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<snippet id="S_tyjIFLb,S_QiL3aAT,S_ohmbRBN">Strava serves as a social network for amateur and professional athletes, enabling users to log, monitor, and share fitness accomplishments with others through status updates, comments, photos, and leaderboards</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tyjIFLb,S_KfOy5t1">Core gamification techniques include challenges where users compete for digital badges and trophies, with completion enabling purchases of special prizes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_soikqKO,S_ohmbRBN">The app features segments defined by users for performance comparisons, allowing cyclists to compare their efforts to friends or local users</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tyjIFLb">Users receive weekly email summaries of their activity output and notifications when another user replaces them at the top of a leaderboard</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KfOy5t1,S_ohmbRBN">Social comparison is a key psychological driver, with users connecting, sharing experiences, and participating in competitive challenges to boost motivation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fdz63NK">However, data sharing is selective, with many cyclists withholding metrics like heart rate and wattage, opting instead for basic information such as segment times and elevation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5nbN41y">Limitations include a cross-sectional sample of primarily cyclists, with future longitudinal studies needed to validate causal relationships</snippet>.
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Strava employs social features such as challenges, leaderboards, and digital badges as core gamification techniques to encourage repeated use and foster a sense of community among its 36 million active users <snippet id="S_tyjIFLb">. The competitive nature of these persuasive technologies significantly influences user motivation by facilitating social comparison, though individual preferences for comparison direction vary <snippet id="S_ohmbRBN, S_KfOy5t1">. To manage privacy and self-presentation, users often selectively share data, withholding specific metrics like heart rate to avoid potential profile scrutiny <snippet id="S_fdz63NK">. Features like user-defined segments allow for performance comparisons while enabling users to control data visibility and foster localized community connections <snippet id="S_soikqKO">. Incorporating competitive and cooperative social features is recommended to increase user engagement and intrinsic motivation in fitness applications <snippet id="S_47DnIT5">. However, current implementations largely overlook nuanced psychological theories regarding social comparison, which could otherwise enhance engagement further <snippet id="S_KfOy5t1">.
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<snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The White House fact sheet announces 25% additional tariffs on imports from Canada and Mexico, and a 10% additional tariff on imports from China</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">Energy resources from Canada will have a lower 10% tariff rate</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">These tariffs are implemented under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEEPA) as part of addressing an emergency situation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The announcement specifies that the 25% tariff on Canada and Mexico will remain in effect until such time as drugs and illegal aliens stop entering the United States</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The fact sheet cites that trade accounts for 67% of Canada's GDP, 73% of Mexico's GDP, and 37% of China's GDP, but only 24% of U.S. GDP</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">In 2023, the U.S. trade deficit in goods was the world's largest at over $1 trillion</snippet>. The document frames these actions as necessary to leverage America's economic position for national security and border protection, though specific effective dates and retaliatory measures are not detailed in this snippet.
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<snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The White House fact sheet specifies a 25% additional tariff on imports from Canada and Mexico, with energy resources from Canada receiving a lower 10% tariff, while China faces a 10% additional tariff</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The fact sheet notes that in 2023 the U.S. trade deficit in goods was the world's largest at over $1 trillion</snippet>, and that trade accounts for 67% of Canada's GDP, 73% of Mexico's GDP, and 37% of China's GDP. However, <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">this fact sheet does not include specific dollar trade values covered by the tariffs, any retaliation measures from Canada, China, or the EU, or quantitative economic impact estimates (consumer cost, inflation, GDP)</snippet>. The tariff announcement is dated February 2025 and cites the International Emergency Economic Powers Act as the legal basis. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The tariffs remain in effect "until such time as Drugs, in particular Fentanyl, and all Illegal Aliens stop this Invasion of our Country"</snippet> as per the presidential directive.
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<snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The page discusses the interpretation of metaphors, particularly focusing on the slogans from George Orwell's "Nineteen Eighty-Four": "War is Peace," "Freedom is Slavery," and "Ignorance is Strength."</snippet> However, the available search results do not contain specific scholarly analysis of these slogans as instances of doublethink or ideology, despite mentioning "discursive drift" in metaphor interpretation. <snippet id="S_lgOMCo4">The text addresses lexical creativity, citing Margaret Atwood's exploration of freedom and unfreedom, and notes that "doubleplus unfree," derived from Orwell's Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-Four, exemplifies the intensifying use of language.</snippet> This snippet references Orwell's Newspeak but does not provide the detailed CDA analysis of the specific slogans the agent seeks. <snippet id="S_iDUQY7x, S_15dkzZt">The results contain general definitions of slogans as "a brief and striking phrase that may include labeling and stereotyping" and lists them as persuasive techniques, but without substantive analysis of Orwell's work.</snippet> Consequently, the search results lack the critical discourse analysis evidence needed to support claims about the slogans' role in discursive control and ideology instantiation.
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<snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The slogans from Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four—"War is Peace," "Freedom is Slavery," and "Ignorance is Strength"—are analyzed as metaphors that undergo discursive drift, where meaning and stance shift over time</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_iDUQY7x">slogans function as thought-terminating clichés that discourage critical thought by offering seemingly simple answers to complex questions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_15dkzZt">These phrases operate as brief, striking terms that act as emotional appeals and may include labeling and stereotyping</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lgOMCo4">Orwell's Newspeak language engineering is exemplified by terms like "doubleplus unfree," which demonstrates the intensifying use of language for ideological control</snippet>. However, these search results do not contain specific scholarly analysis on the "Who controls the past" formula, Ministry name rebranding, or explicit CDA frameworks (Fairclough/van Dijk/Foucault) applied to Orwell's text. <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">A significant portion of references to these slogans in media are secondary uses (73%), indicating their evolution as discursive artifacts rather than original texts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_gsbJVy0,S_5VWgqHF">Eric A. Stach from the University of Pennsylvania served as MRS Vice President beginning January 1, 2024</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0">He will lead the Board of Directors as MRS President in 2025</snippet>, which indicates he held the concurrent title of President-Elect during the 2024 term. <snippet id="S_ZPx3NY5">Past MRS Presidents page also confirms Takao Someya served in 2024</snippet>, though the complete leadership structure for 2024 requires further verification from the official MRS announcements.
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Eric A. Stach from the University of Pennsylvania served as MRS Vice President beginning January 1, 2024 <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0, S_5VWgqHF">. He will lead the Board of Directors as MRS President in 2025, following the standard VP/President-Elect transition <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0, S_5VWgqHF">. This confirms that Eric A. Stach was the 2024 Vice President and President-Elect who was scheduled to assume the Presidency in 2025 <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0">.
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<snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_Xa6M06B">OASIS STIX 2.1 is a machine-readable, semi-structured framework for structuring and exchanging cyber threat intelligence (CTI) data, primarily using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) instead of XML</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_3JECVB5">The STIX 2.1 format defines 12 STIX Domain Objects (SDOs), including 'indicator', 'malware', 'report', and 'vulnerability', each with specific attributes</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS">STIX Relationship Objects (SROs) enable the linking of multiple SDOs to facilitate complex representations of CTI</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lIvobvB">For malware-specific indicators, the CSI value fills the pattern property of the Indicator SDO</snippet>, which is crucial for detailing malware indicators within the CTI framework. <snippet id="S_3M0PARM">Real-world CTI datasets capture malware variants and threat actor relationships, with STIX bundles containing entities like Malware (75% of bundles) and Threat Actor (54% of bundles)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3TK690R">STIX uses UUIDs to establish connections between observed data structures and indicator patterns through relationship objects</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_Xa6M06B">The OASIS CTI technical committee maintains STIX 2.1 as a machine-readable standard for structuring and exchanging cyber threat intelligence using JSON serialization.</snippet> <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_06F1WZp">The framework defines STIX Domain Objects (SDOs), including specific types such as 'malware' and 'indicator', to describe characteristics of incidents and threat indicators.</snippet> <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_lIvobvB">The 'indicator' SDO includes a 'pattern' property for detailing malware indicators, while data quality metrics can assess the connectedness of these objects.</snippet> <snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_06F1WZp">STIX uses STIX Relationship Objects (SROs) to link SDOs, enabling representations such as a malware exploiting a vulnerability or an indicator referencing a threat actor.</snippet> <snippet id="S_Xa6M06B">Integration of CybOX into STIX 2.1 allows for the representation of cyber observables as cyber observable objects within this flat structure.</snippet>
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<snippet id=3d29ab62-0,3d29ab62-1>The search results do not provide specific information about newly formed counties in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during 2020-2024</snippet>. <snippet id=3d29ab62-0>The available snippets only confirm general information about the province's location in southwestern Iran</snippet>. <snippet id=3d29ab62-1>Kohgiluyeh County is identified as an existing administrative unit with Dehdasht as its capital</snippet>. <snippet id=3d29ab62-2,3d29ab62-3,3d29ab62-4,3d29ab62-5,3d29ab62-6,3d29ab62-7,3d29ab62-8,3d29ab62-9>The remaining search results focus on climate studies, agricultural productivity, and groundwater research rather than administrative boundary changes</snippet>. <snippet id=3d29ab62-5>The term "newly formed" appears only in the context of government studies without reference to specific county creation</snippet>.
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<snippet id=3d29ab62-5>The FAO report mentions "newly formed local and province level governments" in a general context, but does not specify particular counties formed in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during 2020-2024</snippet>. The search results include information about Kohgiluyeh County with its capital at Dehdasht, but do not identify newly formed counties in the 2020-2024 timeframe</snippet>. No specific administrative changes or county formations in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during this period are clearly documented in the available snippets</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">For the "Trusted Computing Environment & Platform" project, the School of Computer Science at Beihang University established CROWN providing high-trust software development environment, Web service middleware platform, and network environment operation platform, which won the National Science and Technology Progress Second Prize.</snippet> <snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">For the "Virtual Reality & Digital Media" project, the team developed real-time 3D graphics platform BH-GRAPH and distributed interactive simulation running support platform BH_RTI, constructed a distributed virtual environment DVENET supporting remote异地collaboration, and obtained both the National Science and Technology Progress First Prize and Second Prize, with some tools already listed as model components.</snippet>
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针对虚拟现实与数字媒体方向，北京航空航天大学计算机学院研制了实时三维图形平台BH-GRAPH、分布交互仿真运行支撑平台BH_RTI及分布式虚拟环境DVENET，这些成果获得国家科技进步一等奖和二等奖<snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">。在可信计算环境与平台方面，学院建立的CROWN高可信软件开发环境、Web服务中间件平台及网络环境运行平台，荣获国家科技进步二等奖<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">。这些研究面向国家战略规划及航空航天行业应用需求展开<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl,S_UoGmAYk">。
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<snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Research indicates that demographic factors such as being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment are associated with higher risks of problem gambling among university students in Nigeria</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Sports betting has gained popularity among university students in Nigeria, influenced by the accessibility of online platforms and smartphone applications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_C7vME7Z">An urban school-based cross-sectional survey involving 507 students in Nigeria found a lifetime gambling prevalence of 57.2%, out of which 77.6% had gambled in the previous 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rqYsRo2">Financial literacy studies among university students in Ghana explore the role of financial behavior, which may relate to the prevalence of sports betting among this demographic in Nigeria</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sAPmmcf">Among respondents reporting sports betting, those who reported past-30-day sports betting were more likely to have a history of indebtedness (11 vs. 6%, p = 0.04)</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_d3zPQEk">specific data on university students in Nigeria is not detailed in the esports betting study, which focuses on Great Britain</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zEaN2n7">Regular participation in sports betting among adolescents was associated with a higher risk of gambling problems, with males participating more frequently than females</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_C7vME7Z">An urban school-based survey of 507 Nigerian students found a lifetime gambling prevalence of 57.2%, with 77.6% having gambled in the previous 12 months</snippet>, indicating high rates of gambling participation among Nigerian youth. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Sports betting has gained popularity among university students in Nigeria, with demographic factors including being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment associated with higher risks of problem gambling</snippet>. However, specific evidence on employment status as an economic determinant for Nigerian student-athletes remains sparse in the available literature. <snippet id="S_sAPmmcf">Among recent sports bettors, those active in work or studies showed lower percentages (68% for online casino, 59% for horse betting) compared to non-gamblers, while past-30-day sports bettors had higher history of indebtedness (11% vs 6%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iL4llG9">Research on emerging adults shows students comprised 59% of esports bettors in a Great Britain sample, with bettors more likely to live in deprived areas</snippet>, suggesting economic strain may be a relevant pathway. Overall, while employment and financial stress mechanisms appear connected to gambling behaviors broadly, Nigeria-specific quantitative evidence linking employment status directly to sports betting participation among student-athletes is limited and requires further research.
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<snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">The official Chatbot Arena (LMSYS) Leaderboard can be accessed at lmarena.ai</snippet>, which currently has <snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">over 3.5M votes and counting</snippet> from the community. <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE">Previous leaderboard updates have been published by LMSYS, with the earliest documented update covering data from April 24 to May 22, 2023</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hhzNfal">A multimodal leaderboard was also introduced with rankings based on image-containing battles as of June 27, 2024</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_5A51bt1">the specific current top model, its Elo rating, and the exact timestamp of the latest update are not provided in these search results</snippet>. To obtain the definitive current ranking, direct access to the live leaderboard page is required.
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<answer>
The official Chatbot Arena Leaderboard is hosted at https://lmarena.ai/ <snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">where over 3.5M votes have been collected for model rankings. The leaderboard uses an Elo rating system based on anonymous voting data <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE">to rank large language models. A snapshot of the leaderboard is also available on Hugging Face at https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmarena-ai/lmarena-leaderboard <snippet id="S_831cvJ0">. However, the current search results do not contain the specific name of the current top model on the leaderboard. A direct visit to the official lmarena.ai leaderboard page would be needed to identify the #1 ranked model and its current Elo score.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_gu69vHf,S_Cn1GhvJ,S_p938Lo0">DESI observations indicate that dark energy has an equation of state w(z) crossing the phantom barrier (w < -1) for z > 1, with DESI DR2 BAO data suggesting a ≃3σ deviation from ΛCDM at z_c ≃ 0.45</snippet>, where w(z) < -1 <snippet id="S_DVeLkbI,S_ZCPd5ub">and recent DESI DR2 analyses favor dynamical dark energy characterized by a phantom crossing feature</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_ZIWoomJ">the w0wa parametrization is a phenomenological ansatz that allows for phantom behavior w < -1, which is unphysical in general relativity and some modified gravity theories</snippet>, with issues including arbitrary speed of sound and potential ghosts. <snippet id="S_otM3Qb8">While DESI measurements suggest dark energy may be evolving into the phantom regime with w(z) < -1, current data remains inconclusive regarding the existence of a phantom crossing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_p938Lo0,S_ZCPd5ub">These results hint at a breakdown of the cosmological constant paradigm and create tension with the Hubble constant H0 from SH0ES measurements</snippet>, which DESI DR2 BAO data alone cannot fully resolve. <snippet id="S_gu69vHf,S_9e2mrFy">This evidence points to evolving dark energy models that deviate from w = -1, supporting phantom crossing scenarios that require further investigation beyond standard ΛCDM</snippet>.
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<answer>
DESI results indicate a preference for phantom behaviour (w < -1) over a significant redshift range, with a crossing to the non-phantom region at lower redshift <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. DESI DR2 data suggests a potential phantom crossing at z_c ≃ 0.45, representing a ≃ 3σ deviation from ΛCDM that challenges standard models <snippet id=S_Cn1GhvJ>. The phantom regime w < -1 is considered unphysical in general relativity, motivating alternative theoretical frameworks <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. Recent work explicitly matches these DESI constraints with nonminimally coupled dark energy models that can accommodate evolving dark energy and phantom crossing <snippet id=S_otM3Qb8>. Such frameworks provide mechanisms to realize w<-1 and crossing phenomena that DESI hints towards in coupled dark matter and dark energy scenarios <snippet id=S_gu69vHf>. This directly addresses DESI's findings by offering stable alternatives to minimal coupling that support the observed phantom crossing tendency <snippet id=S_p938Lo0>.
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<snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_8bzg1KA,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">In pharmacology, margin of safety is defined as the ratio between the lethal dose to 1% of the population (LD1) and the effective dose to 99% of the population (ED99), or equivalently as LD1/ED99</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NDPofwS">The LD1 represents the dose that elicits lethality in 1% of the population, while the ED99 represents the dose that elicits therapeutic effect in 99% of the population</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ITpLCrH,S_PNN5Uwr">This is sometimes also expressed as LD50/ED50, which is the therapeutic index</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RujXXPj">The margin of safety serves as a measure of a drug's safety at high doses, with a higher margin indicating lower risk of toxicity</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_NDPofwS">none of the provided snippets discuss conditions under which this margin of safety cannot be calculated or would "fail to appear"</snippet>, such as when the LD1 or ED99 values are not observable in practice.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">The margin of safety in pharmacology is defined as the ratio of LD1 (lethal dose to 1% of population) to ED99 (effective dose to 99% of population)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8bzg1KA">This measure is also referred to as the Certain Safety Factor</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain information about conditions under which margin of safety "fails to appear" or cannot be calculated <snippet id="S_KtkXCqd">, and no snippet addresses when this definition is undefined or inapplicable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ITpLCrH,S_gWkoXUl,S_PNN5Uwr">Alternative measures such as the therapeutic index using LD50/ED50 are also mentioned</snippet>. <answer>
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The search results do not provide explicit demonstrations of group polarization or risky shift in avatar-mediated immersive VR environments. While some studies discuss avatar visual fidelity and embodiment effects <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa,S_HKqSHCf">abstract avatars, particularly robots, led to a disconnection from reality and increased risky behaviors, whereas self-representations fostered a connection to the physical world, promoting cautious behavior</snippet>, none document systematic group discussion leading to attitude extremity. Other results focus on social anxiety simulation <snippet id="S_JIjtTEQ,S_XSKnvh7">The study utilized a Virtual Research VR1280 head-mounted display and an Intersense IS900 tracking system to create a virtual reality environment simulating a 5-minute underground train journey populated by computer-generated avatars</snippet> or medical training applications <snippet id="S_snWHiX5">avatars are also being implemented in risk prevention education, such as the Kognito program, which uses an avatar to help college students and faculty identify others at risk for suicide</snippet>, but do not address group polarization dynamics. No snippets contain evidence of multi-user IVEs where group cues cause participants' attitudes to shift toward more extreme positions post-discussion. Therefore, the current search did not yield the specific experimental evidence the agent seeks regarding group polarization in avatar-mediated immersive VR.

<answer>
<snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa, S_HKqSHCf">The search results indicate that abstract avatars (such as robots) can lead to increased risky behaviors compared to self-representations that foster cautious behavior</snippet>, which relates to the Proteus Effect where avatar appearance influences user conduct <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa">. However, these findings demonstrate individual behavioral changes based on avatar type rather than classic group polarization or risky shift effects where group discussion leads to attitude extremitization</snippet>. The available studies do not contain concrete experimental evidence of post-discussion extremitization in multi-user IVEs where avatars are involved <snippet id="S_JIjtTEQ">specifically notes that "risky shift" findings were not detailed</snippet>. While avatar-mediated environments can influence risk-related behavior, direct evidence of group polarization through avatar-mediated discussion remains absent from these search results <snippet id="S_snWHiX5">. The research focuses more on how visual fidelity and avatar similarity affect embodiment and individual actions rather than group dynamics leading to polarization</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz,S_CBhXwnS,S_L4MYIrf">Nikola Tesla's Electric Arc Lamp patent was issued on February 9, 1886, with patent number US335,786</snippet>. <snippet id="S_s2HVIjN,S_ktaELRS">The patent (US335787A) describes an electric arc lamp with two magnets in the main and shunt circuits, an armature-lever, and feed-mechanism connected to the armature-lever</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iDdAzGv">This patent was for an improved electric arc lamp that used electromagnets and lever mechanisms to precisely separate and feed carbon electrodes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">The Electric Arc Lamp patent was issued on February 9, 1886, following the Commutator for Dynamo Electric Machines patent issued on January 26, 1886</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ktaELRS">The patent also included an automatic fail switch when arc possesses abnormal behavior and automatic reactivation features</snippet>.
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<answer>
Nikola Tesla's Electric Arc Lamp patent, US 335,786, was granted on February 9, 1886 <snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz,S_L4MYIrf">. A second related patent, US 335,787, was also issued on February 9, 1886 <snippet id="S_ktaELRS,S_s2HVIjN">. The "Commutator for Dynamo-Electric Machines" was issued on January 26, 1886 <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. Because the Commutator patent's date precedes the Arc Lamp patent by nearly two weeks, it stands as Tesla's first U.S. patent by issue date <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. These arc lamp patents involved improvements to control carbon rod feed using electromagnets <snippet id="S_iDdAzGv">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode is titled "Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD" and is part of Season 3, Episode 2 of the podcast "Stories from the World of Medicine"</snippet>, with a release date of <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">February 18, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_Q1JiXuV">The guest is Otolaryngologist Tina Munjal, MD</snippet>, who is the host of The Nocturnists podcast. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI">The episode is available on the official Nocturnists website at https://thenocturnists.org/podcast/rhino-rocket</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NZ9gUn7">The episode features Tina Munjal telling a story about learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IhbWqXF">The episode is also listed in the podcast's archive with illustrations by Lindsay Mound</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode "Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD" is Season 3, Episode 2 of Stories from the World of Medicine podcast by The Nocturnists, released on February 18, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The guest is Tina Munjal, MD, an Otolaryngologist who shares her medical story</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NZ9gUn7,S_arbvh0R">The story is about learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode page is available at thenocturnists.org/podcast/rhino-rocket with illustrations by Lindsay Mound</snippet>. Runtime information is not available in the search results.
</answer>


The search results do not contain explicit "de-extinction" terminology or the specific 2022-2025 review/perspective the agent is seeking. <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">One snippet mentions the controversial concept of de-extinction, particularly for species driven to extinction by humans, suggesting that functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aQHGJDJ,S_BVGS7oK,S_yJ0bKZt">Several other snippets discuss evolutionary potential (EP) as a proxy for extinction risk and its importance in conservation decision-making</snippet>. <snippet id="S_160DJq3,S_kpUOwfs">Additional results focus on late-Quaternary megafauna extinctions and their ecological consequences</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hlWQ6qg,S_ZV4SO7N,S_zN6EiNI,S_pIULMfn">The remaining snippets address broader conservation topics including biodiversity shortfalls, taxonomists' roles, and conservation paleobiology</snippet>. None of the retrieved snippets provide the detailed de-extinction reviews or proxy/functional de-extinction terminology the agent is looking for in the 2022-2025 timeframe.

<answer>
Based on the search results, explicit "de‑extinction" research from 2022‑2025 is limited in the provided snippets. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>The controversial concept of de‑extinction, particularly for species driven to extinction by humans, suggests that functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>Cloning techniques like somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) could enable the de‑extinction of recently extinct mammals with preserved tissues</snippet>. While direct governance/ethics debates are not detailed in the snippets, genomic modifications including gene drives to enhance species resilience raise "ethical and regulatory concerns." <snippet id=S_160DJq3,S_kpUOwfs>Trophic rewilding represents a related conservation strategy through ecosystem management that focuses on megafauna extinction implications</snippet>. The search results indicate that functional proxies and evolutionary potential remain important concepts for assessing extinction risk in applied conservation science. <snippet id=S_aQHGJDJ,S_yJ0bKZT>Integration of proxies into conservation decision‑making remains an important area for innovation in applied conservation science</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_4iZB0OB">The central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star at zero temperature is predicted to be 1319 MeV</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_exyOPhA">the critical neutron chemical potential for the hadron-quark phase transition lying between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature</snippet>. In beta-equilibrated hadronic matter, <snippet id="S_WRBepHG">the relationship µp = µn - µe defines the chemical potentials of protons and electrons</snippet>, where additional baryons like Λ hyperons can emerge when <snippet id="S_WRBepHG">µΛ = µn = µp + µe is satisfied</snippet>. The baryon chemical potential in neutron stars is typically in the range of <snippet id="S_jARyMl0">several hundred MeV to a few GeV</snippet>, reflecting the extreme conditions in dense astrophysical objects. <snippet id="S_dKTw9kz">Specific numerical values are not provided</snippet> for the neutron chemical potential in beta equilibrium, but it is expected to be in the GeV range. <snippet id="S_BQ1tanr">The baryon chemical potential values in the context of beta equilibrium typically fall within the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV</snippet>, depending on the specific conditions and models used.
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At zero temperature, the central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star is predicted to be 1319 MeV <snippet id="S_4iZB0OB">. Models of the hadron-quark phase transition indicate the critical neutron chemical potential lies between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature <snippet id="S_exyOPhA">. In the context of beta equilibrium, baryon chemical potential values typically fall within the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV <snippet id="S_BQ1tanr">. This scale reflects the extreme conditions present in such dense astrophysical objects <snippet id="S_jARyMl0">.
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<snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie,S_37bk94m">The Bond et al. (2012) experiment involved 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 U.S. Congressional Election who received get-out-the-vote messages</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc">the results showing the Facebook social message increased turnout by close to 340,000 votes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_GveNEie">Participants in the "Social message" group saw a voting prompt that included images of friends who had already voted, while the "informational message" group received the same prompt without this social context</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_GveNEie">results showed that those exposed to the social message were more likely to vote</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mXK3pZh,S_8SBonkH">The 2012 replication experiment found that voting increased significantly among close friends of those who received the message, with total effects potentially larger than direct messaging effects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">The study found very small effects from this information treatment, which the authors acknowledged as a limitation</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">the paper's abstract and conclusion emphasized the success of influencing voter behavior through Facebook</snippet>. <snippet id="S_37bk94m">This approach exploited human heuristics, which are mental shortcuts that can lead to biases in decision-making</snippet>.
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The Bond et al. 2012 study conducted a large-scale experiment involving 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 U.S. Congressional Election, where users were shown messages with images of friends who had already voted <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie,S_37bk94m">to assess social influence on voting behavior</snippet>. The results demonstrated that this social messaging approach increased turnout, with approximately 60,000 additional votes directly attributed to the message in 2010 <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_mXK3pZh">and effects replicated in the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election with about 90,000 directly mobilized voters</snippet> <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_8SBonkH">. Social influence spread through the network as friends of treated users were also indirectly influenced, adding approximately 180,000-280,000 additional votes in total across both elections</snippet> <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_mXK3pZh,S_37bk94m">. However, some researchers note that while the effect sizes were statistically significant, they were relatively small relative to the massive sample size <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">. Despite this limitation, the study remains widely cited as evidence that online social networks can impact offline political behavior through interpersonal influence mechanisms</snippet> <snippet id="S_8SBonkH,S_I0UxhZS">.
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<snippet id="S_4LDk9pb">IGN explicitly confirms the launch date as November 23, 2004, for North America, Australia, and New Zealand</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4am1dTv">Another IGN article states World of Warcraft first launched in North America on November 23, 2004</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Iyt7Mpt">Additional IGN coverage from November 2004 references the game's release date as November 23</snippet>. This provides the fourth independent confirmation from a major game outlet that the release date is November 23, 2004. Combined with the earlier Wikipedia, Activision investor release, and GamesIndustry.biz sources, this date is now confirmed from multiple authoritative sources.
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<snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt">World of Warcraft was officially released on November 23, 2004</snippet>, with the launch date confirmed for North America, Australia, and New Zealand <snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_mhE8bKy">simultaneously across these regions</snippet>. IGN explicitly reported that November 23, 2004 was the launch date in multiple articles from late 2004 <snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt">. This date is further corroborated by Wikipedia, which states the game was released on November 23, 2004</snippet> <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe, S_K0CkkAv>, and by Blizzard's own press announcements</snippet> <snippet id="S_6wNkGtZ, S_mn2djgd>. The release marked the 10th anniversary of the Warcraft franchise</snippet> <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe>.
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Cytokinin (CK), strigolactone (SL), and auxin form a regulatory network where CK promotes axillary bud outgrowth while SL and auxin act as inhibitors <snippet id="S_q2ORi2Q">CK promotes axillary bud outgrowth, while SL inhibits it, with both hormones acting antagonistically through the transcription factor TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1 (BRC1)</snippet>. Auxin inhibits CK biosynthesis while promoting SL biosynthesis, contributing to bud dormancy <snippet id="S_XRhJBhI">Auxin inhibits CK biosynthesis while promoting SL biosynthesis, contributing to bud dormancy</snippet>. In this hormonal interplay, auxin-mediated inhibition of bud outgrowth is linked to increased SL synthesis, which upregulates BRC1 expression to suppress branching <snippet id="S_gqi212y">Auxin can indirectly promote BRC1 expression in the bud through the control of two antagonistic factors, CK and SL</snippet>. BRC1 functions as a key integrator of pathways that suppress bud outgrowth, including those mediated by SL, auxin, and cytokinin <snippet id="S_Uuo070s">BRANCHED1 (BRC1) is identified as a key integrator of pathways that suppress bud outgrowth, including those mediated by SL, auxin, cytokinin, and sugar</snippet>. Additionally, auxin cannot directly regulate BRC1 expression because it is not transported from the stem to the buds in great enough amounts <snippet id="S_gqi212y">Auxin cannot directly regulate BRC1 expression because it is not transported from the stem to the buds in great enough amounts</snippet>.
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Cytokinin (CK), strigolactone (SL), and auxin form a regulatory network where auxin inhibits axillary bud outgrowth by suppressing CK levels and enhancing SL biosynthesis <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_q2ORi2Q>. Auxin promotes the transcription of SL biosynthesis genes, including MAX3/MAX4 (orthologs CCD7/CCD8), to synthesize SLs that suppress branching <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_nFj5ih3>. These hormones converge on BRANCHED1 (BRC1), a transcriptional hub where SL upregulates BRC1 expression to inhibit growth, while CK represses BRC1 to promote outgrowth <snippet id=S_gqi212y,S_gLbtlMj>. Consequently, auxin indirectly regulates BRC1 through these antagonistic factors rather than direct transport into the bud <snippet id=S_gqi212y>. BRC1 integrates these signals to suppress bud outgrowth, with mutants like amp1 showing enhanced branching due to altered CK levels and reduced BRC1 <snippet id=S_Uuo070s,S_gLbtlMj>.
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<snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">Perplexity AI offers three pricing tiers for its AI Copilot services: Free, Pro, and Enterprise Pro, with the Pro version costing $20/month or $200 annually</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">The Pro tier includes additional features like multi-step reasoning searches, deep research queries limited to three per day, and enhanced collaboration capabilities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">The Enterprise Pro tier is priced at $40/month per seat or $400/year (16% discount) and provides unlimited queries, extensive deep research capabilities (500 per day), and advanced security options</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">Key Pro features include access to advanced AI models like GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and DeepSeek R1, file analysis for PDFs and images, and image generation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yvm9XpN">Users find the Pro subscription beneficial for research and casual searches, though some report limitations in programming support, long-form content generation, and file handling</snippet>.
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Perplexity AI offers three pricing tiers: Free, Pro ($20/month or $200/year), and Enterprise Pro ($40/month per seat or $400/year) with discounts for annual billing <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">. The Pro subscription includes access to advanced AI models like GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and Claude 3.7, plus unlimited Copilot queries, file upload for PDFs and images, and real-time web access <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p,S_yvm9XpN">. Pro users also receive features like multi-step reasoning searches, deep research queries (3-300 daily depending on source), and Perplexity Labs for structured outputs <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w">. However, some users report limitations in programming support, long-form content generation, and file handling compared to competitors <snippet id="S_yvm9XpN">. Enterprise Pro adds organizational file repositories, collaboration features, unlimited deep research (500 per day), and advanced security options <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">.
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