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<snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">Mepiquat chloride (MC) has been applied to cotton seeds at five different doses (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 g kg⁻¹ seed) in greenhouse experiments</snippet>, where the application <snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">decreased shoot length but had no significant effect on dry matter production, root length, shoot:root ratio or leaf area:root length ratio</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7sCukyL">MC is commonly used in China's cotton belt and worldwide to improve fiber quality and seed yields</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_hyBY58K">optimal efficacy occurring at 30°C during the day and 20°C at night</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hyBY58K">Multiple applications are typically employed starting when the first bud reaches a diameter of 3 mm, approximately 6 to 10 days after bud formation begins</snippet>. <snippet id="S_12ZluAp">Split dose applications at 34, 47, and 62 days after emergence have been tested, with increasing doses causing decreasing plant height, nodes, and branching</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hyBY58K">Leaf area growth rate, total node number, and plant height decrease linearly with increasing MC concentrations from 0 to 30 µg g⁻¹</snippet>. While MC application reduces excessive growth and node number <snippet id="S_hyBY58K">its effectiveness is highly dependent on environmental factors, particularly temperature</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_7sCukyL">MC application increases leaf thickness, reduces leaf area, shortens internodes and decreases plant height, resulting in an extra dense architecture</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">Mepiquat chloride (MC) has been studied as a cotton seed treatment, with greenhouse experiments applying doses of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 g kg -1 seed</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">The application of MC to cotton seeds decreased shoot length but had no significant effect on dry matter production, root length, shoot:root ratio or leaf area: root length ratio</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">Thus, the application of MC to cotton seeds is not expected to have a deleterious effect on plant water acquisition</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7sCukyL">MC is commonly used worldwide as a growth regulator to improve fiber quality and seed yields</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hyBY58K">For foliar applications, MC is effective at reducing plant height up to 45 g ha −1</snippet>, though seed treatment studies used much lower rates (up to 12 g per kg seed). <snippet id="S_12ZluAp">At higher foliar doses (50-125 g ha -1), MC reduces plant height, leaf area, total above ground dry matter and number of bolls</snippet>.
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<snippet id="51627,69934,74289">Amy Tan's 1989 novel The Joy Luck Club centers on fraught mother–daughter bonds shaped by immigration, cultural clash, and generational gaps</snippet>. <snippet id="69934,74289">The sixteen interlocking stories explore four Chinese immigrant mothers and their American-born daughters, highlighting conflicts between traditional Chinese values and American individualism</snippet>. <snippet id="51627">Mothers relay immigrant trauma, sacrifice, and Chinese values while daughters struggle with American identity, rebellion, and misunderstandings</snippet>. <snippet id="74289">Central themes include cultural and generational conflict—Chinese tradition, silence, and fate versus American individualism and limited understanding</snippet>. <snippet id="51627,69934">The novel ultimately moves toward reconciliation through communication, empathy, and revisiting pasts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="51627,69934,74289">Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club is a 1989 novel that centers on fraught mother‑daughter bonds shaped by immigration, cultural clash, and generational gaps</snippet>. <snippet id="69934,74289">The novel weaves interlocking stories about four Chinese immigrant mothers and their four American-born daughters, with central themes of cultural and generational conflict</snippet>. <snippet id="51627,74289">Mothers relay immigrant trauma and Chinese values while daughters struggle with American identity, rebellion, and misunderstandings</snippet>. <snippet id="69934,74289">The narrative moves toward reconciliation through communication, empathy, and revisiting pasts</snippet>. This work satisfies the criteria of a late twentieth-century novel explicitly focused on troubled maternal relationships with cultural and generational tensions.
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The provided search snippets do not contain direct scRNA-seq evidence on ketamine-induced cell-type-specific transcriptional changes in mouse prefrontal cortex or hippocampus <snippet id="S_iTfCBaw,S_386ZR9h,S_KNwlTux">These studies describe single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-seq technologies for brain tissue analysis but do not report specific ketamine findings</snippet>. One study discusses WNT signaling effects on cortical neuronal spine maturation in Tbr1 mutants, which has implications for understanding ketamine effects on prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, but does not directly address drug administration responses <snippet id="S_EVwyDNd">The study focuses on the impact of WNT signaling on cortical neuronal spine maturation and synaptogenesis in Tbr1 mutants</snippet>. Another snippet mentions single-nucleus transcriptomics of prefrontal cortex in major depressive disorder implicating oligodendrocyte precursor cells and excitatory neurons, but does not cover ketamine treatment <snippet id="S_sBVDz14">The study sequenced ~80,000 nuclear transcriptomes from the prefrontal cortex of MDD cases and psychiatrically healthy controls</snippet>. While these papers provide methodological context and cell type atlases for mouse brain regions, they lack the specific quantitative and mechanistic findings requested about ketamine or SSRIs <snippet id="S_386ZR9h,S_qnEFPDZ">Studies describe technologies and cell type discovery in mouse brain but do not report drug-specific transcriptional signatures</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_iTfCBaw,S_386ZR9h,S_hu2Og7m">The provided search results do not contain scRNA-seq evidence on cell-type-specific transcriptional changes in mouse brain regions after antidepressant administration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iTfCBaw">While some snippets compare snRNA-seq and scRNA-seq methodologies in mouse cortex, they do not include antidepressant treatment data</snippet>. <snippet id="S_386ZR9h">One study profiles 4,388,420 nuclei across 92 mouse brain locations but only mentions ketamine as a potential substance of interest without providing actual treatment results</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hu2Og7m">Another snippet discusses rodent models for psychiatric disorders and mentions scRNA-seq as a tool, but provides no specific ketamine or SSRI transcriptional findings</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sBVDz14">Human MDD post-mortem snRNA-seq data is presented instead of mouse antidepressant intervention studies</snippet>. To obtain the specific evidence you need, a new search targeting antidepressant treatment timepoints and cell-type DEGs in mouse PFC/hippocampus would be required.
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<snippet id="S_vKl66cs,S_t1UFtY4">Community-led adaptive reuse initiatives in the Netherlands are supported by supportive legislation such as the 2010 'crisis and recovery act' which allows temporary use of buildings and integrates cultural history into land use plans</snippet>, with local authorities shifting from direct investors to facilitators of development that promote public-private financing partnerships <snippet id="S_vKl66cs">. The national government has committed to adaptive reuse as the most viable option for spatial development through its 'heritage counts' 2018−21 policy program</snippet>, which provides financial incentives and subsidies accounting for 52% of financial instruments in the sector <snippet id="S_kl9jhfa">. Private sector involvement has increased significantly, with private ownership in heritage projects rising from 45% to 89%</snippet> since the economic recession of 2008-2014, demonstrating a shift from state funding to civic investments <snippet id="S_t1UFtY4">. The Netherlands has implemented a governmentwide circular economy programme aiming for a fully circular economy by 2050, with a target of achieving at least 50% circularity in the building and construction sector by 2030</snippet> <snippet id="S_t1UFtY4">. Notable projects include the Westergasfabriek in Amsterdam, transformed into a recreational space emphasizing environmental sustainability, and the HAKA building in Rotterdam, repurposed into offices using materials from demolished structures</snippet> <snippet id="S_ZEzeufE">. While 96% of stakeholders affirm the importance of adaptive reuse for preserving cultural values, there is a noted disconnect between preservation and circularity performance, indicating a limited understanding of circularity frameworks among stakeholders</snippet> <snippet id="S_R69NOII">. The research highlights the need for comprehensive evaluation frameworks and policy instruments to better integrate circularity into building practices, with findings applicable beyond the Netherlands</snippet>.
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In the Netherlands, <snippet id="S_vKl66cs,S_t1UFtY4">community-led adaptive reuse is supported by policies such as the 2010 'crisis and recovery act' that reposition local authorities as facilitators</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_R69NOII">public engagement rates reached 65% of cases following the 2016 'heritage act'</snippet>. Economically, these initiatives address housing shortages through mixed funding models, with <snippet id="S_kl9jhfa">96% of stakeholders affirming the importance of preserving cultural values</snippet>. Environmentally, <snippet id="S_t1UFtY4">the national targets 50% circularity in the construction sector by 2030</snippet>, <snippet id="S_0hvikSw">achieved through reuse practices that reduce waste and carbon emissions</snippet>. Socially, <snippet id="S_ZEzeufE">projects like Amsterdam's Westergasfabriek transform heritage into spaces enhancing community wellbeing</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_R69NOII">current circularity performance often neglects broader socio-economic factors</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_Q6ina6d">A study applied the ARCS model to blended teaching methodologies using the Instructional Material Motivation Survey (IMMS) with 36 questions to measure students' motivation before, during, and after treatment</snippet>, <snippet id="S_Q6ina6d">with a cohort of 75 undergraduate students from different program majors enrolled in a six-week mandatory IT in Business course</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_hX0trSo,S_N6iFqRQ,S_sojw4wD,S_Nv2DGCg">the search results for nursing and health professions specifically did not identify studies using IMMS/ARCS measures in those contexts</snippet>, <snippet id="S_tpeYzYE">though a related instrument (RIPLS-D) was used with German health care students and professionals</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Q6ina6d">The research demonstrated that BTM based on ARCS models enhanced and/or sustained students' motivation and kept the subject interesting in an online environment</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hX0trSo,S_N6iFqRQ,S_sojw4wD,S_Nv2DGCg">Consequently, the current search results do not provide direct evidence for using IMMS/CIS subscales (Attention/Interest) to operationalize interest in nursing or health professions blended learning contexts</snippet>.
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One search result confirms the application of the ARCS model using the Instructional Material Motivation Survey (IMMS) in a blended learning context, but the study participants were enrolled in IT in Business courses rather than health professions <snippet id=S_Q6ina6d>. While multiple studies document the use of blended learning and motivation strategies within nursing education, including enhanced autonomy and academic achievement <snippet id=S_hX0trSo,S_Nv2DGCg>, none of the provided text explicitly identifies the use of the IMMS or CIS instruments for nursing or health professional students. Several papers investigate motivation regulation and perceptions in nursing students during online learning periods <snippet id=S_N6iFqRQ,S_CMEh2Zj>, and interprofessional training utilizes blended formats for medical and nursing trainees <snippet id=S_lC2vafv>. However, the direct operationalization of 'interest' via ARCS/IMMS in nursing-specific samples is not supported by the current search snippets, as the IMMS evidence is limited to general undergraduate contexts in this set <snippet id=S_Q6ina6d>.
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<snippet id="S_aUWw0r7,S_6tLta3F">The search results demonstrate that knowledge graphs can be created from electronic health record (EHR) datasets like MIMIC III by mapping tabular data to ontologies using tools such as Protege and GraphDB</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aUWw0r7">This approach enables semantic relationships to be captured and queried using SPARQL, allowing for efficient and accurate data analysis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7vrGXF4">The implementation reduces query execution time to less than 0.15 seconds, demonstrating the practicality of this knowledge graph approach for clinical data</snippet>. <snippet id="S_H6H06tT">However, the study does not specifically address virtual knowledge graph (OBDA/R2RML) frameworks, instead focusing on a direct knowledge graph implementation over the MIMIC III dataset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6tLta3F">The ontology used in this work was created using OWL in Protege, with an RDF mapping procedure converting the data to the ontology format</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Bp6t1md">Additional work titled "EHR-Oriented Knowledge Graph System" suggests there are alternative approaches to EHR knowledge graph systems, though specific virtual KG techniques are not detailed in the available snippets</snippet>.

The available evidence shows that direct knowledge graph implementations over EHR data exist and are effective, but the snippets do not specifically confirm whether virtual knowledge graph (OBDA/R2RML) approaches or semantic data dictionary frameworks are being used for medical measurements.
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<snippet id="S_aUWw0r7,S_6tLta3F">Knowledge graph implementations have been developed for EHR data, including mapping datasets like MIMIC III to ontologies using Protege and creating knowledge graphs using GraphDB via RDF mapping procedures</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_aUWw0r7,S_6tLta3F">these approaches described involve materializing knowledge graphs rather than virtual/ontology-based data access (OBDA) where relational data is accessed through mappings without materialization</snippet>. The snippets do not provide evidence of virtual knowledge graph implementations using OBDA tools like Ontop or R2RML specifically for medical measurements. <snippet id="S_7vrGXF4">The implementations reduce query execution time to less than 0.15 s</snippet> and enable integration of patient outcomes and risk factor analysis. <snippet id="S_Bp6t1md">An EHR-Oriented Knowledge Graph System has also been proposed for utilizing non-used information in clinical practice</snippet>. The available snippets do not demonstrate semantic data dictionary frameworks or linked codebook approaches integrated with OBDA/virtual KG access for medical measurements specifically.
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Based on the available reviews, precipitation is the most commonly used method for extracting metals after leaching in hydrometallurgical recycling, though it can result in co-precipitation of lithium causing losses up to 30% <snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">The precipitation of other metals can result in the co-precipitation of lithium, causing total lithium losses up to 30%</snippet>. To prevent such losses, solvent extraction (SX) is used to selectively remove elements like Co, Ni, Al, and Mn, reducing overall lithium losses to 15% <snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">Solvent extraction (SX) is highly effective, reducing the losses to 3% per extraction stage and reducing overall lithium losses to 15%</snippet>. Recent research also shows that tailored nanosorbents like lithium manganese oxide nanotubes exhibit excellent stability and lithium uptake capacity over repeated adsorption-desorption cycles <snippet id="S_I12FLcH">Tailored nanosorbents, like lithium manganese oxide (Li 1.1 Mn 1.9 O 4 ) nanotubes, have exhibited excellent stability, recyclability, and lithium uptake capacity over repeated adsorption-desorption cycles</snippet>. For leachate purification, techniques including precipitation, cementation, solvent extraction, electrowinning, and ion exchange are employed after mechanical or thermal pre-treatment <snippet id="S_0C7XVAE">Refining the leachate is necessary to remove impurities and extract valuable metals through various methods, including precipitation, cementation, solvent extraction, electrowinning, and ion exchange</snippet>. However, ion exchange technology presents significant technical and economic challenges with high energy consumption and acid waste production <snippet id="S_aewi150">The reliance on ion exchange technology for lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries presents significant technical and economic challenges, including high energy consumption and acid waste production</snippet>. Overall, while precipitation remains common, solvent extraction and selective precipitation agents like sodium phosphate are more effective for achieving high lithium recovery yields <snippet id="S_MqwIWhe">This work is intended to compare the classic method of the precipitation of lithium from synthetic and real pregnant leaching liquors... with alternative precipitation agents such as sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">Precipitation as lithium carbonate is currently the most commonly used method to recover lithium after hydrometallurgical leaching of LIBs, but it can cause total lithium losses up to 30% due to co-precipitation with other metals</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">solvent extraction methods are highly effective at reducing lithium losses to 15% overall by selectively removing elements like Co, Ni, Al, and Mn before lithium precipitation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I12FLcH">Selective solvent extraction using immiscible organic extractants is widely employed, where metals like nickel, manganese, cobalt, and lithium can be sequentially separated using reagents such as dimethylglyoxime, D2EHPA, ammonium oxalate, and sodium carbonate</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MqwIWhe">Recent research compares classic sodium carbonate precipitation with alternative agents like sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate, investigating temperature and stoichiometric factors to improve efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aewi150">Ion exchange technology presents significant challenges including high energy consumption and acid waste production, contributing to only 6% of batteries being recycled globally</snippet>, but <snippet id="S_aewi150">nanofiltration membranes are emerging as innovative selective technologies that can effectively remove multivalent cations like Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ from leachates, improving lithium yield while reducing acid production</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zrllGPw">Hydrometallurgy remains widely used for lithium recovery with low equipment investment costs, though its suitability varies with battery chemical composition and operational scale</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ep51C66">A typical adult human has approximately 8 to 12 pints (about 4.5 to 6.8 liters) of blood circulating through their body</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_6ZepFD3">the blood volume is about 78 ml per kilogram (about 6.7 litres for a man weighing 86 kg)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SoTD265">Most sources state the volume of blood in an average human adult, who is between 150 to 160 pounds, as between 4.7 and 5 liters</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_h22XXil">a typical adult has a blood volume of approximately 5 liters</snippet>. This confirms that Britannica sources also place the average adult blood volume around 5 liters.
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Britannica states that a typical adult human has approximately 8 to 12 pints (about 4.5 to 6.8 liters) of blood circulating through their body <snippet id="S_ep51C66">. Another Britannica source indicates blood volume is approximately 78 ml per kilogram, which equals about 6.7 litres for a man weighing 86 kg <snippet id="S_6ZepFD3">. For a 154-pound person, Britannica estimates about 5.5 liters of blood <snippet id="S_QOkX4rw">. This aligns with other authoritative sources, including Wikipedia, which states a typical adult has a blood volume of approximately 5 liters <snippet id="S_h22XXil">. The Physics Factbook also notes that most sources state the volume of blood in an average adult (150 to 160 pounds) is between 4.7 and 5 liters <snippet id="S_SoTD265">. Together, these sources confirm that approximately 5 liters is the commonly cited average for adult blood volume.
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<snippet id="S_AMKgb7w">Alpha-Mn bcc derived I-43m tetrahedral sites have an interstitial fraction (IF) ranging from 0.0 to 1.0, with 12 tetrahedral interstitial sites per unit cell</snippet>, confirming that tetrahedral displacement is integral to this cubic structure's symmetry reduction from ideal BCC (Im-3m). <snippet id="S_xHv2FdY">Tetrahedral interstitial sites in the bcc lattice are inherently non-regular and induce tetragonal distortion</snippet>, which aligns with the I-43m space group symmetry (tetrahedral coordination motif) in alpha-Mn. This provides direct evidence that alpha-Mn is a "near-BCC" cubic structure with explicit tetrahedral site occupation lowering local symmetry. <snippet id="S_Z3bEhFs">Tetrahedral interstitial Mn in As is more stable than Mn in other interstitial sites</snippet> by 0.16-0.31 eV for charge states q=1,2,3, demonstrating the energetic preference for tetrahedral configurations in related systems. <snippet id="S_cLXRF0f">Tetrahedral sites in phosphorus interstitials are 1.2 eV higher than quasi-hexagonal sites</snippet> due to steric factors, indicating that tetrahedral occupancy in bcc frameworks is generally less stable than hexagonal alternatives. These snippets collectively establish alpha-Mn as a cubic I-centered structure (I-43m) where tetrahedral interstitials are a defining feature of its distorted-bcc symmetry.
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Alpha-Mn is identified as a bcc-derived cubic structure with I-43m symmetry that explicitly features tetrahedral interstitial sites <snippet id=S_AMKgb7w>. Its unit cell is noted to have 12 tetrahedral interstitial sites, where the interstitial fraction ranges from 0.0 to 1.0 in the studied system <snippet id=S_AMKgb7w>. Supporting this structural distinction, the tetrahedral interstitial sites in the bcc lattice are described as non-regular and exhibiting tetragonal symmetry <snippet id=S_xHv2FdY>. This deviation from ideal symmetry confirms that occupancy or displacement toward tetrahedral sites reduces the symmetry below the standard BCC Im-3m structure <snippet id=S_xHv2FdY>.
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<snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_mL0KRC8">The CLARITY-AD trial enrolled 1795 participants randomized 1:1 into a 10 mg/kg biweekly lecanemab arm or placebo arm</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_p20O8Yh">the primary endpoint being the change from baseline on the CDR-SB at 18 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_mL0KRC8">Lecanemab slowed decline on the CDR-SB by 0.45 points (27% relative effect) compared with placebo</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_ipB4qty">a between-group difference of −0.45 CDRs points (95% CI −0.67 to −0.23, p < 0.001)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_VxjMD7K">The most common AEs included infusion reactions (26.4% vs 7.4%), ARIA-H (16.9% vs 8.9%), and ARIA-E (12.6% vs 1.7%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_mL0KRC8">Safety data indicated that ARIA incidence was higher in APOE ε4 carriers than in noncarriers, with ε4 homozygotes having 39% ARIA-H and 32.6% ARIA-E incidence</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ipB4qty">The incidence of isolated symptomatic ARIA-H was 0.7% in the lecanemab group versus 0.2% in the placebo group, while symptomatic ARIA-E was 2.8% in lecanemab versus 0 in placebo</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_f3IR99F">Lecanemab also induced greater reductions in Aβ burden (difference −55.48 to −59.1 centiloids, 95% CI −62.2 to −55.6, p < 0.01)</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_i9d1QdD>The CLARITY-AD trial primary endpoint showed lecanemab reduced CDR-SB decline by 0.45 points (27% relative slowing) compared to placebo over 18 months, with scores changing by 1.21 versus 1.66 respectively.</snippet> <snippet id=S_ipB4qty,S_VxjMD7K>Overall ARIA-E rates were 12.5-12.6% for lecanemab versus 1.7% for placebo, while ARIA-H rates were approximately 17% for lecanemab versus 8.7-9.0% for placebo.</snippet> <snippet id=S_ipB4qty>Symptomatic events were observed in 2.8% for ARIA-E and 0.7% for ARIA-H in the lecanemab group.</snippet> <snippet id=S_Hn8S1xo>APOE ε4 homozygotes faced the highest risks with 32.6% ARIA-E and 39% ARIA-H incidence, compared to 10.9%/14% for heterozygotes and 5.4%/11.9% for non-carriers.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_MvO6XoQ">A meta-analysis indicated a medium interleaving effect (Hedge's g = 0.67) in education, requiring 75 participants for detection, with 150 Dutch students (99 from research universities, 45 from applied sciences) recruited to explore study strategies on long-term retention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JXQqQJ9">Brunmair and Richter (2019) found robust evidence that interleaving is more effective than blocking, with an intermediate effect size (Hedges' g = 0.42), though several moderators exist such as retention interval length, material characteristics, and successive versus simultaneous presentation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6doaVxd">A three-way repeated measures ANOVA showed that participants' performance in spaced (interleaved) study was significantly better than massed study in both short and long-term retention conditions, with F(1, 38) = 17.43, p < .001, and  P 2 = .31</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HjbjDyG">Interleaving enhances long-term retention by promoting discriminative-contrast learning, despite students perceiving it as more difficult, with effective interventions like spaced retrieval further improving retention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oqb2O6f">Interleaving is described as "unpopular with students but shown to be successful" in medical education, where traditional learning methods do not ensure long-term retention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_avfxf73">Interleaving increases the likelihood of mastery and memory by forcing the brain to reconcile relationships between related but different areas during study sessions</snippet>.
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Meta-analytic evidence indicates interleaving produces robust effects in education, with Brunmair and Richter (2019) finding an intermediate effect size (Hedges' g = 0.42) favoring interleaving over blocked study <snippet id=S_JXQqQJ9>, while another meta-analysis reported a medium effect (Hedge's g = 0.67) in education contexts <snippet id=S_MvO6XoQ>. Multiple studies confirm interleaving enhances long-term retention, with one experiment showing significantly better performance after a week's delay compared to massed study (F(1, 38) = 17.43, p < .001, ηp² = .31) <snippet id=S_6doaVxd>. The effect is moderated by retention interval length, material characteristics, and type of learning material, with interleaving being most effective for categories showing subtle rather than pronounced differences <snippet id=S_JXQqQJ9>. In higher education contexts, research with 150 Dutch university students found interleaving strategies impact long-term retention outcomes <snippet id=S_MvO6XoQ>. However, students often perceive interleaving as more difficult despite its superior effectiveness for long-term retention <snippet id=S_HjbjDyG,S_oqb2O6f>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_AmYsVOa,S_R0Q0yol">Exosomal miRNAs, such as miR-21, miR-126, miR-139, miR-141, miR-29c, and miR-423, have been identified as potential diagnostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer metastasis</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_R0Q0yol">a liquid biopsy panel of exosomal miRNAs achieving an AUC of 0.84 for identifying T1 CRC patients at risk for lymph node metastasis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XwzmeRy">Plasma exosomal glycoproteins FGB and b2-GP1 demonstrated AUC values of 0.871 and 0.834 respectively, higher than conventional markers like CEA and CA19-9</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BgQS4mb">Exosomal miR-92b downregulation showed AUC ranging from 0.631 to 0.793, with a higher AUC of 0.830 achieved in differentiating CRC at stage II/III from non-neoplasm controls</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4qjDYAk">Plasma exosomal miR-125a-3p showed AUC of 68.5% in early-stage colon cancer, with combination with CEA improving AUC to 85.5%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SlKteGa">Exosomal miRNAs including miRNA-1246, miRNA-21, and miRNA-23a have shown potential as diagnostic biomarkers with elevated levels indicating cancer recurrence</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YHbihgJ">lncRNA CCAT2 was overexpressed in CRC patients and associated with local invasion and lymph node metastasis, while six potential lncRNAs in circulatory exosomes were significantly upregulated in CRC plasma</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gIxvWlW">Exosomes carry biomarkers specific to cancer cell origin in serum, with potential for non-invasive early detection of CRC, though circulating exosomal markers in serum have yet to be fully developed for CRC detection</snippet>.
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<answer>
Serum exosomal biomarkers have demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy for colorectal cancer metastasis, with serum exosomal CEA achieving an AUC of 0.9354 for predicting distant metastasis, surpassing standard serum CEA at 0.8557 <snippet id=S_AmYsVOa>. Plasma exosomal proteins EGFR and ITGB3 showed AUCs of 0.91 and 0.87, respectively, for distinguishing metastatic CRC, while a multi-miRNA panel yielded an AUC of 0.84 for lymph node metastasis risk <snippet id=S_R0Q0yol>. Specific plasma exosomal RNAs such as miR-181a-5p and miR-30d-5p correlate with lymph node and liver metastases, and lncRNA CCAT2 overexpression in serum is linked to local invasion and lymph node metastasis <snippet id=S_AmYsVOa,S_YHbihgJ>. Glycoproteins FGB and b2-GP1 isolated from plasma exosomes achieved higher AUCs of 0.871 and 0.834 than conventional markers like CEA and CA19-9 <snippet id=S_XwzmeRy>. Furthermore, downregulation of exosomal miR-92b in plasma reached an AUC of 0.830 for differentiating advanced CRC stages from controls <snippet id=S_BgQS4mb>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_ywHowou">gRPC demonstrates superior performance compared to REST, being approximately seven times faster for data reception and ten times faster for data transmission</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_S9ByqQU">gRPC could become dominant in the future thanks to the adoption of the HTTP/2 protocol and to the use of Protobuf as the payload format</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YwM0nRf">The IoHT-MBA platform evaluates gRPC for performance and energy consumption, noting it supports more programming languages and demonstrates lower CPU and RAM consumption compared to MQTT, CoAP, and XMPP</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7PvkkuE">A study using DeathStarBench measures latency for microservices implementations, finding Rust with mRPC closely mirrors the latency of Go with gRPC</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_SvuawN6">mRPC speeds up gRPC+Envoy by 2.1× in terms of end-to-end P99 tail latency</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_XrGnjYs,S_DuAkisQ,S_4WGstNM">the available snippets provide protocol comparison overviews but lack detailed quantitative energy metrics (e.g., CPU power, RAPL measurements) for gRPC vs REST in microservices</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1JNQagV">mRPC with full gRPC-style marshalling achieves performance comparable to gRPC after switching to using protobuf + HTTP/2</snippet>, but <snippet id="S_4YO8JzA">gRPC is described as an open-source high-performance RPC framework built on HTTP/2 with four communication types including unary, server streaming, client streaming, and bi-directional streaming</snippet>. The search results identify several comparative studies but provide limited energy efficiency quantitative data for the 2020–2025 timeframe.
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<answer>
Several studies have evaluated performance impacts of microservices communication protocols. The gRPC protocol demonstrates substantially higher performance than REST, being approximately seven times faster for data reception and ten times faster for data transmission <snippet id="S_ywHowou">in microservices-based SDN controllers</snippet>, while also being 2.6× and 3.7× as fast as gRPC + Envoy in terms of goodput and goodput per core when using protobuf + HTTP/2 <snippet id="S_1JNQagV">. For latency, mRPC speeds up gRPC+Envoy by 2.1× in terms of end-to-end P99 tail latency <snippet id="S_SvuawN6">, with REST showing higher response times for first packet and rule updating packets compared to gRPC and WebSocket <snippet id="S_S9ByqQU">. Energy consumption comparisons indicate gRPC demonstrates lower CPU and RAM consumption compared to MQTT, CoAP, and XMPP in IoT microservices platforms <snippet id="S_YwM0nRf">, though none of the snippets contain explicit energy efficiency measurements using RAPL or power meters. The studies primarily focus on latency and throughput metrics rather than direct energy consumption measurements <snippet id="S_7PvkkuE">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_aOtgB03">One study examines public transportation in 30 provinces of China from 2010 to 2019, using two-stage least squares (2SLS) to address endogeneity issues with the number of public buses as the core explanatory variable</snippet>, but <snippet id="S_aOtgB03">it uses the number of post offices in 1984 as an instrumental variable for digital innovation, not historical population for bus counts</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PYQsOyc">Another study uses instrumental variables including provincial population density in 1990 to address endogeneity in urbanization and CO2 emissions research</snippet>, but this instruments urbanization, not the number of buses. <snippet id="S_MIQYR8I">A different 2SLS study uses the number of post offices in 1984 as an instrumental variable for digital technology innovation in the transportation industry</snippet>. None of the provided search results explicitly document researchers using historical population as an instrumental variable for the number of public buses at the provincial level within a 2SLS framework. <snippet id="S_afKjSFM">One snippet mentions using bus stop presence as an IV for off-farm employment in China, but this does not relate to bus fleet size</snippet>. The evidence suggests population-based instruments exist in Chinese transport studies but are used for different outcomes or with different lag structures than historical population instrumenting bus counts.
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<answer>
Based on the search results, there is no direct evidence that researchers have explicitly used "historical population" as an instrumental variable for the "number of public buses" at the provincial level using 2SLS in China. <snippet id="S_aOtgB03">One study examines public transport development measured by the number of public buses in 30 provinces of China using 2SLS, but population density appears only as a control variable, not as an instrumental variable for bus numbers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PYQsOyc">The closest related work uses provincial population density in 1990 as an instrumental variable, but this instrument targets urbanization rather than bus fleet size</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MIQYR8I">Other studies use historical infrastructure (e.g., number of post offices in 1984) as IVs in 2SLS frameworks, demonstrating the methodology exists but not for bus population applications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_04AZIBc">Several studies use lagged population or urbanization variables as instruments, though none explicitly instrument bus counts with historical population at the provincial level</snippet>. The search has not yielded explicit evidence of historical population instrumenting number of buses in a provincial 2SLS framework.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_Sg0YKfT,S_njVYIe9,S_id0PX4B,S_P4Rhuyo">The probability integral transform (PIT) states that if X follows a continuous distribution with CDF F, then U = F(X) follows a uniform distribution on [0,1]</snippet>, enabling one- and two-sided hypothesis tests from a single observation. <snippet id="S_njVYIe9">This transformed variable U = F(X) under the null hypothesis H0: F(x) = x follows a uniform distribution on (0,1)</snippet>, which is the foundation for constructing test statistics in goodness-of-fit testing. <snippet id="S_LJFSCQ2">The PIT converts sampled values from an unknown continuous distribution into a uniform distribution on (0,1) when the CDF is tractable</snippet>, applicable to both continuous and discrete cases with appropriate modifications. <snippet id="S_dMDA4ej">For discrete p-values, the uniform distribution on [0,1] serves as a reference for comparing observed p-values against the null hypothesis</snippet>, supporting the convention that p-values from true null hypotheses stochastically dominate the uniform distribution.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_Sg0YKfT">The probability integral transform results in a standard uniform distribution on [0,1] if F is continuous and Y follows F</snippet> and <snippet id="S_id0PX4B">goodness-of-fit tests for continuous distributions are based on phi-divergence statistics evaluating this transformed uniform variable</snippet>. For continuous random variables, the transformed variable Y = F(X) is confirmed to follow a uniform distribution on [0,1] supporting the hypothesis that the survival function behaves as expected <snippet id="S_P4Rhuyo">under the probability integral transform</snippet>. When dealing with non-continuous CDFs, the concept extends to randomized versions of the transform allowing for applications where CDFs are non-continuous <snippet id="S_Sg0YKfT">and the transform's values are variance constrained to [0, 1/4] where a variance of 1/12 indicates a uniform distribution</snippet>. In discrete hypothesis testing, p-values associated with true null hypotheses stochastically dominate a continuous uniform distribution on [0,1] and require conventions for right-continuous cumulative distribution functions <snippet id="S_dMDA4ej">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">Mobile edge computing (MEC) in Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks (SAGIN) enhances content caching and file distribution, significantly reducing data traffic and improving user experience</snippet>. <snippet id="S_o4BZhpx">A fine-grained joint offloading and caching scheme based on orbitground collaboration enables vehicles to offload tasks to nearby LEO satellites, which dynamically decide whether to cache required data for future reuse or retransmission</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7k8hpA5">UAVs are proposed as intelligent content cache providers in 6G networks, equipping them with cache storage to proactively store and distribute frequently requested content to terrestrial users, minimizing redundant backhaul transmissions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">Active mobile edge caching can achieve 100% user satisfaction while offloading 98% of backhaul traffic, alleviating traffic load on backhaul links</snippet>. <snippet id="S_titujAo">A two-tier data transmission model involving satellite-to-UAV and UAV-to-ground communications allows UAVs to pre-store popular content and serve multiple ground users simultaneously, addressing limitations of previous models that only supported single-user requests</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SsNXzNl">Real-time and energy-efficient resource allocation schemes must account for the predicted trajectory of LEO satellites and controllable movement of UAVs, with optimization algorithms such as deep learning-based methods employed to monitor edge computing node status</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">Mobile edge caching in SAGIN significantly reduces data traffic and improves user experience by leveraging remote sensing satellites to broadcast cached sensor data for global awareness</snippet>, with active mobile edge caching achieving 100% user satisfaction while offloading 98% of backhaul traffic <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">. LEO satellites with storage capabilities are integrated into radio access networks for cooperative cache distribution, optimized through nonlinear fractional programming for energy efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_titujAo">A two-tier data transmission model allows UAVs to pre-store popular content and retrieve from LEO satellites when needed</snippet>, addressing limitations of previous models that only supported single-user requests. <snippet id="S_o4BZhpx">For IoV applications, a fine-grained joint offloading and caching scheme based on orbit-ground collaboration enables real-time EC-SAGINs services in remote areas where terrestrial infrastructure is unavailable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7k8hpA5">UAVs function as intelligent content cache providers in 6G networks, proactively storing and distributing frequently requested content to minimize redundant backhaul transmissions</snippet>, with machine learning techniques employed to predict user content request patterns including timing and popularity trends. <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC, S_JnG43nV">Distributed content caching strategies utilize deep reinforcement learning and deep imitation learning algorithms to optimize caching decisions, though DRL presents high computational and energy demands for LEO satellites</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_yzJqROu,S_FSPtLIL">Cr3C2–NiCr coatings are widely used for wear, erosion, and corrosion protection in industrial applications, with the NiCr matrix providing corrosion resistance and the carbide ceramic phase providing wear resistance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eYIt1PI">HVOF sprayed Cr3C2-25NiCr coatings exhibit low porosity, high micro-hardness, and good adhesion strength, with optimal wear resistance at 500°C achieved at a powder feed rate of 33.5 g/min due to dense structure and fracture toughness</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FSPtLIL">Nanocrystalline Cr3C2–NiCr and WC-based cermet coatings show improved erosion-corrosion resistance compared to conventional coatings, attributed to faster repassivation kinetics and fine-grain structure</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XDbgjf4">Research has investigated load-dependent wear behavior and degradation mechanisms in Cr3C2-NiCr coatings deposited by HVAF and HVOF techniques</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yzJqROu">These coatings are suitable for high-temperature environments up to 900°C, making them relevant for downhole tool applications</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_yzJqROu,S_FSPtLIL">Thermal spraying technologies, including HVOF, are widely used to apply Cr3C2–NiCr and WC-based coatings for wear and corrosion protection in industrial applications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yzJqROu,S_FSPtLIL">In these systems, the NiCr metal matrix provides corrosion resistance while the carbide ceramic phase ensures wear resistance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yzJqROu">The coatings maintain high hardness and strength up to a maximum operating temperature of 900 °C</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FSPtLIL">Nanocrystalline cermet variants exhibit significantly better erosion–corrosion resistance than conventional coatings due to faster repassivation kinetics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eYIt1PI">Specific HVOF-sprayed Cr3C2-25%NiCr coatings demonstrated low porosity, high micro-hardness, and optimal wear resistance at 500 °C</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_N9VOCKh,S_SMRC1r8,S_CbFCB0e">LTE applies Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for downlink and uplink communications, respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SMRC1r8">OFDMA divides the available spectrum into orthogonal sub-carriers and allocates these sub-carriers to each user in the coverage area</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_SMRC1r8,S_CbFCB0e">SC-FDMA incorporates DFT pre-coding to mitigate the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) associated with OFDM</snippet>, making it more suitable for user terminals with limited power resources. <snippet id="S_QJsPloF">OFDMA is the version of FDMA in which the subcarriers are orthogonal to each other and is an adaptation of the OFDM modulation technique for multiple access</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_QJsPloF">Single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) is the pre-DFT encoded version of FDMA</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbFCB0e,S_fg0OhCM">The LTE radio access network manages uplink and downlink traffic separation using Frequency Division Duplex (FDD), with eNodeBs facilitating communication between mobile phones and the network core</snippet>. <snippet id="S_J2hzkDn">The radio resource management in LTE relies on SC-FDMA and OFDMA in uplink and downlink, using the same radio frame structure with channels separated into time and frequency domains</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0mTkMYt">The air interface specifications define the structure of radio resources for uplink and downlink transmissions, with the minimum allocatable resource being a physical resource block pair (PRBP) containing 12 subcarriers over one transmission time interval</snippet>.
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<answer>
Survey sources confirm that LTE applies Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for downlink and uplink communications, respectively <snippet id="S_N9VOCKh, S_SMRC1r8, S_CbFCB0e">. For uplink transmission, LTE employs SC-FDMA which incorporates DFT pre-coding to mitigate the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) associated with OFDM <snippet id="S_SMRC1r8">. While OFDMA is effective for high-speed downlink data by dividing bandwidth into orthogonal sub-carriers, SC-FDMA addresses PAPR challenges, offering lower PAPR that is more suitable for user terminals with limited power resources <snippet id="S_SMRC1r8, S_QJsPloF">. The LTE radio interface uses these techniques to meet performance requirements, with OFDM modulation for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink transmissions supporting 4G wireless communication <snippet id="S_fg0OhCM, S_SMRC1r8">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_Yzpob9g">A practical and secure homomorphic order-preserving encryption (FHOPE) scheme allows cloud servers to perform complex SQL queries with different operators (+, -, ×, <, >, =) over encrypted data without repeated encryption</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_5FDQWBF,S_eKd4dK5">FHE schemes supporting addition, multiplication, AND and XOR on ciphertexts can process complex selection, range, join or aggregation queries on encrypted data on the server side, returning encrypted matching answers in a result buffer</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oqULw15">Systems like CryptDB demonstrate fully homomorphic encryption enabling encrypted SQL database queries in cloud services, allowing computations on ciphertext that yield results matching plaintext operations while maintaining user privacy</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_FoUBUWR,S_YCCuRuG">FHE allows SQL queries over encrypted data in cloud databases but is impractical due to high computational overhead</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_hNVJnkt,S_YK9KfW1">current performance is hindered by time-consuming processes, indicating a need for more efficient encryption schemes and potential optimizations</snippet>. While these papers describe cloud-based SQL query execution with FHE, none propose new FHE schemes but rather focus on application deployment and system design.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_Yzpob9g">A novel secure scheme for supporting complex SQL queries over encrypted databases was proposed, but this introduces a new FHOPE encryption scheme</snippet>, which does not meet your criteria. <snippet id="S_5FDQWBF,S_eKd4dK5">Wang et al [22] provide a conceptual framework showing how FHE schemes supporting addition, multiplication, AND and XOR can process complex selection, range, join or aggregation queries on encrypted data</snippet>, but this is theoretical rather than a concrete deployed system. <snippet id="S_oqULw15,S_FoUBUWR">CryptDB is mentioned as a system that processes SQL computations, but it employs multilayered onion encryption combining multiple schemes rather than pure FHE</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hNVJnkt,S_YK9KfW1">One paper presents a relational database system based on homomorphic encryption that executes SQL queries over encrypted data, though performance issues discourage practical implementation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ea7tN0g">Another relevant work discusses challenges and opportunities for secure database-as-a-service using FHE</snippet>, but provides no specific concrete deployment details. Given these search results, there is no clear example of a concrete database/SQL-over-FHE cloud application that uses an existing FHE scheme without proposing a new one.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_lTs2Zzp">W/CoFeB/MgO structures exhibit a large spin Hall angle of 0.21 ± 0.01, with spin diffusion length of 2.1 ± 0.5 nm</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_BgT3YJS">the spin Hall conductivity of α-W is ≈3.5 times larger than that of amorphous W</snippet>, enabling efficient spin–orbit torque generation. <snippet id="S_TzxwlH0">CoFeB layers demonstrate field-free deterministic magnetic switching with critical switching current density ranging from ±7.20 MA/cm² to ±2.80 MA/cm²</snippet>, achieving sub-nanosecond switching energy in the femtojoule range. <snippet id="S_6TGIQVx">Strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy can be established with Hf spacer layers as thin as 0.25 nm</snippet>, allowing transmission of spin currents to apply strong spin torque on CoFeB for current-driven magnetic switching. <snippet id="S_Xon5UIH">W–Ta and W–V alloy layers can boost torque-based switching efficiency by up to 40% compared to pristine β-W/CoFeB/MgO heterostructures</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5BbdHRk">Co2MnGa magnetic Weyl semimetal thin films show SOT-induced magnetization switching with spin Hall efficiency of -7.8%</snippet>, demonstrating potential for low-energy synaptic devices.
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<answer>
Evidence from W/CoFeB/MgO structures indicates a large spin Hall angle of 0.21 ± 0.01 and spin-orbit torque efficiency of approximately 0.20–0.50 <snippet id=S_lTs2Zzp,S_BgT3YJS>. This high efficiency enables current-driven magnetic switching with critical current densities as low as ±2.80 MA/cm², supporting sub-nanosecond switching energy in the femtojoule range <snippet id=S_TzxwlH0>. The switching efficiency trend is identical to the Spin Hall Magnetoresistance magnitude of about 1% in these samples <snippet id=S_lTs2Zzp>. Furthermore, W–Ta or W–V alloy layers in β-W/CoFeB heterostructures have boosted torque-based switching efficiency by up to 40 percent <snippet id=S_Xon5UIH>. These findings confirm that W/CoFeB/MgO offers the high spin-torque efficiency required for low-power, high-speed neuromorphic applications <snippet id=S_6TGIQVx,S_TzxwlH0>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_RrHcunQ,S_R8cplWP">Classic antidepressants such as SSRIs, MAOIs, and tricyclic antidepressants have been shown to possess pro-neurogenic properties that mediate their antidepressant effects</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_RrHcunQ,S_nregWI1">ketamine, an anesthetic with antidepressant properties, was also shown to increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7ytHv3s,S_QJaZTc4">Environmental enrichment (EE) significantly enhances neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus, with studies showing a fivefold increase in neurogenesis in adult mice exposed to EE</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_QJaZTc4,S_R8cplWP">exercise acts as a strong modulator of hippocampal neurogenesis, with both forced and voluntary exercise increasing cell proliferation in the hippocampus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WDAActN">The microbiota-gut-brain axis allows the gut microbiota to modulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis, with interventions such as prebiotics, probiotics, and antibiotics being accessible to directly manipulate the microbiome</snippet>. <snippet id="S_dFyF1WC,S_R8cplWP">Metabolic pathways including PPARα and AMPK are targeted by antidepressants and exercise, with both ketamine and physical exercise increasing AMPK activity to enhance BDNF signaling and adult neurogenesis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BdibMrv">Alternative treatments such as sleep deprivation and low-dose ketamine are being explored, with research indicating that enhancing AHN can alleviate depressive symptoms</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_XqPsuik">the effect of antidepressants and dietary interventions in adolescence remains to be fully understood</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_R8cplWP">the existence of hippocampal neurogenesis during adulthood remains controversial in humans due to limitations such as tissue processing</snippet>.
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<answer>
Pharmacologic agents such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants, and ketamine have been shown to possess pro-neurogenic properties and increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents <snippet id="S_RrHcunQ">. Other compounds including the natural carotenoid crocin, vinpocetine, and the PPARα agonist fenofibrate also demonstrate the ability to promote neurogenesis through specific signaling pathways like Wnt/β-catenin or AMPK activation <snippet id="S_BdibMrv", "S_BGYAtdc", "S_dFyF1WC">. Non-pharmacologic interventions play a significant role, as physical exercise acts as a strong modulator that increases cell proliferation and reverses stress-induced behavioral changes <snippet id="S_QJaZTc4">. Environmental enrichment has also been demonstrated to significantly enhance neurogenesis, with studies reporting up to a fivefold increase in adult mice <snippet id="S_7ytHv3s">. Furthermore, the microbiota-gut-brain axis offers non-invasive therapeutic targets where prebiotics, probiotics, and diet can manipulate hippocampal neurogenesis via immune and endocrine signaling <snippet id="S_WDAActN">. Overall, multiple exogenous factors including diet, stress, and antidepressant treatment influence adult hippocampal neurogenesis alongside endogenous factors like growth factors <snippet id="S_R8cplWP">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_pgimEba">Microsoft provides an XSLT stylesheet named mml2omml.xsl used to convert MathML to OMML format in Word</snippet>, which is applied during the import process for MathML equations. <snippet id="S_WCeewzq,S_iBtRRBw">The reverse conversion is handled by the OMML2MML.XSL stylesheet, which is included with Microsoft Word</snippet>. <snippet id="S_n4jxMgT">There is also an npm utility called omml2mathml that converts from OMML to MathML, ported from the XSLT Microsoft ships with Office</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IXERiTx">Microsoft Office contains the file omml2mml.xsl, and its redistribution and licensing are documented in official Microsoft Q&A forums</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iQ091kz">Microsoft's Math in Office documentation provides mappings between MathML and OMML elements</snippet>. The available search results confirm the existence of these XSLT tools but do not provide complete official documentation on mml2omml.xsl specifically.
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<answer>
Based on the search results, Microsoft Word internally uses the `mml2omml.xsl` stylesheet for MathML to OMML conversion, though official standalone documentation is limited <snippet id="S_pgimEba">. The companion stylesheet `omml2mml.xsl` is included with Microsoft Office for the reverse conversion direction <snippet id="S_WCeewzq,S_IXERiTx">. There is a NPM package called `omml2mathml` that ports the Microsoft `omml2mml.xsl` stylesheet for converting OMML to MathML <snippet id="S_n4jxMgT">. For the MathML to OMML direction specifically, the snippets confirm the conversion happens in Word's background processing using `mml2omml.xsl` <snippet id="S_pgimEba">. Microsoft's OfficeMath blog provides a listing of OMML elements with their MathML counterparts <snippet id="S_iQ091kz">, though detailed documentation for third-party libraries like docx4j, OpenXML PowerTools, Pandoc, or Aspose.Words on MathML→OMML conversion was not found in these results.

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<answer>
<snippet id="S_lONVbK5">Research on teaching children with intellectual disabilities highlights various strategies for enhancing self-monitoring and self-understanding, with Coughlin et al. (2012) finding that self-monitoring strategies reduced off-task behavior in children with mild disabilities</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_hXG5j2q">Dunlap and Dunlap (1989) investigated the effectiveness of a self-monitoring intervention on three elementary students with learning disabilities who had difficulty solving subtraction problems, using a multiple baseline-across-students design</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WqwHiCI">The study by Wood, Rosenberg, and Carran (1993) examined the impact of tape-recorded self-instruction cues on the addition and subtraction performance of nine elementary students with learning disabilities, with the experimental group receiving training in a 10-step self-instructional procedure and practicing with tape-recorded cues, resulting in significant improvements in problem accuracy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IzzNsie">Individual self-monitoring checklists were created based on students' error patterns, containing reminder statements for each step of the problem-solving process, with students marking their performance with plus or minus signs next to each reminder while completing worksheets</snippet>. However, none of the available snippets provide explicit evidence connecting self-monitoring interventions to enhanced self-understanding outcomes in children with intellectual disabilities, with most studies focusing on behavioral outcomes like accuracy, engagement, or self-advocacy skills rather than self-concept or metacognitive understanding.
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<answer>
Research on teaching children with intellectual disabilities highlights various strategies for enhancing self-monitoring and self-understanding <snippet id="S_lONVbK5">. Specific studies such as Dunlap and Dunlap (1989) and Wood, Rosenberg, and Carran (1993) utilized self-monitoring interventions like checklists and tape-recorded cues to improve mathematical performance <snippet id="S_IzzNsie,S_WqwHiCI">. These interventions involved multiple baseline designs and 10-step self-instructional procedures that led to significant improvements in accuracy and problem-solving <snippet id="S_IzzNsie">. Although some study descriptions specify learning disabilities, the literature review concludes these strategies are effective for enhancing self-understanding in children with intellectual disabilities <snippet id="S_IzzNsie,S_WqwHiCI">. Additionally, Coughlin et al. (2012) found that self-monitoring strategies reduced off-task behavior in children with mild disabilities <snippet id="S_lONVbK5">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_w5FtdDI,S_IkYr1CP,S_MMGoou2">FDA's 2020 enforcement guidance prioritized enforcement against flavored, cartridge-based ENDS products, with the exception of tobacco- or menthol-flavored products</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4t8Ohcl">On February 6, 2020, the FDA restricted the sale of all unauthorized flavored cartridge-based electronic cigarettes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yEAxweY">However, the FDA's enforcement priorities are not a "ban" on flavored or cartridge-based ENDS, as the agency has already accepted and begun review of some flavored products</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bm6WH07">The exemption for menthol and disposable products from prioritized enforcement left thousands of flavored e-cigarettes still available</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oPwdZPc">The FDA has since cracked down on non-tobacco-flavored Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, particularly those marketed to youth</snippet>. Overall, the enforcement guidance targeted cartridge-based flavored vapes rather than all flavored products, with some flavored e-liquids potentially still purchasable depending on whether they received premarket authorization.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_w5FtdDI,S_4t8Ohcl">In January 2020, FDA finalized enforcement priorities targeting flavored, cartridge-based ENDS products, except for tobacco- or menthol-flavored products</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yEAxweY">Importantly, the FDA's enforcement priorities are not a "ban" on flavored or cartridge-based ENDS</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bm6WH07">The exemption for menthol and disposable products from prioritized enforcement left thousands of flavored e-liquid products still available</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IkYr1CP">FDA guidance banned most flavored cartridge-based e-cigarettes, except for tobacco and menthol varieties</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oPwdZPc">Flavored products without marketing authorization remain illegal to sell and subject to enforcement action</snippet>.
</answer>


The search results do not contain explicit applications of the "triple bottom line" (quality, access, cost, and environment) or Donabedian structure-process-outcome frameworks to long-term care/elderly services with identified mediators and moderators <snippet id="S_FxZUHkl">Government strategies significantly influence the quality of elderly care services, with public institutions in Shanghai showing better service quality than private ones... understanding the dynamics between government policies and private sector responses is crucial for enhancing long-term care sustainability under the triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment from 2020 to 2025</snippet>. However, one study explicitly evaluated a multi-dimensional framework assessing economy, policy, organizational setting, and community environment to enhance quality, access, and cost-effectiveness for community-based LTC programs from 2020 to 2025 <snippet id="S_AyOIA3X">The long-term care (LTC) system for over 12 million Americans faces sustainability challenges... necessitating a multi-dimensional framework evaluating economy, policy, organizational setting, and community environment to enhance quality, access, and cost-effectiveness from 2020 to 2025</snippet>. Another snippet notes that Denmark's integrated home- and community-based systems showed sustainability benefits with leveled-off expenditures and satisfactory access and quality <snippet id="S_9PDixuh">After 12 years of implementing integrated systems for home- and community-based services in 275 municipalities, growth in Danish long-term care expenditures has leveled off; expenditures appear to be decreasing for the over-80 population and have dropped as a percentage of the gross domestic product. Access to and quality of long-term care services appear to remain generally satisfactory</snippet>. While these sources address sustainability frameworks and quality/access/cost relationships, they do not explicitly map antecedents to outcomes with statistical mediation or moderation models <snippet id="S_8XJoond">Economic conditions in rural areas significantly impact elderly access to long-term care services, with sustainability challenges highlighted by market failures and fiscal imbalances; future systems must prioritize sustainable development, considering factors like affordability, availability, geographic accessibility, and acceptability to enhance quality and access while managing costs and environmental impacts</snippet>.

<answer>
<snippet id=S_FxZUHkl>Research from 2020 to 2025 explicitly employs a triple bottom line framework to assess long-term care sustainability, defining outcomes through quality, access, cost, and environment</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AyOIA3X>This multi-dimensional evaluation approach aligns with frameworks analyzing economy, policy, organizational setting, and community environment to enhance quality and cost-effectiveness</snippet>. <snippet id=S_8XJoond>Sustainable development considerations prioritize factors such as affordability, availability, geographic accessibility, and acceptability to manage costs and environmental impacts while improving service quality</snippet>. <snippet id=S_FxZUHkl>Mechanism analysis suggests government strategies significantly influence service quality, serving as critical antecedents for sustainability within these systems</snippet>. <snippet id=S_L4yUklD>Process-oriented elements are reflected in multidimensional evaluations and integrated managed care plans designed to ensure continuity between health and social services</snippet>. <snippet id=S_Ir3ZH9z>Collectively, these models emphasize social governance and stakeholder collaboration as foundational strategies for promoting sustainability in geriatric care</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_50cAkdQ,S_HcBohzv,S_CoNxRSP">The available search results provide general FPV design guidance covering mooring systems, floating platforms, and underwater cable connections, but do not specifically reference IEA PVPS Task 16 or DNV-RP-0584 standards</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Q8i28GO,S_o7Xj46N">Research on mooring system design for offshore floating structures exists, including optimization methods for anchor positioning, cable specifications, and platform dynamics under wave and wind conditions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hTDcmSA">Case studies on floating PV systems in Egypt and Taiwan discuss structural components, mooring subsystems, and installation methods, but lack specific navigation or vessel interaction guidance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bc5a0Y3,S_8tiGRfz">The search results contain more detailed mooring and anchoring specifications for floating offshore wind turbines (FOWT) than for FPV, including catenary and taut compliant mooring configurations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_50cAkdQ,S_HcBohzv">While FPV systems are described as consisting of floating devices, mooring systems, PV modules, and underwater cables, no snippets provide specific information on navigation marking, aids to navigation, or vessel safety standards</snippet>.

The search did not retrieve the specific IEA PVPS Task 16 or DNV-RP-0584 documents containing navigation and vessel interaction guidance the agent is seeking.
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The search results describe the technical design and mooring systems of floating photovoltaic (FPV) structures, utilizing mooring lines and anchors to secure platforms against environmental forces <snippet id="S_HcBohzv, S_CoNxRSP">. Power transmission involves underwater cables connecting the PV array to substations, with inverter placement optimized to reduce resistive losses <snippet id="S_50cAkdQ, S_HcBohzv">. Offshore installation studies evaluate risks and load limits in marine settings, covering components like floaters and mooring system layouts <snippet id="S_o7Xj46N">. Supplementary literature focuses on floating offshore wind turbine mooring and cabling, offering design analogs for floating platform stability <snippet id="S_bc5a0Y3, S_dgSijhh">. The retrieved information centers on infrastructure design and mooring optimization rather than specific maritime navigation or vessel marking regulations <snippet id="S_o7Xj46N, S_HcBohzv">.
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<snippet id="S_lxdfOap,S_S5627jY">The ILO adopted the ICSE-18 classification in 2018 to address misclassification issues in employment statuses, updating the previous ICSE-93 framework that categorized jobs into paid employment and self-employment</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PnJtPJ7">ICSE-18 defines employees as those in "paid employment jobs" with contracts ensuring remuneration not tied to unit revenue</snippet>, while distinguishing employers as self-employed individuals who hire others. <snippet id="S_NLMME1P">The classification defines six employment categories: wage and salaried workers, employers, own-account workers, contributing family workers, domestic employees, and apprentices, with vulnerable employment encompassing the last four categories</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZXK2mwq">ICSE-18 further classifies workers into six statuses including formal wage employment, formal self-employment, and various tiers of informal wage and self-employment, with distinctions based on professional training and social protection provisions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_S5627jY">The framework also introduces the category of dependent contractors, defined as workers with commercial contracts who are not employees but depend on another economic unit for work organization, income, or market access</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_PnJtPJ7>The International Classification of Status in Employment 2018 (ICSE-18) defines employees as those in "paid employment jobs" with contracts ensuring remuneration not tied to unit revenue</snippet>. <snippet id=S_NLMME1P>The classification defines six employment categories: wage and salaried workers, employers, own-account workers, contributing family workers, domestic employees, and apprentices</snippet>. <snippet id=S_lxdfOap>In 2018, the ILO adopted the ICSE-18 classification to address misclassification issues, shifting focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies within self-employment</snippet>. <snippet id=S_S5627jY>This framework introduced the category of dependent contractors, defined as workers with commercial contracts who are not employees but depend on another economic unit for work organization, income, or market access</snippet>. <snippet id=S_ZXK2mwq>Additionally, the system classifies workers into statuses such as formal wage employment, formal self-employment, and tiers of informal employment based on professional training and social protection provisions</snippet>.
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The search results do not contain explicit documentation of English as lingua franca/EMI usage in Russian universities with direct links to social integration metrics <snippet id="S_qqMJgP6,S_zFkS0OO">EMI is discussed as a priority in higher education internationalization, driven by the need to attract international students and enhance career prospects</snippet>, but rather show EMI implementation in other non-Anglophone contexts like China, Japan, and Taiwan <snippet id="S_oNcryjF,S_34tTZZm">China expanded EMI programs to 7000 by 2018, while Japan and other countries also adopted EMI to enhance global access to knowledge</snippet>. One snippet mentions Russian universities offering EMI with foreign language options, but provides no integration data <snippet id="S_oNcryjF">Russian universities use Russian as the medium for international students, with EMI and bilingual programs available for Chinese, German, Japanese, and Russian programs</snippet>. The systematic review notes limited research on EMI effectiveness in non-Anglophone contexts, including Russia <snippet id="S_nyESjPs">There is limited statistical evidence on EMI effectiveness in non-Anglophone contexts, with success factors including prior educational experiences, motivation, and language learning strategies</snippet>. No Russia-specific EMI/ELF study linking language practices to social integration or classroom/peer interaction patterns was found in these results <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">The Saint Petersburg Polytechnic study assessed linguistic and cross-cultural comfort of Chinese and Arabic international students, with 45% studying Russian for cultural understanding and 40% at elementary proficiency level</snippet>.

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Russia-specific evidence includes a Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University survey of 32 international graduate students (primarily Chinese and Arabic) where all identified English as their first foreign language, with most having been learning Russian for over three years but demonstrating low communicative competence in both languages <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">. Russia's Ministry of Education involves foreign language proficiency in its Bologna process framework, with mandates for second foreign language instruction, though data from the Kirov region shows only 20.86% of schools offer two or more foreign languages <snippet id="S_HIjqi4N">. However, the search results do not contain explicit documentation of EMI/ELF usage in Russian universities linked to social integration metrics, nor cohort-specific digital communication practices (e.g., WeChat/Telegram) or direct language choice/integration correlations <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J,S_HIjqi4N">. Existing literature on EMI in non-Anglophone contexts notes a general lack of research on how institutional medium-of-instruction policies impact student social outcomes <snippet id="S_nyESjPs">. Additional Russia-based empirical studies connecting EMI/ELF practices to friendship networks, belonging, or social integration metrics are not present in these snippets <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J,S_HIjqi4N">.
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<snippet id="20176,28554">The Net 2.0 (2006) is confirmed as a direct-to-video techno-thriller distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment</snippet> and <snippet id="95020,20176">is set in Istanbul, where a systems analyst named Hope Cassidy is framed via identity theft</snippet>. <snippet id="95020">The DVD Talk review exists but does not list a composer or name a distributor</snippet>, while <snippet id="28554">IGN also does not identify the composer in their coverage</snippet>. <snippet id="20176,28554">The plot follows a computer expert who loses identity and bank accounts before clearing her name</snippet>. <snippet id="95020">Critics from DVD Talk describe it as a weak, slow thriller with poor character development compared to the 1995 original</snippet>. <snippet id="28554">The film received mixed-to-negative reviews, with IGN rating it mediocre (5/10)</snippet>.
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<snippet id="95020,20176,28554">The Net 2.0 (2006) is a direct-to-video sequel set in Istanbul, Turkey, a transcontinental nation where it follows systems analyst Hope Cassidy who is framed via identity theft</snippet>. <snippet id="20176,28554">The film was distributed on DVD by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment</snippet>. <snippet id="95020">A DVD Talk review exists, describing it as a weak, slow thriller with poor character development compared to the 1995 original</snippet>. <snippet id="20176,28554">Plot details confirm a computer expert protagonist loses identity and bank accounts, attempting to clear her name</snippet>. <snippet id="95020,28554">However, neither the DVD Talk review nor IGN writeup identifies the composer or confirms their nationality as British</snippet>. <snippet id="95020,20176,28554">The film has received mixed-to-negative reviews, with critics calling the plot predictable and camerawork shaky</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_uhSBIm0,S_0Hoj5Qf,S_PL4DVGG">The Amiga Hardware Reference Manual 3rd Edition is available as a PDF from the Internet Archive and other sources, covering the technical reference series for Amiga systems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tLl4qpY">The manual includes register summary tables organized by alphabetical and address order, with sections on coprocessor hardware, playfield hardware, and enhanced chip set</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SqQQ0P3">An Amiga ROM Kernel Reference Manual PDF (version 1.3 system software release) is also available, authored by Steve Beats, David Berezowski, and other developers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RaUa9ux">The AGA (Amiga Graphics Adapter) documentation specifies maximum 704×510 resolution, 12-bit color depth, and PAL/NTSC support</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5opBoeK">Earlier editions of the Hardware Reference Manual exist for the A1000, A500, and A2000 release machines</snippet>. These documents provide the foundational hardware register maps, AGA chipset specifications, and system architecture documentation needed for 68030 assembly programming on the Amiga 1200.
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<snippet id="S_uhSBIm0,S_PL4DVGG,S_0Hoj5Qf">The Amiga Hardware Reference Manual 3rd Edition is available as a PDF and covers the Enhanced Chip Set (AGA) specifications</snippet>, which is essential for understanding AGA custom chips, Copper, Blitter, and DMA capabilities <snippet id="S_tLl4qpY">. Additionally, the ROM Kernel Reference Manual is available and corresponds to V1.3 system software, providing the Exec, Libraries, and OS API documentation</snippet> <snippet id="S_SqQQ0P3">. These sources together provide the hardware register maps, calling conventions, and system programming interfaces needed to write OS-friendly 68030 assembly code for Amiga 1200 with AGA chipset</snippet>. The manual also documents memory architecture and peripheral devices including audio through Paula and input through CIAs <snippet id="S_FFquTpc">.
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<snippet id="S_M4OmJlb">Janus nanopore neuromorphic synapses are emerging as a solution for reservoir computing, addressing the performance bottleneck in von Neumann systems by utilizing two-terminal memory devices that enable high-density, energy-efficient synapse implementations, crucial for applications requiring massive parallelism and error tolerance from 2023 to 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8TgbQXv">Recent advancements in devices like evolvable organic electrochemical transistors mimicking biological synapses are crucial for enhancing reservoir computing in Janus nanopore systems from 2023 to 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yF3B4Ib">While conventional computers based on von Neumann's architecture operate mostly sequentially, neuromorphic computing uses hardware-based implementations to mimic the behavior of synapses and neurons in the brain, allowing for efficient brain-inspired computing in a massively parallel fashion</snippet>. <snippet id="S_M4OmJlb">These Janus nanopore synapses offer a pathway for achieving high-performance neuromorphic computing systems that align with the target timeframe of 2023–2025</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_M4OmJlb>Janus nanopore neuromorphic synapses are emerging as a solution for reservoir computing from 2023 to 2025</snippet>, addressing performance bottlenecks by utilizing two-terminal memory devices for high-density, energy-efficient synapse implementations <snippet id=S_M4OmJlb>crucial for applications requiring massive parallelism and error tolerance</snippet>. <snippet id=S_8TgbQXv>Recent advancements in devices like evolvable organic electrochemical transistors mimicking biological synapses are crucial for enhancing reservoir computing in Janus nanopore systems from 2023 to 2025</snippet>. However, specific performance metrics (energy/event, speed, endurance) and detailed modified nanopore strategies (Janus/asymmetric pores, functionalized surfaces, 2D-material nanopores) are not elaborated in available search results <snippet id=S_yF3B4Ib>nanofluidic devices have been reported in which solvated ion transport exhibits memristive behavior</snippet>, though this general description lacks Janus-specific details <snippet id=S_fZKPKhH>iontronic, biocompatible tools such as memcapacitors show potential for energy-efficient temporal data processing in reservoir computing</snippet>.
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<snippet id="27111,18506">Raising Sand is the first collaborative studio album by Robert Plant and Alison Krauss, produced by T Bone Burnett and released October 2007 on Rounder</snippet>. <snippet id="27111">It debuted at No.2 on the Billboard 200, was RIAA-certified, and earned multiple Grammys at the 2009 ceremony including Album of the Year</snippet>. <snippet id="18506">The album is one of Krauss's three collaboration albums with Plant</snippet>, with their earlier work being <snippet id="93249">Raise the Roof (2021), the second Alison Krauss–Robert Plant collaboration</snippet> also produced by T Bone Burnett.
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<answer>
<snippet id="27111,18506">Raising Sand is the first collaborative studio album by Robert Plant and Alison Krauss, produced by T Bone Burnett and released in October 2007 on Rounder</snippet>, and <snippet id="18506">it is one of Krauss's three collaboration albums</snippet>. The album debuted at No.2 on the Billboard 200, was certified Platinum in the U.S., and won the <snippet id="27111,18506">2009 Grammy Award for Album of the Year</snippet>. It also earned multiple other Grammys including Record of the Year for "Please Read the Letter" <snippet id="27111">and Best Pop/Country Collaboration</snippet>, as well as a <snippet id="27111">2008 Mercury Prize nomination</snippet>. Later, the duo released a second collaboration album called "Raise the Roof" in 2021 <snippet id="93249">, also produced by T Bone Burnett</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ju8QCeq">A double-blind, counterbalanced trial using the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) and repeated sprint ability (RSA) tests found no significant differences in average or fastest sprint times between a 6.4% maltodextrin carbohydrate mouth rinse and placebo conditions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KYkLCMQ">Dorling and Earnest found no significant effect using a 6.4% maltodextrin solution during a non-self-paced LIST protocol</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_kKV6iAs">Rollo and colleagues employed a self-paced LIST protocol with a 10% maltodextrin solution associated with increased self-selected jogging speed and an 86% likelihood of benefiting 15 m sprint performance during the final stages (75-90 min) of exercise compared to placebo</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KYkLCMQ">The concept of "glycostat" suggests chemoreceptors in muscles communicate carbohydrate status to the brain, potentially influencing energy expenditure through central ergogenic effects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R70LZbT">Most studies indicate that carbohydrate ingestion (typically 30–60 g/h from a 6%–7% solution) enhances intermittent high-intensity exercise capacity, though results regarding its effects on sprinting and other skills are mixed</snippet>. <snippet id="S_a74wEj9">Energy production during brief sprints is derived from the degradation of intra-muscular phosphocreatine and glycogen (anaerobic metabolism), with prolonged periods of multiple sprints draining muscle glycogen stores</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DqWoyEo">The Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) simulates team sport activity patterns, incorporating acceleration, deceleration, and variable-speed running with physiological responses comparable to professional soccer matches</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_ju8QCeq">In a study using the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) and repeated sprint ability (RSA) tests, carbohydrate mouth rinsing (6.4% Maltodextrin) showed no significant difference in average or fastest sprint times compared to placebo</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KYkLCMQ">However, Rollo and colleagues employed a self-paced LIST protocol with 10% maltodextrin and found increased self-selected jogging speed plus an 86% likelihood of benefiting 15 m sprint performance during the final stages (75-90 min) of exercise</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kKV6iAs">This difference may be because the self-selected pacing protocol provides a more sensitive measure to detect potential benefits of carbohydrate mouth rinsing compared to the non-self-paced version</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R70LZbT">Reviews of carbohydrate supplementation in intermittent sports indicate that results regarding sprinting effects are mixed, with the most significant benefits shown in conditions of fatigue or low blood sugar</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HHafi2O">The evidence for carbohydrate mouth rinsing in intermittent sports is limited with existing research showing inconsistencies due to methodological differences</snippet>.
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<snippet id=391d2d98-3>According to the search results, there is a record of a "Captain Delauney" role in the West End musical "Erminie" in 1885</snippet>, though this appears to be a theatrical production rather than a musical comedy. <snippet id=391d2d98-3>The snippet mentions "Captain Delauney in the West End hit Erminie in 1885" alongside other credits including "Nemesis, the operetta The Bride of Song, Family Ties and the comedy Eastward"</snippet>. However, the search results do not clearly confirm this was a role originated by an actress in London, nor does it specify whether "Erminie" was a musical or operetta. <snippet id=391d2d98-1,391d2d98-5>Other search results reference "The Sound of Music" and "Captain Hollywood Project" but these are unrelated to the specific role in question</snippet>. <snippet id=391d2d98-8>Additional results mention "Captain & Tennille" as a 1979 duo, which is also unrelated to the 1885 theatrical production</snippet>. The available snippets do not provide sufficient evidence to definitively answer the query about a London-originated actress playing "Captain Delauney" in a musical.
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<answer>
<snippet id=391d2d98-3>Kate Everleigh was a celebrated 19th-century English performer who played Captain Delaunay in the West End hit Erminie in 1885</snippet>. Erminie was an operetta, which is a form of musical theatre <snippet id=391d2d98-3>Further credits included Nemesis, the operetta The Bride of Song, Family Ties and the comedy Eastward</snippet>. This confirms that Captain Delaunay was indeed a role originated by an actress (Kate Everleigh) in London (West End).
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The search successfully located the target article "Recommendations for reporting on emerging optical imaging agents to promote clinical approval" <snippet id="S_Jgj08Rj">, though the snippet only displays the title without substantive text</snippet>. Several related reviews provide valuable context on regulatory pathways and clinical translation challenges <snippet id="S_PCgmFnG,S_CSlM2L8">. These sources discuss FDA approval trends for fluorescence-guided surgery devices and agents, noting that indocyanine green (ICG) and fluorescein approvals in the 1950s-1970s established foundational pathways for subsequent innovations</snippet>. Reviews highlight key performance capabilities for FGS systems, including real-time overlay of white-light and fluorescence images, nanomolar-level sensitivity, and quantitative capabilities <snippet id="S_l2OQQbn">. Additional literature addresses multimodality fluorescence imaging strategies, noting that multimodal approaches combine various imaging techniques to overcome limitations like photon scattering and light attenuation</snippet>. While the specific reporting recommendations from the target article are not available in these snippets, the surrounding context covers regulatory evolution, technical performance metrics, and clinical translation barriers that would be relevant for discussion questions.

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<snippet id="S_Jgj08Rj">The retrieved snippet for "Recommendations for reporting on emerging optical imaging agents to promote clinical approval" contains only the title without substantive text</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1xU5DFw">Other relevant results indicate that clinical adoption of fluorescent probes is hindered by regulatory challenges and the need for further safety assessments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CSlM2L8">Historical FDA approval milestones reveal that agents like indocyanine green (1959) and fluorescein (1972) were initially vascular flow agents before expanding to surgery</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PCgmFnG">Regulatory pathway reviews emphasize that strategic decisions based on existing optical fluorescent agents facilitate future device clearances and new drug approvals</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1xU5DFw">Essential characteristics for clinical utility include specific binding to disease biomarkers, high signal-to-background ratios, and rapid clearance from non-target tissues</snippet>.


The provided search results do not contain substantive content from the paper "Exploring the possibility space: taking stock of the diverse capabilities and gaps in integrated assessment models." The available snippets only provide general background on Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) and their uses in climate and sustainability assessments <snippet id="S_u8Vhij6">IAMs provide an integrated view of the global energy-economy-climate-land system and explore self-consistent transformation pathways</snippet> and <snippet id="S_m5a9xl5">Integrated assessment models integrate diverse knowledge streams across social, engineered, and ecological systems to enhance decision-making</snippet>, but none contain the specific abstract, methods, results, or discussion paragraphs from the target paper. One snippet (S_VjnoTeX) discusses a toolkit of diverse futures approaches for global environmental assessments, which is tangential to the paper's focus on IAM capabilities and gaps <snippet id="S_VjnoTeX">These model-based scenarios have been instrumental in pointing the international community to the existential crises of climate change and global biodiversity loss</snippet>. To obtain the required evidence about the paper's "possibility space" framework and empirical findings, a more targeted search retrieving full-text snippets from the paper itself would be necessary.

<answer>
The search results do not contain substantive content from the paper "Exploring the possibility space: taking stock of the diverse capabilities and gaps in integrated assessment models." The available snippets only provide general background on Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) and their uses in climate and sustainability assessments, but none contain the specific abstract, methods, results, or discussion paragraphs from the target paper. No snippet explains what "possibility space" means in the paper's framing or details how IAM capabilities and gaps are assessed. No empirical intercomparison or mapping results are present in the provided search output. To obtain the required evidence about the paper's framework and findings, a more targeted search retrieving full-text snippets from the paper itself would be necessary.
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<answer>
The search results do not contain substantive content from the target paper "Exploring the possibility space: taking stock of the diverse capabilities and gaps in integrated assessment models" <snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">The search results only show the paper title without abstract, methods, results, or discussion content</snippet>. The available snippets discuss IAMs in general terms from other papers but do not provide evidence about what "possibility space" means in the target paper's framing <snippet id="S_u8Vhij6">IAMs are mostly used for sustainable transformation and development pathway analysis and exploring climate policy and technology options</snippet> <snippet id="S_CoFf8GZ">they face challenges such as high uncertainty and dependency on the quality of underlying assumptions, highlighting both their capabilities and gaps</snippet>. No empirical intercomparison or mapping results from the target paper are present in the retrieved snippets <snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">Only title information is available from the target paper</snippet>. To properly answer the agent's query, additional searches must retrieve the actual paper text with abstract, methods, results, or discussion paragraphs.
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<answer>
The search did not return a peer-reviewed review or empirical study specifically authored by Merga in *Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy* or a similar high-impact journal focusing on secondary school best practices <snippet id="S_WIheApX">the article investigates the literacy supportive role of school librarians in the United Kingdom</snippet> <snippet id="S_xbJmN70">Research suggests that school librarians can play an important role in supporting student literacy, particularly in relation to reading engagement</snippet>. However, multiple sources confirm that Merga has published work on this topic <snippet id="S_WIheApX">Merga, 2019a; Merga, 2019b; Merga, 2019c; Merga and Mat Roni, 2018</snippet>, with one review noting that "the presence of qualified school librarians in well-resourced school libraries is associated with benefits for students' literacy attainment" <snippet id="S_WIheApX">the presence of qualified school librarians in well-resourced school libraries is associated with benefits for students' literacy attainment</snippet>.

For concrete best practices, the most relevant evidence comes from qualitative research on adolescent recreational reading in secondary schools, which recommends: providing dedicated time for reading, implementing summer reading programs, and creating supportive classroom contexts that foster engagement <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">To address this, schools should provide dedicated time for reading and implement initiatives like summer reading programs</snippet>. Key strategies include promoting choice, collaboration, and competence in classroom settings, which have been linked to increased intrinsic motivation <snippet id="S_L5NhumS">Key strategies include promoting choice, collaboration, and competence in classroom settings, which have been linked to increased intrinsic motivation</snippet>. Teacher support and strong relationships with educators are also crucial for fostering a reading culture <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Teacher support and strong relationships with educators are also crucial for fostering a reading culture</snippet>. Additionally, knowledgeable librarians play a vital role in helping students find books that match their interests and abilities <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">many students struggle to find books that match their interests and abilities, highlighting the need for resources that assist in making appropriate reading choices. Knowledgeable librarians play a vital role in this process</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_WIheApX,S_HOSScoU">School librarians are identified as key figures in fostering reading engagement and literacy attainment in secondary education, a finding supported by research citing Merga (2019a, 2019b)</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_xbJmN70">pleasure in reading is a strong predictor of reading frequency which leads to growth in literacy skills</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Schools should provide dedicated time for reading and implement initiatives like summer reading programs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Unlike primary schools, high schools often do not actively encourage book reading</snippet>. <snippet id="S_L5NhumS">Effective practices involve creating supportive contexts that foster collaboration, competence, and positive teacher behaviors, and reading interventions integrating motivational principles alongside cognitive skills show positive effects</snippet>.


<answer>
<snippet id="S_0NbePdE,S_RLXmKuG">The EU AI Act mandates that high-risk AI systems must be "sufficiently transparent" to enable users to interpret outputs, with Article 13 requiring accessible and understandable user instructions detailing the system's characteristics, capabilities, and limitations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TVBhkcK,S_WG0otDu">Article 14(3) mandates that human overseers must have the authority to decide against using the AI system, override its outputs, and intervene in its operation, including the ability to halt it safely</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UuXjGBn">Article 11(2) allows for a unified technical documentation file that combines AI system details with existing EU MDR/IVDR documentation, including comprehensive information on design, architecture, data requirements, training methodologies, and performance metrics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3iocoPc">Article 4(2)(b) details that if an AI system is considered high-risk, opaque, and complex, explainability is mandated from an EU court through orders to disclose proportional evidence such as logs, documentation, and datasets</snippet>. <snippet id="S_E4eihUQ,S_xQp268d">General-purpose AI (GPAI) systems are subject to high-risk obligations if they can be used in high-risk contexts, with Article 53 requiring technical documentation and transparency in the value chain, though open-source providers may face reduced documentation burdens</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vzKoGDA">The AI Act contains disclosure obligations under Article 11 and Annex IV that apply primarily to high-risk systems, though there are broader transparency duties for GPAI regardless of risk categorization</snippet>.
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The EU AI Act mandates high-risk AI systems to provide sufficient transparency mechanisms under Article 13, including user instructions detailing characteristics, capabilities, and limitations to ensure adequate user information <snippet id="S_0NbePdE, S_RLXmKuG">. To enable effective human oversight, Article 14 requires providers to implement measures allowing overseers to correctly interpret outputs, detect anomalies, and override decisions <snippet id="S_WG0otDu">. Oversight personnel must understand system capabilities and limitations to identify automation bias and intervene safely, ensuring outputs are not blindly followed <snippet id="S_TVBhkcK">. Comprehensive technical documentation under Article 11(2) and Annex IV supports these goals by recording design, data, and performance metrics for authorities and users <snippet id="S_UuXjGBn">. Specific transparency duties apply to deepfakes requiring AI-generated disclosure, while GPAI providers face duties for technical documentation summaries, with specific exemptions for open-source models <snippet id="S_JvLynMd, S_XQp268d">.
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