, and S_u2uIkcN states the mechanism enables "privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions" for prospect theoretic analysis <snippet id=S_u2uIkcN>. However, neither snippet explicitly confirms publication in high-impact journals like IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or major finance/economics journals that the agent prioritized <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_3Vks9VQ>. Most other search results discuss the Laplace mechanism in medical data <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG>, social networks <snippet id=S_XWjGWtA,S_gaV539r>, or power flow systems <snippet id=S_3Vks9VQ> rather than verified financial case studies. Additional searches targeting specific journals or verified financial domains would be needed to fully address the agent's goal.
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<answer>
<snippet id="21438">Jitendra Narayan (20 Dec 1886–20 Dec 1922) was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar</snippet> and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916. <snippet id="21438">As "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar" he played one first‑class cricket match (Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI v Lord Willingdon's XI) on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs in total</snippet>. <snippet id="21438">However, there is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>. <snippet id="57275">Sources indicate fragmentary documentation regarding a namesake Nripendra Narayan Academy and links to cricketing activity with a Prince of Wales's XI</snippet>, but definitive attribution remains inconsistent. <snippet id="71327">The source lists biographical details for his younger brothers but does not verify claims about founding a Nripendra Narayan Academy or first-class cricket involvement against a Prince of Wales XI</snippet>. <snippet id="21438">He was succeeded by his son Jagaddipendra Narayan</snippet>, and the family is linked to Cooch Behar Palace (Victor Jubilee Palace).
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<answer>
Jitendra Narayan was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar <snippet id="21438">and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet> as an educational institution named after his father. He played one first‑class cricket match for "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI" against Lord Willingdon's XI on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs total <snippet id="21438">. There is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>, which contradicts one key element of the hypothesis that the match was against the Prince of Wales' XI during the 1921–22 India tour. Biographical details indicate he was linked to Cooch‑Behar Palace (also known as Victor Jubilee Palace) as the ruling Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar during his lifetime <snippet id="21438">, though succession by his offspring is not confirmed in the available snippets. Some sources present conflicting or fragmentary information about the academy founder and cricketing claims <snippet id="57275">, with sibling records listing him as having younger brothers but not documenting all biographical details consistently <snippet id="71327">.
</answer>