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<snippet id="S_tyjIFLb,S_soikqKO">Strava incorporates social features such as status updates, comments, photos, challenges, leaderboards, and segments to foster user engagement among amateur and professional athletes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tyjIFLb">The app uses gamification techniques including digital badges and trophies to encourage repeated use and reward users for completing challenges</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ohmbRBN,S_KfOy5t1">Social comparison is identified as a key psychological driver, with users connecting, sharing experiences, and participating in competitive challenges to boost motivation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fdz63NK">However, research reveals selective data sharing behaviors, with many cyclists withholding metrics like heart rate and wattage while opting for basic information such as segment times and elevation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fdz63NK,S_5nbN41y">This selective sharing reflects a desire for self-validation and awareness of how others perceive their data, indicating complex privacy dynamics in social fitness apps</snippet>. <snippet id="S_47DnIT5">Designers should support persuasive features like Competition and Cooperation to foster intrinsic motivation and accountability in social contexts</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5nbN41y">Longitudinal tracking of fitness app usage would be needed to validate causal relationships and understand user retention patterns</snippet>.
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Strava employs social features such as challenges, leaderboards, and digital badges as core gamification techniques to encourage repeated use and foster a sense of community among its 36 million active users <snippet id="S_tyjIFLb">. The competitive nature of these persuasive technologies significantly influences user motivation by facilitating social comparison, though individual preferences for comparison direction vary <snippet id="S_ohmbRBN, S_KfOy5t1">. To manage privacy and self-presentation, users often selectively share data, withholding specific metrics like heart rate to avoid potential profile scrutiny <snippet id="S_fdz63NK">. Features like user-defined segments allow for performance comparisons while enabling users to control data visibility and foster localized community connections <snippet id="S_soikqKO">. Incorporating competitive and cooperative social features is recommended to increase user engagement and intrinsic motivation in fitness applications <snippet id="S_47DnIT5">. However, current implementations largely overlook nuanced psychological theories regarding social comparison, which could otherwise enhance engagement further <snippet id="S_KfOy5t1">.
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<snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The White House fact sheet announces 25% additional tariffs on imports from Canada and Mexico, and a 10% additional tariff on imports from China</snippet>. Energy resources from Canada will have a lower 10% tariff rate <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">. The Presidential Memorandum from November 2025 specifies the tariff will remain in effect until such time as drugs and illegal aliens stop the "invasion" of the country</snippet>. The fact sheet cites that trade accounts for 67% of Canada's GDP, 73% of Mexico's GDP, and 37% of China's GDP, but only 24% of U.S. GDP <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">. Previous administrations failed to leverage America's economic position as a tool to secure borders against illegal migration and combat fentanyl</snippet>. The announcement frames these actions as necessary to address a national emergency caused by illegal aliens and drugs, with fentanyl seizures reaching over 21,000 pounds last fiscal year <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">. However, the snippet does not provide specific effective dates for the tariff announcements, EU-specific tariff rates, or detailed economic impact estimates with numbers</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The White House fact sheet specifies a 25% additional tariff on imports from Canada and Mexico, with energy resources from Canada receiving a lower 10% tariff, while China faces a 10% additional tariff</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The fact sheet notes that in 2023 the U.S. trade deficit in goods was the world's largest at over $1 trillion</snippet>, and that trade accounts for 67% of Canada's GDP, 73% of Mexico's GDP, and 37% of China's GDP. However, <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">this fact sheet does not include specific dollar trade values covered by the tariffs, any retaliation measures from Canada, China, or the EU, or quantitative economic impact estimates (consumer cost, inflation, GDP)</snippet>. The tariff announcement is dated February 2025 and cites the International Emergency Economic Powers Act as the legal basis. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The tariffs remain in effect "until such time as Drugs, in particular Fentanyl, and all Illegal Aliens stop this Invasion of our Country"</snippet> as per the presidential directive.
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<snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">Recent scholarship discusses the interpretation of metaphors, particularly focusing on the slogans from George Orwell's "Nineteen Eighty-Four": "War is Peace," "Freedom is Slavery," and "Ignorance is Strength," highlighting challenges in quantifying their frequency in media</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The analysis suggests that the slogans can evolve in their interpretation and application within public discourse, reflecting changing societal attitudes and contexts</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NFQ0e6U">Metaphorical slogans can undergo significant reinterpretation over time, particularly through critical discourse, with initial positive connotations transformed into negative associations related to health and decay</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lgOMCo4">The term "unfreedom" is noted as a rare but legitimate formation, while "doubleplus unfree," derived from Orwell's Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-Four, exemplifies the intensifying use of language</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iDUQY7x">Slogans are defined as brief and striking phrases that may include labeling and stereotyping, acting as emotional appeals while conversation killers are words or phrases that discourage critical thought</snippet>. <snippet id="S_15dkzZt">Propaganda detection frameworks identify slogans as a brief and striking phrase that may include labeling and stereotyping, with examples including "Immigrants welcome, racist not!"</snippet>. However, the available snippets provide limited direct scholarly analysis of the specific doublethink mechanisms or CDA frameworks (Fairclough/van Dijk/Foucault) applied to Orwell's slogans.
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<snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The slogans from Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four—"War is Peace," "Freedom is Slavery," and "Ignorance is Strength"—are analyzed as metaphors that undergo discursive drift, where meaning and stance shift over time</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_iDUQY7x">slogans function as thought-terminating clichés that discourage critical thought by offering seemingly simple answers to complex questions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_15dkzZt">These phrases operate as brief, striking terms that act as emotional appeals and may include labeling and stereotyping</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lgOMCo4">Orwell's Newspeak language engineering is exemplified by terms like "doubleplus unfree," which demonstrates the intensifying use of language for ideological control</snippet>. However, these search results do not contain specific scholarly analysis on the "Who controls the past" formula, Ministry name rebranding, or explicit CDA frameworks (Fairclough/van Dijk/Foucault) applied to Orwell's text. <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">A significant portion of references to these slogans in media are secondary uses (73%), indicating their evolution as discursive artifacts rather than original texts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_gsbJVy0,S_5VWgqHF">Eric A. Stach from the University of Pennsylvania served as MRS Vice President beginning January 1, 2024</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0">He will lead the Board of Directors as MRS President in 2025</snippet>, which indicates he held the concurrent title of President-Elect during the 2024 term. <snippet id="S_ZPx3NY5">Past MRS Presidents page also references Takao Someya (2024) in the context of vice president/president-elect</snippet>, though this appears to be from a different source. The primary confirmation comes from the official MRS announcement pages identifying Stach in the 2024 vice president role.
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Eric A. Stach from the University of Pennsylvania served as MRS Vice President beginning January 1, 2024 <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0, S_5VWgqHF">. He will lead the Board of Directors as MRS President in 2025, following the standard VP/President-Elect transition <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0, S_5VWgqHF">. This confirms that Eric A. Stach was the 2024 Vice President and President-Elect who was scheduled to assume the Presidency in 2025 <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0">.
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<snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_Xa6M06B">OASIS STIX 2.1 is a machine-readable, semi-structured framework for structuring and exchanging cyber threat intelligence (CTI) data, primarily using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) instead of XML</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_JYIyMdS">The standard defines 12 STIX Domain Objects (SDOs), including 'indicator', 'malware', 'report', and 'vulnerability', each with specific attributes</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_3JECVB5">STIX Relationship Objects (SROs) define the relationships between these characteristics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS">The 'pattern' property is specific to the Indicator SDO and is crucial for detailing malware indicators within the CTI framework</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_06F1WZp">STIX objects such as Threat Actor, Malware, or Indicator belong to the set of SDOs, while Relationship and Sighting objects are SROs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hlcufmo">In CTI databases, Indicator, vulnerability, and report SDOs are represented as nodes with relationships like 'REFERS_TO' connecting them</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3M0PARM">Real-world STIX datasets from sources like Palo Alto Networks and Trend Micro contain entities including malware variants and threat actors mapped through these SDOs</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_Xa6M06B">The OASIS CTI technical committee maintains STIX 2.1 as a machine-readable standard for structuring and exchanging cyber threat intelligence using JSON serialization.</snippet> <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_06F1WZp">The framework defines STIX Domain Objects (SDOs), including specific types such as 'malware' and 'indicator', to describe characteristics of incidents and threat indicators.</snippet> <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_lIvobvB">The 'indicator' SDO includes a 'pattern' property for detailing malware indicators, while data quality metrics can assess the connectedness of these objects.</snippet> <snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_06F1WZp">STIX uses STIX Relationship Objects (SROs) to link SDOs, enabling representations such as a malware exploiting a vulnerability or an indicator referencing a threat actor.</snippet> <snippet id="S_Xa6M06B">Integration of CybOX into STIX 2.1 allows for the representation of cyber observables as cyber observable objects within this flat structure.</snippet>
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<snippet id=3d29ab62-0,3d29ab62-1>The search results do not contain information about newly formed counties in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during 2020-2024</snippet>. <snippet id=3d29ab62-0>The available snippets only provide general information that the province is one of Iran's 31 provinces in the southwest</snippet>. <snippet id=3d29ab62-1>Kohgiluyeh County is identified as having Dehdasht as its capital</snippet>. <snippet id=3d29ab62-2,3d29ab62-3,3d29ab62-4,3d29ab62-5,3d29ab62-6,3d29ab62-7,3d29ab62-9>The remaining search results are academic studies and reports about various topics including language distribution, climate indices, and groundwater</snippet>. <snippet id=3d29ab62-8>The UNHCR search results mention locations in the region but do not provide administrative division information</snippet>. No specific data about new county formations was found in the provided search snippets.
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<snippet id=3d29ab62-5>The FAO report mentions "newly formed local and province level governments" in a general context, but does not specify particular counties formed in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during 2020-2024</snippet>. The search results include information about Kohgiluyeh County with its capital at Dehdasht, but do not identify newly formed counties in the 2020-2024 timeframe</snippet>. No specific administrative changes or county formations in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during this period are clearly documented in the available snippets</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">For the "Trusted Computing Environment & Platform" project, the School of Computer Science at Beihang University established CROWN providing high-trust software development environment, Web service middleware platform, and network environment operation platform, which won the National Science and Technology Progress Second Prize.</snippet> <snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">For the "Virtual Reality & Digital Media" project, the research team developed real-time 3D graphics platform BH-GRAPH and distributed interactive simulation running support platform BH_RTI, constructed a distributed virtual environment DVENET supporting remote异地collaboration, and obtained both the National Science and Technology Progress First Prize and Second Prize, with some tools already listed as model components.</snippet>
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针对虚拟现实与数字媒体方向，北京航空航天大学计算机学院研制了实时三维图形平台BH-GRAPH、分布交互仿真运行支撑平台BH_RTI及分布式虚拟环境DVENET，这些成果获得国家科技进步一等奖和二等奖<snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">。在可信计算环境与平台方面，学院建立的CROWN高可信软件开发环境、Web服务中间件平台及网络环境运行平台，荣获国家科技进步二等奖<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">。这些研究面向国家战略规划及航空航天行业应用需求展开<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl,S_UoGmAYk">。
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<snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Research indicates that demographic factors such as being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment are associated with higher risks of problem gambling among university students in Nigeria</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Sports betting has gained popularity among university students in Nigeria, influenced by the accessibility of online platforms and smartphone applications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_C7vME7Z">An urban school-based cross-sectional survey involving 507 students in Nigeria also found a lifetime gambling prevalence of 57.2%, out of which 77.6% had gambled in the previous 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Studies from various countries, including Australia and Germany, highlight that typical sports bettors tend to be male, often with lower household incomes but a strong interest in sports</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sAPmmcf">Those who reported past-30-day sports betting were more likely to have a history of indebtedness (11 vs. 6%, p = 0.04), and had higher levels of gambling problems</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_rqYsRo2">the study involved a sample of 5,000 college students from 12 universities in Ghana</snippet>, which limits direct generalization to Nigerian students specifically. <snippet id="S_d3zPQEk">The study examines the determinants and prevalence of esports betting among emerging adults, focusing on socio-demographics, economic status, impulsivity, and gaming behaviors</snippet>, though specific data on that demographic is not detailed in this study. <snippet id="S_zEaN2n7">Regular involvement in sports betting, fantasy sports betting, and daily fantasy sports betting among adolescents was associated with a higher risk of gambling problems</snippet>, with males participating more frequently than females. <snippet id="S_7jM1r4W">The analysis shows that sports betting is more prevalent among men and younger individuals</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_C7vME7Z">An urban school-based survey of 507 Nigerian students found a lifetime gambling prevalence of 57.2%, with 77.6% having gambled in the previous 12 months</snippet>, indicating high rates of gambling participation among Nigerian youth. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Sports betting has gained popularity among university students in Nigeria, with demographic factors including being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment associated with higher risks of problem gambling</snippet>. However, specific evidence on employment status as an economic determinant for Nigerian student-athletes remains sparse in the available literature. <snippet id="S_sAPmmcf">Among recent sports bettors, those active in work or studies showed lower percentages (68% for online casino, 59% for horse betting) compared to non-gamblers, while past-30-day sports bettors had higher history of indebtedness (11% vs 6%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iL4llG9">Research on emerging adults shows students comprised 59% of esports bettors in a Great Britain sample, with bettors more likely to live in deprived areas</snippet>, suggesting economic strain may be a relevant pathway. Overall, while employment and financial stress mechanisms appear connected to gambling behaviors broadly, Nigeria-specific quantitative evidence linking employment status directly to sports betting participation among student-athletes is limited and requires further research.
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<snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">The official Chatbot Arena leaderboard can be accessed at lmarena.ai</snippet>, which has collected over 3.5M votes. <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE">Previous leaderboard updates have been published by LMSYS, with the earliest documented update covering data from April 24 to May 22, 2023</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hhzNfal">A multimodal leaderboard was also introduced with rankings based on image-containing battles as of June 27, 2024</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_5A51bt1">the current top model and its Elo rating are not specified in the available search snippets</snippet>. The agent would need to visit the official leaderboard page at lmarena.ai to capture the current top entry.
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The official Chatbot Arena Leaderboard is hosted at https://lmarena.ai/ <snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">where over 3.5M votes have been collected for model rankings. The leaderboard uses an Elo rating system based on anonymous voting data <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE">to rank large language models. A snapshot of the leaderboard is also available on Hugging Face at https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmarena-ai/lmarena-leaderboard <snippet id="S_831cvJ0">. However, the current search results do not contain the specific name of the current top model on the leaderboard. A direct visit to the official lmarena.ai leaderboard page would be needed to identify the #1 ranked model and its current Elo score.
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<snippet id="S_gu69vHf,S_Cn1GhvJ">DESI observations indicate that dark energy has an equation of state w(z) crossing the phantom barrier (w < -1) for z > 1, with DESI DR2 BAO data suggesting a potential crossing at z_c ≃ 0.45</snippet>, <snippet id="S_p938Lo0,S_ZCPd5ub">which hints at a breakdown of the cosmological constant paradigm and favors dynamical dark energy models with phantom crossings</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_otM3Qb8">current DESI data remains inconclusive regarding the existence of a phantom crossing</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_ZIWoomJ">the w0wa parametrization allowing for phantom behavior w < -1 but being a phenomenological ansatz without physical self-consistency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZIWoomJ">The phantom regime w < -1 is considered unphysical in general relativity and some modified gravity theories</snippet>, which motivates exploring non-minimal coupling as a theoretical framework where phantom crossing can occur without ghosts. <snippet id="S_gu69vHf">DESI findings suggest evolving dark energy models that deviate from w = -1, supported by non-DESI data and various parameterizations</snippet>, indicating that DESI's observations of potential phantom crossing remain an intriguing but unresolved tension that non-minimal coupling frameworks aim to address.
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DESI results indicate a preference for phantom behaviour (w < -1) over a significant redshift range, with a crossing to the non-phantom region at lower redshift <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. DESI DR2 data suggests a potential phantom crossing at z_c ≃ 0.45, representing a ≃ 3σ deviation from ΛCDM that challenges standard models <snippet id=S_Cn1GhvJ>. The phantom regime w < -1 is considered unphysical in general relativity, motivating alternative theoretical frameworks <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. Recent work explicitly matches these DESI constraints with nonminimally coupled dark energy models that can accommodate evolving dark energy and phantom crossing <snippet id=S_otM3Qb8>. Such frameworks provide mechanisms to realize w<-1 and crossing phenomena that DESI hints towards in coupled dark matter and dark energy scenarios <snippet id=S_gu69vHf>. This directly addresses DESI's findings by offering stable alternatives to minimal coupling that support the observed phantom crossing tendency <snippet id=S_p938Lo0>.
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<snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_8bzg1KA,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">In pharmacology, margin of safety is defined as the ratio between the lethal dose to 1% of the population and the effective dose to 99% of the population (LD1/ED99)</snippet>, <snippet id="S_NDPofwS">where LD1 is the dose that elicits lethality in 1% of the population, and ED99 is the dose that elicits therapeutic effect in 99% of the population</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Tg2CFEg">A higher margin of safety indicates lower risk of toxicity</snippet>, but <snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_8bzg1KA">none of the provided snippets discuss conditions under which this margin of safety cannot be calculated or is considered undefined</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KtkXCqd">Some formulations express margin of safety as a function of cube root of ratio between LT50 and LD50 and one-hundredth of ED</snippet>, but <snippet id="S_ITpLCrH,S_PNN5Uwr">these sources do not address scenarios where the margin of safety "fails to appear" or is not meaningfully determinable</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">The margin of safety in pharmacology is defined as the ratio of LD1 (lethal dose to 1% of population) to ED99 (effective dose to 99% of population)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8bzg1KA">This measure is also referred to as the Certain Safety Factor</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain information about conditions under which margin of safety "fails to appear" or cannot be calculated <snippet id="S_KtkXCqd">, and no snippet addresses when this definition is undefined or inapplicable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ITpLCrH,S_gWkoXUl,S_PNN5Uwr">Alternative measures such as the therapeutic index using LD50/ED50 are also mentioned</snippet>. <answer>
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The search results do not contain explicit demonstrations of group polarization or risky shift in avatar-mediated immersive VR environments. While some studies discuss avatar visual fidelity and embodiment <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa">abstract avatars, particularly robots, led to a disconnection from reality and increased risky behaviors, whereas self-representations fostered a connection to the physical world, promoting cautious behavior</snippet> and truthfulness/similarity between users and avatars <snippet id="S_HKqSHCf">avatar visual fidelity seems to affect users' subjective experience, half of the panel reported having different behavior depending on the controlled character</snippet>, none document systematic group discussion leading to attitude extremity relative to pre-discussion baselines. The available evidence focuses on single-user avatar control scenarios <snippet id="S_JIjtTEQ">The study utilized a Virtual Research VR1280 head-mounted display and an Intersense IS900 tracking system to create a virtual reality environment simulating a 5-minute underground train journey populated by computer-generated avatars</snippet> rather than multi-user social interaction. No snippets provide explicit evidence of group polarization or risky shift effects in the context of avatar-mediated immersive virtual environments.

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<snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa, S_HKqSHCf">The search results indicate that abstract avatars (such as robots) can lead to increased risky behaviors compared to self-representations that foster cautious behavior</snippet>, which relates to the Proteus Effect where avatar appearance influences user conduct <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa">. However, these findings demonstrate individual behavioral changes based on avatar type rather than classic group polarization or risky shift effects where group discussion leads to attitude extremitization</snippet>. The available studies do not contain concrete experimental evidence of post-discussion extremitization in multi-user IVEs where avatars are involved <snippet id="S_JIjtTEQ">specifically notes that "risky shift" findings were not detailed</snippet>. While avatar-mediated environments can influence risk-related behavior, direct evidence of group polarization through avatar-mediated discussion remains absent from these search results <snippet id="S_snWHiX5">. The research focuses more on how visual fidelity and avatar similarity affect embodiment and individual actions rather than group dynamics leading to polarization</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz,S_CBhXwnS,S_L4MYIrf">Nikola Tesla's Electric Arc Lamp patent was issued on February 9, 1886, with patent number US335,786</snippet>. <snippet id="S_s2HVIjN,S_ktaELRS">The patent (US335787A) describes an electric arc lamp with two magnets in the main and shunt circuits, an armature-lever, and feed-mechanism connected to the armature-lever</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iDdAzGv">This patent covers an improved electric arc lamp that used electromagnets and lever mechanisms to precisely separate and feed carbon electrodes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">The Electric Arc Lamp patent was issued on February 9, 1886, following the Commutator for Dynamo Electric Machines patent issued on January 26, 1886</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ktaELRS">The patent includes critical features such as an automatic fail switch when arc possesses abnormal behavior and automatic reactivation</snippet>. This confirms that the Electric Arc Lamp patent came after the Commutator patent by issue date.
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<answer>
Nikola Tesla's Electric Arc Lamp patent, US 335,786, was granted on February 9, 1886 <snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz,S_L4MYIrf">. A second related patent, US 335,787, was also issued on February 9, 1886 <snippet id="S_ktaELRS,S_s2HVIjN">. The "Commutator for Dynamo-Electric Machines" was issued on January 26, 1886 <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. Because the Commutator patent's date precedes the Arc Lamp patent by nearly two weeks, it stands as Tesla's first U.S. patent by issue date <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. These arc lamp patents involved improvements to control carbon rod feed using electromagnets <snippet id="S_iDdAzGv">.
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<snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode is titled "Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD" and is part of Season 3, Episode 2 of the podcast "Stories from the World of Medicine"</snippet>, with a publication date of <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">February 18, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_Q1JiXuV">The guest is Otolaryngologist Tina Munjal, MD</snippet>, who is the host of The Nocturnists Podcast. <snippet id="S_NZ9gUn7,S_arbvh0R">The episode features Tina Munjal telling a story about learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone</snippet>, and is approximately <snippet id="S_IhbWqXF">1 episode duration</snippet> (exact runtime not specified in search results). <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI">The official episode page is available at thenocturnists.org/podcast/rhino-rocket</snippet>, and the episode is also listed on multiple platforms including Spotify, Apple Podcasts, and the Libsyn archive.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode "Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD" is Season 3, Episode 2 of Stories from the World of Medicine podcast by The Nocturnists, released on February 18, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The guest is Tina Munjal, MD, an Otolaryngologist who shares her medical story</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NZ9gUn7,S_arbvh0R">The story is about learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode page is available at thenocturnists.org/podcast/rhino-rocket with illustrations by Lindsay Mound</snippet>. Runtime information is not available in the search results.
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The search results do not contain explicit "de-extinction" terminology or recent 2022-2025 reviews/perspectives on the specific term "proxy" or "functional de-extinction" <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">The text mentions the controversial concept of de-extinction, particularly for species driven to extinction by humans, suggesting that functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. Most snippets focus on general extinction-risk assessments, evolutionary potential, and conservation biology without de-extinction-specific language <snippet id="S_aQHGJDJ, S_BVGS7oK, S_yJ0bKZt">The reviews discuss extinction-risk assessments and evolutionary potential but do not use de-extinction terminology</snippet>. A few snippets reference late-Quaternary megafauna extinctions and trophic rewilding, which are related but distinct from de-extinction <snippet id="S_160DJq3, S_kpUOwfs">The review discusses megafauna extinctions and ecosystem management but does not address de-extinction</snippet>. No snippets explicitly define de-extinction trends, discuss mammoth/thylacine/dodo case studies, or cover governance/ethics debates from 2022-2025 <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">The only de-extinction reference is limited to a single paragraph mentioning functional proxies for recently extinct mammals</snippet>. The search needs to be refined to capture more targeted de-extinction literature using the exact term "de-extinction" or "proxy de-extinction" in conservation journals.

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Based on the search results, explicit "de‑extinction" research from 2022‑2025 is limited in the provided snippets. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>The controversial concept of de‑extinction, particularly for species driven to extinction by humans, suggests that functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>Cloning techniques like somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) could enable the de‑extinction of recently extinct mammals with preserved tissues</snippet>. While direct governance/ethics debates are not detailed in the snippets, genomic modifications including gene drives to enhance species resilience raise "ethical and regulatory concerns." <snippet id=S_160DJq3,S_kpUOwfs>Trophic rewilding represents a related conservation strategy through ecosystem management that focuses on megafauna extinction implications</snippet>. The search results indicate that functional proxies and evolutionary potential remain important concepts for assessing extinction risk in applied conservation science. <snippet id=S_aQHGJDJ,S_yJ0bKZT>Integration of proxies into conservation decision‑making remains an important area for innovation in applied conservation science</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_4iZB0OB">The central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star at zero temperature is predicted to be 1319 MeV</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_exyOPhA">the critical neutron chemical potential for the hadron-quark phase transition lying between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature</snippet>. In beta-equilibrated hadronic matter, <snippet id="S_dKTw9kz">the baryon chemical potential is expected to be in the GeV range</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_jARyMl0,S_BQ1tanr">specific values for the neutron chemical potential in beta equilibrium not provided in the text, but they are influenced by the baryon chemical potential and interactions among quarks and leptons</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WRBepHG">Neutron stars reach beta equilibrium involving neutrons, protons, and electrons, characterized by the relationship µp = µn - µe</snippet>, where additional baryons such as Λ hyperons can emerge when their chemical potential condition (µΛ = µn = µp + µe) is satisfied. <snippet id="S_in5xo5t">The density dependence of neutron and proton chemical potentials from different models show small differences at high densities</snippet>, but overall the baryon chemical potential in neutron star cores typically falls within the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV depending on the specific conditions and models used.
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At zero temperature, the central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star is predicted to be 1319 MeV <snippet id="S_4iZB0OB">. Models of the hadron-quark phase transition indicate the critical neutron chemical potential lies between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature <snippet id="S_exyOPhA">. In the context of beta equilibrium, baryon chemical potential values typically fall within the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV <snippet id="S_BQ1tanr">. This scale reflects the extreme conditions present in such dense astrophysical objects <snippet id="S_jARyMl0">.
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<snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie,S_37bk94m">The Bond et al. (2012) experiment involved 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 U.S. Congressional Election who received get-out-the-vote messages</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc">the social message group seeing images of friends who had already voted, which increased turnout by approximately 340,000 votes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_37bk94m,S_mXK3pZh">The study found that Facebook utilized "social proof" by displaying images of friends who had voted, encouraging users to imitate their behavior</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_mXK3pZh,S_8SBonkH">approximately 60,000 additional votes directly attributed to the message in 2010, and an additional 280,000 influenced indirectly through close friends with strong offline relationships</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_8SBonkH">The effect was replicated in the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election, where the total increase was 270,000 votes (90,000 direct + 180,000 through friends)</snippet>, demonstrating <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">the powerful role of online social networks in influencing offline voting behavior</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">However, the authors acknowledged the study found very small effects from the information treatment, highlighting the challenge of measuring social influence in large-scale experiments</snippet>.
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The Bond et al. 2012 study conducted a large-scale experiment involving 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 U.S. Congressional Election, where users were shown messages with images of friends who had already voted <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie,S_37bk94m">to assess social influence on voting behavior</snippet>. The results demonstrated that this social messaging approach increased turnout, with approximately 60,000 additional votes directly attributed to the message in 2010 <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_mXK3pZh">and effects replicated in the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election with about 90,000 directly mobilized voters</snippet> <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_8SBonkH">. Social influence spread through the network as friends of treated users were also indirectly influenced, adding approximately 180,000-280,000 additional votes in total across both elections</snippet> <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_mXK3pZh,S_37bk94m">. However, some researchers note that while the effect sizes were statistically significant, they were relatively small relative to the massive sample size <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">. Despite this limitation, the study remains widely cited as evidence that online social networks can impact offline political behavior through interpersonal influence mechanisms</snippet> <snippet id="S_8SBonkH,S_I0UxhZS">.
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<snippet id="S_4LDk9pb">IGN explicitly confirms the launch date as November 23, 2004, for North America, Australia, and New Zealand</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4am1dTv">Another IGN article states World of Warcraft first launched in North America on November 23, 2004</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Iyt7Mpt">A subsequent IGN report also references the game's release date as November 23</snippet>. This provides the fourth independent confirmation from a major game outlet. Combined with the earlier sources from Wikipedia, Activision, and GamesIndustry.biz, the release date is now confirmed from multiple authoritative sources.
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<snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt">World of Warcraft was officially released on November 23, 2004</snippet>, with the launch date confirmed for North America, Australia, and New Zealand <snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_mhE8bKy">simultaneously across these regions</snippet>. IGN explicitly reported that November 23, 2004 was the launch date in multiple articles from late 2004 <snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt">. This date is further corroborated by Wikipedia, which states the game was released on November 23, 2004</snippet> <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe, S_K0CkkAv>, and by Blizzard's own press announcements</snippet> <snippet id="S_6wNkGtZ, S_mn2djgd>. The release marked the 10th anniversary of the Warcraft franchise</snippet> <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe>.
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Cytokinin (CK), strigolactone (SL), and auxin form a regulatory network where CK promotes axillary bud outgrowth while SL and auxin act as inhibitors <snippet id="S_q2ORi2Q">CK promotes axillary bud outgrowth, while SL inhibits it, with both hormones acting antagonistically through the transcription factor TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1 (BRC1)</snippet>. Auxin inhibits CK biosynthesis while promoting SL biosynthesis, contributing to bud dormancy <snippet id="S_XRhJBhI">Auxin inhibits CK biosynthesis while promoting SL biosynthesis, contributing to bud dormancy</snippet>. In this hormonal interplay, auxin-mediated inhibition of bud outgrowth is linked to increased SL synthesis, which upregulates BRC1 expression <snippet id="S_gqi212y">Auxin can indirectly promote BRC1 expression in the bud through the control of two antagonistic factors, CK and SL</snippet>. BRC1 functions as a key integrator of pathways that suppress bud outgrowth, including those mediated by SL, auxin, and cytokinin <snippet id="S_Uuo070s">BRANCHED1 (BRC1) is identified as a key integrator of pathways that suppress bud outgrowth, including those mediated by SL, auxin, cytokinin, and sugar</snippet>. Additionally, auxin cannot directly regulate BRC1 expression because it is not transported from the stem to the buds in great enough amounts <snippet id="S_gqi212y">Auxin cannot directly regulate BRC1 expression because it is not transported from the stem to the buds in great enough amounts</snippet>.
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Cytokinin (CK), strigolactone (SL), and auxin form a regulatory network where auxin inhibits axillary bud outgrowth by suppressing CK levels and enhancing SL biosynthesis <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_q2ORi2Q>. Auxin promotes the transcription of SL biosynthesis genes, including MAX3/MAX4 (orthologs CCD7/CCD8), to synthesize SLs that suppress branching <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_nFj5ih3>. These hormones converge on BRANCHED1 (BRC1), a transcriptional hub where SL upregulates BRC1 expression to inhibit growth, while CK represses BRC1 to promote outgrowth <snippet id=S_gqi212y,S_gLbtlMj>. Consequently, auxin indirectly regulates BRC1 through these antagonistic factors rather than direct transport into the bud <snippet id=S_gqi212y>. BRC1 integrates these signals to suppress bud outgrowth, with mutants like amp1 showing enhanced branching due to altered CK levels and reduced BRC1 <snippet id=S_Uuo070s,S_gLbtlMj>.
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<snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w">Perplexity AI offers three pricing tiers for its AI Copilot services: Free, Pro, and Enterprise Pro</snippet>, with the Pro version costing <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">$20 per month or $200 annually</snippet> and including enhanced functionalities like access to advanced AI models (e.g., GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet) and file analysis for PDFs and images <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">. The Enterprise Pro tier is priced at $40/month per seat or $400/year (16% discount) and provides unlimited queries, extensive deep research capabilities (500 per day), and enhanced collaboration features</snippet> with organizational file repositories and advanced security options <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">. The free version allows unlimited concise searches, while Pro users get 300 daily searches and the Enterprise Pro tier offers 500 per day</snippet> <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">. Pro also includes image generation, real-time web access for research, and faster response times</snippet> <snippet id="S_5WLXO2p">. However, some users note limitations such as restricted programming support and challenges with long-form content generation</snippet>.
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Perplexity AI offers three pricing tiers: Free, Pro ($20/month or $200/year), and Enterprise Pro ($40/month per seat or $400/year) with discounts for annual billing <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">. The Pro subscription includes access to advanced AI models like GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and Claude 3.7, plus unlimited Copilot queries, file upload for PDFs and images, and real-time web access <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p,S_yvm9XpN">. Pro users also receive features like multi-step reasoning searches, deep research queries (3-300 daily depending on source), and Perplexity Labs for structured outputs <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w">. However, some users report limitations in programming support, long-form content generation, and file handling compared to competitors <snippet id="S_yvm9XpN">. Enterprise Pro adds organizational file repositories, collaboration features, unlimited deep research (500 per day), and advanced security options <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">.
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