<answer>
<snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe,S_9Mgjk7i">PPO (Proximal Policy Optimization) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017 that uses a clipped surrogate objective to optimize policy updates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_AuYFhyP">The core idea involves a probability ratio \( r_t(\theta) = \frac{p_{\theta}(a_t, s_t)}{p_{\theta_{\text{old}}}(a_t, s_t)} \) between the new and old policies, with a tunable hyper-parameter \( \epsilon \) (typically 0.1-0.2) used to clip this ratio</snippet>. <snippet id="S_r9aDbc9,S_hXE5LYe">The clipping mechanism restricts the ratio to a range defined by \( \clip(r_t(\theta), 1 - \epsilon, 1 + \epsilon) \), preventing significant deviations from 1 and ensuring stable learning</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_HkWtygo">This approach maximizes a modified policy gradient objective using the advantage function \( A(s, a) \), which estimates how beneficial the agent's actions are</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9Mgjk7i">The algorithm operates within a Markov Decision Process framework, collecting trajectories from parallel environments and performing multiple update epochs based on these trajectories</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP">An entropy regularization term is included to promote action diversity and ensure sufficient exploration during training</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_hXE5LYe,S_z9c3Jms">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">It utilizes a clipped surrogate objective function that constrains the probability ratio between the new and old policies within a range typically set to 1 ± ε</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">This objective takes the minimum of clipped and unclipped estimates, providing a lower bound that penalizes significant deviations from 1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YKlYY4b,S_CcbSYTJ,S_9Mgjk7i">During training, the algorithm collects trajectories, computes advantage estimates (often via Generalized Advantage Estimation), and optimizes the policy with a value network loss and entropy bonus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CcbSYTJ,S_HkWtygo,S_9Mgjk7i">This allows multiple update epochs per iteration and stabilizes training by preventing excessively large policy updates</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
The provided search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum et al. paper "The Return to Protectionism" or its detailed findings on distributional impacts and regressivity <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4,S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb,S_bTYtYjO,S_ZSDo4iu">None of the snippets are from the Fajgelbaum paper</snippet>. However, related research indicates that 2018-2019 Trump tariffs created meaningful variations across products and time, allowing for assessment of economic impact <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh">The analysis suggests that the tariffs created meaningful variations across products and time, allowing for a clearer assessment of their economic impact</snippet>. The tariffs were imposed on $283 billion of US imports in 2018, with rates ranging from 10% to 50% <snippet id="S_yHishm4">In 2018, the Trump administration imposed tariffs on $283 billion of US imports, with rates from 10% to 50%</snippet>, and retaliatory measures from China, the EU, and Canada averaged 16% on $121 billion of US exports <snippet id="S_yHishm4">In retaliation, countries such as China, the European Union, and Canada filed cases against the US at the WTO and imposed their own tariffs on approximately $121 billion of US exports, averaging 16%</snippet>. Politically, retaliatory tariffs predominantly affected areas that supported Trump in the 2016 presidential election <snippet id="S_bTYtYjO">The analysis examines the political targeting of retaliatory tariffs during Trump's trade wars, revealing that these tariffs predominantly affected areas that supported Trump in the 2016 presidential election</snippet>, while trade-related job losses showed a distinct anti-incumbent effect <snippet id="S_I1oE0tb">Research indicates that trade-related job losses have a distinct anti-incumbent effect</snippet>. The overall literature acknowledges that while tariffs may benefit specific industries, they are generally detrimental to both trading partners and the imposing country <snippet id="S_ZSDo4iu">The literature acknowledges that while tariffs may benefit specific industries, they are generally detrimental to both trading partners and the imposing country</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018-2019 Trump tariffs imposed $283 billion of US imports with rates from 10% to 50% on various goods, with China facing the most substantial tariffs totaling 25% on $50 billion of imports</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_yHishm4">retaliatory measures from trading partners including China, the European Union, and Canada targeted approximately $121 billion of US exports averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The tariffs were implemented amid a populist backlash against globalization, with retaliatory tariffs focusing on regions that supported Trump in the 2016 election rather than those backing other Republican candidates</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">none of the provided snippets contain results from Fajgelbaum et al.'s "The Return to Protectionism" paper specifically examining welfare effects, regressivity, or distributional incidence on low-income households</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The available evidence indicates that while tariffs may benefit specific industries, they are generally detrimental to both trading partners and the imposing country</snippet>. The search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum findings on how Trump tariffs affected working-class households or whether impacts were regressive as the agent requested.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">ZeRO-DP has three main optimization stages: Optimizer State Partitioning (P_os) provides 4x memory reduction with same communication volume as DP, Gradient Partitioning (P_os+g) provides 8x memory reduction with same communication volume as DP, and Parameter Partitioning (P_os+g+p) achieves linear memory reduction with DP degree N_d (e.g., 64x reduction across 64 GPUs)</snippet>, <snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">with all three stages enabled, ZeRO can train a trillion-parameter model on just 1024 NVIDIA GPUs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">Total communication volume in ZeRO is 3, spread evenly across 2 all-gather and 1 reduce-scatter operations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">ZeRO++ offers three communication optimizations: Quantized Weight Communication (qwZ) reduces parameter communication volume by half through quantization from FP16 to INT8, Hierarchical Weight Partition (hpZ) trades GPU memory for communication by maintaining full model copies within each machine to replace cross-machine all-gather with intra-machine all-gather, and Quantized Gradient Communication (qgZ) reduces gradient communication costs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RRxd5ah">Hybrid approaches like LoongTrain apply ZeRO across both data-parallel and sequence-parallel dimensions, distributing model states across more GPUs to balance GPU memory usage and communication overhead</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BWVyprV">DeepSpeed implements these optimizations through incremental stages (stage-1, stage-2, stage-3) corresponding to sharding optimizer state, gradients, and model parameters across data parallel ranks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8LxwBrh">ZeRO enables partitioning of parameters, gradients, and optimizer states across multiple GPUs, reducing memory consumption while preserving computational granularity and communication efficiency</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_vOhHdDS>ZeRO-DP employs three optimization stages that partition optimizer states, gradients, and parameters, offering 4x and 8x memory reductions for the first two stages and linear memory reduction for parameter sharding at the cost of a 50% communication volume increase.</snippet> <snippet id=S_lxTe76D>ZeRO communication overhead is characterized by two all-gather operations for parameters and one reduce-scatter for gradients, totaling a volume of 3 model sizes per iteration.</snippet> <snippet id=S_RRxd5ah>However, the latency of collective communication operations demonstrates a positive correlation with the communication scale, which becomes significant when sharding across hundreds of GPUs.</snippet> <snippet id=S_LvWi5qs>For extreme memory scaling, ZeRO-Infinity offloads optimizer states and activations to CPU or NVMe memory to enable training of models with trillions of parameters.</snippet>
</answer>


Multiple single-cell RNA-seq studies have documented heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and their lineage. <snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Time-course single-cell transcriptomic analysis of PDGFRα-lineage hOLLCs revealed substantial transcriptional heterogeneity and identified sub-populations of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hOPCs), including a potential cytokine-responsive subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity among these cells, particularly in their expression of cell-surface markers EGFR and PDGFRA, with four distinct immunophenotypic populations identified</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">The study investigated the heterogeneity of OPCs derived from human iPSCs by employing bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on Pdgfra+ populations at various developmental stages, finding that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell RNA sequencing on hiPSC-derived oligodendrocyte-lineage cells in 3D cultures identified distinct populations including OPCs and myelinating oligodendrocytes, with Monocle analysis indicating developmental progression among these cells</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RRYHqbB">Analysis of nonneuronal cell populations showed that Pdgfra-positive oligodendrocytes were enriched for chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 5 (Cspg5) and matrix metalloproteinase 15 (Mmp15), with a subset expressing cell-cycle regulation genes</snippet>. These studies collectively demonstrate that iPSC-derived OPCs exhibit significant transcriptional, immunophenotypic, and epigenetic heterogeneity that varies across developmental stages and differentiation protocols.

<answer>
<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Studies utilizing single-cell transcriptomics have identified substantial transcriptional heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells (hOLLCs), discovering sub-populations such as a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Specifically, single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity in cell-surface marker expression, categorizing cells into four distinct immunophenotypic populations including putative pre-OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes based on EGFR and PDGFRA levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell sequencing of 3D hiPSC-derived neural cultures further distinguished heterogeneity within the oligodendrocyte cluster, separating proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes, and myelinating oligodendrocytes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">Investigations employing both bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on iPSC-derived OPCs suggest that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity and intrinsic epigenetic differences between developmental cohorts</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_QESxt6r">RNA interference (RNAi) has been developed as an efficient technology for pest control, using transgenic cotton plants that express double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) ingested by insects to silence target genes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tDo09SB, S_TA2bEqI">However, the effectiveness of RNAi in insects like the cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) is hindered by barriers including dsRNA delivery, cellular uptake, and degradation by gut nucleases</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UDpXMMR">A transcriptome analysis of A. grandis identified contigs related to RNAi mechanisms, including conserved PAZ Domains and SID-like contigs</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">attempts to apply RNAi against the cotton boll weevil have not yielded results comparable to other coleopteran pests</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QESxt6r">Research has successfully demonstrated plant-mediated RNAi in cotton, with transgenic lines expressing dsHaHR3 showing high larval mortality and deformities when used to feed newly hatched larvae</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">While initial tests of RNAi approaches for plant protection show potential comparable to traditional insecticidal toxins, further development and extensive field testing are necessary to fully assess effectiveness in agriculture</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UDpXMMR">The cotton boll weevil is a significant pest in Brazil, and recent research provides the first comprehensive transcriptome characterization of A. grandis, contributing to understanding RNAi mechanisms in insects</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising biotechnological approach for the cotton boll weevil, with research identifying targets like vitellogenin and chitin synthase genes for silencing</snippet>. <snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>Microinjection of dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 produced unviable eggs and malformed larvae, while vitellogenin knockdown significantly affected egg viability without altering egg laying numbers</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI>However, effective oral delivery of dsRNA via transgenic plants is limited by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, AgraNuc3) that degrade the RNA in the posterior midgut</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_fXsP2MN>While silencing these nucleases can enhance gene silencing efficiency against targets like chitin synthase II, attempts to apply RNAi against the boll weevil have not yielded results comparable to other coleopteran pests</snippet>. <snippet id=S_fXsP2MN>Although transgenic cotton plants expressing dsRNA are being developed, extensive field testing remains necessary to validate efficacy in agriculture</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_OLKZZOQ">The 1991 Kuwait oil fires exhibited significant aerosol radiative forcing effects with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour plume age and 2.3 K/h at 3 hours, indicating substantial temperature perturbations in the boundary layer</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hTyNcJU">The plume from Kuwait oil fires following the 1991 Gulf War was characterized by a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, demonstrating the high aerosol content and absorption properties</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vOW7FR3">Studies indicate 20-40% uncertainty in radiative forcing calculations due to coagulation rate uncertainties, relevant to understanding the 1991 Kuwait oil fire plumes' impact on energy fluxes and cloud lifetimes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vaq6doy">Black and organic carbon constituted 5-10% of total particle mass in smoke aerosols, with studies focusing on radiative forcing effects from Kuwait oil fires in 1991 on climate and Hadley circulation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3xcpkDw">Regional aerosol optical depths exceeded 0.8 during smoke transport events, highlighting the impact of aerosol radiative forcing on planetary boundary layer properties</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kBPPpCP">The shift from external to internal mixture causes solar radiative forcing changes of factor 6.6-9.7, emphasizing the importance of proper dilution rate calculations in radiative forcing estimates</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
The 1991 Kuwait oil fires produced significant aerosol radiative forcing with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour plume age, causing temperature differences of up to 6 K at 250-400 hPa and cooling of up to -3 K at 850 hPa <snippet id=S_OLKZZOQ>. These aerosol effects substantially modified energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature/precipitation patterns in the regional climate <snippet id=S_vaq6doy>. Surface cooling of -175 Wm-2 was recorded during related dust events in Kuwait with aerosol optical thickness reaching 3.617, indicating strong boundary layer perturbations <snippet id=S_dFPlFos>. The Kuwait oil fire plumes exhibited a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, confirming highly absorbing characteristics that influence radiative heating profiles <snippet id=S_hTyNcJU>. Radiative forcing uncertainties for such plumes range 20-40% depending on dilution rates and particle mixture state <snippet id=S_vOW7FR3>. These combined effects demonstrate how war-driven aerosols can alter boundary layer stability and surface wind conditions relevant to turbine operation <snippet id=S_0LL30pj>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_UBzqh33">StealC V2 introduces several new features compared to V1, including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, enhanced payload execution methods, and the ability to decrypt stolen data server-side</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, and network communications now use RC4 encryption</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">C2 communication has shifted to JSON-based requests and responses, with a focus on unique access tokens and error handling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses, with an updated control panel that enforces version control, integrates with Telegram for notifications, and allows rule-based payload delivery</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_UBzqh33>StealC V2 introduces several new features including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, along with enhanced payload execution methods</snippet>, and it can decrypt stolen data server-side. The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, but has enabled RC4 encryption for network communications which was previously disabled. Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook, with C2 communication now using JSON-based requests and responses. The control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery. Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses <snippet id=S_UBzqh33>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">A cohort study using US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases followed US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and September 30, 2021</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibiting a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">In the post-acute phase of the disease, compared with the contemporary control group, people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HmTazVA">Non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients had a 25% (95% CI: 21%-29%) increased risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes, which rose to 173% in hospitalized patients and 276% in ICU patients</snippet>, with risk decreasing over time to non-significant levels at 13-52 weeks. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Altogether, there is evidence to suggest that beyond the acute phase of COVID-19, survivors might be at an increased risk of developing incident diabetes, and increased risk of incident antihyperglycemic use in the post-acute phase of the disease</snippet>. Diabetes should be considered as <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome</snippet>, requiring integration of screening and management into post-acute care strategies.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study used US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases to build a cohort of US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19</snippet> with two control groups for comparison. <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">Detailed analyses showed people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes compared with the contemporary control group</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Risks and burdens of post-acute diabetes increased in a graded fashion according to the severity of the acute phase, whether patients were non-hospitalised, hospitalized, or admitted to intensive care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study authors conclude diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, and post-acute care strategies should integrate screening and management of diabetes</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
The search results confirm the article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" exists and was published by Sarwant Singh on January 22, 2025 <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">on Forbes and related platforms</snippet>, but none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage data for global electricity from renewables in 2025 <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">the article is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>. The search results only show metadata about the article publication <snippet id="S_sN6CcFK">and do not include the actual content with renewable energy statistics</snippet>. To obtain the stated percentage, you would need to access the full article directly from the Forbes website or other platforms where it was published.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was written by Sarwant Singh and published in Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage figure for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article exists and provide publication details, but do not include the actual renewable energy statistics from the article. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article URL is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>, but the renewable electricity percentage data is not accessible from these search results.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_TUFN3jC">The 15th POMS-HK International Conference is scheduled for 3–5 January 2025 at the Chinese University of Hong Kong</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jE7LWrz">The 14th POMS-HK International Conference was held on 5–6 January 2024 at HKUST</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Br57QvT">The 13th POMS-HK International Conference took place on 7-8 January 2023 at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5nVopPR">The 12th POMS-HK International Conference was organized by Lingnan University on 8-9 January 2022</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mBwOV4H">The POMS-HK chapter runs an annual conference every winter with the 15th edition on 3-5 January 2025</snippet>. However, the search results do not contain specific start dates for the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta to enable a direct comparison between the two events.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_mBwOV4H">The POMS-HK International Conference is held annually in early January in Hong Kong, with the 15th conference scheduled for January 3-5, 2025, the 14th for January 5-6, 2024, and the 13th for January 7-8, 2023</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_jE7LWrz,S_TUFN3jC,S_DzBPmor,S_mBwOV4H,S_Br57QvT,S_ULVAUtt,S_wmyEfiy,S_5nVopPR">none of the provided search snippets contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta or its specific dates</snippet>. Therefore, I cannot definitively compare which conference starts first without additional search results about the Atlanta meeting.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse ERVs are classified into three classes based on pol sequence similarity, with class I resembling gamma- and epsilon-retroviruses (including MLVs) and class II resembling alpha-, beta-, and delta-retroviruses</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">Functional MLV elements in mice, such as Emv2 in C57BL/6 mice, can produce infectious recombinant viruses through recombination, with laboratory strains often harboring defective integrations that collectively restore replication competence</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">IAP (Intracisternal A-particle) elements are murine-specific retroviral transposable elements that can lead to disease if they insert near genes, with ongoing expansion in the domesticus subspecies showing 43% of subspecies-specific IAP polymorphisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ejVsieR">Phylogenetic analyses of Pol proteins classify retroviruses into five major clades, with class I ERVs including viruses related to gammaretroviruses and epsilon-retroviruses</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_wHW5Oiu">ERV2 corresponds to Betaretrovirus lineage elements</snippet>. However, the available snippets do not provide specific examples of IAP-induced phenotypes or MLV-related leukemia cases, nor quantitative copy numbers for functional ERV1/ERV2 elements in mouse genomes.
</answer>

<answer>
Mouse endogenous retroviruses utilize a three-class system where MLV representatives belong to Class I (gammaretrovirus-like) and IAP elements belong to Class II (betaretrovirus-like), sharing nomenclature with human ERVs where Class I aligns with ERV1 and Class II with ERV2 <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_wHW5Oiu">. Functionally, endogenous MLVs such as Emv2 can undergo recombination to restore replication competence and produce infectious virus particles in strains like C57BL/6 mice <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. These infectious recombinant MLVs have been identified in murine cancer cell lines, where they contribute to leukemogenesis and tumor development <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. In contrast, IAP elements are autonomous long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons capable of active retrotransposition, contributing to genetic variation <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">. IAP elements are abundant, with approximately 1000 copies per cell, and specific subtypes like ID1 remain active in Mus musculus subspecies <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_VrGqnwN">. Active IAP insertions in Mus musculus domesticus account for a significant proportion of subspecies-specific polymorphisms, indicating ongoing mobilization <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_jaGb9lk,S_Gj9myfY">Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs by retrieving evidence from external knowledge bases before generation</snippet>, enabling models to generate responses conditioning on relevant evidence rather than relying solely on internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_PbQaaQw">RAG retrieves reliable documents before LLMs respond to a query, allowing them to collaboratively generate responses by leveraging retrieved external non-parameterized knowledge alongside their internal knowledge</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">Research suggests hallucinations can be diminished through the adoption of techniques like RAG, with studies showing promising results in significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing the accuracy, reliability, and faithfulness of model outputs</snippet>. However, RAG is not without limitations <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">RAG also suffers from hallucinations, including potential error accumulation within the RAG pipeline where irrelevant evidence can be propagated into the generation phase</snippet> and citation inaccuracies in generative retrievals <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">errors in this domain can lead users astray</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">The effectiveness of RAG-based methods heavily relies on the quality of their retrieval mechanisms</snippet>, and existing approaches may suffer from a trade-off between diversity and factuality <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">which poses a new challenge in terms of the need for diversity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MJvgffY,S_6v3TJp1">Active Retrieval-Augmented (ARA) models specifically designed for LVLMs have shown effective mitigation of hallucinations through three critical dimensions: dissecting retrieval targets, selecting effective retrieval methods, and timing retrieval processes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HHkW9B0">RAG is categorized as a retrieval-augmented correction approach that utilizes external resources to mitigate hallucination, for example, using factual documents as prompts or chain-of-retrieval prompting technique</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Research from 2023–2025 consistently demonstrates that Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. Multiple studies confirm that RAG enables models to generate responses conditioning on retrieved evidence from external knowledge bases, significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing factual accuracy <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY,S_PbQaaQw">. The technique works by retrieving reliable documents before generation, allowing LLMs to leverage external non-parameterized knowledge alongside internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_OARPrNN">. However, research also cautions that RAG's effectiveness heavily depends on retrieval mechanism quality, and the approach is not without limitations such as error accumulation and citation inaccuracies <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_Gj9myfY">. Several implementations, including Active Retrieval Augmentation frameworks, have empirically validated that optimal retrieval settings can significantly reduce hallucinations <snippet id="S_MJvgffY,S_6v3TJp1">.
</answer>


The search results do not contain any specific ITOPF, IOPC Funds, or IMO case history reports on the Hebei Spirit oil spill. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ,S_DqGbf1z,S_i5aMNhp,S_0baMwGe,S_8WsCupd,S_B84eK7e,S_n6iBrLE,S_ys41PcL,S_deSmbWp">All returned snippets are from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico (2010) rather than the Hebei Spirit incident in Korea (2007)</snippet>. The available sources provide general information on oil spill response techniques such as the use of booms, skimmers, dispersants, and shoreline cleanup methods like SCAT programs. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ">The SCAT Program was used to manage shoreline cleanup activities, with data collected to inform treatment recommendations based on habitat type</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DqGbf1z">Response measures included containment booms, skimming, siphoning, controlled burns, and beach sand mixing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_deSmbWp">Cleanup workers used floating booms and skimmers to contain and collect oil, sorbents to absorb it, and dispersants to break it up</snippet>. However, none of these sources specifically document the Hebei Spirit spill response or risk management strategies. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">The search results include a study on Bohai Sea response capabilities, but this addresses Chinese coastal waters rather than the Korean Hebei Spirit incident</snippet>.

<answer>
<snippet id="">No relevant information about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill was found in the search results.</snippet> The provided snippets all concern the Deepwater Horizon (2010, Gulf of Mexico) spill or general response capabilities in other regions like the Chinese Bohai Sea. Specifically, they discuss Deepwater Horizon shoreline oiling, SCAT surveys, dispersant use, boom and skimmer deployment, and cleanup worker participation. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ">Deepwater Horizon oil stranded on 1,773 km of shoreline with 660 km receiving authorized cleanup</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_i5aMNhp">18 SCAT teams surveyed over 7,058 kilometers of shoreline</snippet>. The Boi Sea snippets discuss mechanical facility storage quantities for skimmers and booms. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">The Bohai Sea survey found 133,420 m of floating booms, 9,632 kL/h for skimmers, and 100 vessels available</snippet>. No Hebei Spirit case history from ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean authorities was included in these results.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_QMZd9uN,S_NFdiZQm">Vertical eDNA distribution in lakes shows strong seasonal stratification, with warm-water fish eDNA concentrated above the thermocline and cold-water fish eDNA below, across spatial scales of <30 m</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eR9pNyf">Thermocline depths (metalimnion) range from 0.75 to 3.2 m, with sampling locations 20 m offshore and nearshore within 1 m of the shoreline, indicating distinct vertical distribution and stratification in littoral and pelagic zones</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nblzMDI">The thermocline was confirmed between 4.60-6.60 m from the surface, with eDNA sampling occurring during stratification and turnover phases</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7ms3BbK">During stratification, eDNA detection varies significantly by depth, with cold-water stenotherms like lake trout primarily found at the bottom and warm-water minnows more abundant at the surface</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DCoNvvE">eDNA is patchily distributed in lakes, necessitating multiple sampling points for detection, with vertical distribution influenced by thermal stratification that affects detection of cold-water species below the thermocline in summer</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_qZTbA6e,S_7ms3BbK>Stratification leads to distinct microhabitat isolation where cold-water stenotherms are detectable only in midwater and deep habitats while warm-water minnows are abundant at the surface</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_QMZd9uN,S_7ms3BbK>community detection becomes more uniform across depths during autumn turnover when water column mixing occurs</snippet>. <snippet id=S_eR9pNyf,S_nblzMDI>Thermocline depths vary significantly between lakes, ranging from 0.75 to 3.2 m in some cases to 4.60 to 6.60 m in others</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DCoNvvE,S_qZTbA6e>Patchy distribution necessitates multiple sampling points across depths rather than single samples to capture community heterogeneity</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil is a professional football club based in Hebron, which is a major city in the Southern West Bank</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>The club competes in the West Bank Premier League and has achieved multiple titles under FIFA's regulations</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-1>Other clubs in the West Bank include Al-Bireh Institute and Ahli Qalqilyah, but Shabab Al-Khalil is the most prominent club from the Southern West Bank region</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-6>Some West Bank clubs like Beitar Givat Ze'ev and Beitar Ironi Ariel are also recognized as professional teams, though they are based in Israeli settlements rather than Palestinian territories</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-3>Historical records show that Shabab Al-Amari and other West Bank clubs have participated in multiple Palestinian FA Cups</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Based on the search results, the major cities in the Southern West Bank include Hebron (Khalil), which has professional clubs like <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil</snippet>. The club Shabab Al-Dhahiriya from the city of Ad-Dhahiriya is also located in the Southern West Bank <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>. However, the search results do not contain sufficient information about which specific club has won the Palestinian Cup multiple times and plays in a nearby municipality rather than its home city. Additional research is needed to determine the exact club meeting all criteria mentioned in the query.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_Ex1kQjb">The U.S. Department of the Treasury's Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates show a 3-month rate of 4.03% as of 09/18/2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LNwC0St">Official Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates data is available on the Treasury.gov resource center page</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_2WbtkJ5">a Treasury Daily Interest Rate XML Feed provides daily interest rate data that can be accessed via GET requests</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9NRdU6Z">These rates are indicative closing market bid quotations on the most recently auctioned Treasury Bills in the over-the-counter market</snippet>. <snippet id="S_pwGFHPE">The Treasury's official yield curve uses a par yield curve derived using a monotone convex method with bid-side market price quotations as inputs</snippet>. The 10-year Treasury rate is not explicitly shown in the available snippets but would be accessible through the full Treasury yield curve data portal.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_Ex1kQjb>As of September 18, 2025, the 3-month Treasury rate was 4.03%</snippet>. The Treasury provides official yield curve data through its Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates page <snippet id=S_LNwC0St,S_9NRdU6Z,S_Ex1kQjb>. The 10-year rate is available through the same data source, though the snippet cuts off after showing rates for maturities up to 3 years. The Treasury's yield curve methodology uses indicative, bid-side market price quotations to derive par yields <snippet id=S_pwGFHPE,S_AsPkpls>. Official rates can also be accessed via the Treasury's daily interest rate XML feed or API documentation <snippet id=S_2WbtkJ5,S_4AaXlpd>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_hAqLMYW,S_VSuv8i0">Recent reviews on catastrophic climate change scenarios suggest global warming above 5°C could result in "beyond catastrophic" outcomes, while warming above 6°C is deemed an "indisputable global catastrophe"</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">the term "catastrophic climate change" remains undefined in scientific literature</snippet>. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">A proposed research agenda identifies four key strands: understanding extreme climate change dynamics, exploring climate-triggered pathways to mass morbidity and mortality, investigating social fragility and risk cascades, and synthesizing findings into integrated catastrophe assessments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">Some tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon up to an eightfold increase in the optimal carbon price</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_60jj79u">welfare estimates depending on fat tail risks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">Beyond climate risks, other severe global catastrophic risks (GCRs) related to food systems are highlighted, including abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios where sudden aerosol releases could disrupt sunlight and impact food production</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">Sea level rise risk assessments distinguish between four main qualitative levels—Undetectable to Very high—and some studies incorporate a fifth level for "Extremely high risk" with severe irreversible impacts threatening habitability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DtXVFtK">Disaster risk management research agendas emphasize the need for forward-looking strategies that evaluate trade-offs among sectors and hazards, though they acknowledge DRM practices must adapt as societal understanding of risks evolves</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
The recent search returned primarily climate-focused catastrophic risk literature, with "Climate Endgame" studies emerging as key references defining catastrophe thresholds. Warming above 5°C is categorized as "beyond catastrophic," while warming above 6°C constitutes an "indisputable global catastrophe," with 3°C by century's end marking extreme climate change <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">temperature thresholds for catastrophic outcomes are now being clarified</snippet>. Tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon to an eightfold increase in optimal carbon pricing <snippet id="S_60jj79u">tipping point probabilities demonstrate fat tail risk characteristics</snippet>. However, bad-to-worst-case climate scenarios remain poorly understood despite reasons to suspect they could drive worldwide societal collapse or eventual human extinction <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">catastrophic climate scenarios are underexplored yet critically important</snippet>. Food system risks include abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios that could trigger multiple bread-basket failures and global-scale well-being threats <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">global catastrophic food system risks are identified as existential threats</snippet>. Sea level rise research similarly defines "Extremely high risk" as exceeding socioecological coping capacity and possibly leading to existential or catastrophic outcomes <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">coastal settlement risks reach existential catastrophe thresholds at very high sea level rise</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_RulQFFI,S_bChTerS,S_BEpOCxI">Recent reviews (2010-2021 frame) identify flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, and terpenoids as key phytochemical classes with therapeutic potential against cervical cancer through anti-inflammatory and HPV-mediated mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to inhibit early carcinogenesis and enhance chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW,S_St3cdIq">Major challenges include low bioavailability and toxicity, which may be overcome through nanoparticle delivery mechanisms and chemical analogs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_giUXm46">Preclinical studies show that combinational therapy with phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs enhances therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RE7a53S">Pomegranate peel polyphenols have been extensively studied in cell culture models for their antioxidant and anticancer effects against cervical cancer</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">Despite accumulating evidence, more clinical studies with different phytochemicals are needed to establish safety and efficacy profiles for clinical translation</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Recent reviews have synthesized therapeutic effects of natural products on cervical cancer through inflammatory pathways, highlighting compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, curcumin, and paclitaxel with data primarily from 2010-2021 studies<snippet id="S_RulQFFI">. Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">. Challenges associated with phytochemical use include low bioavailability and toxicity, which may be addressed through chemical analogs, adjuvant therapies, and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms<snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">. Experimental evidence emphasizes chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of plant-derived substances, with combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs shown to enhance therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells<snippet id="S_bChTerS">. Research on phytochemicals against HPV-induced cervical cancer necessitates further investigation into efficacy and safety, particularly through concurrent therapies targeting HPV-mediated mechanisms<snippet id="S_St3cdIq">. Current literature reviews continue to collect experimental works from the last five years elucidating anticancer mechanisms of plant-derived natural products in cervical cancer treatment<snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_r2sDDAL">Trust in AI within public institutions is influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_R1PS8iU">public sector AI adoption differs from the private sector due to coercive elements, as citizens must use and pay for services, raising legitimacy questions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F456mxb">Trust levels increase if AI adds perceived value and if humans remain involved</snippet>, indicating that human oversight and perceived value are critical determinants. <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">AI systems' abilities were evaluated higher than their benevolence across all domains, with participants with greater technological competence and AI familiarity viewing AI as more capable</snippet>, suggesting that performance and familiarity drive trust adoption. <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">Transparency, reliability, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust in AI</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">concerns about privacy invasion and lower trust in companies and government deploying AI remain significant barriers</snippet> in public service contexts. <snippet id="S_PgHhtbO">Trust in government significantly influences user experiences with AI-based self-service technology in public service delivery</snippet>, highlighting trust as a key challenge in implementing AI governance systems.
</answer>

<answer>
Trust in AI within public institutions is significantly influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems often viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers <snippet id="S_r2sDDAL,S_R1PS8iU">. Key determinants include transparency and explainability, which are essential for tracking trust changes and fostering responsible AI development <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp,S_1tU6Z3U">. Human oversight remains critical, as trust levels increase when humans remain involved in decision-making processes rather than being replaced entirely by AI <snippet id="S_F456mxb">. Reliability, tangibility, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust in AI systems, while anthropomorphism influences emotional trust <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">. Privacy concerns and data governance also negatively impact trust, particularly when citizens perceive potential privacy invasion <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">. Additionally, public perception of AI control, ethics, and perceived value of AI services are crucial determinants for acceptance in public service contexts <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U,S_F456mxb">. Technological competence and familiarity with AI also correlate with higher trust in AI capabilities across different public service domains <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id=b99d28d7-0>b99d28d7-9>Clean (2021) is available to stream on AMC+, Disney+, Hulu, Sundance Now, Philo, The Roku Channel, Fandango at Home, Prime Video, and Apple TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-8>The film can also be found on Tubi TV, Hulu, and AMC+</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-4>Additional streaming options include Amazon Prime Video, Amazon Prime Video with Ads, and Pluto TV for free with ads</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5>Philo offers the movie with a free trial option</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-6>Netflix also carries the film in some regions</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>Apple TV lists it under AMC+ subscription service</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=b99d28d7-0,b99d28d7-9>Clean is available to stream on multiple platforms including AMC+, Hulu, Prime Video, Apple TV, Tubi, and Roku</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>AMC+ is specifically mentioned as one of the available streaming services for the film</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-1,b99d28d7-2,b99d28d7-4>It can also be accessed through Hulu, Amazon Prime Video, and Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5,b99d28d7-8>Philo and other services like Sundance Now and Disney+ offer the movie as well</snippet>.
</answer>


The provided search results do not contain specific empirical evidence about negotiated assessment or student co-creation of assessment tasks/criteria in higher education. While several snippets discuss learning outcomes and assessment in general contexts <snippet id="S_dUrCta4">learning outcomes are used throughout assessment processes in higher education</snippet> and their evaluation <snippet id="S_u5mSiUG">the evaluation of learning outcomes is crucial for assessing the effectiveness of educational interventions</snippet>, none address student involvement in designing assessments. The systematic review on peer assessment design notes that reliability and validity are often underreported <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">reliability and validity are often underreported as outcome measures in peer assessment studies</snippet>, but does not specifically examine co-created rubrics or negotiated criteria. Research on teacher effectiveness exists <snippet id="S_G7aERKv">the scoping review examines teacher effectiveness in higher education</snippet>, yet it focuses on teaching processes rather than assessment design. No randomized controlled trial or meta-analysis specifically on student-negotiated assessment outcomes was identified in these results. Therefore, the current search does not provide the quantitative effects or direct evaluations needed to assess the effectiveness of involving students in assessment design.

<answer>
The provided search results do not contain specific empirical evidence or randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or student co-created rubrics in higher education <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv,S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">. Instead, the available literature focuses on broader concepts such as Outcome-Based Education frameworks, general peer assessment design elements, and teacher effectiveness metrics <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv">. While one systematic review notes that reliability and validity are frequently underreported in peer assessment studies, it does not quantify the impact of student involvement in task design <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">. Additional snippets discuss conceptual tensions in learning outcomes or the influence of educational technology without addressing assessment negotiation specifically <snippet id="S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_wzDgj5A">Endocytosis delivers extracellular materials to lysosomes for degradation while trafficking between endosomes and the TGN delivers enzymes and V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_gCWDTWV">lysosomes receive soluble hydrolases and membrane proteins from the trans-Golgi network through M6P receptor-dependent and -independent pathways involving endocytosis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_idvg3li">Lysosomes can release their contents through lysosomal exocytosis, which aids in plasma membrane repair and the secretion of enzymes essential for cellular health</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_gvPHAb9">lysosomal exocytosis is regulated by the cytoskeleton and Ca2+-permeable channels like TRPML1, with impaired exocytosis affecting membrane repair through endocytosis</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_pfxfGLI">a general downregulation of endocytosis during aging or senescence has been observed, with components like βPIX or GIT downregulated in senescent cells</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_BXMwwcV">endocytosed nanoparticles can impair lysosomal function and endocytosis by reducing lysosomal pH</snippet>. The snippets establish that endocytosis supports lysosomal function through enzyme delivery and membrane repair mechanisms, though direct evidence of endocytosis protecting against lysosomal dysfunction is limited in the provided results.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_wzDgj5A,S_Y2SP2EN>Endocytosis maintains cellular homeostasis by delivering extracellular and intracellular materials to lysosomes, where they are degraded as part of the autophagy-lysosomal-endosomal system</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_wzDgj5A>Trafficking between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network is imperative for the maintenance of lysosomal fitness as it delivers enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id=S_gCWDTWV>Lysosome biogenesis also requires endocytic pathways, as lysosomal membrane proteins can be delivered via vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane followed by endocytosis</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC,S_Ykw4nQx">Calendar aging is primarily driven by temperature, with degradation accelerating at elevated temperatures and following Arrhenius or Eyring equation dependencies</snippet>, <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">while Keil et al. (2016) examined NCA, NMC, and LFP at 25°C, 45°C, and 50°C over 300 days, finding capacity fade did not increase linearly with SOC</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">cycle aging at low temperatures shows the opposite trend: cycle life decreases dramatically as temperature drops, with a high power graphite/NMC battery's cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">Degradation mechanisms include lithium plating and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film growth, which compete under fast charging conditions</snippet>, <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">notably NMC cells experienced accelerated fading at 100% SOC, while NCA cells showed modest aging acceleration above 90% SOC</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RHMJrIs">Research by Keli et al. indicates that the graphite electrode significantly impacts capacity fade, particularly when lithiated beyond 50%, as low anode potential accelerates the loss of cyclable lithium</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">Overall, the studies suggest that to enhance battery longevity, LIBs should be stored at lower SOC levels, particularly avoiding high SOC at elevated temperatures</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Calendar aging follows the Arrhenius equation, where elevated temperatures accelerate aging processes through increased reaction rates, making temperature regulation essential for reducing degradation <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">. SEI growth is the dominant calendar aging mechanism at high temperatures (e.g., 55°C storage), causing pore clogging and film resistance increase in anodes <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">. Higher temperatures and SOC levels significantly increase capacity degradation and internal resistance during calendar aging, with studies showing accelerated fading at 50-60°C storage <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">. In contrast, cyclic aging experiences dramatically accelerated degradation at low temperatures during charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C for graphite/NMC batteries <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. At 5°C, a 16 Ah graphite/NMC battery loses 75% capacity after only 50 cycles compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C, driven primarily by lithium plating rather than SEI growth <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. The Arrhenius law describes temperature dependence of cyclic aging reaction rates, though lithium plating at sub-zero temperatures creates an inflection point that fundamentally alters degradation mechanisms compared to calendar aging <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">.
</answer>


The provided search results do not contain the exact threshold value from the Scientific Reports article. <snippet id="S_PtOIRGk">The search results include titles and abstracts about China's research evaluation reform and global science influence</snippet>, but none of the snippets reference the specific variable names "rC,ave" or "ΔGave" or state a critical threshold value. <snippet id="S_NyxI5ht">Some snippets discuss Chinese talent recruitment programs and research performance</snippet>, while others focus on publication metrics and internationalization trends in Chinese humanities and social sciences. <snippet id="S_rcIxmdK">The results mention SCI publication indicators and their impact on research quality</snippet>, but no Scientific Reports article with the requested threshold value was identified. The search query did not surface the target paper, and additional searches with specific DOI or author information may be needed to locate the exact threshold value.

<answer>
<snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_NyxI5ht,S_RTxg6u0,S_PnWYPRp,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u">None of the provided search results contain information about a Scientific Reports article with the specific variables rC,ave and ΔGave or their critical threshold values</snippet>. The retrieved snippets discuss various aspects of Chinese research output, publication incentives, and global science influence, but none reference the target paper with the threshold information the agent is seeking <snippet id="S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t">The only mentions of "Chinese scholars" in global research context appear in titles without corresponding content</snippet>. The agent may need to refine their search with more specific terms such as "Scientific Reports rC,ave ΔGave threshold" without the broader China influence query to locate the exact paper.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="22895,68190,89881">Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) was an 18th-century Swedish naturalist who formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy</snippet>. <snippet id="22895,68190,89881">He introduced the two-part Latin species name (genus + specific epithet) and hierarchical ranks (kingdom, class, order, genus, species) in works such as Systema Naturae (first edition 1735)</snippet>. <snippet id="68190">His system standardized classification across plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and more, forming the basis of modern scientific naming</snippet>. <snippet id="22895">Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaeus taught at Uppsala, wrote chiefly in Latin, and was ennobled in 1761 as Carl von Linné</snippet>. <snippet id="89881">Linnaean taxonomy endures as the basis for naming and organizing biodiversity, though additional ranks and evolutionary concepts were later added</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), an 18th-century Swedish naturalist, formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy <snippet id="22895, 68190">. He introduced a two-part Latin naming system (genus + specific epithet), such as Homo sapiens, through his publication of Systema Naturae (first edition 1735) <snippet id="22895, 89881">. Linnaeus also established hierarchical classification ranks including kingdom, class, order, genus, and species <snippet id="22895, 89881">. His system standardized biological classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming <snippet id="68190">. Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaean taxonomy continues to serve as the foundation for organizing biodiversity <snippet id="22895, 89881">.
</answer>


<answer>
The work in question is likely <snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>"Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before"</snippet>, written by <snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>Tony Horwitz</snippet>, a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist. <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>The book retraces the voyages of the British explorer Captain James Cook</snippet> across the Pacific. <snippet id=1701849e-6>Horwitz's work followed a specific route, retracing the voyages across the Pacific of the British explorer</snippet>. While <snippet id=1701849e-8>Hampton Sides</snippet> also wrote about British explorer's voyage to the Pacific islands, <snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>Horwitz's book specifically matches the description of a Pulitzer-winning journalist retracing Cook's voyages</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Tony Horwitz</snippet>, which retraces the voyages of British explorer Captain James Cook across the Pacific <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>. Cook was from Yorkshire, a county in northern England, and his historic HMS Endeavour has been reconstructed for modern voyages <snippet id=1701849e-6>. The book follows a specific route through Pacific island countries that Cook originally visited during his explorations <snippet id=1701849e-5>. Horwitz's approach combines historical research with personal adventure travel to explore Cook's legacy <snippet id=1701849e-1>. This work differed from Horwitz's previous books by focusing on a specific exploration route across the Pacific Ocean <snippet id=1701849e-6>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH,S_rm0f44F">The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms for remote work</snippet>, with remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce <snippet id="S_rm0f44F">emphasizing the need for e-HRM and digitalization to enhance flexibility and productivity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe,S_NBYIjl3">Extraordinary changes caused by COVID-19 enforced companies to accelerate transition to digital business processes, with HRM needing to manage people to enable business continuity and ensure work-life balance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sFMyq5N,S_3pi5rBi">The pandemic challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention to understand the intersection of COVID-19 and HRM</snippet>, and future studies should address these challenges <snippet id="S_sFMyq5N">to improve the role of HRM in mitigating unequal work experiences</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hGtii0p">The shift to online training highlighted challenges in teamwork and productivity, revealing the need for S-HRD principles to enhance employee engagement and adaptability</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_CbPhWNe">The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), with remote work necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms and e-HRM practices</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH,Sn_rm0f44F">Research indicates this acceleration has been global in scope, with one study noting remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi,S_sFMyq5N">Systematic literature reviews characterize COVID-19 as a complicator-disruptor-enabler that challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">The crisis established lasting implications including more flexible, remote-friendly digital working norms that organizations must address through new policies and hybrid working models</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
Preprint servers like arXiv, bioRxiv, and medRxiv implement screening processes to filter inappropriate content before peer review, though these are distinct from formal peer review itself <snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">bioRxiv does not perform peer review but implements a screening process to filter out inappropriate content</snippet> <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">Preprints, which are preliminary reports not yet peer-reviewed, are increasingly shared on platforms like arXiv, MedRxiv, and bioRxiv</snippet>. The screening typically involves checks for plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language quality <snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">The pre-peer review screening process involves several checks before a paper is sent for peer review. These checks include plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language and quality of expression</snippet> <snippet id="S_lUJRGnM">Seventy-five percent provided details about their screening, while some, like FocUS Archive and SocArxiv, mentioned checks without specifics</snippet>. BioRxiv staff conduct internal checks including automated plagiarism detection and manual reviews for spam or inappropriate content, followed by a group of experienced scientists (bioRxiv Affiliates) who further review submissions <snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">This process aims to exclude nonscientific or pseudoscientific material, non-biological content, potentially harmful information, and non-research articles</snippet>. However, the screening is described as a coarse filter that does not guarantee the validity of the content <snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">The screening is described as a coarse filter and does not guarantee the validity of the content</snippet> <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">Preprints, while lacking formal peer review, undergo various quality control measures on platforms like arXiv</snippet>. arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns, which raises potential issues since it includes quantitative biology <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">ArXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns, which raises potential issues since it includes quantitative biology</snippet>. Unlike peer review, preprints do not undergo the same quality assurance mechanisms and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">arXiv and other preprint servers emphasize that their materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice or reported as established information without expert consultation</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">arXiv performs pre-peer review screening that includes plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language quality</snippet>, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">but does not conduct formal peer review before posting</snippet>. Key quality control measures on arXiv include <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">author registration and endorsement requirements, completeness checks, relevance verification, plagiarism detection, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>, unlike bioRxiv and medRxiv which screen for material that could endanger public health or pose biosecurity risks. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">ArXiv emphasizes that its materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. Despite the absence of peer review, preprints on arXiv still undergo screening as a "coarse filter" to exclude nonscientific or inappropriate content, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">though this does not guarantee validity of the content</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kOME3NW">The interactive reading (IR) task is a framework for AIG and automatic scoring of reading comprehension passages and a suite of questions associated with the passage</snippet>. <snippet id="S_n6aoW4b">The page discusses the construct of reading as defined by Alderson (2000), emphasizing that reading is an interactive process involving both lower-level (bottom-up) and higher-level (top-down) processes</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain explicit definitions or contrasts for "intensive" reading versus "extensive" reading, nor detailed classroom task examples for each category.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books.</snippet> <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams.</snippet>
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores for automatic medical fact-checking</snippet>, demonstrating that domain-specific models outperform general language models for health claim verification. <snippet id="S_wkwj2K0">When fine-tuned on the PUBHEALTH dataset, pre-trained models including SCIBERT, BIOBERT v1.0, and BIOBERT v1.1 were employed for downstream fact-checking label prediction</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">BIOBERT demonstrates higher accuracies compared to BERT for named entity recognition, relation extraction, and question answering in the biomedical domain</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">SCIBERT outperforms BERT in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HA4fMd9">Datasets such as COVIDFact, HealthVer, and SCIFACT verify claims against scientific literature and have been used to evaluate these domain-specific models</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RXgSB12">Training deep learning-based fact-checking models on real-world and in-domain claims substantially improves performance compared to training on synthetic and open-domain claims</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Research on medical fact-checking shows that domain-specific language models often outperform general models on health claim verification tasks. On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores compared to BERT and other baseline models <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. BioBERT demonstrates higher accuracies than BERT for biomedical tasks including named entity recognition, relation extraction, and question answering in the biomedical domain <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. Similarly, SCIBERT shows improvements over the original BERT and outperforms it in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. However, performance varies by dataset; on SCIFACT, RoBERTa-large achieved the best performance among the sentence encoders tested, including SciBERT and BioMedRoBERTa <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. Additionally, training deep learning models on real-world medical claims substantially improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf,S_Iqcxwr0">The waterfall model is a traditional, linear and sequential software development approach where progress flows through distinct phases such as requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance</snippet>, <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">with each phase must be completed before moving to the next, and the output of one phase serves as the input for the following phase</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ">Substantial changes in requirements typically cannot be accommodated without significant disruption</snippet>, as the model emphasizes strict documentation and structured planning. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">In contrast, the iterative model allows for initial simplified implementations that evolve through multiple iterations</snippet>, <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX">with phases being executed iteratively as the project elaborates, including requirement analysis for each iteration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX">This integration of Waterfall and Iterative approaches includes a requirement analysis phase for each iteration, defining the iteration's goal</snippet>, <snippet id="S_I9hMD9f">followed by creation of a product backlog of prioritized user stories that drive iterative development using agile principles</snippet>. However, the search results do not contain information on Agile Manifesto definitions, principles, or comparative analyses across dimensions like customer involvement or testing practices.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">The traditional waterfall model is defined as a linear, sequential software development approach where each phase must be completed before the next begins, with strict documentation and sign-offs required between stages</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">In contrast, "iterative waterfall" (also called "Waterative") executes waterfall phases iteratively as the project elaborates, incorporating requirement analysis for each iteration with design followed by product backlog creation using Scrum framework's agile principles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model allows incremental changes and divided project parts with repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation, enabling more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to waterfall</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">A key distinction is that waterfall accommodates substantial requirement changes with significant disruption, whereas iterative approaches emphasize evolving implementations with each cycle enhancing previous work</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz,S_u8WEXgX">Waterfall is characterized by sequential phases requiring strict documentation and end products per stage, while iterative/wative approaches include unit testing during sprints followed by systems integration testing and user acceptance testing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">Waterfall approaches work well for simple, straightforward projects, but are less suitable for complex projects requiring flexibility</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X">Digital transformation in banking is linked to enhanced financial inclusion and operational efficiency, with research showing a strong relationship between digital payments, financial inclusion, and operational efficiency of financial institutions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IbmwH6I,S_kq45sEh">Digital banking has enhanced financial inclusion by offering accessible and affordable services, particularly through mobile banking and digital wallets that transform access for underserved populations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cecyK56">The economic impact varies by income level, with digital financial inclusion being more significant in low-income countries due to inefficiencies in traditional banking, allowing FinTech companies to enhance financial access and stimulate economic activities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AlV0rKF">Empirical evidence indicates digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability and negatively correlates with non-performing loans, while increased bank competition negatively affects bank stability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ipBYA4S">However, research on Fintech's impact on financial inclusion is limited, particularly regarding effects across different demographics and regions, and traditional financial inclusion metrics often fail to adequately measure digital financial inclusion</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gkl8lvJ">Challenges remain including data security, regulatory issues, consumer protection, data inequality, and regulatory arbitrage that need further addressing</snippet>.

Note: The provided search results contain no specific evidence on Yemen's digital transformation in banking, which requires additional targeted search.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X>S digital transformation in banking is defined as the application of innovative technologies, particularly digital payments, to enhance financial inclusion and operational efficiency</snippet>, with research showing it <snippet id=S_4uYEvn0>S diminishes the impact of income levels on financial service access</snippet> while enhancing account ownership and savings. <snippet id=S_cecyK56>S Economic impact varies by income level: in low-income countries, digital financial inclusion is more significant than traditional finance due to banking inefficiencies</snippet>, whereas in middle-income countries both forms complement each other. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability (z-score) and negatively with non-performing loans</snippet>, though increased bank competition negatively affects stability according to the competition-fragility hypothesis. <snippet id=S_kq45sEh>S Challenges include data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy</snippet>, with findings from Sub-Saharan Africa, ASEAN, and EU contexts; <snippet id=S_cecyK56,S_Q1OC4lz>Yemen-specific evidence is sparse and limited by fragile state conditions</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Policy recommendations emphasize promoting digital financial literacy, regulatory frameworks treating digital and traditional finance as complementary</snippet>, and strategic measures to maintain bank stability alongside inclusion initiatives.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776">Harry H. Corbett appears briefly as a policeman in Never Look Back (1952)</snippet>, confirming the credit the agent was investigating. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The film was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>, with <snippet id="55190">Hugh Sinclair starring as a fiancé who prosecutes the case</snippet>. <snippet id="55190">The film was released in the UK on 26 May 1952</snippet> and runs 73 minutes. <snippet id="81776">The plot follows a newly appointed KC who must defend an ex-lover accused of murder</snippet>. All three sources confirm the key cast and distribution details without conflicting information.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The 1952 British drama Never Look Back was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett appears in a brief supporting role as a policeman</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Hugh Sinclair is confirmed as a main star in the cast, playing the prosecutor</snippet>. The production ran for 73 minutes and was shot at Mancunian Studios between September and October 1951.
</answer>


The provided search snippets describe the methodology and indices used to assess beta-cell function (such as the disposition index calculated as insulinogenic index × insulin sensitivity index) but do not contain specific evidence linking visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation to these beta-cell function metrics <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_2GRyVKu,S_DYXy4QI">The disposition index was calculated as the product of the insulinogenic index and Matsuda index to estimate beta-cell function</snippet>. While one study explicitly measured visceral adipose tissue and assessed beta-cell function in obese adults, it did not report specific associations between VAT and insulinogenic index or disposition index values <snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">The study assessed beta-cell function in obese adults through a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test and calculated disposition index to characterize beta-cell function relative to insulin resistance in adipose tissue</snippet>. Other snippets focus on beta-cell function assessment in specific populations (children, adolescents, NAFLD patients) or discuss molecular signatures without providing VAT-beta cell function associations <snippet id="S_77OipMD,S_i8R9nxi,S_4v3cnvh">Studies assessed beta-cell function using OGTT-derived insulinogenic indices and disposition index in adolescents and adults with NAFLD or in obese adolescents</snippet>. The search results therefore do not provide the direct adult human evidence needed to establish the relationship between visceral fat accumulation and pancreatic beta-cell function.

<answer>
The provided search results do not directly address the relationship between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and pancreatic beta-cell function metrics in humans. The snippets primarily define how beta-cell function indices like the disposition index, insulinogenic index, and acute insulin response are calculated from OGTT or IVGTT data <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_77OipMD">the disposition index is calculated as the product of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion measures such as the insulinogenic index</snippet>. One study suggests adipose tissue insulin resistance affects beta-cell function assessment, noting that elevated plasma free fatty acids can impair β-cell function and proposing adjustments to the disposition index to account for adipose tissue <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2">incorporating adipose insulin resistance into assessments provides a more comprehensive index of β-cell function</snippet>. Another study reported that leptin and GM-CSF were negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI and hsCRP, indicating roles in inflammation and lipid metabolism <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">leptin and GM-CSF showed negative associations with the disposition index and positive correlations with BMI and inflammatory markers</snippet>. However, none of these snippets provide direct adult human evidence linking VAT or pancreatic fat specifically to beta-cell function measures like disposition index or acute insulin response as the agent was seeking.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources by one-third did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>, <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">though it did increase exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduce uncivil language</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mUfOdDp">Research indicates that social media algorithms can influence users' perceptions of their in-group and out-group, with users exposed to algorithmically selected tweets reporting more positive feelings toward their in-group and more negative feelings toward their out-group compared to those viewing a chronological timeline</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mUfOdDp">However, a 2020 study by Guess et al. found no significant long-term effects of Facebook and Instagram's algorithms on users' affective polarization over a three-month period</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">An experiment compared various feed types including chronological and engagement-based feeds, finding that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sJfbnsu">This research is part of the U.S. 2020 Facebook and Instagram Election Study, a collaboration between academics and researchers at Meta that provided unprecedented access to platform data and algorithms</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>. The intervention aimed to decrease exposure to like-minded sources by one-third, which resulted in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">but did not lead to measurable changes in eight key political attitudes, including affective polarization and belief in false claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">An experiment compared various feed types, including chronological and engagement-based feeds, as well as innovative designs aimed at promoting democratic values</snippet>. Findings indicate that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans, but may inadvertently increase perceived threats to free speech among users <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">. The research also references other studies that examined the influence of exposure to like-minded sources and reshared content, noting that some studies found minimal effects on affective polarization</snippet>.

</answer>


<answer>
The provided search results do not contain specific documentation on how canonical IAMs (FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE) integrate extreme weather events into their economic damage functions. The snippets focus on tropical cyclone and flood modeling separately, including the CLIMADA model generating sector-specific damage functions <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>, and a multi-step framework estimating flood height from historical cyclone data <snippet id="S_pppTd3w">analyzing over 7,000 historical cyclones and 32 years of wave and sea level data</snippet>. While higher-resolution models improve storm surge predictions <snippet id="S_GAsmDEl">modeling heights increase from 0.88 m to 2.68 m with ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis</snippet>, none of the snippets describe IAM-specific integration of expected-annual-loss pipelines or stochastic disaster modules. The search did not return FUND/PAGE documentation on storm/flood damages or DICE/RICE extensions with tropical cyclone modules as the agent requested.
</answer>

<answer>
Unfortunately, the provided search results do not contain specific information about how FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE, or other canonical IAMs incorporate extreme weather events into their damage functions. The available snippets focus on hazard modeling (CLIMADA model for tropical cyclones, mangrove flood protection services, hydrodynamic modeling) but do not document IAM integration methods <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>. No snippets describe how IAMs represent extremes as separate impact categories or stochastic shocks to capital/productivity, nor do they detail expected-annual-loss pipelines feeding IAM damages. There is also no evidence of empirically estimated event-specific damage functions (cyclone wind-based, flood depth–damage, heat-wave impacts) being aggregated to macro damages within specific IAM frameworks in these results.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK,S_06dh88l">HPV enters host cells through endocytosis, independent of clathrin, caveolin, lipid rafts, and dynamin, following initial attachment to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) or HSPG syndecans (Sdc2, Sdc4)</snippet> on the cell membrane <snippet id="S_Fgb4QWW,S_9692W5p">. The major capsid protein L1 first binds to laminin-332 in the basement membrane, then conformational changes exposed by HSPG interaction become critical</snippet> <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_ygceipK,S_06dh88l">. This HSPG binding triggers a conformational change in L1 that exposes the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2, allowing furin protease to cleave L2 upstream of the RG-1 epitope</snippet> <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_qd5yqrp">. L2 then binds to secondary receptors including the S100A10 subunit of annexin A2, facilitating clathrin-independent endocytosis of HPV into the cell</snippet> <snippet id="S_06dh88l">. Acidification of the endocytic vesicle induces partial uncoating, triggering insertion of the L2 protein into the endocytic membrane in a transmembranous configuration</snippet> <snippet id="S_qd5yqrp">. The virus is transported to the nucleus via post-endocytic trafficking through endosomes, the Golgi network, and the endoplasmic reticulum, where it releases its genome for replication</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) entry typically begins at microlesions in the epithelium where the major capsid protein L1 binds to laminin-332 or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the basement membrane <S_9692W5p, S_06dh88l, S_ygceipK, S_4kyiDLH>. This initial attachment induces L1 conformational changes, often facilitated by Cyclophilin B, which exposes the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2 <S_9692W5p, S_ygceipK, S_sYaeZRH>. Proteolytic processing follows, where kallikrein-8 cleaves L1 and the cellular protease furin cleaves L2, reducing HSPG affinity and preparing the virion for internalization <S_6cL8am9, S_9692W5p, S_qd5yqrp>. Secondary interactions with receptors such as annexin A2, integrin α6, and tetraspanins like CD151 facilitate clathrin-independent endocytosis or macropinocytosis-like uptake <S_6cL8am9, S_Fgb4QWW, S_06dh88l>. Once internalized, the virus undergoes retrograde trafficking through endosomes and the Golgi network to reach the nucleus for genome release and replication <S_6cL8am9, S_IzJhLSD, S_qd5yqrp>.
</answer>


<answer>
The provided search results do not contain specific case studies or empirical applications of the Laplace mechanism to sensitive financial data published in high-impact journals. The snippets primarily provide theoretical definitions and general descriptions of the Laplace mechanism in differential privacy frameworks <snippet id="S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_dR6xJKK,S_gaV539r,S_5htVDhJ,S_u2uIkcN,S_oSOy7gF,S_urqqOz8">The Laplace mechanism adds noise from a Laplace distribution to query results to achieve differential privacy</snippet>, with some mentioning financial data applications in general <snippet id="S_FvypqMm">The Laplace mechanism can preserve user privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions</snippet> and <snippet id="S_u2uIkcN">enabling privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions</snippet>. However, none of the snippets reference specific high-impact journals (IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, Nature, PNAS, Management Science, etc.) or provide empirical case studies of Laplace mechanism applications in finance. The search results focus on theoretical properties <snippet id="S_dR6xJKK,S_gaV539r,S_5htVDhJ">The Laplace mechanism preserves (ε,0)-differential privacy</snippet> and technical implementations <snippet id="S_FvypqMm,S_u2uIkcN">adding noise with scale parameter b based on sensitivity</snippet> rather than documented empirical financial applications in top journals.
</answer>

<answer>
The search results provide limited evidence of concrete case studies from high-impact journals applying the Laplace mechanism specifically to financial/banking/credit transaction data. Two snippets mention financial applications: S_FvypqMm notes the Laplace mechanism can preserve "user privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions" within parking recommender system research <snippet id=S_FvypqMm>, and S_u2uIkcN states the mechanism enables "privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions" for prospect theoretic analysis <snippet id=S_u2uIkcN>. However, neither snippet explicitly confirms publication in high-impact journals like IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or major finance/economics journals that the agent prioritized <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_3Vks9VQ>. Most other search results discuss the Laplace mechanism in medical data <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG>, social networks <snippet id=S_XWjGWtA,S_gaV539r>, or power flow systems <snippet id=S_3Vks9VQ> rather than verified financial case studies. Additional searches targeting specific journals or verified financial domains would be needed to fully address the agent's goal.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="21438">Jitendra Narayan (20 Dec 1886–20 Dec 1922) was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar</snippet> and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916. <snippet id="21438">As "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar" he played one first‑class cricket match on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs in total</snippet>, though <snippet id="21438">there is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>. <snippet id="57275">Nripendra Narayan was Maharajah of Cooch Behar with sources indicating an association with a namesake Nripendra Narayan Academy</snippet>, but <snippet id="57275">details and attributions are inconsistent or missing in the available excerpt</snippet>. <snippet id="71327">The source lists biographical roles for his younger brothers but does not mention founding a Nripendra Narayan Academy or any first-class cricket/Prince of Wales XI involvement</snippet>. <snippet id="21438">He was succeeded by his son Jagaddipendra Narayan</snippet>, and <snippet id="21438">he was linked to Cooch Behar Palace (Victor Jubilee Palace)</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Jitendra Narayan was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar <snippet id="21438">and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet> as an educational institution named after his father. He played one first‑class cricket match for "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI" against Lord Willingdon's XI on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs total <snippet id="21438">. There is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>, which contradicts one key element of the hypothesis that the match was against the Prince of Wales' XI during the 1921–22 India tour. Biographical details indicate he was linked to Cooch‑Behar Palace (also known as Victor Jubilee Palace) as the ruling Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar during his lifetime <snippet id="21438">, though succession by his offspring is not confirmed in the available snippets. Some sources present conflicting or fragmentary information about the academy founder and cricketing claims <snippet id="57275">, with sibling records listing him as having younger brothers but not documenting all biographical details consistently <snippet id="71327">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_gnrEepM">For therapeutic protein quantification in plasma, using two stable signature peptides (SPs) is emphasized for reliability, with hybrid calibrations achieving good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results between SPs (deviations < 15%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kjDg3lX">In contrast, methods using only one surrogate peptide for mAb quantification in cynomolgus monkeys and humanized FcRn transgenic mouse models were described, with concentrations determined using multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides relative to standards</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BFG6czq">For MEDI4276 ADC bioanalysis, two peptides from the tryptic digest (SSQV from light chain as quantitative, CLEW from heavy chain as qualitative) were used as signature peptides, with extended SIL-IS peptides added prior to digestion to compensate for variability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1t8pQcf">The surrogate peptide method is a prevalent approach for quantifying total antibodies in ADC pharmacokinetic assessments, typically achieving good linearity and wide dynamic range with limits of quantification in the low ng/mL to pg/mL range</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XWxG38W">Database-optimized methods for human drug disposition proteins use a minimum of three light and two heavy peptide fragments to enhance reproducibility and ensure peptide identity</snippet>. Overall, while single-peptide methods have been published, using multiple signature peptides (typically 2-3) is recommended for accurate and reliable quantification of therapeutic mAbs in serum.
</answer>

<answer>
Current evidence suggests that using two signature peptides is recommended over a single peptide for reliable mAb quantification in serum. A study assessing calibration approaches for monoclonal antibody quantification emphasized "the importance of using two SPs for reliability" and found single peptide calibration had "significant negative biases" and "discordant results between SPs" <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>. Practical implementations in therapeutic protein studies typically employ multiple peptides; for instance, one Fc-engineered mAb PK assay determined concentrations using "multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides" <snippet id=S_kjDg3lX>. Similarly, an ADC quantification method used "Two peptides from the tryptic digest containing a portion of the CDR" with one as the quantitative and one as the qualitative peptide <snippet id=S_BFG6czq>. While single peptides can be detected, protein-level and hybrid calibrations with two SPs achieved "good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results" compared to peptide-level calibration which showed poor reliability <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>.
</answer>