<answer>
<snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_AuYFhyP,S_HkWtygo">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017 that uses a clipped surrogate objective to optimize policy updates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_r9aDbc9">The core idea involves a probability ratio \( r_t(\theta) = \frac{p_h(a_t, s_t)}{p_h_{\text{old}}(a_t, s_t)} \) between the new and old policies, with a tunable hyper-parameter \( \epsilon \) (typically 0.1-0.2) defining the clipping bounds</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">The clipped objective function \( \text{clip}(r_t(\theta), 1 - \epsilon, 1 + \epsilon)A_t \) prevents significant deviations of the ratio from 1, ensuring stable policy updates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_9Mgjk7i">This clipping mechanism minimizes the risk of encountering a "reward cliff" and promotes conservative policy improvements over overly optimistic ones</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP">Additionally, an entropy regularization term is included to promote action diversity and ensure sufficient exploration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9Mgjk7i">The training loop involves initializing hyperparameters, collecting trajectories from parallel environments, and performing multiple update epochs based on these trajectories</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_hXE5LYe,S_z9c3Jms">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">It utilizes a clipped surrogate objective function that constrains the probability ratio between the new and old policies within a range typically set to 1 ± ε</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">This objective takes the minimum of clipped and unclipped estimates, providing a lower bound that penalizes significant deviations from 1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YKlYY4b,S_CcbSYTJ,S_9Mgjk7i">During training, the algorithm collects trajectories, computes advantage estimates (often via Generalized Advantage Estimation), and optimizes the policy with a value network loss and entropy bonus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CcbSYTJ,S_HkWtygo,S_9Mgjk7i">This allows multiple update epochs per iteration and stabilizes training by preventing excessively large policy updates</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
The search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum et al. "The Return to Protectionism" paper, so I cannot provide evidence from that source. However, the available snippets provide general information on Trump tariffs' impact on prices, welfare, and trade war dynamics. The 2018 tariffs were imposed on $283 billion of US imports with rates ranging from 10% to 50% <snippet id="S_yHishm4">the Trump administration imposed tariffs on $283 billion of US imports, with rates from 10% to 50%</snippet>, and created meaningful variations across products and time <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh">the analysis suggests that the tariffs created meaningful variations across products and time, allowing for a clearer assessment of their economic impact</snippet>. In retaliation, countries such as China, the European Union, and Canada filed cases against the US at the WTO and imposed their own tariffs on approximately $121 billion of US exports <snippet id="S_yHishm4">In retaliation, countries such as China, the European Union, and Canada filed cases against the US at the WTO and imposed their own tariffs on approximately $121 billion of US exports</snippet>. The research indicates that trade-related job losses have a distinct anti-incumbent effect, while trade integration may increase perceived insecurity <snippet id="S_I1oE0tb">Research indicates that trade-related job losses have a distinct anti-incumbent effect, while trade integration may increase perceived insecurity</snippet>. The analysis reveals that retaliatory tariffs predominantly affected areas that supported Trump in the 2016 presidential election <snippet id="S_bTYtYjO">The analysis examines the political targeting of retaliatory tariffs during Trump's trade wars, revealing that these tariffs predominantly affected areas that supported Trump in the 2016 presidential election</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018-2019 Trump tariffs imposed $283 billion of US imports with rates from 10% to 50% on various goods, with China facing the most substantial tariffs totaling 25% on $50 billion of imports</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_yHishm4">retaliatory measures from trading partners including China, the European Union, and Canada targeted approximately $121 billion of US exports averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The tariffs were implemented amid a populist backlash against globalization, with retaliatory tariffs focusing on regions that supported Trump in the 2016 election rather than those backing other Republican candidates</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">none of the provided snippets contain results from Fajgelbaum et al.'s "The Return to Protectionism" paper specifically examining welfare effects, regressivity, or distributional incidence on low-income households</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The available evidence indicates that while tariffs may benefit specific industries, they are generally detrimental to both trading partners and the imposing country</snippet>. The search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum findings on how Trump tariffs affected working-class households or whether impacts were regressive as the agent requested.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">ZeRO-DP has three main optimization stages: Optimizer State Partitioning (P_os) provides 4x memory reduction with same communication volume as DP, Gradient Partitioning (P_os+g) provides 8x memory reduction with same communication volume as DP, and Parameter Partitioning (P_os+g+p) achieves linear memory reduction with DP degree N_d, with a modest 50% increase in communication volume</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">Total communication volume in ZeRO is 3, spread evenly across 2 all-gather and 1 reduce-scatter operations per forward and backward pass</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">ZeRO++ optimizations include Quantized Weight Communication (qwZ) reducing parameter communication volume by half through INT8 quantization, Hierarchical Weight Partition (hpZ) trading GPU memory for communication by maintaining full model copies within each machine to replace cross-machine all-gather with intra-machine all-gather, and Quantized Gradient Communication (qgZ) reducing gradient communication costs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BWVyprV">DeepSpeed implements incremental optimization stages (stage-1, stage-2, stage-3) corresponding to sharding optimizer state, gradients, and model parameters across data parallel ranks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Ww1dLNd">ZeRO/DeepSpeed optimizes memory usage in data parallel training by sharding redundant state among replicas, complementing systems like Gpipe and Varuna</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RRxd5ah">Hybrid approaches like LoongTrain apply ZeRO across both data-parallel and sequence-parallel dimensions, distributing model states across more GPUs to balance GPU memory usage and communication overhead</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_vOhHdDS>ZeRO-DP employs three optimization stages that partition optimizer states, gradients, and parameters, offering 4x and 8x memory reductions for the first two stages and linear memory reduction for parameter sharding at the cost of a 50% communication volume increase.</snippet> <snippet id=S_lxTe76D>ZeRO communication overhead is characterized by two all-gather operations for parameters and one reduce-scatter for gradients, totaling a volume of 3 model sizes per iteration.</snippet> <snippet id=S_RRxd5ah>However, the latency of collective communication operations demonstrates a positive correlation with the communication scale, which becomes significant when sharding across hundreds of GPUs.</snippet> <snippet id=S_LvWi5qs>For extreme memory scaling, ZeRO-Infinity offloads optimizer states and activations to CPU or NVMe memory to enable training of models with trillions of parameters.</snippet>
</answer>


Multiple single-cell RNA-seq studies have documented heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) <snippet id="S_f8dkLgt,S_74qvdrj">time-course single-cell-transcriptomic analysis of developing human stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte-lineage-cells (hOLLCs) uncovers substantial transcriptional heterogeneity of PDGFRα-lineage hOLLCs</snippet>, including subpopulations of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hOPCs) <snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">and a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. Immunophenotypic analysis revealed four distinct populations based on THY1, EGFR, and PDGFRA expression, with THY1 hi EGFR + PDGFRA + cells enriched for putative pre-OPCs and THY1 hi EGFR À PDGFRA + cells representing putative OPCs <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Pseudotime analysis indicated a maturation trajectory from pre-OPCs to mature oligodendrocytes, with the THY1 hi EGFR + PDGFRA + group being enriched for actively cycling cells</snippet>. Lineage tracing studies using Pdgfra-Cre-ERT/RCE mice showed that only a subset of post-natal Pdgfra/GFP+ cells may give rise to neurons, while most lineage-traced cells correlated with oligodendrocytes and astrocytes <snippet id="S_gQLOdg8">Oligodendrogenesis begins at embryonic day (E) 12.5 with the emergence of Pdgfra+ cells, and single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) performed at postnatal days 7-8 revealed that lineage-traced cells correlate more with oligodendrocytes (OLs) and astrocytes than with neurons</snippet>. Additionally, 3D neural culture models confirmed developmental progression among oligodendrocyte-lineage cells with consistent expression of stage-specific markers <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">The oligodendrocyte cluster included proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes (NFOs), and myelinating oligodendrocytes, with consistent expression of stage-specific markers confirmed by qPCR</snippet>.

<answer>
<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Studies utilizing single-cell transcriptomics have identified substantial transcriptional heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells (hOLLCs), discovering sub-populations such as a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Specifically, single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity in cell-surface marker expression, categorizing cells into four distinct immunophenotypic populations including putative pre-OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes based on EGFR and PDGFRA levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell sequencing of 3D hiPSC-derived neural cultures further distinguished heterogeneity within the oligodendrocyte cluster, separating proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes, and myelinating oligodendrocytes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">Investigations employing both bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on iPSC-derived OPCs suggest that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity and intrinsic epigenetic differences between developmental cohorts</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_QESxt6r">RNA interference (RNAi) has been developed as an efficient technology for pest control, using transgenic cotton plants that express double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) ingested by insects to silence target genes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QESxt6r">In one study, HaHR3 dsRNA-expressing transgenic cotton lines were successfully cultivated and showed high larval mortality and pupation/deformation issues when fed to Helicoverpa armigera larvae</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">However, attempts to apply RNAi against the cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) have not yielded similar results, with research indicating silencing specific genes like cytochrome P450 CYP6AE14 can increase sensitivity to cotton metabolites</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tDo09SB">The effectiveness of RNAi in A. grandis is hindered by barriers including dsRNA delivery, cellular uptake, and degradation by gut nucleases</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UDpXMMR">While transcriptome analysis identified contigs related to RNAi mechanisms, no RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) gene was detected, and dsRNA targeting chitin synthase II showed reduced degradation when nucleases were silenced</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">Transgenic plants expressing dsRNAs aimed at silencing critical insect genes have shown effective protection against pest damage in laboratory settings, but further development and extensive field testing are necessary</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6Sv0Jhf">Cry1Ia12 toxin-expressing transgenic cotton has been shown to confer resistance to both Fall Armyworm and Cotton Boll Weevil</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising biotechnological approach for the cotton boll weevil, with research identifying targets like vitellogenin and chitin synthase genes for silencing</snippet>. <snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>Microinjection of dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 produced unviable eggs and malformed larvae, while vitellogenin knockdown significantly affected egg viability without altering egg laying numbers</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI>However, effective oral delivery of dsRNA via transgenic plants is limited by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, AgraNuc3) that degrade the RNA in the posterior midgut</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_fXsP2MN>While silencing these nucleases can enhance gene silencing efficiency against targets like chitin synthase II, attempts to apply RNAi against the boll weevil have not yielded results comparable to other coleopteran pests</snippet>. <snippet id=S_fXsP2MN>Although transgenic cotton plants expressing dsRNA are being developed, extensive field testing remains necessary to validate efficacy in agriculture</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_hTyNcJU">The Kuwait oil fires following the 1991 Gulf War produced aerosols with a single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm</snippet>, which were characterized as "dirty pollution" with a single scattering albedo of 0.72 at 673 nm <snippet id="S_hTyNcJU">by Omar et al. (2005)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_OLKZZOQ">The fires exhibited a net heating rate of up to 3.9 K/h at 1 h and 2.3 K/h at 3 h plume age, with significant aerosol radiative forcing effects</snippet> that altered boundary-layer wind properties. <snippet id="S_vOW7FR3">The study indicates that uncertainties in coagulation rate caused a 20-40% uncertainty in the plume's radiative forcing</snippet>, relevant to understanding the radiative forcing of the 1991 Kuwait oil fire plumes. <snippet id="S_vaq6doy">This research investigates the radiative forcing effects of smoke aerosols from Kuwait oil fires in 1991, focusing on uncertainties in surface and top-of-atmosphere forcing</snippet> and their impacts on climate, including modifications to energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature and precipitation patterns. <snippet id="S_0LL30pj">The State of Kuwait oil fires and military operations associated with the 1991 Gulf War resulted in substantially increased levels of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the region around it, namely, the GCC</snippet>. <snippet id="S_dFPlFos">During the dust storm over Kuwait on 26 March 2003, aerosol optical thickness reached 3.617, PM10 peaked at 4800 μg m−3, and the thick dust layer caused cooling at the top of atmosphere by −60 Wm−2 and at surface level by −175 Wm−2</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
The 1991 Kuwait oil fires produced significant aerosol radiative forcing with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour plume age, causing temperature differences of up to 6 K at 250-400 hPa and cooling of up to -3 K at 850 hPa <snippet id=S_OLKZZOQ>. These aerosol effects substantially modified energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature/precipitation patterns in the regional climate <snippet id=S_vaq6doy>. Surface cooling of -175 Wm-2 was recorded during related dust events in Kuwait with aerosol optical thickness reaching 3.617, indicating strong boundary layer perturbations <snippet id=S_dFPlFos>. The Kuwait oil fire plumes exhibited a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, confirming highly absorbing characteristics that influence radiative heating profiles <snippet id=S_hTyNcJU>. Radiative forcing uncertainties for such plumes range 20-40% depending on dilution rates and particle mixture state <snippet id=S_vOW7FR3>. These combined effects demonstrate how war-driven aerosols can alter boundary layer stability and surface wind conditions relevant to turbine operation <snippet id=S_0LL30pj>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_UBzqh33">StealC V2 introduces several new features compared to V1, including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, enhanced payload execution methods, and the ability to decrypt stolen data server-side</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, and network communications now use RC4 encryption</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">C2 communication has shifted to JSON-based requests and responses, with a focus on unique access tokens and error handling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses, with the control panel updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_UBzqh33>StealC V2 introduces several new features including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, along with enhanced payload execution methods</snippet>, and it can decrypt stolen data server-side. The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, but has enabled RC4 encryption for network communications which was previously disabled. Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook, with C2 communication now using JSON-based requests and responses. The control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery. Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses <snippet id=S_UBzqh33>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">A cohort study using US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases followed US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and September 30, 2021</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibiting a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">In the post-acute phase of the disease, compared with the contemporary control group, people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HmTazVA">Non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients had a 25% (95% CI: 21%-29%) increased risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes, which rose to 173% in hospitalized patients and 276% in ICU patients</snippet>, while risk decreased over time, dropping to non-significant levels at 13-52 weeks. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Altogether, there is evidence to suggest that beyond the acute phase of COVID-19, survivors might be at an increased risk of developing incident diabetes, and increased risk of incident antihyperglycemic use in the post-acute phase of the disease</snippet>. Diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, and post-acute care strategies should integrate screening and management of diabetes <snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">to inform post-acute COVID-19 care strategies</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study used US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases to build a cohort of US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19</snippet> with two control groups for comparison. <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">Detailed analyses showed people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes compared with the contemporary control group</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Risks and burdens of post-acute diabetes increased in a graded fashion according to the severity of the acute phase, whether patients were non-hospitalised, hospitalized, or admitted to intensive care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study authors conclude diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, and post-acute care strategies should integrate screening and management of diabetes</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" by Sarwant Singh was published on January 22, 2025, on Forbes and various platforms</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the available search snippets contain the specific percentage for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article's existence and publication details without providing the actual content or statistics. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article URL is https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>. To obtain the renewable electricity percentage, the full article content would need to be accessed directly.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was written by Sarwant Singh and published in Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage figure for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article exists and provide publication details, but do not include the actual renewable energy statistics from the article. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article URL is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>, but the renewable electricity percentage data is not accessible from these search results.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_TUFN3jC,S_mBwOV4H">The 15th POMS-HK International Conference is scheduled for 3–5 January 2025 at the Chinese University of Hong Kong</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jE7LWrz,S_LKSKJn1">The 14th POMS-HK International Conference took place on 5–6 January 2024 at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Br57QvT">The 13th POMS-HK International Conference was held on 7-8 January 2023 at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5nVopPR,S_DzBPmor">Earlier conferences such as the 12th (8-9 January 2022) and 11th (8-9 January 2021) also follow this January timing pattern</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_AA5wpad">the provided search results do not contain specific start dates for the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta</snippet>, so I cannot compare which event starts earlier based on the available information.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_mBwOV4H">The POMS-HK International Conference is held annually in early January in Hong Kong, with the 15th conference scheduled for January 3-5, 2025, the 14th for January 5-6, 2024, and the 13th for January 7-8, 2023</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_jE7LWrz,S_TUFN3jC,S_DzBPmor,S_mBwOV4H,S_Br57QvT,S_ULVAUtt,S_wmyEfiy,S_5nVopPR">none of the provided search snippets contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta or its specific dates</snippet>. Therefore, I cannot definitively compare which conference starts first without additional search results about the Atlanta meeting.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse ERVs are classified into three classes based on pol sequence similarity, with class I resembling gamma- and epsilon-retroviruses (including MLVs) and class II resembling alpha-, beta-, and delta-retroviruses</snippet>. <snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse representatives of class I include elements similar to classical murine leukemia viruses (MLVs) and VL30 elements, while class II includes elements similar to mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTV) and the large intracisternal A-particle (IAP) superfamily with approximately 1000 copies per cell</snippet>. <snippet id="S_wHW5Oiu">ERV1 corresponds to Gammaretroviruses and Epsilonretroviruses, while ERV2 is classified into 10 subgroups belonging to the Betaretrovirus lineage</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">Functional MLV elements in mice include Emv loci that can produce infectious virus, with Emv2 in C57BL/6 mice capable of restoration of replication competence through recombination</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">IAP elements are murine-specific retroviral transposable elements that can lead to disease if they insert near genes, with domesticus showing a higher proportion of variable bases from active IAP subtypes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ejVsieR">Phylogenetic analyses of Pol proteins classify retroviruses into five major clades, with clades Jin and Mu including viruses related to gammaretroviruses and epsilonretroviruses (class I ERVs) and class II ERVs</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Mouse endogenous retroviruses utilize a three-class system where MLV representatives belong to Class I (gammaretrovirus-like) and IAP elements belong to Class II (betaretrovirus-like), sharing nomenclature with human ERVs where Class I aligns with ERV1 and Class II with ERV2 <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_wHW5Oiu">. Functionally, endogenous MLVs such as Emv2 can undergo recombination to restore replication competence and produce infectious virus particles in strains like C57BL/6 mice <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. These infectious recombinant MLVs have been identified in murine cancer cell lines, where they contribute to leukemogenesis and tumor development <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. In contrast, IAP elements are autonomous long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons capable of active retrotransposition, contributing to genetic variation <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">. IAP elements are abundant, with approximately 1000 copies per cell, and specific subtypes like ID1 remain active in Mus musculus subspecies <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_VrGqnwN">. Active IAP insertions in Mus musculus domesticus account for a significant proportion of subspecies-specific polymorphisms, indicating ongoing mobilization <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_jaGb9lk,S_Gj9myfY">Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs by retrieving evidence from external knowledge bases before generation</snippet>, enabling models to generate responses conditioning on relevant evidence rather than relying solely on internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_PbQaaQw">RAG alleviates hallucination by retrieving reliable documents before LLMs respond to a query</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">Research suggests hallucinations can be diminished through RAG adoption alongside advanced prompting, specialized fine-tuning, factuality-focused decoding methods, or external database checks</snippet>, with studies showing promising results in significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing accuracy, reliability, and faithfulness of model outputs <snippet id="S_6v3TJp1">Empirical evaluations indicate the ARA model effectively mitigates hallucinations with optimal retrieval settings while maintaining moderate retrieval frequency</snippet>. However, RAG is not without limitations, as its effectiveness heavily relies on the quality of retrieval mechanisms and can suffer from error accumulation or irrelevant evidence propagation <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">Irrelevant evidence can be propagated into the generation phase, possibly tainting the output</snippet>, and existing approaches may face trade-offs between diversity and factuality <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">existing RAG may suffer from a trade-off between diversity and factuality</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Research from 2023–2025 consistently demonstrates that Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. Multiple studies confirm that RAG enables models to generate responses conditioning on retrieved evidence from external knowledge bases, significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing factual accuracy <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY,S_PbQaaQw">. The technique works by retrieving reliable documents before generation, allowing LLMs to leverage external non-parameterized knowledge alongside internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_OARPrNN">. However, research also cautions that RAG's effectiveness heavily depends on retrieval mechanism quality, and the approach is not without limitations such as error accumulation and citation inaccuracies <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_Gj9myfY">. Several implementations, including Active Retrieval Augmentation frameworks, have empirically validated that optimal retrieval settings can significantly reduce hallucinations <snippet id="S_MJvgffY,S_6v3TJp1">.
</answer>


The search results do not contain any specific ITOPF, IOPC Funds, or IMO case history reports for the Hebei Spirit oil spill. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ,S_DqGbf1z,S_i5aMNhp,S_0baMwGe,S_8WsCupd,S_B84eK7e,S_n6iBrLE,S_ys41PcL,S_deSmbWp">All returned snippets are from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico (2010) rather than the Hebei Spirit incident in the Bohai Sea, China</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">The search results include general assessments of ship-related oil spill response capabilities in the Chinese Bohai Sea, but do not specify the Hebei Spirit event</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hub9Tvk">The Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China provides frameworks for assessing floating boom capabilities in the Bohai Sea region</snippet>. No specific Hebei Spirit response details such as booms, skimming, dispersant use, shoreline cleanup methods, or volunteer management were found in these search results. A new search targeting Korean government or ITOPF specifically for Hebei Spirit case history is needed.

<answer>
<snippet id="">No relevant information about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill was found in the search results.</snippet> The provided snippets all concern the Deepwater Horizon (2010, Gulf of Mexico) spill or general response capabilities in other regions like the Chinese Bohai Sea. Specifically, they discuss Deepwater Horizon shoreline oiling, SCAT surveys, dispersant use, boom and skimmer deployment, and cleanup worker participation. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ">Deepwater Horizon oil stranded on 1,773 km of shoreline with 660 km receiving authorized cleanup</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_i5aMNhp">18 SCAT teams surveyed over 7,058 kilometers of shoreline</snippet>. The Boi Sea snippets discuss mechanical facility storage quantities for skimmers and booms. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">The Bohai Sea survey found 133,420 m of floating booms, 9,632 kL/h for skimmers, and 100 vessels available</snippet>. No Hebei Spirit case history from ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean authorities was included in these results.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_QMZd9uN,S_NFdiZQm">Vertical eDNA distribution in lakes shows strong seasonal stratification, with warm-water fish eDNA concentrated above the thermocline and cold-water fish eDNA below, reflecting lake thermal structure and species thermal niches</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eR9pNyf,S_nblzMDI">Thermocline depths range from 0.75 to 3.2 m in small temperate lakes, with sampling locations 20 m offshore and nearshore within 1 m of the shoreline indicating distinct vertical distribution patterns in littoral and pelagic zones</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QMZd9uN,S_7ms3BbK">During summer stratification, cold-water stenotherms like lake trout are primarily detected at the deepest layers, while warm-water minnows are more abundant at the surface, with the thermocline marking a sharp transition in species detection</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DCoNvvE,S_qZTbA6e">eDNA becomes homogenous during autumn turnover, but in monomictic lakes stratification persists in summer, necessitating multiple sampling points for detection</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Cx6Mojy">Distinct community assemblages are detected above and below the thermocline, with water column mixing during turnover causing significant eDNA redistribution</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_qZTbA6e,S_7ms3BbK>Stratification leads to distinct microhabitat isolation where cold-water stenotherms are detectable only in midwater and deep habitats while warm-water minnows are abundant at the surface</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_QMZd9uN,S_7ms3BbK>community detection becomes more uniform across depths during autumn turnover when water column mixing occurs</snippet>. <snippet id=S_eR9pNyf,S_nblzMDI>Thermocline depths vary significantly between lakes, ranging from 0.75 to 3.2 m in some cases to 4.60 to 6.60 m in others</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DCoNvvE,S_qZTbA6e>Patchy distribution necessitates multiple sampling points across depths rather than single samples to capture community heterogeneity</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil is listed among West Bank Premier League clubs, with Hebron as their base</snippet>, but the search results do not provide specific information about a club from a major Southern West Bank city that has won the Palestinian FA Cup multiple times. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-1>Al-Bireh Institute and other West Bank clubs appear in the alphabetical list</snippet>, yet there is no data confirming multiple national cup victories for any particular club. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-6>Several clubs located in the West Bank are mentioned</snippet>, but they are primarily associated with Israeli settlements rather than Palestinian professional football. The available snippets do not contain evidence of a specific club from a major Southern West Bank city that has won a prominent national cup multiple times under FIFA's regulations. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-3>Older league data from 2007 shows different club standings</snippet>, but does not provide the cup victory information needed. I cannot identify the specific club the agent is seeking from the current search results.
</answer>

<answer>
Based on the search results, the major cities in the Southern West Bank include Hebron (Khalil), which has professional clubs like <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil</snippet>. The club Shabab Al-Dhahiriya from the city of Ad-Dhahiriya is also located in the Southern West Bank <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>. However, the search results do not contain sufficient information about which specific club has won the Palestinian Cup multiple times and plays in a nearby municipality rather than its home city. Additional research is needed to determine the exact club meeting all criteria mentioned in the query.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_LNwC0St">The U.S. Department of the Treasury maintains a Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates page with data for 2025</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_9NRdU6Z">official Treasury Bill Rates are published as indicative closing market bid quotations from recent auctions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Ex1kQjb">The search results show a 3-month rate of 4.03% as of 09/18/2025</snippet>, with 1-year and 2-year rates at 3.61% and 3.57% respectively. <snippet id="S_nEPDvRp">Additional Treasury yield data includes both nominal and real yield curve rates</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_2WbtkJ5">a daily interest rate XML feed is available for programmatic access to this data</snippet>. However, the 10-year yield specifically is not visible in the current snippet output.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_Ex1kQjb>As of September 18, 2025, the 3-month Treasury rate was 4.03%</snippet>. The Treasury provides official yield curve data through its Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates page <snippet id=S_LNwC0St,S_9NRdU6Z,S_Ex1kQjb>. The 10-year rate is available through the same data source, though the snippet cuts off after showing rates for maturities up to 3 years. The Treasury's yield curve methodology uses indicative, bid-side market price quotations to derive par yields <snippet id=S_pwGFHPE,S_AsPkpls>. Official rates can also be accessed via the Treasury's daily interest rate XML feed or API documentation <snippet id=S_2WbtkJ5,S_4AaXlpd>.
</answer>


<answer>
The search results identify several key documents addressing global catastrophic risks, including <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW,S_VSuv8i0,S_60jj79u">"Climate Endgame: Exploring catastrophic climate change scenarios"</snippet>, which outlines a research agenda for understanding extreme climate change impacts, mass morbidity/mortality pathways, and integrated catastrophe assessments. <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">Sea level rise risk assessments distinguish between four main qualitative levels (Undetectable to Very high) and a fifth level for Extremely high risk</snippet>, demonstrating structured hazard evaluation approaches. <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">The document defines severe global catastrophic risks (GCRs) related to food systems as events that could threaten human well-being on a global scale</snippet>, with specific attention to abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios. <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">The paper proposes clarified definitions for "catastrophic climate change" and "existential risks," suggesting thresholds of warming above 5°C for extreme climate change and above 6°C for an indisputable global catastrophe</snippet>. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">The research agenda includes four key strands: extreme climate change dynamics, climate-triggered mass morbidity and mortality, social fragility and risk cascades, and synthesizing findings into integrated catastrophe assessments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">The document emphasizes that catastrophic climate change could result in worldwide societal collapse or eventual human extinction, though this remains a dangerously underexplored topic</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
The recent search returned primarily climate-focused catastrophic risk literature, with "Climate Endgame" studies emerging as key references defining catastrophe thresholds. Warming above 5°C is categorized as "beyond catastrophic," while warming above 6°C constitutes an "indisputable global catastrophe," with 3°C by century's end marking extreme climate change <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">temperature thresholds for catastrophic outcomes are now being clarified</snippet>. Tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon to an eightfold increase in optimal carbon pricing <snippet id="S_60jj79u">tipping point probabilities demonstrate fat tail risk characteristics</snippet>. However, bad-to-worst-case climate scenarios remain poorly understood despite reasons to suspect they could drive worldwide societal collapse or eventual human extinction <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">catastrophic climate scenarios are underexplored yet critically important</snippet>. Food system risks include abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios that could trigger multiple bread-basket failures and global-scale well-being threats <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">global catastrophic food system risks are identified as existential threats</snippet>. Sea level rise research similarly defines "Extremely high risk" as exceeding socioecological coping capacity and possibly leading to existential or catastrophic outcomes <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">coastal settlement risks reach existential catastrophe thresholds at very high sea level rise</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY,S_bChTerS">Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early stages of carcinogenesis and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity</snippet>, with experimental studies emphasizing their chemopreventive and therapeutic potential <snippet id="S_BEpOCxI">research is currently underway to assess their possible use in cancer prevention including gynecological cancers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW,S_St3cdIq">However, challenges associated with phytochemical use such as low bioavailability and toxicity can be potentially overcome with nanoparticle delivery mechanisms and chemical analogs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_giUXm46">Combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs enhances their therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells</snippet>, suggesting synergistic effects. <snippet id="S_RE7a53S">Pomegranate peel polyphenols have shown anticancer effects against cervical cancer in cell culture studies</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_RulQFFI">curcumin, flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenols are among the key phytochemicals studied for their mechanisms involving inflammation and HPV pathways</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">Epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to factors like dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms</snippet>, highlighting the need for more clinical research. <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">More clinical studies with different phytochemicals are needed to determine safety and efficacy</snippet> for effective management in future clinical settings.
</answer>

<answer>
Recent reviews have synthesized therapeutic effects of natural products on cervical cancer through inflammatory pathways, highlighting compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, curcumin, and paclitaxel with data primarily from 2010-2021 studies<snippet id="S_RulQFFI">. Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">. Challenges associated with phytochemical use include low bioavailability and toxicity, which may be addressed through chemical analogs, adjuvant therapies, and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms<snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">. Experimental evidence emphasizes chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of plant-derived substances, with combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs shown to enhance therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells<snippet id="S_bChTerS">. Research on phytochemicals against HPV-induced cervical cancer necessitates further investigation into efficacy and safety, particularly through concurrent therapies targeting HPV-mediated mechanisms<snippet id="S_St3cdIq">. Current literature reviews continue to collect experimental works from the last five years elucidating anticancer mechanisms of plant-derived natural products in cervical cancer treatment<snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_r2sDDAL">Trust in AI within public institutions is influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers</snippet>, making legitimacy a foundational determinant for public sector AI acceptance. <snippet id="S_R1PS8iU">Public sector AI adoption differs from the private sector due to coercive elements, as citizens must use and pay for services, raising legitimacy questions</snippet> in politicized contexts where conflicts over "right" or "fair" decisions heighten the stakes. <snippet id="S_F456mxb">Trust levels increase if AI adds perceived value and if humans remain involved</snippet>, indicating that human oversight and perceived value are critical trust determinants. <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">Trust in AI is predicted by transparency, reliability, and task characteristics, while tangibility and immediacy behaviors also affect trust</snippet> in various applications including healthcare and algorithmic journalism. <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">Public perception of AI is shaped by control, ethics, and transparency dimensions, with privacy invasion concerns lowering trust in government deployments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PgHhtbO">Trust in government significantly influences user experiences with AI-based self-service technology in public service delivery</snippet>, highlighting trust as a key challenge in implementing AI in public governance.
</answer>

<answer>
Trust in AI within public institutions is significantly influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems often viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers <snippet id="S_r2sDDAL,S_R1PS8iU">. Key determinants include transparency and explainability, which are essential for tracking trust changes and fostering responsible AI development <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp,S_1tU6Z3U">. Human oversight remains critical, as trust levels increase when humans remain involved in decision-making processes rather than being replaced entirely by AI <snippet id="S_F456mxb">. Reliability, tangibility, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust in AI systems, while anthropomorphism influences emotional trust <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">. Privacy concerns and data governance also negatively impact trust, particularly when citizens perceive potential privacy invasion <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">. Additionally, public perception of AI control, ethics, and perceived value of AI services are crucial determinants for acceptance in public service contexts <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U,S_F456mxb">. Technological competence and familiarity with AI also correlate with higher trust in AI capabilities across different public service domains <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id=b99d28d7-0>b99d28d7-0> Clean is available to stream on AMC+, Disney Plus, Hulu, Sundance Now, Philo, The Roku Channel, Fandango at Home, Prime Video or Apple TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>Apple TV lists the film as available on AMC+, Sundance Now, Philo, Prime Video, Tubi, Disney+, Hulu, and Sling TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-8>Decider confirms streaming options include Tubi TV, Hulu, and AMC+</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-4>JustWatch shows the movie is currently available on Amazon Prime Video, Amazon Prime Video with Ads, or for free with ads on Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5>Philo also offers the film and a free trial is available to watch it</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=b99d28d7-0,b99d28d7-9>Clean is available to stream on multiple platforms including AMC+, Hulu, Prime Video, Apple TV, Tubi, and Roku</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>AMC+ is specifically mentioned as one of the available streaming services for the film</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-1,b99d28d7-2,b99d28d7-4>It can also be accessed through Hulu, Amazon Prime Video, and Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5,b99d28d7-8>Philo and other services like Sundance Now and Disney+ offer the movie as well</snippet>.
</answer>


The search results do not contain specific empirical evidence about negotiated assessment or student co-creation of assessment tasks/criteria in higher education. <snippet id="S_dUrCta4">The available literature focuses on learning outcomes as a concept rather than student involvement in assessment design</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u5mSiUG">Systematic reviews exist on educational technology and learning outcomes, but do not address student participation in assessment processes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_db6DLhs">Reviews on Outcome-Based Education discuss curriculum design and peer knowledge sharing, but do not specifically evaluate co-created rubrics or negotiated assessment outcomes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">Research on peer assessment notes reliability and validity concerns, but does not address student co-creation of assessment criteria</snippet>. <snippet id="S_G7aERKv">Scoping reviews on teacher effectiveness in higher education exist, but do not specifically examine student involvement in assessment design</snippet>. No randomized controlled trial or systematic review specifically on negotiated assessment outcomes was found in the provided snippets.

<answer>
The provided search results do not contain specific empirical evidence or randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or student co-created rubrics in higher education <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv,S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">. Instead, the available literature focuses on broader concepts such as Outcome-Based Education frameworks, general peer assessment design elements, and teacher effectiveness metrics <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv">. While one systematic review notes that reliability and validity are frequently underreported in peer assessment studies, it does not quantify the impact of student involvement in task design <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">. Additional snippets discuss conceptual tensions in learning outcomes or the influence of educational technology without addressing assessment negotiation specifically <snippet id="S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_wzDgj5A">Endocytosis delivers extracellular materials to lysosomes for degradation, and trafficking between endosomes and the TGN delivers enzymes and V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>, which suggests endocytic pathways contribute to lysosomal fitness maintenance. <snippet id="S_gCWDTWV">Lysosome biogenesis requires both the biosynthetic and endocytic pathways, with M6P receptors binding to proteins carrying mannose 6-phosphate residues and delivering lysosomal protein precursors via endocytosis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EhS0ch1">Lysosomal exocytosis allows lysosomes to release contents extracellularly, which can have beneficial effects on the accumulation of unprocessed aggregates in lysosomal storage disorders</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_pfxfGLI">a general downregulation of endocytosis during aging or senescence has been observed, and no information on the lysosomal dysfunction repercussions in endocytosis during senescence is available</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mWADzHZ">Impaired lysosomal acidification and reduced hydrolase activity can adversely impact the ability of macrophages to handle exogenous phagocytic cargo, and lysosomal storage can disrupt endocytic recycling</snippet>. While these snippets indicate endocytosis supports lysosomal function through enzyme delivery and membrane repair mechanisms, the available evidence does not specifically demonstrate that enhancing endocytosis protects against lysosomal dysfunction.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_wzDgj5A,S_Y2SP2EN>Endocytosis maintains cellular homeostasis by delivering extracellular and intracellular materials to lysosomes, where they are degraded as part of the autophagy-lysosomal-endosomal system</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_wzDgj5A>Trafficking between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network is imperative for the maintenance of lysosomal fitness as it delivers enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id=S_gCWDTWV>Lysosome biogenesis also requires endocytic pathways, as lysosomal membrane proteins can be delivered via vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane followed by endocytosis</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC,S_Ykw4nQx">Calendar aging is primarily driven by temperature, with degradation accelerating at elevated temperatures and following Arrhenius or Eyring equation dependencies</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">cycle life at low temperatures (e.g., 10°C to 5°C) decreases dramatically compared to 20°C, with cycle counts falling from 4000 to 40 cycles at 10°C and 5°C</snippet> due to <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">lithium plating and SEI film growth competing under fast charging conditions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">Keil et al. (2016) examined NMC cells at 25°C, 45°C, and 50°C over 300 days, finding capacity fade did not increase linearly with SOC</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">NMC cells experienced accelerated fading at 100% SOC, whereas NCA cells showed modest aging acceleration above 90% SOC</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RHMJrIs">Low anode potential accelerates loss of cyclable lithium, and SEI layer formation is a major contributor to capacity decline</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">SEI growth being the dominant degradation mechanism during calendar aging</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">Higher temperatures and SOC levels, particularly 100% SOC at 60°C, significantly increased capacity degradation and internal resistance</snippet>, indicating that <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">to enhance battery longevity, LIBs should be stored at lower SOC levels, particularly avoiding high SOC at elevated temperatures</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Calendar aging follows the Arrhenius equation, where elevated temperatures accelerate aging processes through increased reaction rates, making temperature regulation essential for reducing degradation <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">. SEI growth is the dominant calendar aging mechanism at high temperatures (e.g., 55°C storage), causing pore clogging and film resistance increase in anodes <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">. Higher temperatures and SOC levels significantly increase capacity degradation and internal resistance during calendar aging, with studies showing accelerated fading at 50-60°C storage <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">. In contrast, cyclic aging experiences dramatically accelerated degradation at low temperatures during charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C for graphite/NMC batteries <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. At 5°C, a 16 Ah graphite/NMC battery loses 75% capacity after only 50 cycles compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C, driven primarily by lithium plating rather than SEI growth <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. The Arrhenius law describes temperature dependence of cyclic aging reaction rates, though lithium plating at sub-zero temperatures creates an inflection point that fundamentally alters degradation mechanisms compared to calendar aging <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">.
</answer>


<answer>
The provided search results do not contain the exact threshold value from the Scientific Reports article. None of the snippets reference the specific variable names "rC,ave" or "ΔGave" as mentioned in the agent's query. The search results instead provide general information about China's research evaluation reform, internationalization of higher education, and China's share of global publications in various disciplines. <snippet id="S_PtOIRGk">China's research evaluation reform began in the 1990s with Nanjing University adopting SCI indicators to enhance rankings</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RXJTnMw">In 2018, China significantly influenced global science, particularly in physical sciences STEM, where its share of Scopus papers rose from 8.5% in 2000 to 27.7%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_maWNX2u">Chinese scholars significantly influence global research, particularly in the US, where they led 49% of the most cited papers from 2014 to 2018</snippet>. No snippet contains the specific threshold value or the exact formula involving rC,ave and ΔGave that the agent is seeking.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_NyxI5ht,S_RTxg6u0,S_PnWYPRp,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u">None of the provided search results contain information about a Scientific Reports article with the specific variables rC,ave and ΔGave or their critical threshold values</snippet>. The retrieved snippets discuss various aspects of Chinese research output, publication incentives, and global science influence, but none reference the target paper with the threshold information the agent is seeking <snippet id="S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t">The only mentions of "Chinese scholars" in global research context appear in titles without corresponding content</snippet>. The agent may need to refine their search with more specific terms such as "Scientific Reports rC,ave ΔGave threshold" without the broader China influence query to locate the exact paper.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="22895,68190,89881">Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) was an 18th‑century Swedish naturalist who formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy</snippet>. <snippet id="22895,68190,89881">He introduced the two-part Latin species name (genus + specific epithet) and hierarchical ranks such as kingdom, class, order, genus, and species</snippet>. <snippet id="68190">His system standardized classification across plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and other organisms, forming the basis of modern scientific naming</snippet>. <snippet id="22895">Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaeus taught at Uppsala, wrote chiefly in Latin, and was ennobled in 1761 as Carl von Linné</snippet>. <snippet id="89881">Linnaean taxonomy endures as the basis for naming and organizing biodiversity, though additional ranks and evolutionary concepts were later added</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), an 18th-century Swedish naturalist, formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy <snippet id="22895, 68190">. He introduced a two-part Latin naming system (genus + specific epithet), such as Homo sapiens, through his publication of Systema Naturae (first edition 1735) <snippet id="22895, 89881">. Linnaeus also established hierarchical classification ranks including kingdom, class, order, genus, and species <snippet id="22895, 89881">. His system standardized biological classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming <snippet id="68190">. Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaean taxonomy continues to serve as the foundation for organizing biodiversity <snippet id="22895, 89881">.
</answer>


<answer>
The work in question is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Tony Horwitz <snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Confederates in the Attic retraces the voyages of Captain James Cook</snippet>. Horwitz's book specifically retraces the journeys of the British explorer across the Pacific <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>retracing the voyages across the Pacific of the British explorer</snippet>. This historical adventure follows Cook's routes, which included voyages to Pacific island countries and coastal regions of northern England <snippet id=1701849e-3>His latest book, right, is on Frederick Law Olmsted's travels in the South</snippet>. The book is described as an exhilarating tale of historic adventure focusing on Cook's explorations <snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>In an exhilarating tale of historic adventure, the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Confederates in the Attic retraces the voyages of Captain James Cook</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Tony Horwitz</snippet>, which retraces the voyages of British explorer Captain James Cook across the Pacific <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>. Cook was from Yorkshire, a county in northern England, and his historic HMS Endeavour has been reconstructed for modern voyages <snippet id=1701849e-6>. The book follows a specific route through Pacific island countries that Cook originally visited during his explorations <snippet id=1701849e-5>. Horwitz's approach combines historical research with personal adventure travel to explore Cook's legacy <snippet id=1701849e-1>. This work differed from Horwitz's previous books by focusing on a specific exploration route across the Pacific Ocean <snippet id=1701849e-6>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH,S_rm0f44F">The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM) by necessitating remote work and digitalization, particularly impacting employee adaptability and work-life balance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH">This acceleration has been documented from 2020 to 2025, with studies highlighting the critical role of HRM in navigating these changes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rm0f44F">Remote work rose from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce, emphasizing the need for e-HRM and digitalization to enhance flexibility and productivity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sFMyq5N,S_3pi5rBi">The pandemic challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention to understand its impacts on organizations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hGtii0p">The shift to online training highlighted challenges in teamwork and productivity, revealing the need for S-HRD principles to enhance employee engagement and adaptability</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_CbPhWNe">The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), with remote work necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms and e-HRM practices</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH,Sn_rm0f44F">Research indicates this acceleration has been global in scope, with one study noting remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi,S_sFMyq5N">Systematic literature reviews characterize COVID-19 as a complicator-disruptor-enabler that challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">The crisis established lasting implications including more flexible, remote-friendly digital working norms that organizations must address through new policies and hybrid working models</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
Preprint servers like arXiv, bioRxiv, and medRxiv implement screening processes to filter inappropriate content, but these platforms do not perform formal peer review <snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">bioRxiv does not perform peer review but implements a screening process to filter out inappropriate content</snippet> <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">Preprints, which are preliminary reports not yet peer-reviewed, are increasingly shared on platforms like arXiv, MedRxiv, and bioRxiv</snippet>. The screening typically involves checks such as plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language quality <snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">The pre-peer review screening process involves several checks before a paper is sent for peer review. These checks include plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language and quality of expression</snippet> <snippet id="S_lUJRGnM">Seventy-five percent provided details about their screening, while some, like FocUS Archive and SocArxiv, mentioned checks without specifics</snippet>. BioRxiv staff conduct internal checks including automated plagiarism detection and manual reviews for spam or inappropriate content, followed by a second review by experienced scientists <snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">bioRxiv staff perform internal checks, including automated plagiarism detection and manual reviews for spam or inappropriate content. Then, a group of experienced scientists, known as bioRxiv Affiliates, further reviews the submissions</snippet>. However, the screening is described as a coarse filter that does not guarantee the validity of the content <snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">This ensures that all articles have been assessed by a scientist, although the screening is described as a coarse filter and does not guarantee the validity of the content</snippet>. arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns, which raises potential issues since it includes quantitative biology <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">ArXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns, which raises potential issues since it includes quantitative biology</snippet>. Preprints undergo various quality control measures on platforms like arXiv, including author registration, completeness, relevance, plagiarism, language appropriateness, and compliance with ethical and legal standards <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">Key checks include author registration and endorsement, completeness, relevance, plagiarism, language appropriateness, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>. Despite the absence of peer review, which is traditionally seen as a quality assurance mechanism, preprints are still valuable to the research community <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">Despite the absence of peer review, which is traditionally seen as a quality assurance mechanism, preprints are still valuable to the research community</snippet>. Each preprint includes a warning indicating the lack of peer review, and MedRxiv specifically advises against relying on these preliminary reports for health-related decisions <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">Each preprint includes a warning indicating the lack of peer review, and MedRxiv specifically advises against relying on these preliminary reports for health-related decisions</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">arXiv performs pre-peer review screening that includes plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language quality</snippet>, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">but does not conduct formal peer review before posting</snippet>. Key quality control measures on arXiv include <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">author registration and endorsement requirements, completeness checks, relevance verification, plagiarism detection, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>, unlike bioRxiv and medRxiv which screen for material that could endanger public health or pose biosecurity risks. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">ArXiv emphasizes that its materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. Despite the absence of peer review, preprints on arXiv still undergo screening as a "coarse filter" to exclude nonscientific or inappropriate content, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">though this does not guarantee validity of the content</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kOME3NW">The interactive reading (IR) task is a framework for AIG and automatic scoring of reading comprehension passages and a suite of questions associated with the passage</snippet>. <snippet id="S_n6aoW4b">The text underscores the importance of vocabulary in reading proficiency, particularly for academic English</snippet>. Note that the search results do not explicitly define an "intensive" reading category separate from "interactive" or "extensive" in the available snippets.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books.</snippet> <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams.</snippet>
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores for automatic medical fact-checking</snippet>, demonstrating that domain-specific models outperform general language models in this medical fact-checking task. <snippet id="S_wkwj2K0">When fine-tuned on the PUBHEALTH dataset, pre-trained models including SCIBERT, BIOBERT v1.0, and BIOBERT v1.1 were employed for downstream fact-checking label prediction</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">BIOBERT demonstrates higher accuracies compared to BERT for named entity recognition, relation extraction, and question answering in the biomedical domain</snippet>, supporting the hypothesis that domain-specific language representations improve performance on health fact-checking tasks. <snippet id="S_HA4fMd9">Datasets such as COVIDFact, HealthVer, and SCIFACT verify claims against scientific literature, providing benchmarks for comparing domain-specific vs general models</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">HEALTHVER is a challenging testbed for developing evidence-based fact-checking systems designed to validate real-world health-related claims against scientific articles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RXgSB12">Training deep learning-based fact-checking models on real-world and in-domain claims substantially improves performance compared to training on synthetic and open-domain claims</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Research on medical fact-checking shows that domain-specific language models often outperform general models on health claim verification tasks. On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores compared to BERT and other baseline models <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. BioBERT demonstrates higher accuracies than BERT for biomedical tasks including named entity recognition, relation extraction, and question answering in the biomedical domain <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. Similarly, SCIBERT shows improvements over the original BERT and outperforms it in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. However, performance varies by dataset; on SCIFACT, RoBERTa-large achieved the best performance among the sentence encoders tested, including SciBERT and BioMedRoBERTa <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. Additionally, training deep learning models on real-world medical claims substantially improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf,S_Iqcxwr0">The waterfall model is a traditional, linear and sequential software development approach where progress flows through distinct phases such as requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance</snippet>, <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">with each phase requiring completion before the next begins, and outputs including documents that are signed-off before proceeding</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model, in contrast, allows for initial simplified implementations that evolve through multiple iterations</snippet>, <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">emphasizing incremental changes where projects are divided into smaller parts undergoing repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">The Waterfall-Iterative approach (also noted as "Waterative") integrates Waterfall and iterative approaches by executing phases iteratively as the project elaborates</snippet>, <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX">with requirement analysis performed for each iteration and design evolving based on requirements selected for each cycle</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model provides more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to the waterfall model, which is relatively slow and time-consuming</snippet>. However, the search results do not contain specific information about Agile Manifesto definitions, principles, or the original Royce 1970 waterfall model nuances with iteration/feedback.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">The traditional waterfall model is defined as a linear, sequential software development approach where each phase must be completed before the next begins, with strict documentation and sign-offs required between stages</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">In contrast, "iterative waterfall" (also called "Waterative") executes waterfall phases iteratively as the project elaborates, incorporating requirement analysis for each iteration with design followed by product backlog creation using Scrum framework's agile principles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model allows incremental changes and divided project parts with repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation, enabling more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to waterfall</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">A key distinction is that waterfall accommodates substantial requirement changes with significant disruption, whereas iterative approaches emphasize evolving implementations with each cycle enhancing previous work</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz,S_u8WEXgX">Waterfall is characterized by sequential phases requiring strict documentation and end products per stage, while iterative/wative approaches include unit testing during sprints followed by systems integration testing and user acceptance testing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">Waterfall approaches work well for simple, straightforward projects, but are less suitable for complex projects requiring flexibility</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_IbmwH6I,S_ipBYA4S">Digital transformation in banking encompasses digital financial services, mobile banking, digital payments, and fintech platforms that enhance financial inclusion by offering accessible and affordable services to underserved populations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X">Empirical evidence indicates digital transformation correlates with enhanced financial inclusion and operational efficiency, with studies showing digital payments significantly increasing account ownership and savings while reducing operational costs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cecyK56">The economic impact varies by income level, with digital financial inclusion being more significant in low-income countries where traditional banking inefficiencies are addressed through FinTech</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AlV0rKF">However, digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability and negatively correlates with non-performing loans, though increased bank competition may negatively affect stability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ipBYA4S,S_Q1OC4lz">Research on Fintech's impact on financial inclusion is limited, and digital financial services may not always achieve genuine inclusivity for women and underprivileged communities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kq45sEh">Challenges remain including data security, regulatory issues, user digital literacy, and infrastructure considerations across emerging markets</snippet>. <answer>
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X>S digital transformation in banking is defined as the application of innovative technologies, particularly digital payments, to enhance financial inclusion and operational efficiency</snippet>, with research showing it <snippet id=S_4uYEvn0>S diminishes the impact of income levels on financial service access</snippet> while enhancing account ownership and savings. <snippet id=S_cecyK56>S Economic impact varies by income level: in low-income countries, digital financial inclusion is more significant than traditional finance due to banking inefficiencies</snippet>, whereas in middle-income countries both forms complement each other. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability (z-score) and negatively with non-performing loans</snippet>, though increased bank competition negatively affects stability according to the competition-fragility hypothesis. <snippet id=S_kq45sEh>S Challenges include data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy</snippet>, with findings from Sub-Saharan Africa, ASEAN, and EU contexts; <snippet id=S_cecyK56,S_Q1OC4lz>Yemen-specific evidence is sparse and limited by fragile state conditions</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Policy recommendations emphasize promoting digital financial literacy, regulatory frameworks treating digital and traditional finance as complementary</snippet>, and strategic measures to maintain bank stability alongside inclusion initiatives.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776">Never Look Back (1952) is a British courtroom drama produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>, with <snippet id="55190,81776">Hugh Sinclair appearing as a fiancé who prosecutes the case</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett has a brief appearance in the film as a policeman</snippet>, confirming the credit the agent was investigating. <snippet id="55190">The film was released in the UK on 26 May 1952</snippet> and runs 73 minutes. <snippet id="81776">The plot follows newly appointed KC Anne Maitland defending her ex-lover Guy Middleton when he's accused of murder</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The 1952 British drama Never Look Back was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett appears in a brief supporting role as a policeman</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Hugh Sinclair is confirmed as a main star in the cast, playing the prosecutor</snippet>. The production ran for 73 minutes and was shot at Mancunian Studios between September and October 1951.
</answer>


The provided search snippets describe the methodology and indices used to assess beta-cell function (such as the disposition index, insulinogenic index, and acute insulin response) but do not contain specific evidence linking visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation to these beta-cell function metrics <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_2GRyVKu,S_DYXy4QI">The insulinogenic index is calculated as the ratio of incremental insulin to glucose response at 30 minutes during OGTT, while the disposition index is the product of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion indices</snippet>. While one study explicitly measured visceral adipose tissue and found associations with beta-cell function, the specific findings from that study are not included in the provided snippets <snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">The study assessed beta-cell function in obese adults through 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test and calculated disposition index relative to insulin resistance in adipose tissue</snippet>. Other snippets focus on obesity-related beta-cell dysfunction without specifically addressing visceral fat accumulation <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2">Elevated plasma free fatty acids impair beta-cell function, and adipose tissue insulin resistance affects glucose-stimulated insulin secretion</snippet>. The available snippets do not provide the direct adult human evidence the agent is seeking regarding VAT specifically.

<answer>
The provided search results do not directly address the relationship between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and pancreatic beta-cell function metrics in humans. The snippets primarily define how beta-cell function indices like the disposition index, insulinogenic index, and acute insulin response are calculated from OGTT or IVGTT data <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_77OipMD">the disposition index is calculated as the product of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion measures such as the insulinogenic index</snippet>. One study suggests adipose tissue insulin resistance affects beta-cell function assessment, noting that elevated plasma free fatty acids can impair β-cell function and proposing adjustments to the disposition index to account for adipose tissue <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2">incorporating adipose insulin resistance into assessments provides a more comprehensive index of β-cell function</snippet>. Another study reported that leptin and GM-CSF were negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI and hsCRP, indicating roles in inflammation and lipid metabolism <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">leptin and GM-CSF showed negative associations with the disposition index and positive correlations with BMI and inflammatory markers</snippet>. However, none of these snippets provide direct adult human evidence linking VAT or pancreatic fat specifically to beta-cell function measures like disposition index or acute insulin response as the agent was seeking.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources by one-third did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>, <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">though it did increase exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduce uncivil language</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">The intervention did not lead to measurable changes in eight key political attitudes, including affective polarization and belief in false claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">Research on social media feed designs compared chronological and engagement-based feeds, finding that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity</snippet>, <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">though some designs may inadvertently increase perceived threats to free speech among users</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mUfOdDp">A 2020 study by Guess et al. found no significant long-term effects of Facebook and Instagram's algorithms on users' affective polarization over a three-month period</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sJfbnsu">The U.S. 2020 Facebook and Instagram Election Study was a collaboration between academics and Meta researchers that provided unprecedented access to platform data and algorithms</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>. The intervention aimed to decrease exposure to like-minded sources by one-third, which resulted in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">but did not lead to measurable changes in eight key political attitudes, including affective polarization and belief in false claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">An experiment compared various feed types, including chronological and engagement-based feeds, as well as innovative designs aimed at promoting democratic values</snippet>. Findings indicate that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans, but may inadvertently increase perceived threats to free speech among users <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">. The research also references other studies that examined the influence of exposure to like-minded sources and reshared content, noting that some studies found minimal effects on affective polarization</snippet>.

</answer>


<answer>
The search results do not contain specific documentation on how canonical IAMs (FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE) integrate extreme weather events into their economic damage functions. <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">The CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h from the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship data</snippet>, but this does not specify IAM integration. <snippet id="S_VGFFWS5">The HWCM approach simulates high-resolution wind and rain fields to improve storm flood damage assessments</snippet>, yet no IAM framework is identified. <snippet id="S_IAQSdJr">Synthetic tropical cyclone time series (1,000 years) improve flood predictions accuracy by 43 ha, 357 people, and US$ 0.46 million in mangrove protection valuations</snippet>, but this does not address IAM damage functions. None of the retrieved snippets describe FUND/PAGE/DICE/RICE modules for storm or flood damages, nor do they detail expected-annual-loss pipelines or empirically estimated event-specific damage functions aggregated in IAMs. <answer>
</answer>

<answer>
Unfortunately, the provided search results do not contain specific information about how FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE, or other canonical IAMs incorporate extreme weather events into their damage functions. The available snippets focus on hazard modeling (CLIMADA model for tropical cyclones, mangrove flood protection services, hydrodynamic modeling) but do not document IAM integration methods <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>. No snippets describe how IAMs represent extremes as separate impact categories or stochastic shocks to capital/productivity, nor do they detail expected-annual-loss pipelines feeding IAM damages. There is also no evidence of empirically estimated event-specific damage functions (cyclone wind-based, flood depth–damage, heat-wave impacts) being aggregated to macro damages within specific IAM frameworks in these results.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK,S_06dh88l">HPV enters host cells primarily through attachment to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) or Heparan Sulfate Syndecan (Sdc) proteoglycans on the cell membrane</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK,S_06dh88l">the major capsid protein L1 containing four HSPG-specific binding sites that trigger conformational changes</snippet> upon binding. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK,S_06dh88l">This interaction exposes the N-terminus of the L2 protein, which is subsequently cleaved by the cellular protease furin</snippet>, reducing L1's affinity for HSPGs. <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_qd5yqrp">L2 then binds to secondary receptors including the S100A10 subunit of annexin A2, facilitating clathrin-independent endocytosis</snippet> of the virus into the cell. <snippet id="S_06dh88l,S_qd5yqrp">Viral entry requires disruption of the epidermal architecture such as wounds, abrasions or microlesions</snippet>, allowing the virus to specifically target basal cells in the epithelium. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_IzJhLSD">Following internalization, L2 interacts with γ-secretase protease and p120-catenin to insert into vesicular membranes</snippet>, and the virus traffics to the nucleus where it releases its genome for replication.
</answer>

<answer>
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) entry typically begins at microlesions in the epithelium where the major capsid protein L1 binds to laminin-332 or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the basement membrane <S_9692W5p, S_06dh88l, S_ygceipK, S_4kyiDLH>. This initial attachment induces L1 conformational changes, often facilitated by Cyclophilin B, which exposes the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2 <S_9692W5p, S_ygceipK, S_sYaeZRH>. Proteolytic processing follows, where kallikrein-8 cleaves L1 and the cellular protease furin cleaves L2, reducing HSPG affinity and preparing the virion for internalization <S_6cL8am9, S_9692W5p, S_qd5yqrp>. Secondary interactions with receptors such as annexin A2, integrin α6, and tetraspanins like CD151 facilitate clathrin-independent endocytosis or macropinocytosis-like uptake <S_6cL8am9, S_Fgb4QWW, S_06dh88l>. Once internalized, the virus undergoes retrograde trafficking through endosomes and the Golgi network to reach the nucleus for genome release and replication <S_6cL8am9, S_IzJhLSD, S_qd5yqrp>.
</answer>


<answer>
The provided search results do not contain specific case studies or empirical applications of the Laplace mechanism to sensitive financial data published in high-impact journals. The snippets describe the Laplace mechanism's theoretical properties and general applications but lack concrete financial domain examples. For instance, S_FvypqMm mentions parking recommender systems and general banking credit transactions without citing a specific journal publication <snippet id=S_FvypqMm>The Laplace mechanism in differential privacy adds noise from the Laplace distribution, centered at 0 with scaling b, to numeric query results, ensuring that the output remains unaffected by the addition or removal of a single record, thus preserving user privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions</snippet>. Similarly, S_u2uIkcN references prospect theoretic analysis and banking credit transactions but does not provide a journal citation <snippet id=S_u2uIkcN>The Laplace mechanism ensures differential privacy for numerical data by adding noise from a Laplace distribution, calibrated with a standard deviation of √2b based on the function's sensitivity, such as S(h) = x max /n for the mean function and 1/n for the frequency function, enabling privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions</snippet>. None of the search results identify applications in the targeted high-impact journals (IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, Nature Scientific Data, PNAS, Management Science, Operations Research, Information Systems Research) or provide specific financial case studies.
</answer>

<answer>
The search results provide limited evidence of concrete case studies from high-impact journals applying the Laplace mechanism specifically to financial/banking/credit transaction data. Two snippets mention financial applications: S_FvypqMm notes the Laplace mechanism can preserve "user privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions" within parking recommender system research <snippet id=S_FvypqMm>, and S_u2uIkcN states the mechanism enables "privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions" for prospect theoretic analysis <snippet id=S_u2uIkcN>. However, neither snippet explicitly confirms publication in high-impact journals like IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or major finance/economics journals that the agent prioritized <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_3Vks9VQ>. Most other search results discuss the Laplace mechanism in medical data <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG>, social networks <snippet id=S_XWjGWtA,S_gaV539r>, or power flow systems <snippet id=S_3Vks9VQ> rather than verified financial case studies. Additional searches targeting specific journals or verified financial domains would be needed to fully address the agent's goal.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="21438">Jitendra Narayan (20 Dec 1886–20 Dec 1922) was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar</snippet> and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916. <snippet id="21438">As "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar" he played one first‑class cricket match on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs in total</snippet>, though <snippet id="21438">there is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>. <snippet id="57275">Nripendra Narayan was Maharajah of Cooch Behar with sources indicating an association with a namesake Nripendra Narayan Academy</snippet>, but <snippet id="57275">details and attributions are inconsistent or missing in the available excerpt</snippet>. <snippet id="71327">The source lists biographical roles for his younger brothers but does not mention founding a Nripendra Narayan Academy or any first-class cricket/Prince of Wales XI involvement</snippet>. <snippet id="21438">He was succeeded by his son Jagaddipendra Narayan</snippet>, and <snippet id="21438">he was linked to Cooch Behar Palace (Victor Jubilee Palace)</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Jitendra Narayan was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar <snippet id="21438">and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet> as an educational institution named after his father. He played one first‑class cricket match for "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI" against Lord Willingdon's XI on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs total <snippet id="21438">. There is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>, which contradicts one key element of the hypothesis that the match was against the Prince of Wales' XI during the 1921–22 India tour. Biographical details indicate he was linked to Cooch‑Behar Palace (also known as Victor Jubilee Palace) as the ruling Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar during his lifetime <snippet id="21438">, though succession by his offspring is not confirmed in the available snippets. Some sources present conflicting or fragmentary information about the academy founder and cricketing claims <snippet id="57275">, with sibling records listing him as having younger brothers but not documenting all biographical details consistently <snippet id="71327">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_gnrEepM">For LC-MS targeted quantification of therapeutic proteins, using two stable signature peptides (SPs) is emphasized for reliability, with hybrid calibrations achieving good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results between SPs (deviations < 15%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gnrEepM">Peptide-level calibration showed significant negative biases (−23 to −62%) and discordant results between SPs</snippet>, while extended-peptide calibration showed improvements but still lacked acceptable accuracy. <snippet id="S_BFG6czq">In one mAb-ADC case study, two peptides from the tryptic digest (one quantitative and one qualitative) were used as signature peptides for total antibody assay</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_kjDg3lX">a bottom-up LC-MS/MS assay for mAbs typically focused on surrogate peptides from Fab or Fc regions for quantification</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1t8pQcf">The surrogate peptide method is a prevalent approach for quantifying total antibodies in ADC pharmacokinetic assessments, with stable isotopically labeled internal standards (SIL-IS) often used to enhance quantification accuracy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XWxG38W">Database optimization for human drug disposition proteins used a minimum of three light and two heavy peptide fragments to enhance reproducibility</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Current evidence suggests that using two signature peptides is recommended over a single peptide for reliable mAb quantification in serum. A study assessing calibration approaches for monoclonal antibody quantification emphasized "the importance of using two SPs for reliability" and found single peptide calibration had "significant negative biases" and "discordant results between SPs" <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>. Practical implementations in therapeutic protein studies typically employ multiple peptides; for instance, one Fc-engineered mAb PK assay determined concentrations using "multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides" <snippet id=S_kjDg3lX>. Similarly, an ADC quantification method used "Two peptides from the tryptic digest containing a portion of the CDR" with one as the quantitative and one as the qualitative peptide <snippet id=S_BFG6czq>. While single peptides can be detected, protein-level and hybrid calibrations with two SPs achieved "good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results" compared to peptide-level calibration which showed poor reliability <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_SvIkmlU,S_rtPxhtT">Umbrella reviews indicate that resistance training time of day does not significantly affect increases in muscle strength or hypertrophy, with both morning and evening training yielding similar results</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU">However, one review notes that hypertrophy adaptations were similar regardless of training time, though more research is needed to verify if differences exist between morning versus evening hours</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JKFS2Wu">A 24-week study suggested that evening resistance training may lead to greater muscle hypertrophy compared to morning training, though Sedliak et al.'s similar findings were statistically insignificant</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HhyT8Rz">Research indicates that time of day for strength training can influence performance based on an individual's chronotype, with morning training reducing diurnal variation and evening training enhancing it</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gRYJWoz">Gender-specific effects were observed, with morning exercise in women enhancing abdominal fat loss and lower body muscle power, while evening exercise in men greatly increased upper body strength and power</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU,S_rtPxhtT">Ultimately, the evidence suggests that personal preference should guide training timing, as performance peaks around 6:00 p.m. and chronotype alignment may optimize adaptations</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Umbrella reviews indicate that increases in muscle strength and mass do not significantly differ between morning and evening resistance training <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT,S_SvIkmlU>. Acute performance metrics typically peak around 6:00 p.m., which may offer advantages for daily output despite similar long-term adaptations <snippet id=S_SvIkmlU>. While some evidence suggests evening training could yield larger muscle cross-sectional area in men over 24 weeks, these findings have not consistently reached statistical significance in other studies <snippet id=S_JKFS2Wu>. Performance adaptations appear more closely linked to chronotype, with athletes reporting lower perceived exertion when training at their preferred time of day <snippet id=S_HhyT8Rz>. Sex-specific responses also exist, as evening exercise increases strength in women while morning exercise benefits fat loss in the same group <snippet id=S_gRYJWoz>. Therefore, experts recommend selecting training times based on personal preference to maximize adherence given the lack of clear superiority between schedules <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT>.
</answer>