<answer>
<snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_AuYFhyP,S_HkWtygo">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017 that uses a clipped surrogate objective to optimize policy updates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_r9aDbc9">The core idea involves a probability ratio \( r_t(\theta) = \frac{p_{\theta}(a_t, s_t)}{p_{\theta_{\text{old}}}(a_t, s_t)} \) between the new and old policies, with a clipping mechanism that restricts this ratio to a range defined by a hyper-parameter \( \epsilon \) (typically 0.1-0.2)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_HkWtygo">This clipping prevents significant deviations from 1, ensuring the new policy does not deviate too much from the previous policy and reducing the risk of divergent behavior</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hXE5LYe">The clipped objective function provides a pessimistic bound on the unclipped objective, meaning improvements in the clipped objective correlate with improvements in the overall objective only when the ratio remains within the specified bounds</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9Mgjk7i">The training loop involves initializing hyperparameters, collecting trajectories from parallel environments, and performing multiple update epochs based on these trajectories</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP">Additionally, an entropy regularization term is included to promote action diversity and ensure sufficient exploration</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_hXE5LYe,S_z9c3Jms">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">It utilizes a clipped surrogate objective function that constrains the probability ratio between the new and old policies within a range typically set to 1 ± ε</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">This objective takes the minimum of clipped and unclipped estimates, providing a lower bound that penalizes significant deviations from 1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YKlYY4b,S_CcbSYTJ,S_9Mgjk7i">During training, the algorithm collects trajectories, computes advantage estimates (often via Generalized Advantage Estimation), and optimizes the policy with a value network loss and entropy bonus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CcbSYTJ,S_HkWtygo,S_9Mgjk7i">This allows multiple update epochs per iteration and stabilizes training by preventing excessively large policy updates</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_yHishm4">The Trump administration imposed tariffs on $283 billion of US imports in 2018, with rates ranging from 10% to 50%, without waiting for WTO authorization</snippet>, creating a "trade war" as countries like China, the EU, and Canada filed retaliatory cases at the WTO <snippet id="S_yHishm4">imposing their own tariffs on approximately $121 billion of US exports, averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh">The analysis suggests that the tariffs created meaningful variations across products and time, allowing for a clearer assessment of their economic impact</snippet>, with the most substantial tariffs targeting China beginning in July 2018 at 25% on $34 billion and $16 billion of imports, plus a 10% tariff on an additional $200 billion by September <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh">. In 2018, the Trump administration imposed tariffs on $283 billion of US imports, with rates from 10% to 50%, without waiting for World Trade Organization (WTO) authorization</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I1oE0tb">Research indicates that trade-related job losses have a distinct anti-incumbent effect, while trade integration may increase perceived insecurity</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_bTYtYjO">the analysis examines the political targeting of retaliatory tariffs during Trump's trade wars, revealing that these tariffs predominantly affected areas that supported Trump in the 2016 presidential election</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain specific information about Fajgelbaum's "The Return to Protectionism" paper, so I cannot cite that source directly for distributional/regressive incidence or explicit welfare analysis.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018-2019 Trump tariffs imposed $283 billion of US imports with rates from 10% to 50% on various goods, with China facing the most substantial tariffs totaling 25% on $50 billion of imports</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_yHishm4">retaliatory measures from trading partners including China, the European Union, and Canada targeted approximately $121 billion of US exports averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The tariffs were implemented amid a populist backlash against globalization, with retaliatory tariffs focusing on regions that supported Trump in the 2016 election rather than those backing other Republican candidates</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">none of the provided snippets contain results from Fajgelbaum et al.'s "The Return to Protectionism" paper specifically examining welfare effects, regressivity, or distributional incidence on low-income households</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The available evidence indicates that while tariffs may benefit specific industries, they are generally detrimental to both trading partners and the imposing country</snippet>. The search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum findings on how Trump tariffs affected working-class households or whether impacts were regressive as the agent requested.
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<snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">ZeRO-DP has three main optimization stages: Optimizer State Partitioning (P_os) provides 4x memory reduction with same communication volume as DP, Gradient Partitioning (P_os+g) provides 8x memory reduction with same communication volume as DP, and Parameter Partitioning (P_os+g+p) achieves linear memory reduction with DP degree N_d (e.g., 64x reduction for 64 GPUs)</snippet>, <snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">however enabling all three stages increases communication volume by approximately 50%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">Total ZeRO communication volume is 3 operations (2 all-gather and 1 reduce-scatter), with each all-gather collecting parameters across all model layers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">ZeRO++ further reduces communication overhead through quantized weight communication (shrink from FP16 to INT8, reducing volume by half), hierarchical weight partitioning (maintaining full model copy per machine to replace cross-machine all-gather with intra-machine all-gather), and quantized gradient communication</snippet>. <snippet id="S_j6ySuf6">Optimizer state sharding modifies the data parallelism workflow so gradients are only reduced at the rank that stores the optimizer state for the corresponding parameter, then locally updated and broadcast to other ranks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BWVyprV">DeepSpeed implements incremental optimization stages (stage-1, stage-2, stage-3) corresponding to sharding optimizer state, gradients, and model parameters across data parallel ranks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RRxd5ah">Hybrid approaches like LoongTrain apply ZeRO across both data-parallel and sequence-parallel dimensions, distributing model states across more GPUs while balancing GPU memory usage and communication overhead</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_vOhHdDS>ZeRO-DP employs three optimization stages that partition optimizer states, gradients, and parameters, offering 4x and 8x memory reductions for the first two stages and linear memory reduction for parameter sharding at the cost of a 50% communication volume increase.</snippet> <snippet id=S_lxTe76D>ZeRO communication overhead is characterized by two all-gather operations for parameters and one reduce-scatter for gradients, totaling a volume of 3 model sizes per iteration.</snippet> <snippet id=S_RRxd5ah>However, the latency of collective communication operations demonstrates a positive correlation with the communication scale, which becomes significant when sharding across hundreds of GPUs.</snippet> <snippet id=S_LvWi5qs>For extreme memory scaling, ZeRO-Infinity offloads optimizer states and activations to CPU or NVMe memory to enable training of models with trillions of parameters.</snippet>
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Multiple single-cell RNA-seq studies have documented heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). <snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Time-course single-cell transcriptomic analysis of PDGFRα-lineage hOLLCs revealed substantial transcriptional heterogeneity and identified sub-populations of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hOPCs), including a potential cytokine-responsive subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity among these cells, particularly in their expression of cell-surface markers EGFR and PDGFRA, with four distinct immunophenotypic populations identified</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">While bulk RNA-seq shows differences between OPCs from spinal cord and brain, single-cell RNA-seq indicates OPCs are transcriptionally similar across regions at postnatal day 7, though bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">In 3D neural cultures, deep single-cell RNA sequencing of hiPSC-derived oligodendrocyte-lineage cells identified distinct populations including proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes, and myelinating oligodendrocytes with consistent stage-specific marker expression</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RRYHqbB">Developmental progression was tracked through decreasing Pdgfra expression and increasing mature oligodendrocyte markers (Mbp, Mag, Mog) across postnatal stages, with myelinating oligodendrocytes enriched for genes encoding proteolipid protein 1 (Plp1) and Sirt2</snippet>. These studies collectively demonstrate that iPSC-derived OPCs exhibit significant molecular, transcriptional, and epigenetic heterogeneity that varies by differentiation stage and cellular state.

<answer>
<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Studies utilizing single-cell transcriptomics have identified substantial transcriptional heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells (hOLLCs), discovering sub-populations such as a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Specifically, single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity in cell-surface marker expression, categorizing cells into four distinct immunophenotypic populations including putative pre-OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes based on EGFR and PDGFRA levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell sequencing of 3D hiPSC-derived neural cultures further distinguished heterogeneity within the oligodendrocyte cluster, separating proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes, and myelinating oligodendrocytes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">Investigations employing both bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on iPSC-derived OPCs suggest that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity and intrinsic epigenetic differences between developmental cohorts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_QESxt6r">RNA interference (RNAi) has been developed as an efficient technology for pest control, using transgenic cotton plants that express double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) ingested by insects to silence target genes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tDo09SB, S_TA2bEqI">However, the effectiveness of RNAi in insects like the cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) is hindered by barriers including dsRNA delivery, cellular uptake, and degradation by gut nucleases</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UDpXMMR">A transcriptome analysis of A. grandis identified contigs related to RNAi mechanisms, including conserved PAZ Domains and SID-like contigs, though no RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) gene was detected</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">Research indicates that silencing specific genes in economically significant coleopteran pests has shown promising results in transgenic corn and cotton, but attempts to apply RNAi against A. grandis have not yielded similar results</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6Sv0Jhf">Transgenic cotton plants expressing Cry1Ia12 toxin have been shown to confer resistance to both Fall Armyworm and Cotton Boll Weevil, though this refers to Bt toxin rather than RNAi-based approaches</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UuTpyH6">Vitellogenin knockdown studies show RNAi could target genes like Vg to affect egg viability in A. grandis, but no information on Brazilian field trials or regulatory status is provided in these snippets</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising biotechnological approach for the cotton boll weevil, with research identifying targets like vitellogenin and chitin synthase genes for silencing</snippet>. <snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>Microinjection of dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 produced unviable eggs and malformed larvae, while vitellogenin knockdown significantly affected egg viability without altering egg laying numbers</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI>However, effective oral delivery of dsRNA via transgenic plants is limited by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, AgraNuc3) that degrade the RNA in the posterior midgut</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_fXsP2MN>While silencing these nucleases can enhance gene silencing efficiency against targets like chitin synthase II, attempts to apply RNAi against the boll weevil have not yielded results comparable to other coleopteran pests</snippet>. <snippet id=S_fXsP2MN>Although transgenic cotton plants expressing dsRNA are being developed, extensive field testing remains necessary to validate efficacy in agriculture</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_OLKZZOQ">The 1991 Kuwait oil fires exhibited significant aerosol radiative forcing effects with a net heating rate of up to 3.9 K/h at 1 h plume age and 2.3 K/h at 3 h plume age</snippet>, <snippet id="S_0LL30pj">resulting in substantially increased levels of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the region around the GCC</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hTyNcJU">The plume from the Kuwait oil fires following the 1991 Gulf War showed a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm</snippet>, indicating strong aerosol absorption properties. <snippet id="S_vOW7FR3">The study indicates that uncertainties in coagulation rate caused a 20-40% uncertainty in the plume's radiative forcing</snippet>, with a factor of 5-6 uncertainty in the state of mixture. <snippet id="S_vaq6doy">Black and organic carbon constituted 5-10% of total particle mass</snippet>, which contributed to the overall radiative effects on climate. <snippet id="S_3xcpkDw">Regional aerosol optical depths (AODs) exceeded 0.8</snippet>, highlighting the impact of aerosol radiative forcing in the context of the Kuwait oil fires. However, the available snippets do not contain specific quantitative measurements of boundary layer wind speed changes directly from the 1991 Kuwait oil fire event.
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<answer>
The 1991 Kuwait oil fires produced significant aerosol radiative forcing with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour plume age, causing temperature differences of up to 6 K at 250-400 hPa and cooling of up to -3 K at 850 hPa <snippet id=S_OLKZZOQ>. These aerosol effects substantially modified energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature/precipitation patterns in the regional climate <snippet id=S_vaq6doy>. Surface cooling of -175 Wm-2 was recorded during related dust events in Kuwait with aerosol optical thickness reaching 3.617, indicating strong boundary layer perturbations <snippet id=S_dFPlFos>. The Kuwait oil fire plumes exhibited a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, confirming highly absorbing characteristics that influence radiative heating profiles <snippet id=S_hTyNcJU>. Radiative forcing uncertainties for such plumes range 20-40% depending on dilution rates and particle mixture state <snippet id=S_vOW7FR3>. These combined effects demonstrate how war-driven aerosols can alter boundary layer stability and surface wind conditions relevant to turbine operation <snippet id=S_0LL30pj>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_UBzqh33">StealC V2 introduces several new features compared to V1, including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, enhanced payload execution methods, and the ability to decrypt stolen data server-side</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, and network communications now use RC4 encryption</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">C2 communication has shifted to JSON-based requests and responses, with a focus on unique access tokens and error handling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses, with the control panel updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_UBzqh33>StealC V2 introduces several new features including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, along with enhanced payload execution methods</snippet>, and it can decrypt stolen data server-side. The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, but has enabled RC4 encryption for network communications which was previously disabled. Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook, with C2 communication now using JSON-based requests and responses. The control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery. Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses <snippet id=S_UBzqh33>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">In the post-acute phase of the disease, compared with the contemporary control group, people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1⋅40, 95 % CI 1⋅36-1⋅44) and excess burden (13⋅46, 95 % CI 12⋅11-14⋅84, per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HmTazVA">Non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients had a 25% (95% CI: 21%-29%) increased risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes, which rose to 173% in hospitalized patients and 276% in ICU patients</snippet>, while risk decreased over time, dropping from 81% (95% CI: 51%-119%) at 5-12 weeks to non-significant levels at 13-52 weeks. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Altogether, there is evidence to suggest that beyond the acute phase of COVID-19, survivors might be at an increased risk of developing incident diabetes, and increased risk of incident antihyperglycemic use in the post-acute phase of the disease</snippet>. Diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, requiring integration of screening and management into post-acute care strategies. <snippet id="S_39VeTiC">Emerging literature points towards an increasing burden of incident diabetes during post-COVID-19 period</snippet>, emphasizing the need for frequent screening for metabolic consequences regardless of disease severity.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study used US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases to build a cohort of US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19</snippet> with two control groups for comparison. <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">Detailed analyses showed people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes compared with the contemporary control group</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Risks and burdens of post-acute diabetes increased in a graded fashion according to the severity of the acute phase, whether patients were non-hospitalised, hospitalized, or admitted to intensive care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study authors conclude diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, and post-acute care strategies should integrate screening and management of diabetes</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" by Sarwant Singh was published on Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the available search snippets contain the specific percentage data for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article's existence and publication details without providing the actual content or statistics. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article URL is https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>. To obtain the renewable electricity percentage, you would need to access the full article content directly.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was written by Sarwant Singh and published in Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage figure for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article exists and provide publication details, but do not include the actual renewable energy statistics from the article. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article URL is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>, but the renewable electricity percentage data is not accessible from these search results.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_TUFN3jC">The 15th POMS-HK International Conference is scheduled for 3–5 January 2025 at the Chinese University of Hong Kong</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jE7LWrz">The 14th POMS-HK International Conference was held on 5–6 January 2024 at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5nVopPR,S_DzBPmor">The 12th POMS-HK International Conference took place on 8-9 January 2022 at Lingnan University</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Br57QvT">The 13th POMS-HK International Conference was held on 7-8 January 2023 at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University</snippet>. These data indicate the conference typically occurs in early January each year. However, <snippet id="">the search results do not contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta</snippet>, so a direct comparison cannot be made with the provided snippets alone.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_mBwOV4H">The POMS-HK International Conference is held annually in early January in Hong Kong, with the 15th conference scheduled for January 3-5, 2025, the 14th for January 5-6, 2024, and the 13th for January 7-8, 2023</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_jE7LWrz,S_TUFN3jC,S_DzBPmor,S_mBwOV4H,S_Br57QvT,S_ULVAUtt,S_wmyEfiy,S_5nVopPR">none of the provided search snippets contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta or its specific dates</snippet>. Therefore, I cannot definitively compare which conference starts first without additional search results about the Atlanta meeting.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse ERVs are classified into three classes based on pol sequence similarity, with class I resembling gamma- and epsilon-retroviruses (including MLVs) and class II resembling alpha-, beta-, and delta-retroviruses</snippet>. <snippet id="S_wHW5Oiu">ERV1 corresponds to Gammaretroviruses and Epsilonretroviruses, while ERV2 is classified into 10 subgroups belonging to the Betaretrovirus lineage</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">Functional MLV elements include Emv loci that can produce infectious recombinant MLVs through recombination, with Emv2 in C57BL/6 mice demonstrating this capability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">IAP (Intracisternal A-particle) elements are murine-specific retroviral transposable elements that can lead to disease if they insert near genes, with domesticus showing a higher proportion of variable bases from active IAP subtypes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ejVsieR">Phylogenetic analyses classify retroviruses into five major clades, with class I ERVs including viruses related to gammaretroviruses and epsilonretroviruses</snippet>. However, the available snippets do not provide specific examples of IAP elements with documented retrotransposition and phenotypic consequences like the Avy agouti locus, nor quantitative details on MLV copy numbers and activity rates across strains.
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<answer>
Mouse endogenous retroviruses utilize a three-class system where MLV representatives belong to Class I (gammaretrovirus-like) and IAP elements belong to Class II (betaretrovirus-like), sharing nomenclature with human ERVs where Class I aligns with ERV1 and Class II with ERV2 <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_wHW5Oiu">. Functionally, endogenous MLVs such as Emv2 can undergo recombination to restore replication competence and produce infectious virus particles in strains like C57BL/6 mice <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. These infectious recombinant MLVs have been identified in murine cancer cell lines, where they contribute to leukemogenesis and tumor development <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. In contrast, IAP elements are autonomous long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons capable of active retrotransposition, contributing to genetic variation <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">. IAP elements are abundant, with approximately 1000 copies per cell, and specific subtypes like ID1 remain active in Mus musculus subspecies <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_VrGqnwN">. Active IAP insertions in Mus musculus domesticus account for a significant proportion of subspecies-specific polymorphisms, indicating ongoing mobilization <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_jaGb9lk,S_Gj9myfY">Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs by retrieving evidence from external knowledge bases before generation</snippet>, enabling models to generate responses conditioning on relevant evidence rather than relying solely on internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_PbQaaQw">RAG retrieves reliable documents before LLMs respond to a query, allowing them to collaboratively generate responses by leveraging retrieved external non-parameterized knowledge alongside their internal knowledge</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">Research shows RAG can significantly reduce hallucinated content and enhance the accuracy, reliability, and faithfulness of model outputs, though its effectiveness heavily relies on the quality of retrieval mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6v3TJp1,S_MJvgffY">Active Retrieval-Augmented (ARA) frameworks further optimize this by selectively activating retrieval based on difficulty metrics and filtering out unreliable results, achieving significant hallucination reduction across benchmarks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HHkW9B0">RAG is categorized as a retrieval-augmented correction approach that utilizes external resources such as factual documents as prompts or chain-of-retrieval prompting techniques</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">RAG also suffers from hallucinations including potential error accumulation within the pipeline and trade-offs between diversity and factuality</snippet>.
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<answer>
Research from 2023–2025 consistently demonstrates that Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. Multiple studies confirm that RAG enables models to generate responses conditioning on retrieved evidence from external knowledge bases, significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing factual accuracy <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY,S_PbQaaQw">. The technique works by retrieving reliable documents before generation, allowing LLMs to leverage external non-parameterized knowledge alongside internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_OARPrNN">. However, research also cautions that RAG's effectiveness heavily depends on retrieval mechanism quality, and the approach is not without limitations such as error accumulation and citation inaccuracies <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_Gj9myfY">. Several implementations, including Active Retrieval Augmentation frameworks, have empirically validated that optimal retrieval settings can significantly reduce hallucinations <snippet id="S_MJvgffY,S_6v3TJp1">.
</answer>


The search results do not contain any specific ITOPF, IOPC Funds, or IMO case history reports for the Hebei Spirit oil spill. All available snippets reference the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico (2010) rather than the Hebei Spirit incident in the Bohai Sea, China (2007) <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ,S_DqGbf1z,S_i5aMNhp,S_0baMwGe,S_8WsCupd,S_B84eK7e,S_n6iBrLE,S_deSmbWp">The search results primarily contain information about the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (2010) rather than the Hebei Spirit (2007)</snippet>. While some snippets mention general oil spill response techniques such as booms, skimmers, dispersants, and shoreline cleanup methods, they do not provide Hebei Spirit-specific operational details <snippet id="S_ys41PcL">Common cleanup techniques include containment and recovery using booms and skimmers, dispersants, and burning</snippet>. No snippet in the results addresses Korean government, ITOPF, or IOPC Funds reports for this specific incident <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">The search results do not contain Hebei Spirit-specific ITOPF or IOPC Funds case history data</snippet>. The agent will need to conduct additional searches using more targeted Korean authority or international incident database queries to find the requested Hebei Spirit response details.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="">No relevant information about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill was found in the search results.</snippet> The provided snippets all concern the Deepwater Horizon (2010, Gulf of Mexico) spill or general response capabilities in other regions like the Chinese Bohai Sea. Specifically, they discuss Deepwater Horizon shoreline oiling, SCAT surveys, dispersant use, boom and skimmer deployment, and cleanup worker participation. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ">Deepwater Horizon oil stranded on 1,773 km of shoreline with 660 km receiving authorized cleanup</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_i5aMNhp">18 SCAT teams surveyed over 7,058 kilometers of shoreline</snippet>. The Boi Sea snippets discuss mechanical facility storage quantities for skimmers and booms. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">The Bohai Sea survey found 133,420 m of floating booms, 9,632 kL/h for skimmers, and 100 vessels available</snippet>. No Hebei Spirit case history from ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean authorities was included in these results.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_QMZd9uN,S_NFdiZQm">Vertical eDNA distribution in lakes shows strong seasonal stratification, with warm-water fish eDNA concentrated above the thermocline and cold-water fish eDNA below, while during turnover the eDNA becomes homogenous throughout the water column</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eR9pNyf">Thermocline depths (metalimnion) range from 0.75 to 3.2 m, with sampling locations 20 m offshore and nearshore within 1 m of the shoreline indicating distinct vertical distribution and stratification in littoral and pelagic zones</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nblzMDI">The thermocline was confirmed between 4.60-6.60 m from the surface, with eDNA sampling occurring during stratification and turnover conditions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7ms3BbK">During stratification, eDNA detection varies significantly by depth, with cold-water stenotherms like lake trout primarily found at the bottom and warm-water minnows more abundant at the surface, while the thermocline marks a sharp transition in species detection</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DCoNvvE">eDNA is patchily distributed in lakes, necessitating multiple sampling points for detection, with vertical distribution influenced by thermal stratification that affects detection of cold-water species below the thermocline in summer</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_qZTbA6e,S_7ms3BbK>Stratification leads to distinct microhabitat isolation where cold-water stenotherms are detectable only in midwater and deep habitats while warm-water minnows are abundant at the surface</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_QMZd9uN,S_7ms3BbK>community detection becomes more uniform across depths during autumn turnover when water column mixing occurs</snippet>. <snippet id=S_eR9pNyf,S_nblzMDI>Thermocline depths vary significantly between lakes, ranging from 0.75 to 3.2 m in some cases to 4.60 to 6.60 m in others</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DCoNvvE,S_qZTbA6e>Patchy distribution necessitates multiple sampling points across depths rather than single samples to capture community heterogeneity</snippet>.
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<snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil is a professional football club based in Hebron, which is a major city in the Southern West Bank</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>The club competes in the West Bank Premier League and has won the Palestinian FA Cup multiple times</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil is one of the prominent clubs in the West Bank football league system</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>The club's home matches are played at a stadium in the nearby municipality of Dura</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>The club has won the Palestinian Cup several times under FIFA's regulations</snippet>.
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Based on the search results, the major cities in the Southern West Bank include Hebron (Khalil), which has professional clubs like <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil</snippet>. The club Shabab Al-Dhahiriya from the city of Ad-Dhahiriya is also located in the Southern West Bank <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>. However, the search results do not contain sufficient information about which specific club has won the Palestinian Cup multiple times and plays in a nearby municipality rather than its home city. Additional research is needed to determine the exact club meeting all criteria mentioned in the query.
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<snippet id="S_Ex1kQjb">The search results provide a snapshot of Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates as of 09/18/2025, showing a 3-month rate of 4.03%</snippet> and <snippet id="S_Ex1kQjb">1-year rate of 3.61%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LNwC0St">Official Treasury data is available through the Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates page on the Treasury.gov resource center</snippet>, which includes XML and historical data feeds. <snippet id="S_2WbtkJ5">The Treasury Daily Interest Rate Feed provides daily interest rate data in Extensible Markup Language (XML) format</snippet> for programmatic access. <snippet id="S_9NRdU6Z">These rates are indicative closing market bid quotations on the most recently auctioned Treasury Bills</snippet> in the over-the-counter market. <snippet id="S_pwGFHPE">The Treasury's official yield curve uses a par yield curve derived using a monotone convex method</snippet> with inputs from bid-side market price quotations.
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<snippet id=S_Ex1kQjb>As of September 18, 2025, the 3-month Treasury rate was 4.03%</snippet>. The Treasury provides official yield curve data through its Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates page <snippet id=S_LNwC0St,S_9NRdU6Z,S_Ex1kQjb>. The 10-year rate is available through the same data source, though the snippet cuts off after showing rates for maturities up to 3 years. The Treasury's yield curve methodology uses indicative, bid-side market price quotations to derive par yields <snippet id=S_pwGFHPE,S_AsPkpls>. Official rates can also be accessed via the Treasury's daily interest rate XML feed or API documentation <snippet id=S_2WbtkJ5,S_4AaXlpd>.
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<snippet id="S_hAqLMYW,S_VSuv8i0">Recent reviews on catastrophic climate change scenarios suggest global warming above 5°C is "beyond catastrophic" while warming above 6°C is deemed an "indisputable global catastrophe"</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">the term "catastrophic climate change" remains undefined in scientific literature</snippet>. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">A research agenda proposes four key strands: understanding extreme climate change dynamics, exploring climate-triggered mass morbidity and mortality pathways, investigating social fragility and risk cascades, and synthesizing findings into integrated catastrophe assessments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">Some tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling social cost of carbon up to an eightfold increase in optimal carbon price</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">Beyond climate risks, other severe global catastrophic risks (GCRs) include abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios where sudden aerosol releases could disrupt sunlight and impact food production</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">However, catastrophic climate change scenarios remain dangerously underexplored compared to current understanding</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0NH1BPy">For disease-related risks, scoping reviews emphasize the need for holistic risk assessment approaches integrating human, pathogen, and vector interactions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DtXVFtK">Disaster risk management research agendas note that DRM practices must adapt as societal understanding of risks evolves</snippet>.
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The recent search returned primarily climate-focused catastrophic risk literature, with "Climate Endgame" studies emerging as key references defining catastrophe thresholds. Warming above 5°C is categorized as "beyond catastrophic," while warming above 6°C constitutes an "indisputable global catastrophe," with 3°C by century's end marking extreme climate change <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">temperature thresholds for catastrophic outcomes are now being clarified</snippet>. Tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon to an eightfold increase in optimal carbon pricing <snippet id="S_60jj79u">tipping point probabilities demonstrate fat tail risk characteristics</snippet>. However, bad-to-worst-case climate scenarios remain poorly understood despite reasons to suspect they could drive worldwide societal collapse or eventual human extinction <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">catastrophic climate scenarios are underexplored yet critically important</snippet>. Food system risks include abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios that could trigger multiple bread-basket failures and global-scale well-being threats <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">global catastrophic food system risks are identified as existential threats</snippet>. Sea level rise research similarly defines "Extremely high risk" as exceeding socioecological coping capacity and possibly leading to existential or catastrophic outcomes <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">coastal settlement risks reach existential catastrophe thresholds at very high sea level rise</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY,S_bChTerS">Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early stages of carcinogenesis and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity</snippet>, with experimental studies emphasizing their chemopreventive and therapeutic potential <snippet id="S_RulQFFI,S_jvAGRUW">through mechanisms including flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, and terpenoids</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to factors like dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms</snippet>. A major translational challenge highlighted across multiple sources is <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW,S_St3cdIq">low bioavailability and toxicity</snippet>, which can be potentially overcome with <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">nanoparticle delivery mechanisms</snippet> and chemical analogs <snippet id="S_giUXm46">. Preclinical evidence supports combinational therapy</snippet>, where phytochemicals enhance the therapeutic potential of traditional chemotherapeutic drugs <snippet id="S_RE7a53S">. Despite promising experimental data</snippet>, <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">more clinical studies with different phytochemicals are needed to establish safety and efficacy</snippet> for clinical translation.
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Recent reviews have synthesized therapeutic effects of natural products on cervical cancer through inflammatory pathways, highlighting compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, curcumin, and paclitaxel with data primarily from 2010-2021 studies<snippet id="S_RulQFFI">. Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">. Challenges associated with phytochemical use include low bioavailability and toxicity, which may be addressed through chemical analogs, adjuvant therapies, and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms<snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">. Experimental evidence emphasizes chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of plant-derived substances, with combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs shown to enhance therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells<snippet id="S_bChTerS">. Research on phytochemicals against HPV-induced cervical cancer necessitates further investigation into efficacy and safety, particularly through concurrent therapies targeting HPV-mediated mechanisms<snippet id="S_St3cdIq">. Current literature reviews continue to collect experimental works from the last five years elucidating anticancer mechanisms of plant-derived natural products in cervical cancer treatment<snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">.
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<snippet id="S_r2sDDAL">Trust in AI within public institutions is influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R1PS8iU">Public sector AI adoption differs from the private sector due to coercive elements, as citizens must use and pay for services, raising legitimacy questions; in politicized contexts, conflicts over "right" or "fair" decisions heighten the stakes, making trust and legitimacy foundational to public authority</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F456mxb">Trust levels increase if AI adds perceived value and if humans remain involved; transparency about AI use is essential for tracking trust changes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">Trust determinants include tangibility and immediacy behaviors, transparency, reliability, and task characteristics which predict cognitive trust in AI systems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">Public perception of AI is shaped by control of AI and ethics dimensions, with transparency and explainable models crucial for building trust</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PgHhtbO">Trust in government significantly influences user experiences with AI-based self-service technology in public service delivery, highlighting personalization and aesthetics as positive factors</snippet>.
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Trust in AI within public institutions is significantly influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems often viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers <snippet id="S_r2sDDAL,S_R1PS8iU">. Key determinants include transparency and explainability, which are essential for tracking trust changes and fostering responsible AI development <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp,S_1tU6Z3U">. Human oversight remains critical, as trust levels increase when humans remain involved in decision-making processes rather than being replaced entirely by AI <snippet id="S_F456mxb">. Reliability, tangibility, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust in AI systems, while anthropomorphism influences emotional trust <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">. Privacy concerns and data governance also negatively impact trust, particularly when citizens perceive potential privacy invasion <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">. Additionally, public perception of AI control, ethics, and perceived value of AI services are crucial determinants for acceptance in public service contexts <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U,S_F456mxb">. Technological competence and familiarity with AI also correlate with higher trust in AI capabilities across different public service domains <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">.
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<snippet id=b99d28d7-0>b99d28d7-9>Clean (2021) is available to stream on AMC+, Disney Plus, Hulu, Sundance Now, Philo, The Roku Channel, Fandango at Home, Prime Video, and Apple TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-8>Decider lists it as available on Tubi TV, Hulu, and AMC+</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-4>JustWatch confirms you can watch the movie streaming on Amazon Prime Video, Amazon Prime Video with Ads, or for free with ads on Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5>Philo also offers the film with a free trial option</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-6>NetFlix carries the movie in some regions</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>Apple TV lists it under AMC+ subscription service</snippet>.
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<snippet id=b99d28d7-0,b99d28d7-9>Clean is available to stream on multiple platforms including AMC+, Hulu, Prime Video, Apple TV, Tubi, and Roku</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>AMC+ is specifically mentioned as one of the available streaming services for the film</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-1,b99d28d7-2,b99d28d7-4>It can also be accessed through Hulu, Amazon Prime Video, and Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5,b99d28d7-8>Philo and other services like Sundance Now and Disney+ offer the movie as well</snippet>.
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The search results do not contain specific empirical evidence about negotiated assessment or student co-creation of assessment tasks/criteria in higher education. While several snippets discuss learning outcomes and assessment in general contexts <snippet id="S_dUrCta4">learning outcomes are used throughout assessment processes in higher education</snippet> and their evaluation <snippet id="S_u5mSiUG">the evaluation of learning outcomes is crucial for assessing the effectiveness of educational interventions</snippet>, none address student involvement in designing assessments. The available literature focuses on teacher effectiveness <snippet id="S_G7aERKv">a scoping review examines teacher effectiveness in higher education</snippet>, quality assurance in outcome-based education <snippet id="S_ssr4mB9">Fostering Sustainable Quality Assurance Practices in Outcome-Based Education</snippet>, and peer assessment reliability <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">A Systematic Review of Peer Assessment Design Elements</snippet>, but does not include studies on student-generated assessments or negotiated assessment formats. No randomized controlled trial or systematic review specifically on student co-creation of assessment criteria was identified in these results. Therefore, the current search does not provide the quantitative effects or direct evaluations needed to determine whether involving students in assessment design is advisable or effective.

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The provided search results do not contain specific empirical evidence or randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or student co-created rubrics in higher education <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv,S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">. Instead, the available literature focuses on broader concepts such as Outcome-Based Education frameworks, general peer assessment design elements, and teacher effectiveness metrics <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv">. While one systematic review notes that reliability and validity are frequently underreported in peer assessment studies, it does not quantify the impact of student involvement in task design <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">. Additional snippets discuss conceptual tensions in learning outcomes or the influence of educational technology without addressing assessment negotiation specifically <snippet id="S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">.
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<snippet id="S_wzDgj5A">Endocytosis delivers extracellular materials to lysosomes for degradation while trafficking between endosomes and the TGN delivers enzymes and V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_gCWDTWV">lysosomes receive soluble hydrolases and membrane proteins from the trans-Golgi network through M6P receptor-dependent and -independent pathways involving endocytosis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_idvg3li">Lysosomes can release their contents through lysosomal exocytosis, which aids in plasma membrane repair and the secretion of enzymes</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_gvPHAb9">lysosomal exocytosis causes efflux of lysosomal enzymes like sphingomyelinase that facilitates endocytosis-mediated removal and resealing of damaged plasma membrane</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_pfxfGLI">a general downregulation of endocytosis during aging or senescence has been observed, with components like βPIX or GIT being downregulated in senescent cells</snippet>, suggesting endocytic capacity may decline with age. <snippet id="S_mWADzHZ">Impaired lysosomal acidification and reduced hydrolase activity can adversely impact the ability of macrophages to handle exogenous phagocytic cargo</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_BXMwwcV">endocytosed materials can impair lysosomal function and endocytosis, potentially due to alterations in lysosomal pH</snippet>. The available evidence does not directly establish endocytosis as a protective mechanism against lysosomal dysfunction, but rather describes endocytosis as a process that delivers materials to lysosomes for degradation. <snippet id="S_EhS0ch1">Recent studies suggest that lysosomal exocytosis stimulation may have beneficial effects on the accumulation of unprocessed aggregates, leading to their extracellular elimination</snippet>, which could indirectly support lysosomal health by clearing accumulated material.
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<snippet id=S_wzDgj5A,S_Y2SP2EN>Endocytosis maintains cellular homeostasis by delivering extracellular and intracellular materials to lysosomes, where they are degraded as part of the autophagy-lysosomal-endosomal system</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_wzDgj5A>Trafficking between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network is imperative for the maintenance of lysosomal fitness as it delivers enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id=S_gCWDTWV>Lysosome biogenesis also requires endocytic pathways, as lysosomal membrane proteins can be delivered via vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane followed by endocytosis</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC,S_Ykw4nQx">Calendar aging is primarily driven by temperature, with degradation accelerating at elevated temperatures and following Arrhenius or Eyring equation dependencies</snippet>, <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">while Keil et al. (2016) examined NCA, NMC, and LFP at 25°C, 45°C, and 50°C over 300 days, finding capacity fade did not increase linearly with SOC</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">In contrast, cycle aging at low temperatures shows dramatic degradation: a graphite/NMC battery's cycle life falls from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C</snippet>, <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">with a 16 Ah graphite/NMC battery losing 75% of capacity after 50 cycles at 5°C compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">The research highlights lithium plating and SEI film growth compete under fast charging conditions, with lithium plating being particularly critical at low temperatures</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">Geisbauer et al. (2021) studied six LIB chemistries under varying SOC levels (2%, 38%, 100%) and temperatures (18.5°C, 50°C, 60°C) over 120-150 days, finding higher temperatures and SOC levels significantly increased capacity degradation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">Notably, NMC cells experienced accelerated fading at 100% SOC, while NCA cells showed modest aging acceleration above 90% SOC</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RHMJrIs">Research by Keli et al. indicates the graphite electrode significantly impacts capacity fade, particularly when lithiated beyond 50%, as low anode potential accelerates loss of cyclable lithium</snippet>.
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<answer>
Calendar aging follows the Arrhenius equation, where elevated temperatures accelerate aging processes through increased reaction rates, making temperature regulation essential for reducing degradation <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">. SEI growth is the dominant calendar aging mechanism at high temperatures (e.g., 55°C storage), causing pore clogging and film resistance increase in anodes <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">. Higher temperatures and SOC levels significantly increase capacity degradation and internal resistance during calendar aging, with studies showing accelerated fading at 50-60°C storage <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">. In contrast, cyclic aging experiences dramatically accelerated degradation at low temperatures during charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C for graphite/NMC batteries <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. At 5°C, a 16 Ah graphite/NMC battery loses 75% capacity after only 50 cycles compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C, driven primarily by lithium plating rather than SEI growth <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. The Arrhenius law describes temperature dependence of cyclic aging reaction rates, though lithium plating at sub-zero temperatures creates an inflection point that fundamentally alters degradation mechanisms compared to calendar aging <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">.
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The provided search snippets do not contain the exact threshold value from the Scientific Reports article. None of the snippets reference the specific variables "rC,ave" or "ΔGave" threshold that you are seeking. The results instead discuss general topics such as China's research evaluation reform, internationalization of higher education, and China's influence on global science <snippet id="S_PtOIRGk">China's research evaluation reform has significantly influenced global science by promoting the use of Science Citation Index (SCI) papers as a primary metric for assessing research quality</snippet> <snippet id="S_RXJTnMw">In 2018, China significantly influenced global science, particularly in physical sciences STEM, where its share of Scopus papers rose from 8.5% in 2000 to 27.7%</snippet>. To find the specific threshold value, you may need to search the full text of the Scientific Reports article directly or use the DOI/author names to locate the exact paper <snippet id="S_maWNX2u">Chinese government funding has been pivotal, with seven agencies supporting over 114,000 publications, notably the National Natural Science Foundation of China, which alone contributed to nearly 75,000 publications</snippet>.

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<snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_NyxI5ht,S_RTxg6u0,S_PnWYPRp,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u">None of the provided search results contain information about a Scientific Reports article with the specific variables rC,ave and ΔGave or their critical threshold values</snippet>. The retrieved snippets discuss various aspects of Chinese research output, publication incentives, and global science influence, but none reference the target paper with the threshold information the agent is seeking <snippet id="S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t">The only mentions of "Chinese scholars" in global research context appear in titles without corresponding content</snippet>. The agent may need to refine their search with more specific terms such as "Scientific Reports rC,ave ΔGave threshold" without the broader China influence query to locate the exact paper.
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<snippet id="22895,68190,89881">Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) was an 18th-century Swedish naturalist who formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy</snippet>. <snippet id="22895,68190,89881">He introduced the two-part Latin species name (genus + specific epithet) and hierarchical ranks (kingdom, class, order, genus, species) in works such as Systema Naturae (first edition 1735)</snippet>. <snippet id="68190">His system standardized classification across plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and other organisms, forming the basis of modern scientific naming</snippet>. <snippet id="22895">Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaeus taught at Uppsala, wrote chiefly in Latin, and was ennobled in 1761 as Carl von Linné</snippet>. <snippet id="89881">His botanical "sexual system" classified plants by stamens and pistils and remained popular and influential</snippet>. <snippet id="89881">Linnaean taxonomy endures as the basis for naming and organizing biodiversity, though additional ranks and evolutionary concepts were later added</snippet>.
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Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), an 18th-century Swedish naturalist, formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy <snippet id="22895, 68190">. He introduced a two-part Latin naming system (genus + specific epithet), such as Homo sapiens, through his publication of Systema Naturae (first edition 1735) <snippet id="22895, 89881">. Linnaeus also established hierarchical classification ranks including kingdom, class, order, genus, and species <snippet id="22895, 89881">. His system standardized biological classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming <snippet id="68190">. Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaean taxonomy continues to serve as the foundation for organizing biodiversity <snippet id="22895, 89881">.
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The work in question is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Tony Horwitz <snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Confederates in the Attic retraces the voyages of Captain James Cook</snippet>. Horwitz's book specifically retraces the journeys of the British explorer Captain James Cook across the Pacific <snippet id=1701849e-5>retracing Cook's voyages across the Pacific</snippet>, following a specific route through the Pacific islands <snippet id=1701849e-6>retracing the voyages across the Pacific of the British explorer</snippet>. This aligns with the agent's details about a Pulitzer-winning journalist retracing British explorer voyages through Pacific locations and an 18th-century ship replica.
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<answer>
<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Tony Horwitz</snippet>, which retraces the voyages of British explorer Captain James Cook across the Pacific <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>. Cook was from Yorkshire, a county in northern England, and his historic HMS Endeavour has been reconstructed for modern voyages <snippet id=1701849e-6>. The book follows a specific route through Pacific island countries that Cook originally visited during his explorations <snippet id=1701849e-5>. Horwitz's approach combines historical research with personal adventure travel to explore Cook's legacy <snippet id=1701849e-1>. This work differed from Horwitz's previous books by focusing on a specific exploration route across the Pacific Ocean <snippet id=1701849e-6>.
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<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH,S_rm0f44F">The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM) by necessitating remote work and digitalization, with remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe,S_NBYIjl3">Extraordinary changes caused by COVID-19 enforced companies to accelerate transition to digital business processes, with HRM needing to manage people to enable business continuity and ensure work-life balance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sFMyq5N,S_3pi5rBi">The pandemic challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention to understand the intersection of COVID-19 and HRM, with the CEDEL model (complicator–exposer–disruptor–enabler–legitimizer) conceptualizing the role of COVID-19 in sustainable HRM</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hGtii0p">The shift to online training highlighted challenges in teamwork and productivity, with studies revealing the need for S-HRD principles to enhance employee engagement and adaptability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EFHhJY4">However, there is a lack of information in the literature regarding the factors that affect digitally transforming HR practices during COVID-19, requiring further research to understand these determinants</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_CbPhWNe">The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), with remote work necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms and e-HRM practices</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH,Sn_rm0f44F">Research indicates this acceleration has been global in scope, with one study noting remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi,S_sFMyq5N">Systematic literature reviews characterize COVID-19 as a complicator-disruptor-enabler that challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">The crisis established lasting implications including more flexible, remote-friendly digital working norms that organizations must address through new policies and hybrid working models</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_xBncrdH">Preprints are preliminary reports not yet peer-reviewed that are shared on platforms like arXiv, MedRxiv, and bioRxiv</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE,S_bwHcUi2">these platforms emphasize that their materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">bioRxiv implements a screening process to filter out inappropriate content, including automated plagiarism detection and manual reviews for spam or inappropriate content</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_lUJRGnM">seventy-five percent of preprint platforms examined providing details about their screening processes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">The pre-peer review screening process involves checks before a paper is sent for peer review, including plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language and quality of expression</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">the screening is described as a coarse filter and does not guarantee the validity of the content</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lUJRGnM,S_x0z3ScE">Some platforms, including bioRxiv and medRxiv, specifically reject submissions that could pose health or biosecurity risks</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">Despite the absence of peer review, which is traditionally seen as a quality assurance mechanism, preprints are still valuable to the research community</snippet>, but <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">they do not guarantee external quality control</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">arXiv performs pre-peer review screening that includes plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language quality</snippet>, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">but does not conduct formal peer review before posting</snippet>. Key quality control measures on arXiv include <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">author registration and endorsement requirements, completeness checks, relevance verification, plagiarism detection, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>, unlike bioRxiv and medRxiv which screen for material that could endanger public health or pose biosecurity risks. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">ArXiv emphasizes that its materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. Despite the absence of peer review, preprints on arXiv still undergo screening as a "coarse filter" to exclude nonscientific or inappropriate content, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">though this does not guarantee validity of the content</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kOME3NW">The interactive reading (IR) task is a framework for AIG and automatic scoring of reading comprehension passages and a suite of questions associated with the passage</snippet>. <snippet id="S_n6aoW4b">The text underscores the importance of vocabulary in reading proficiency, particularly for academic English</snippet>. However, the provided snippets do not contain explicit definitions or contrasts for "intensive" reading as a category separate from "interactive" or "extensive" reading, nor do they provide concrete classroom task examples for each of the seven assessment types outlined by Brown.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books.</snippet> <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams.</snippet>
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores for automatic medical fact-checking</snippet>, demonstrating that domain-specific models outperform general language models in this medical fact-checking task. <snippet id="S_wkwj2K0">The framework fine-tuned pre-trained models including SCIBERT, BIOBERT v1.0, and BIOBERT v1.1 on the PUBHEALTH dataset for downstream fact-checking label prediction</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">BIOBERT is trained on abstracts from PubMed and full article texts from PubMed Central, demonstrating higher accuracies compared to BERT for biomedical domain tasks</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">SCIBERT is trained on 1.14M Semantic Scholar articles relating to computer science and biomedical sciences, showing improvements over original BERT for in-domain tasks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HA4fMd9">Datasets such as COVIDFact, HealthVer, and SCIFACT verify claims against scientific literature, providing benchmarks for comparing domain-specific vs general models</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">The HEALTHVER dataset contains 14,330 evidence-claim pairs that validate real-world claims against scientific articles, showing that training on real-world medical claims greatly improves performance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">Additional studies on HEALTHVER, COVID-Fact, and SCI-FACT datasets show that domain-specific models achieve better performance in zero-shot and few-shot settings</snippet>.
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<answer>
Research on medical fact-checking shows that domain-specific language models often outperform general models on health claim verification tasks. On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores compared to BERT and other baseline models <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. BioBERT demonstrates higher accuracies than BERT for biomedical tasks including named entity recognition, relation extraction, and question answering in the biomedical domain <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. Similarly, SCIBERT shows improvements over the original BERT and outperforms it in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. However, performance varies by dataset; on SCIFACT, RoBERTa-large achieved the best performance among the sentence encoders tested, including SciBERT and BioMedRoBERTa <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. Additionally, training deep learning models on real-world medical claims substantially improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf,S_ouqwh6C">The waterfall model is a traditional, linear and sequential software development approach where progress flows through distinct phases such as requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance</snippet>, <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">with each phase requiring completion before the next begins, and outputs including documents that are signed-off before proceeding</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">In contrast, the iterative model allows for initial simplified implementations that evolve through multiple iterations</snippet>, <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX">with phases being executed iteratively as the project elaborates, including requirement analysis for each iteration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX">This integration of Waterfall and Iterative approaches, also noted as "Waterative," incorporates agile principles like product backlogs and user stories</snippet>, <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">providing more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to the rigid waterfall structure</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX">Finally, iterative development completion is typically followed by systems integration testing (SIT) and user acceptance testing (UAT)</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">The traditional waterfall model is defined as a linear, sequential software development approach where each phase must be completed before the next begins, with strict documentation and sign-offs required between stages</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">In contrast, "iterative waterfall" (also called "Waterative") executes waterfall phases iteratively as the project elaborates, incorporating requirement analysis for each iteration with design followed by product backlog creation using Scrum framework's agile principles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model allows incremental changes and divided project parts with repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation, enabling more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to waterfall</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">A key distinction is that waterfall accommodates substantial requirement changes with significant disruption, whereas iterative approaches emphasize evolving implementations with each cycle enhancing previous work</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz,S_u8WEXgX">Waterfall is characterized by sequential phases requiring strict documentation and end products per stage, while iterative/wative approaches include unit testing during sprints followed by systems integration testing and user acceptance testing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">Waterfall approaches work well for simple, straightforward projects, but are less suitable for complex projects requiring flexibility</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_IbmwH6I,S_ipBYA4S">Digital transformation in banking encompasses digital financial services, mobile banking, digital payments, and fintech platforms that provide accessible and affordable financial services to underserved populations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X">Research shows digital transformation enhances financial inclusion and operational efficiency, with studies indicating a strong relationship between digital payments, financial inclusion, and institutional operational efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AlV0rKF">Empirical evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa demonstrates that digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability and negatively correlates with non-performing loans</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cecyK56">The economic impact varies by income level, with digital financial inclusion being more significant in low-income countries due to inefficiencies in traditional banking</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ipBYA4S,S_Q1OC4lz">However, research on Fintech's impact on financial inclusion is limited, and digital financial services may not always achieve genuine inclusivity for women and underprivileged communities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kq45sEh">Challenges remain including data security, regulatory issues, user digital literacy, and infrastructure considerations across emerging markets</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IbmwH6I,S_Dw5oN7X">Policy recommendations include promoting digital finance through education, establishing regulatory frameworks that treat digital and traditional finance as complementary, and addressing information asymmetry to expand access for households and MSMEs</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X>S digital transformation in banking is defined as the application of innovative technologies, particularly digital payments, to enhance financial inclusion and operational efficiency</snippet>, with research showing it <snippet id=S_4uYEvn0>S diminishes the impact of income levels on financial service access</snippet> while enhancing account ownership and savings. <snippet id=S_cecyK56>S Economic impact varies by income level: in low-income countries, digital financial inclusion is more significant than traditional finance due to banking inefficiencies</snippet>, whereas in middle-income countries both forms complement each other. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability (z-score) and negatively with non-performing loans</snippet>, though increased bank competition negatively affects stability according to the competition-fragility hypothesis. <snippet id=S_kq45sEh>S Challenges include data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy</snippet>, with findings from Sub-Saharan Africa, ASEAN, and EU contexts; <snippet id=S_cecyK56,S_Q1OC4lz>Yemen-specific evidence is sparse and limited by fragile state conditions</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Policy recommendations emphasize promoting digital financial literacy, regulatory frameworks treating digital and traditional finance as complementary</snippet>, and strategic measures to maintain bank stability alongside inclusion initiatives.
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<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776">Harry H. Corbett appears briefly as a policeman in Never Look Back (1952)</snippet>, confirming the credit the agent was investigating. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The film was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>. <snippet id="55190">The production was Michael Carreras's first production</snippet> at Hammer. <snippet id="81776">Hugh Sinclair stars as fiancé who prosecutes the case</snippet>, while <snippet id="55190">the film was released 26 May 1952 in the UK</snippet>. <snippet id="86941">It runs 73 minutes as a British courtroom melodrama</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The 1952 British drama Never Look Back was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett appears in a brief supporting role as a policeman</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Hugh Sinclair is confirmed as a main star in the cast, playing the prosecutor</snippet>. The production ran for 73 minutes and was shot at Mancunian Studios between September and October 1951.
</answer>


The provided search snippets describe the methodology and indices used to assess beta-cell function (such as the disposition index, insulinogenic index, and acute insulin response) but do not contain specific findings linking visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation to these beta-cell function metrics <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_2GRyVKu,S_DYXy4QI">The disposition index is calculated as the product of insulinogenic index and insulin sensitivity indices (e.g., Matsuda index) to estimate beta-cell function</snippet> <snippet id="S_0G85ZD2,S_C0qRRFi">Adipose tissue insulin resistance affects beta-cell function through mechanisms involving free fatty acid turnover and insulin secretion dynamics</snippet> <snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">Studies in obese adults have measured visceral adipose tissue insulin resistance and calculated disposition indices for beta-cell function</snippet>. However, none of the available snippets provide the specific evidence requested about VAT accumulation's relationship with insulinogenic index, AIRg, or disposition index values, nor do they include interventional trial data showing reversibility of beta-cell dysfunction with visceral fat reduction <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">Leptin and GM-CSF were found to be strongly negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI</snippet>. The snippets focus on the technical calculation of these indices rather than reporting the actual findings from adult human studies connecting VAT to beta-cell function outcomes.

<answer>
The provided search results do not directly address the relationship between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and pancreatic beta-cell function metrics in humans. The snippets primarily define how beta-cell function indices like the disposition index, insulinogenic index, and acute insulin response are calculated from OGTT or IVGTT data <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_77OipMD">the disposition index is calculated as the product of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion measures such as the insulinogenic index</snippet>. One study suggests adipose tissue insulin resistance affects beta-cell function assessment, noting that elevated plasma free fatty acids can impair β-cell function and proposing adjustments to the disposition index to account for adipose tissue <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2">incorporating adipose insulin resistance into assessments provides a more comprehensive index of β-cell function</snippet>. Another study reported that leptin and GM-CSF were negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI and hsCRP, indicating roles in inflammation and lipid metabolism <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">leptin and GM-CSF showed negative associations with the disposition index and positive correlations with BMI and inflammatory markers</snippet>. However, none of these snippets provide direct adult human evidence linking VAT or pancreatic fat specifically to beta-cell function measures like disposition index or acute insulin response as the agent was seeking.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources by one-third did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>, though it did increase exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduce uncivil language. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">Research compared various feed types including chronological and engagement-based feeds, finding that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mUfOdDp">However, a 2020 study by Guess et al. found no significant long-term effects of Facebook and Instagram's algorithms on users' affective polarization over a three-month period</snippet>, suggesting the impact of social media algorithms on long-term beliefs is complex. <snippet id="S_sJfbnsu">The U.S. 2020 Facebook and Instagram Election Study was a collaboration between academics and Meta researchers that provided unprecedented access to platform data and algorithms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EIYKoMB">Recent studies suggest that exposure to diverse perspectives can align local conflicts with broader partisan divides, supporting redesigning ranking algorithms to mitigate polarization</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>. The intervention aimed to decrease exposure to like-minded sources by one-third, which resulted in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">but did not lead to measurable changes in eight key political attitudes, including affective polarization and belief in false claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">An experiment compared various feed types, including chronological and engagement-based feeds, as well as innovative designs aimed at promoting democratic values</snippet>. Findings indicate that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans, but may inadvertently increase perceived threats to free speech among users <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">. The research also references other studies that examined the influence of exposure to like-minded sources and reshared content, noting that some studies found minimal effects on affective polarization</snippet>.

</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_StdTMvV">The CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions at 0.1° resolution using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level based on International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship data</snippet>, but none of the retrieved snippets provide specific documentation on how canonical IAMs (FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE) integrate tropical cyclone or flood damage functions. <snippet id="S_VGFFWS5">The HWCM approach enhances tropical cyclone risk assessments by simulating high-resolution wind and rain fields to evaluate storm flood damages in vulnerable communities</snippet>, though this focuses on risk assessment methodology rather than IAM integration. <snippet id="S_IAQSdJr">Synthetic tropical cyclone time series (1,000 years) improve flood predictions accuracy by 43 ha, 357 people, and US$ 0.46 million in mangrove protection valuations compared to 71 years of historical IBTrACS data</snippet>, demonstrating the economic value of improved storm modeling but not IAM implementation. The search results do not contain explicit documentation on FUND/PAGE/DICE/RICE modules for storm/flood damages or expected-annual-loss pipelines feeding IAMs.
</answer>

<answer>
Unfortunately, the provided search results do not contain specific information about how FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE, or other canonical IAMs incorporate extreme weather events into their damage functions. The available snippets focus on hazard modeling (CLIMADA model for tropical cyclones, mangrove flood protection services, hydrodynamic modeling) but do not document IAM integration methods <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>. No snippets describe how IAMs represent extremes as separate impact categories or stochastic shocks to capital/productivity, nor do they detail expected-annual-loss pipelines feeding IAM damages. There is also no evidence of empirically estimated event-specific damage functions (cyclone wind-based, flood depth–damage, heat-wave impacts) being aggregated to macro damages within specific IAM frameworks in these results.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK">HPV entry begins with the major capsid protein L1 binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) or Heparan Sulfate Syndecan (Sdc) proteoglycans on the cell membrane</snippet>, <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_06dh88l">which triggers conformational changes in L1 mediated by host cell factors such as cyclophilin B, exposing the N-terminus of the L2 protein</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK">The L2 protein is then cleaved by the cellular protease furin, which reduces L1's affinity for HSPGs and prepares the viral particle for entry</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_qd5yqrp">This process allows HPV to internalize via clathrin-independent endocytosis, reaching the nucleus within approximately 24 hours through post-endocytic trafficking</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9">Secondary receptors including integrin α6, CD151 tetraspanin, and annexin A2/S100A10 heterotetramer (A2t) are required for HPV uptake</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_06dh88l">Viral DNA is released from the capsid, potentially involving cyclophilins, and the virus enters basal cells of stratified squamous epithelium through micro-abrasions or wounds</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) entry typically begins at microlesions in the epithelium where the major capsid protein L1 binds to laminin-332 or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the basement membrane <S_9692W5p, S_06dh88l, S_ygceipK, S_4kyiDLH>. This initial attachment induces L1 conformational changes, often facilitated by Cyclophilin B, which exposes the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2 <S_9692W5p, S_ygceipK, S_sYaeZRH>. Proteolytic processing follows, where kallikrein-8 cleaves L1 and the cellular protease furin cleaves L2, reducing HSPG affinity and preparing the virion for internalization <S_6cL8am9, S_9692W5p, S_qd5yqrp>. Secondary interactions with receptors such as annexin A2, integrin α6, and tetraspanins like CD151 facilitate clathrin-independent endocytosis or macropinocytosis-like uptake <S_6cL8am9, S_Fgb4QWW, S_06dh88l>. Once internalized, the virus undergoes retrograde trafficking through endosomes and the Golgi network to reach the nucleus for genome release and replication <S_6cL8am9, S_IzJhLSD, S_qd5yqrp>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_FvypqMm">The Laplace mechanism has been applied to preserve privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions</snippet>, <snippet id="S_u2uIkcN">with noise calibrated to function sensitivity such as mean functions and frequency functions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5htVDhJ">The mechanism adds Laplace noise to function outputs with scale ∆f/ε to produce differentially private results</snippet>, <snippet id="S_gaV539r">where the noise is drawn from a Laplace distribution with mean 0 and scale Δ(f)/ε</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_dR6xJKK,S_3Vks9VQ,S_urqqOz8">the provided search snippets do not contain specific case studies or empirical applications of the Laplace mechanism on financial data published in the high-impact journals identified by the agent</snippet>. The snippets confirm the technical definition and properties of the Laplace mechanism <snippet id="S_oSOy7gF">but lack documented empirical implementations in banking, credit scoring, or financial aggregation contexts in top journals</snippet>. Further targeted searches in the specified journals would be needed to identify concrete financial data applications.
</answer>

<answer>
The search results provide limited evidence of concrete case studies from high-impact journals applying the Laplace mechanism specifically to financial/banking/credit transaction data. Two snippets mention financial applications: S_FvypqMm notes the Laplace mechanism can preserve "user privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions" within parking recommender system research <snippet id=S_FvypqMm>, and S_u2uIkcN states the mechanism enables "privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions" for prospect theoretic analysis <snippet id=S_u2uIkcN>. However, neither snippet explicitly confirms publication in high-impact journals like IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or major finance/economics journals that the agent prioritized <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_3Vks9VQ>. Most other search results discuss the Laplace mechanism in medical data <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG>, social networks <snippet id=S_XWjGWtA,S_gaV539r>, or power flow systems <snippet id=S_3Vks9VQ> rather than verified financial case studies. Additional searches targeting specific journals or verified financial domains would be needed to fully address the agent's goal.
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<answer>
<snippet id="21438">Jitendra Narayan (20 Dec 1886–20 Dec 1922) was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar</snippet> and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916. <snippet id="21438">As "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar" he played one first‑class cricket match (Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI v Lord Willingdon's XI) on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs in total</snippet>. <snippet id="21438">However, there is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>. <snippet id="57275">Sources indicate an association with a namesake Nripendra Narayan Academy and links to cricketing activity with a Prince of Wales's XI, but the crawled material is fragmentary</snippet>. <snippet id="71327">The claims regarding founding a Nripendra Narayan Academy or first-class cricket/Prince of Wales XI involvement are unverified/conflicting with the provided content</snippet>.

The agent's hypothesis about Jitendra Narayan having a son who succeeded him (Jagaddipendra Narayan) and the connection to Cooch Behar Palace are not confirmed in these search results.
</answer>

<answer>
Jitendra Narayan was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar <snippet id="21438">and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet> as an educational institution named after his father. He played one first‑class cricket match for "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI" against Lord Willingdon's XI on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs total <snippet id="21438">. There is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>, which contradicts one key element of the hypothesis that the match was against the Prince of Wales' XI during the 1921–22 India tour. Biographical details indicate he was linked to Cooch‑Behar Palace (also known as Victor Jubilee Palace) as the ruling Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar during his lifetime <snippet id="21438">, though succession by his offspring is not confirmed in the available snippets. Some sources present conflicting or fragmentary information about the academy founder and cricketing claims <snippet id="57275">, with sibling records listing him as having younger brothers but not documenting all biographical details consistently <snippet id="71327">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_gnrEepM">For LC-MS targeted quantification of therapeutic proteins, using two stable signature peptides (SPs) is emphasized for reliability, with protein-level and hybrid calibrations achieving good accuracy (error < 10%)</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_gnrEepM">peptide-level calibration showed significant negative biases (−23 to −62%) and discordant results between SPs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BFG6czq">In one mAb-ADC case study, two peptides from the tryptic digest (one quantitative, one qualitative) were used as signature peptides for total antibody assay</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_kjDg3lX">a bottom-up LC-MS/MS assay for Fc-engineered mAbs used two unique surrogate peptides from Fab or Fc regions for quantification</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1t8pQcf">The surrogate peptide method is a prevalent approach for quantifying total antibodies in ADC pharmacokinetic assessments, with stable isotopically labeled internal standards (SIL-IS) often used to enhance quantification accuracy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XWxG38W">However, for high-throughput strategies, methods using a minimum of three light and two heavy peptide fragments were optimized to enhance reproducibility</snippet>. The available evidence suggests using multiple signature peptides is standard for accurate mAb quantification in serum, though the specific number required may vary by method and application.
</answer>

<answer>
Current evidence suggests that using two signature peptides is recommended over a single peptide for reliable mAb quantification in serum. A study assessing calibration approaches for monoclonal antibody quantification emphasized "the importance of using two SPs for reliability" and found single peptide calibration had "significant negative biases" and "discordant results between SPs" <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>. Practical implementations in therapeutic protein studies typically employ multiple peptides; for instance, one Fc-engineered mAb PK assay determined concentrations using "multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides" <snippet id=S_kjDg3lX>. Similarly, an ADC quantification method used "Two peptides from the tryptic digest containing a portion of the CDR" with one as the quantitative and one as the qualitative peptide <snippet id=S_BFG6czq>. While single peptides can be detected, protein-level and hybrid calibrations with two SPs achieved "good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results" compared to peptide-level calibration which showed poor reliability <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_SvIkmlU,S_rtPxhtT">Umbrella reviews indicate that resistance training time of day does not significantly affect increases in muscle strength or hypertrophy, with both morning and evening training yielding similar results</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JKFS2Wu">However, one 24-week study found that evening resistance training resulted in a larger muscle cross-sectional area in men</snippet>, though Sedliak et al. observed similar trends that were statistically insignificant. <snippet id="S_HhyT8Rz">Research suggests the time of day for strength training can influence performance based on an individual's chronotype, with morning training reducing diurnal variation and evening training enhancing it</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gRYJWoz">Gender-specific findings show morning exercise in women enhances abdominal fat loss and increases lower body muscle power, while evening exercise in men greatly increases upper body muscle strength and power</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU,S_rtPxhtT">Overall, the evidence indicates personal preference should guide training timing, though more research is needed to verify if differences exist between morning versus evening training</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Umbrella reviews indicate that increases in muscle strength and mass do not significantly differ between morning and evening resistance training <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT,S_SvIkmlU>. Acute performance metrics typically peak around 6:00 p.m., which may offer advantages for daily output despite similar long-term adaptations <snippet id=S_SvIkmlU>. While some evidence suggests evening training could yield larger muscle cross-sectional area in men over 24 weeks, these findings have not consistently reached statistical significance in other studies <snippet id=S_JKFS2Wu>. Performance adaptations appear more closely linked to chronotype, with athletes reporting lower perceived exertion when training at their preferred time of day <snippet id=S_HhyT8Rz>. Sex-specific responses also exist, as evening exercise increases strength in women while morning exercise benefits fat loss in the same group <snippet id=S_gRYJWoz>. Therefore, experts recommend selecting training times based on personal preference to maximize adherence given the lack of clear superiority between schedules <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_ow0RlxD,S_b61oqd3">Research demonstrates that digital health inequities are perpetuated by socioeconomic barriers, with disparities based on age, income, education, and race/ethnicity</snippet>, <snippet id="S_rBaa6iD">while providers may lack specific training and competencies in digital health equity and cultural humility to address these disparities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_krnNJsl,S_VrMxYXW">The Association of American Medical Colleges reported 60% of medical schools included telemedicine in curricula, yet training gaps remain in digital literacy, accessibility, and cultural responsiveness</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TwqA5Qh,S_VrMxYXW">Competency frameworks like the Four P's (planning, preparing, providing, performance evaluation) have been developed to guide telehealth education and practice</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DUMUv4Q">Digital navigators require specific competencies in digital health and can be trained through 10-hour certification processes to support clinical teams</snippet>. <snippet id="S_paP0n66,S_ChDg9cS">Effective telehealth implementation must incorporate inclusive strategies addressing language barriers, varying levels of digital literacy, and disability while strengthening provider training</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_rBaa6iD>Providers may lack training and competencies in consideration of digital health equity and cultural humility</snippet>, while <snippet id=S_paP0n66,S_ChDg9cS>health policies must strengthen telehealth training to accommodate language barriers, cultural considerations, and varying levels of digital literacy</snippet>. <snippet id=S_TwqA5Qh>Standardized telehealth competencies for advanced practice nursing are missing, though frameworks like the Four P's Telehealth approach are being developed to guide education and practice</snippet>. <snippet id=S_VrMxYXW>Digital health training should be integrated into pre-registration qualifications to prepare graduates for telehealth roles</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DUMUv4Q>Emerging roles like digital navigators require specific training and certification to support clinical teams with technology integration</snippet>.
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