<answer>
<snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe,S_9Mgjk7i">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) was introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017 as a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm that uses a clipped surrogate objective to optimize the policy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_AuYFhyP">The core idea involves a probability ratio \( r_t(\theta) = \frac{p_{\theta}(a_t, s_t)}{p_{\theta_{\text{old}}}(a_t, s_t)} \) between the new and old policies, with a tunable hyper-parameter \( \epsilon \) (typically 0.1-0.2) used to clip the ratio to prevent large deviations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_r9aDbc9,S_HkWtygo">The clipping mechanism penalizes significant deviations of the ratio from 1, ensuring the new policy stays within a proximal region of the old policy and preventing divergent behavior</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP">This approach optimizes a modified policy gradient objective using the advantage function, which represents how beneficial the agent's actions are, while an entropy regularization term promotes action diversity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9Mgjk7i">The training loop involves initializing hyperparameters, collecting trajectories from parallel environments, and performing multiple update epochs based on these trajectories</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YKlYY4b">By constraining policy updates within a proximal region using the clip, PPO stabilizes training and improves sample efficiency compared to vanilla policy gradient methods</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_hXE5LYe,S_z9c3Jms">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">It utilizes a clipped surrogate objective function that constrains the probability ratio between the new and old policies within a range typically set to 1 ± ε</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">This objective takes the minimum of clipped and unclipped estimates, providing a lower bound that penalizes significant deviations from 1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YKlYY4b,S_CcbSYTJ,S_9Mgjk7i">During training, the algorithm collects trajectories, computes advantage estimates (often via Generalized Advantage Estimation), and optimizes the policy with a value network loss and entropy bonus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CcbSYTJ,S_HkWtygo,S_9Mgjk7i">This allows multiple update epochs per iteration and stabilizes training by preventing excessively large policy updates</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018-2019 Trump tariffs imposed duties on $283 billion of US imports with rates ranging from 10% to 50%, creating meaningful variations across products and time</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yHishm4">In retaliation, countries including China, the European Union, and Canada filed cases at the WTO and imposed their own tariffs on approximately $121 billion of US exports, averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I1oE0tb">Research indicates that trade-related job losses have a distinct anti-incumbent effect, while trade integration may increase perceived insecurity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bTYtYjO">The analysis reveals that retaliatory tariffs predominantly affected areas that supported Trump in the 2016 presidential election, with targeting focused on regions favoring Trump over other Republican contenders</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZSDo4iu">Historically, the US shift towards protectionism under Trump is likened to late 19th-century mercantilist practices, contrasting with its post-1945 role as a proponent of trade liberalism</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain specific information about Fajgelbaum's "The Return to Protectionism" paper, its findings on distributional/regional impacts, or forward-looking estimates for a 10% universal tariff scenario.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018-2019 Trump tariffs imposed $283 billion of US imports with rates from 10% to 50% on various goods, with China facing the most substantial tariffs totaling 25% on $50 billion of imports</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_yHishm4">retaliatory measures from trading partners including China, the European Union, and Canada targeted approximately $121 billion of US exports averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The tariffs were implemented amid a populist backlash against globalization, with retaliatory tariffs focusing on regions that supported Trump in the 2016 election rather than those backing other Republican candidates</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">none of the provided snippets contain results from Fajgelbaum et al.'s "The Return to Protectionism" paper specifically examining welfare effects, regressivity, or distributional incidence on low-income households</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The available evidence indicates that while tariffs may benefit specific industries, they are generally detrimental to both trading partners and the imposing country</snippet>. The search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum findings on how Trump tariffs affected working-class households or whether impacts were regressive as the agent requested.
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<snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">ZeRO-DP has three main optimization stages: Optimizer State Partitioning (P_os) provides 4x memory reduction with same communication volume as DP, Gradient Partitioning (P_os+g) provides 8x memory reduction with same communication volume as DP, and Parameter Partitioning (P_os+g+p) achieves linear memory reduction with DP degree N_d, though it increases communication volume by ~50%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">Total communication volume in ZeRO is 3 operations (2 all-gather and 1 reduce-scatter), with each operation contributing to the overall overhead that ZeRO++ optimizations target</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RRxd5ah">Hybrid approaches like LoongTrain apply ZeRO across both data-parallel and sequence-parallel dimensions, reducing redundant memory usage while balancing GPU memory and communication overhead through flexible sharding strategies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">ZeRO++ offers three communication optimizations: quantized weight communication (reducing parameter volume by half via INT8 quantization), hierarchical weight partitioning (replacing cross-machine all-gather with intra-machine all-gather at higher memory cost), and quantized gradient communication</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BWVyprV">DeepSpeed implements these optimizations through incremental stages (stage-1 for optimizer state, stage-2 for gradients, stage-3 for model parameters) with tunable options like out-of-core management for swapping</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Ww1dLNd">ZeRO/DeepSpeed optimizes memory usage in data-parallel training by sharding redundant state among replicas, making full aggregate memory capacity of a cluster available for training trillion-parameter models on 1024 NVIDIA GPUs</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_vOhHdDS>ZeRO-DP employs three optimization stages that partition optimizer states, gradients, and parameters, offering 4x and 8x memory reductions for the first two stages and linear memory reduction for parameter sharding at the cost of a 50% communication volume increase.</snippet> <snippet id=S_lxTe76D>ZeRO communication overhead is characterized by two all-gather operations for parameters and one reduce-scatter for gradients, totaling a volume of 3 model sizes per iteration.</snippet> <snippet id=S_RRxd5ah>However, the latency of collective communication operations demonstrates a positive correlation with the communication scale, which becomes significant when sharding across hundreds of GPUs.</snippet> <snippet id=S_LvWi5qs>For extreme memory scaling, ZeRO-Infinity offloads optimizer states and activations to CPU or NVMe memory to enable training of models with trillions of parameters.</snippet>
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Multiple single-cell RNA-seq studies have documented heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) using PDGFRA as a lineage marker <snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">substantial transcriptional heterogeneity of PDGFRα-lineage hOLLCs was uncovered, with sub-populations of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hOPCs) including a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet> <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) revealed heterogeneity among these cells, particularly in their expression of cell-surface markers EGFR and PDGFRA</snippet>. One study found that iPSC-derived OPCs show transcriptional convergence across brain and spinal cord regions at postnatal day 7, though bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">spinal cord OPCs showing higher expression of myelination-related genes, suggesting that while OPCs converge on similar transcriptional profiles, there may be small cohorts of differentially expressed genes contributing to functional variability</snippet>. Another report identified four distinct immunophenotypic populations based on THY1, EGFR, and PDGFRA expression, with the THY1 hi EGFR À PDGFRA + group representing putative OPCs <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">four distinct immunophenotypic populations were identified: THY1 hi EGFR + PDGFRA À, THY1 hi EGFR + PDGFRA +, THY1 hi EGFR À PDGFRA +, and THY1 hi EGFR À PDGFRA À</snippet>. Pseudotime trajectory analysis in these studies defines developmental pathways from pre-OPCs to mature oligodendrocytes, with populations enriched for stage-specific markers like PDGFRA, O4, and myelin genes <snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Pseudotime trajectory analysis defines developmental pathways of oligodendrocytes vs astrocytes from PDGFRα-expressing hOPCs</snippet> <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Monocle analysis indicated a developmental progression among oligodendrocyte-lineage cells in hOLS, highlighting the heterogeneity of these cells, including those expressing PDGFRA</snippet>. These findings demonstrate that iPSC-derived OPCs exhibit significant molecular, transcriptional, and immunophenotypic heterogeneity that correlates with their differentiation potential.

<answer>
<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Studies utilizing single-cell transcriptomics have identified substantial transcriptional heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells (hOLLCs), discovering sub-populations such as a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Specifically, single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity in cell-surface marker expression, categorizing cells into four distinct immunophenotypic populations including putative pre-OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes based on EGFR and PDGFRA levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell sequencing of 3D hiPSC-derived neural cultures further distinguished heterogeneity within the oligodendrocyte cluster, separating proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes, and myelinating oligodendrocytes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">Investigations employing both bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on iPSC-derived OPCs suggest that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity and intrinsic epigenetic differences between developmental cohorts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_6E6a3hH,S_UDpXMMR">Research has characterized the transcriptome of Anthonomus grandis to identify RNAi mechanisms, including conserved PAZ Domains and SID-like contigs</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">attempts to apply RNAi against the cotton boll weevil have not yielded similar results</snippet> compared to other coleopteran pests. <snippet id="S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI">RNAi effectiveness in A. grandis is hindered by barriers such as dsRNA delivery, cellular uptake, and degradation by gut nucleases</snippet>, with studies identifying three nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, and AgraNuc3) linked to RNAi inefficiency <snippet id="S_tDo09SB">that are primarily expressed in the insect's posterior midgut</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UDpXMMR">Microinjection of dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 into female A. grandis resulted in unviable eggs and malformed larvae</snippet>, demonstrating potential for RNAi applications. <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">Transgenic plants expressing dsRNAs aimed at silencing critical insect genes have shown effective protection against pest damage and reduced larval growth in laboratory settings</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">further development and extensive field testing are necessary to fully assess the effectiveness and viability of RNAi technology in agriculture</snippet>. No specific Brazilian field trial or regulatory approval status (Embrapa/CTNBio) is mentioned in the available snippets for RNAi-based transgenic cotton against A. grandis.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising biotechnological approach for the cotton boll weevil, with research identifying targets like vitellogenin and chitin synthase genes for silencing</snippet>. <snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>Microinjection of dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 produced unviable eggs and malformed larvae, while vitellogenin knockdown significantly affected egg viability without altering egg laying numbers</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI>However, effective oral delivery of dsRNA via transgenic plants is limited by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, AgraNuc3) that degrade the RNA in the posterior midgut</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_fXsP2MN>While silencing these nucleases can enhance gene silencing efficiency against targets like chitin synthase II, attempts to apply RNAi against the boll weevil have not yielded results comparable to other coleopteran pests</snippet>. <snippet id=S_fXsP2MN>Although transgenic cotton plants expressing dsRNA are being developed, extensive field testing remains necessary to validate efficacy in agriculture</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_hTyNcJU">The Kuwait oil fires following the 1991 Gulf War produced aerosols with a single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm</snippet>, which significantly altered the radiative properties of the boundary layer. <snippet id="S_OLKZZOQ">The fires exhibited a net heating rate of up to 3.9 K/h at 1 h and 2.3 K/h at 3 h plume age, with plumes ascending at ≈0.1 m/s</snippet>, demonstrating strong thermal and dynamic impacts on the lower atmosphere. <snippet id="S_0LL30pj">Combustion and downstream activities were determined to be the major source of substantially increased levels of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the region around the GCC</snippet>, confirming the dominant role of fire emissions in aerosol generation. <snippet id="S_vOW7FR3">The study indicates that uncertainties in the coagulation rate caused a 20-40% uncertainty in the plume's radiative forcing</snippet>, highlighting the difficulty in quantifying these effects. <snippet id="S_vaq6doy">This study investigates the radiative forcing effects of smoke aerosols from Kuwait oil fires in 1991, focusing on the uncertainties in surface and top-of-atmosphere forcing</snippet>, with black and organic carbon constituting 5-10% of total particle mass. <snippet id="S_dFPlFos">During the dust storm over Kuwait on 26 March 2003, aerosol optical thickness reached 3.617, PM10 peaked at 4800 μg m−3, and the thick dust layer caused cooling at the top of atmosphere by −60 Wm−2 and at surface level by −175 Wm−2</snippet>, providing a direct measure of aerosol radiative forcing magnitude.
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<answer>
The 1991 Kuwait oil fires produced significant aerosol radiative forcing with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour plume age, causing temperature differences of up to 6 K at 250-400 hPa and cooling of up to -3 K at 850 hPa <snippet id=S_OLKZZOQ>. These aerosol effects substantially modified energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature/precipitation patterns in the regional climate <snippet id=S_vaq6doy>. Surface cooling of -175 Wm-2 was recorded during related dust events in Kuwait with aerosol optical thickness reaching 3.617, indicating strong boundary layer perturbations <snippet id=S_dFPlFos>. The Kuwait oil fire plumes exhibited a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, confirming highly absorbing characteristics that influence radiative heating profiles <snippet id=S_hTyNcJU>. Radiative forcing uncertainties for such plumes range 20-40% depending on dilution rates and particle mixture state <snippet id=S_vOW7FR3>. These combined effects demonstrate how war-driven aerosols can alter boundary layer stability and surface wind conditions relevant to turbine operation <snippet id=S_0LL30pj>.
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<snippet id="S_UBzqh33">StealC V2 introduces several new features compared to V1, including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, enhanced payload execution methods, and the ability to decrypt stolen data server-side</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, and network communications now use RC4 encryption, which was previously disabled but is now active</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">C2 communication has shifted to JSON-based requests and responses, with a focus on unique access tokens and error handling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses, with the control panel updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_UBzqh33>StealC V2 introduces several new features including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, along with enhanced payload execution methods</snippet>, and it can decrypt stolen data server-side. The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, but has enabled RC4 encryption for network communications which was previously disabled. Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook, with C2 communication now using JSON-based requests and responses. The control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery. Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses <snippet id=S_UBzqh33>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">A cohort study using US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases followed US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and September 30, 2021</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibiting a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">In the post-acute phase of the disease, compared with the contemporary control group, people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HmTazVA">Non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients had a 25% (95% CI: 21%-29%) increased risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes, which rose to 173% in hospitalized patients and 276% in ICU patients</snippet>, though risk decreased over time. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Altogether, there is evidence to suggest that beyond the acute phase of COVID-19, survivors might be at an increased risk of developing incident diabetes, and increased risk of incident antihyperglycemic use in the post-acute phase of the disease</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X5WNd6v">Higher risk of incident diabetes post-acute COVID-19 was observed, with a consistent increase in risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes compared to severity-matched flu-like illness</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study used US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases to build a cohort of US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19</snippet> with two control groups for comparison. <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">Detailed analyses showed people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes compared with the contemporary control group</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Risks and burdens of post-acute diabetes increased in a graded fashion according to the severity of the acute phase, whether patients were non-hospitalised, hospitalized, or admitted to intensive care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study authors conclude diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, and post-acute care strategies should integrate screening and management of diabetes</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was published by Sarwant Singh on January 22, 2025</snippet>, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">with the URL https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article's existence and publication details. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">Additional content from the full article would be needed to extract the renewable electricity target percentage</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was written by Sarwant Singh and published in Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage figure for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article exists and provide publication details, but do not include the actual renewable energy statistics from the article. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article URL is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>, but the renewable electricity percentage data is not accessible from these search results.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_TUFN3jC">The 15th POMS-HK International Conference is scheduled for 3–5 January 2025 at the Chinese University of Hong Kong</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jE7LWrz">The 14th POMS-HK International Conference was held on 5–6 January 2024 at HKUST</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Br57QvT">The 13th POMS-HK International Conference took place on 7-8 January 2023 at Hong Kong Polytechnic University</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5nVopPR">The 12th POMS-HK International Conference was organized by Lingnan University during 8-9 January 2022</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_DzBPmor">the search results do not contain specific start dates for the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta</snippet> (historically the 25th Annual Conference in 2014), so a direct comparison cannot be made with the available information. The POMS-HK conference dates shown are for recent years (2022-2025); the Atlanta-based annual meeting date is not available in these search results.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_mBwOV4H">The POMS-HK International Conference is held annually in early January in Hong Kong, with the 15th conference scheduled for January 3-5, 2025, the 14th for January 5-6, 2024, and the 13th for January 7-8, 2023</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_jE7LWrz,S_TUFN3jC,S_DzBPmor,S_mBwOV4H,S_Br57QvT,S_ULVAUtt,S_wmyEfiy,S_5nVopPR">none of the provided search snippets contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta or its specific dates</snippet>. Therefore, I cannot definitively compare which conference starts first without additional search results about the Atlanta meeting.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse ERVs are classified into three classes based on pol sequence similarity, with class I resembling gamma- and epsilon-retroviruses (including MLVs) and class II resembling alpha-, beta-, and delta-retroviruses</snippet>. <snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse representatives of class I include elements similar to classical murine leukemia viruses (MLVs), while class II elements include those similar to mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTV) and the large intracisternal A-particle (IAP) superfamily with approximately 1000 copies per cell</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">Functional MLV elements in mice, such as Emv loci, can produce infectious virus and contribute to leukemia development through insertional mutagenesis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">Defective MLV integrations can collectively produce components necessary for forming transducing retrovirus particles, allowing for the restoration of replication competence through recombination in strains like C57BL/6 mice</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">IAP elements are murine-specific retroviral transposable elements that can lead to disease if they insert near genes, with ongoing expansion in domesticus subspecies showing 54% of IAPs constituting ERVK insertions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">These active IAP subtypes remain active in Mus musculus, contributing to genetic variation and chromatin remodeling</snippet>.
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<answer>
Mouse endogenous retroviruses utilize a three-class system where MLV representatives belong to Class I (gammaretrovirus-like) and IAP elements belong to Class II (betaretrovirus-like), sharing nomenclature with human ERVs where Class I aligns with ERV1 and Class II with ERV2 <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_wHW5Oiu">. Functionally, endogenous MLVs such as Emv2 can undergo recombination to restore replication competence and produce infectious virus particles in strains like C57BL/6 mice <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. These infectious recombinant MLVs have been identified in murine cancer cell lines, where they contribute to leukemogenesis and tumor development <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. In contrast, IAP elements are autonomous long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons capable of active retrotransposition, contributing to genetic variation <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">. IAP elements are abundant, with approximately 1000 copies per cell, and specific subtypes like ID1 remain active in Mus musculus subspecies <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_VrGqnwN">. Active IAP insertions in Mus musculus domesticus account for a significant proportion of subspecies-specific polymorphisms, indicating ongoing mobilization <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_jaGb9lk,S_Gj9myfY">Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs by retrieving evidence from external knowledge bases before generation</snippet>, enabling models to generate responses conditioning on relevant evidence rather than relying solely on internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_PbQaaQw">RAG retrieves reliable documents before LLMs respond to a query, allowing them to collaboratively generate responses by leveraging the retrieved external non-parameterized knowledge alongside their internal parameterized knowledge</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">Research suggests hallucinations can be diminished through the adoption of techniques like retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), with methods showing promising results in significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing the accuracy, reliability, and faithfulness of model outputs</snippet>. However, RAG is not without limitations, as <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">it suffers from potential error accumulation within the RAG pipeline, where irrelevant evidence can be propagated into the generation phase, possibly tainting the output</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">the effectiveness of RAG-based methods heavily relies on the quality of their retrieval mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6v3TJp1">Active Retrieval-Augmented (ARA) models further optimize this by selectively activating retrieval based on difficulty metrics, significantly reducing hallucinations while maintaining moderate retrieval frequency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HHkW9B0">The retrieval-augmented correction approach utilizes external resources such as factual documents as prompts or chain-of-retrieval prompting techniques to mitigate hallucination</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Research from 2023–2025 consistently demonstrates that Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. Multiple studies confirm that RAG enables models to generate responses conditioning on retrieved evidence from external knowledge bases, significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing factual accuracy <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY,S_PbQaaQw">. The technique works by retrieving reliable documents before generation, allowing LLMs to leverage external non-parameterized knowledge alongside internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_OARPrNN">. However, research also cautions that RAG's effectiveness heavily depends on retrieval mechanism quality, and the approach is not without limitations such as error accumulation and citation inaccuracies <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_Gj9myfY">. Several implementations, including Active Retrieval Augmentation frameworks, have empirically validated that optimal retrieval settings can significantly reduce hallucinations <snippet id="S_MJvgffY,S_6v3TJp1">.
</answer>


The search results do not contain specific ITOPF, IOPC Funds, or IMO case history reports on the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill. Instead, the retrieved snippets primarily document the Deepwater Horizon (2010, USA) oil spill response, which is the largest maritime spill in U.S. history <snippet id="S_deSmbWp">releasing nearly 5 million barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico</snippet>. This document references the use of floating booms and skimmers to contain and collect oil, sorbents to absorb it, and dispersants to break it up <snippet id="S_DqGbf1z">containment booms, shoreline scavenging/berms, beach sand mixing were used extensively</snippet>. The Hebei Spirit incident is not mentioned in any of the provided search results, which limits the availability of authoritative sources on Korean oil spill response techniques <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">study focuses on Bohai Sea response capabilities</snippet>. The agent will need to pursue alternative search strategies to locate Hebei Spirit-specific ITOPF case history reports or IOPC Funds incident documentation <snippet id="S_Hub9Tvk">MOT provides framework for assessing floating boom capabilities</snippet>.

<answer>
<snippet id="">No relevant information about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill was found in the search results.</snippet> The provided snippets all concern the Deepwater Horizon (2010, Gulf of Mexico) spill or general response capabilities in other regions like the Chinese Bohai Sea. Specifically, they discuss Deepwater Horizon shoreline oiling, SCAT surveys, dispersant use, boom and skimmer deployment, and cleanup worker participation. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ">Deepwater Horizon oil stranded on 1,773 km of shoreline with 660 km receiving authorized cleanup</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_i5aMNhp">18 SCAT teams surveyed over 7,058 kilometers of shoreline</snippet>. The Boi Sea snippets discuss mechanical facility storage quantities for skimmers and booms. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">The Bohai Sea survey found 133,420 m of floating booms, 9,632 kL/h for skimmers, and 100 vessels available</snippet>. No Hebei Spirit case history from ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean authorities was included in these results.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_QMZd9uN,S_NFdiZQm">Vertical eDNA distribution in lakes shows strong seasonal stratification, with warm-water fish eDNA concentrated above the thermocline and cold-water species below, reflecting thermal niches and habitat preferences</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eR9pNyf">Thermocline depths (metalimnion) range from 0.75 to 3.2 m, with sampling locations 20 m offshore and nearshore within 1 m of the shoreline indicating distinct vertical distribution and stratification in littoral and pelagic zones</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nblzMDI">The thermocline was confirmed between 4.60-6.60 m from the surface, with eDNA sampling occurring during stratification and turnover phases</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7ms3BbK">During stratification, eDNA detection varies significantly by depth, with cold-water stenotherms like lake trout primarily found at the bottom and warm-water minnows more abundant at the surface</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DCoNvvE">eDNA is patchily distributed in lakes, necessitating multiple sampling points for detection, with vertical distribution influenced by thermal stratification that affects detection of cold-water species below the thermocline in summer</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Cx6Mojy">Stratification and mixing influence eDNA detection in littoral and pelagic zones, with distinct community assemblages detected above and below the thermocline</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_qZTbA6e,S_7ms3BbK>Stratification leads to distinct microhabitat isolation where cold-water stenotherms are detectable only in midwater and deep habitats while warm-water minnows are abundant at the surface</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_QMZd9uN,S_7ms3BbK>community detection becomes more uniform across depths during autumn turnover when water column mixing occurs</snippet>. <snippet id=S_eR9pNyf,S_nblzMDI>Thermocline depths vary significantly between lakes, ranging from 0.75 to 3.2 m in some cases to 4.60 to 6.60 m in others</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DCoNvvE,S_qZTbA6e>Patchy distribution necessitates multiple sampling points across depths rather than single samples to capture community heterogeneity</snippet>.
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<snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>The West Bank Premier League features clubs including Shabab Al-Khalil from Hebron</snippet>, one of the major cities in the Southern West Bank. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-1>Al-Bireh Institute is another club listed among West Bank football teams</snippet>, though less information is available about their specific achievements. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-6>FIFA has recognized clubs located in the West Bank, including Beitar Givat Ze'ev and Beitar Ironi Ariel</snippet>, though these are Israeli-based clubs rather than Palestinian. The search results do not provide specific information about multiple national cup wins or home stadium locations in nearby municipalities for any of these clubs. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-3>Historical West Bank league data shows various clubs competing in the 2007-2008 season</snippet>, but no detailed records of cup competition victories are available in these snippets.
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Based on the search results, the major cities in the Southern West Bank include Hebron (Khalil), which has professional clubs like <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil</snippet>. The club Shabab Al-Dhahiriya from the city of Ad-Dhahiriya is also located in the Southern West Bank <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>. However, the search results do not contain sufficient information about which specific club has won the Palestinian Cup multiple times and plays in a nearby municipality rather than its home city. Additional research is needed to determine the exact club meeting all criteria mentioned in the query.
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<snippet id="S_LNwC0St">The U.S. Department of the Treasury maintains a Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates page with data for 2025</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_Ex1kQjb">the most recent CMT rates show 3-month yields around 4.03% as of September 18, 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9NRdU6Z">Daily Treasury Bill Rates are also available as indicative closing market bid quotations from recent Treasury auctions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nEPDvRp">The Treasury Resource Center provides multiple interest rate datasets including Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates and Daily Treasury Bill Rates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2WbtkJ5">A Treasury Daily Interest Rate XML Feed is available for programmatic access to daily interest rate data</snippet>. However, the 10-year yield specifically is not clearly visible in the search snippets provided.
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<snippet id=S_Ex1kQjb>As of September 18, 2025, the 3-month Treasury rate was 4.03%</snippet>. The Treasury provides official yield curve data through its Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates page <snippet id=S_LNwC0St,S_9NRdU6Z,S_Ex1kQjb>. The 10-year rate is available through the same data source, though the snippet cuts off after showing rates for maturities up to 3 years. The Treasury's yield curve methodology uses indicative, bid-side market price quotations to derive par yields <snippet id=S_pwGFHPE,S_AsPkpls>. Official rates can also be accessed via the Treasury's daily interest rate XML feed or API documentation <snippet id=S_2WbtkJ5,S_4AaXlpd>.
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<snippet id="S_hAqLMYW,S_VSuv8i0">Recent work defines catastrophic climate change scenarios with warming above 5°C considered "beyond catastrophic" and above 6°C deemed an "indisputable global catastrophe"</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">the term "catastrophic climate change" remains undefined in scientific literature</snippet>. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">A research agenda proposes four key strands: understanding extreme climate change dynamics, exploring climate-triggered mass morbidity and mortality pathways, investigating social fragility and risk cascades, and synthesizing findings into integrated catastrophe assessments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">Current knowledge assesses tipping points with effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling social cost of carbon up to an eightfold increase in optimal carbon price</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">Beyond climate risks, other global catastrophic risks (GCRs) related to food systems are highlighted, including abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios where sudden aerosol releases could disrupt sunlight and impact food production</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">Sea level rise risk assessments distinguish between four main qualitative levels—Undetectable, Moderate, High, and Very high—with a fifth level describing Extremely high risk as a very high probability of severe and irreversible impacts exceeding coping capacity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0NH1BPy">The analysis emphasizes that current studies may lack focus on critical areas for adaptation planning, advocating for holistic risk assessment approaches that integrate human, pathogen, and vector interactions</snippet>.
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The recent search returned primarily climate-focused catastrophic risk literature, with "Climate Endgame" studies emerging as key references defining catastrophe thresholds. Warming above 5°C is categorized as "beyond catastrophic," while warming above 6°C constitutes an "indisputable global catastrophe," with 3°C by century's end marking extreme climate change <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">temperature thresholds for catastrophic outcomes are now being clarified</snippet>. Tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon to an eightfold increase in optimal carbon pricing <snippet id="S_60jj79u">tipping point probabilities demonstrate fat tail risk characteristics</snippet>. However, bad-to-worst-case climate scenarios remain poorly understood despite reasons to suspect they could drive worldwide societal collapse or eventual human extinction <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">catastrophic climate scenarios are underexplored yet critically important</snippet>. Food system risks include abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios that could trigger multiple bread-basket failures and global-scale well-being threats <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">global catastrophic food system risks are identified as existential threats</snippet>. Sea level rise research similarly defines "Extremely high risk" as exceeding socioecological coping capacity and possibly leading to existential or catastrophic outcomes <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">coastal settlement risks reach existential catastrophe thresholds at very high sea level rise</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY,S_bChTerS">Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early stages of carcinogenesis and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity</snippet>, with experimental studies emphasizing their chemopreventive and therapeutic potential <snippet id="S_BEpOCxI">through mechanisms including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and HPV-mediated pathways</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW,S_St3cdIq">However, challenges persist with low bioavailability and toxicity concerns that require nanoparticle delivery mechanisms or chemical analogs to overcome</snippet>. <snippet id="S_giUXm46">Preclinical evidence shows combinational use of phytochemicals with chemotherapeutic drugs enhances therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RE7a53S">Pomegranate peel polyphenols have shown anticancer effects against cervical cancer in cell culture studies</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_RulQFFI">curcumin, paclitaxel, and other natural products have been extensively studied with data cited from 2010-2021</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">Despite promising preclinical results, more clinical studies with different phytochemicals are needed to establish safety and efficacy for clinical translation</snippet>.
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Recent reviews have synthesized therapeutic effects of natural products on cervical cancer through inflammatory pathways, highlighting compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, curcumin, and paclitaxel with data primarily from 2010-2021 studies<snippet id="S_RulQFFI">. Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">. Challenges associated with phytochemical use include low bioavailability and toxicity, which may be addressed through chemical analogs, adjuvant therapies, and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms<snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">. Experimental evidence emphasizes chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of plant-derived substances, with combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs shown to enhance therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells<snippet id="S_bChTerS">. Research on phytochemicals against HPV-induced cervical cancer necessitates further investigation into efficacy and safety, particularly through concurrent therapies targeting HPV-mediated mechanisms<snippet id="S_St3cdIq">. Current literature reviews continue to collect experimental works from the last five years elucidating anticancer mechanisms of plant-derived natural products in cervical cancer treatment<snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">.
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<snippet id="S_r2sDDAL">Trust in AI within public institutions is influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_R1PS8iU">public sector AI adoption differs from the private sector due to coercive elements, as citizens must use and pay for services, raising legitimacy questions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F456mxb">Trust levels increase if AI adds perceived value and if humans remain involved</snippet>, indicating that human oversight and perceived value are key determinants. <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">AI systems' abilities were evaluated higher than their benevolence across all domains, with participants with greater technological competence, AI familiarity, and knowledge viewing AI as more capable</snippet>, suggesting that performance and user expertise shape trust. <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">Transparency about AI use is essential for tracking trust changes</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_PgHhtbO">trust in government significantly influences user experiences with AI-based self-service technology in public service delivery</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">Trust plays a critical role in the perceptions and acceptance of AI technologies, with transparency, reliability, and task characteristics predicting cognitive trust</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VLrq6kV">Trust in AI chatbots in the Japanese public sector is influenced by the area of enquiry and the communicated purposes for introducing the technology</snippet>, showing that purpose and context affect acceptance. <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">Concerns about privacy invasion and lower trust in companies and government deploying AI are common</snippet>, emphasizing the need for privacy and ethical governance as determinants.
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<answer>
Trust in AI within public institutions is significantly influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems often viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers <snippet id="S_r2sDDAL,S_R1PS8iU">. Key determinants include transparency and explainability, which are essential for tracking trust changes and fostering responsible AI development <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp,S_1tU6Z3U">. Human oversight remains critical, as trust levels increase when humans remain involved in decision-making processes rather than being replaced entirely by AI <snippet id="S_F456mxb">. Reliability, tangibility, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust in AI systems, while anthropomorphism influences emotional trust <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">. Privacy concerns and data governance also negatively impact trust, particularly when citizens perceive potential privacy invasion <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">. Additionally, public perception of AI control, ethics, and perceived value of AI services are crucial determinants for acceptance in public service contexts <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U,S_F456mxb">. Technological competence and familiarity with AI also correlate with higher trust in AI capabilities across different public service domains <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">.
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<snippet id=b99d28d7-0>The film is available to stream on AMC+, Disney Plus, Hulu, Sundance Now, Philo, The Roku Channel, Fandango at Home, Prime Video or Apple TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>Apple TV lists it as available on AMC+, Sundance Now, Philo, Prime Video, Tubi, Disney+, Hulu, and Sling TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-8>Decider confirms streaming options include Tubi TV, Hulu, and AMC+</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5>Philo also offers the movie with a free trial option</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-4>JustWatch shows it is available on Amazon Prime Video and Pluto TV with ads</snippet>.
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<snippet id=b99d28d7-0,b99d28d7-9>Clean is available to stream on multiple platforms including AMC+, Hulu, Prime Video, Apple TV, Tubi, and Roku</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>AMC+ is specifically mentioned as one of the available streaming services for the film</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-1,b99d28d7-2,b99d28d7-4>It can also be accessed through Hulu, Amazon Prime Video, and Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5,b99d28d7-8>Philo and other services like Sundance Now and Disney+ offer the movie as well</snippet>.
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The search results do not contain specific empirical evidence about negotiated assessment or student co-creation of assessment criteria in higher education, particularly from randomized controlled trials. <snippet id="S_dUrCta4">One article discusses learning outcomes in assessment processes but focuses on pre-articulated outcomes rather than student co-creation</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_u5mSiUG">another systematic review covers educational technology impact on learning outcomes without specifically addressing negotiated assessment</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">A review of peer assessment design notes that reliability and validity are often underreported, but does not address student involvement in assessment design</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yevXI89">A meta-analysis of e-mental health interventions includes academic performance outcomes but does not specifically examine assessment co-design</snippet>. The available snippets discuss general learning outcomes, teacher effectiveness, and assessment integrity concerns but lack direct evidence on whether involving students in designing assessments (criteria, formats, or rubrics) is effective or advisable. <snippet id="S_G7aERKv">A scoping review of teacher effectiveness highlights that student-centered teaching styles are viewed as more effective, but does not address assessment design participation</snippet>.

<answer>
The provided search results do not contain specific empirical evidence or randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or student co-created rubrics in higher education <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv,S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">. Instead, the available literature focuses on broader concepts such as Outcome-Based Education frameworks, general peer assessment design elements, and teacher effectiveness metrics <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv">. While one systematic review notes that reliability and validity are frequently underreported in peer assessment studies, it does not quantify the impact of student involvement in task design <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">. Additional snippets discuss conceptual tensions in learning outcomes or the influence of educational technology without addressing assessment negotiation specifically <snippet id="S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">.
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<snippet id="S_wzDgj5A">Endocytosis delivers extracellular materials to lysosomes for degradation and recycling, maintaining cellular homeostasis</snippet> through trafficking from early endosomes to late endosomes and lysosomes <snippet id="S_wzDgj5A">where it delivers enzymes and V-ATPase pumps via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gCWDTWV">Lysosomal membrane proteins are delivered to lysosomes in a M6P receptor-independent manner via endocytosis</snippet>, which supports lysosomal biogenesis and function. <snippet id="S_idvg3li">Lysosomes can release their contents through lysosomal exocytosis</snippet>, which aids in plasma membrane repair and the secretion of enzymes essential for cellular health. <snippet id="S_EhS0ch1">Stimulation of lysosomal exocytosis may have beneficial effects on the accumulation of unprocessed aggregates</snippet>, leading to their extracellular elimination in lysosomal storage disorders. However, <snippet id="S_pfxfGLI">a general downregulation of endocytosis during aging or senescence has been observed</snippet>, which may contribute to lysosomal dysfunction. <snippet id="S_mWADzHZ">Impaired lysosomal acidification and reduced hydrolase activity can adversely impact the ability of macrophages to handle exogenous phagocytic cargo</snippet>, demonstrating the functional link between endocytic pathways and lysosomal clearance.
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<snippet id=S_wzDgj5A,S_Y2SP2EN>Endocytosis maintains cellular homeostasis by delivering extracellular and intracellular materials to lysosomes, where they are degraded as part of the autophagy-lysosomal-endosomal system</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_wzDgj5A>Trafficking between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network is imperative for the maintenance of lysosomal fitness as it delivers enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id=S_gCWDTWV>Lysosome biogenesis also requires endocytic pathways, as lysosomal membrane proteins can be delivered via vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane followed by endocytosis</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC,S_Ykw4nQx">Calendar aging is primarily driven by temperature, with degradation processes accelerated by elevated temperatures</snippet>, and can be modeled using the Arrhenius equation <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC,S_6yCb2kD">where the rate constant depends on absolute temperature and specific parameters determined through Arrhenius plots</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">Research indicates that cycle life decreases dramatically at low temperatures during fast charging, with a high power graphite/NMC battery's cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">Similarly, a 16Ah graphite/NMC battery loses 75% of its capacity after only 50 cycles at 5°C, compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">The degradation mechanisms include lithium plating and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film growth, which compete under fast charging conditions</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">lithium plating being particularly critical at low temperatures</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">Keil et al. (2016) examined NCA, NMC, and LFP at 25°C, 45°C, and 50°C over 300 days, finding that capacity fade did not increase linearly with SOC</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">NMC cells experienced accelerated fading at 100% SOC</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">To enhance battery longevity, LIBs should be stored at lower SOC levels, particularly avoiding high SOC at elevated temperatures</snippet>.
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<answer>
Calendar aging follows the Arrhenius equation, where elevated temperatures accelerate aging processes through increased reaction rates, making temperature regulation essential for reducing degradation <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">. SEI growth is the dominant calendar aging mechanism at high temperatures (e.g., 55°C storage), causing pore clogging and film resistance increase in anodes <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">. Higher temperatures and SOC levels significantly increase capacity degradation and internal resistance during calendar aging, with studies showing accelerated fading at 50-60°C storage <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">. In contrast, cyclic aging experiences dramatically accelerated degradation at low temperatures during charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C for graphite/NMC batteries <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. At 5°C, a 16 Ah graphite/NMC battery loses 75% capacity after only 50 cycles compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C, driven primarily by lithium plating rather than SEI growth <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. The Arrhenius law describes temperature dependence of cyclic aging reaction rates, though lithium plating at sub-zero temperatures creates an inflection point that fundamentally alters degradation mechanisms compared to calendar aging <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">.
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The provided search results do not contain the exact threshold value from the Scientific Reports article. None of the snippets mention the specific variable names "rC,ave" or "ΔGave" as described in the agent's query. The search results instead discuss general topics such as China's research evaluation reform, internationalization of higher education, and China's influence on global science <snippet id="S_PtOIRGk">China's research evaluation reform has significantly influenced global science by promoting the use of Science Citation Index (SCI) papers as a primary metric for assessing research quality</snippet> <snippet id="S_RXJTnMw">In 2018, China significantly influenced global science, particularly in physical sciences STEM, where its share of Scopus papers rose from 8.5% in 2000 to 27.7%</snippet>. The specific Scientific Reports article with the rC,ave and ΔGave threshold is not present in these search results.

<answer>
<snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_NyxI5ht,S_RTxg6u0,S_PnWYPRp,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u">None of the provided search results contain information about a Scientific Reports article with the specific variables rC,ave and ΔGave or their critical threshold values</snippet>. The retrieved snippets discuss various aspects of Chinese research output, publication incentives, and global science influence, but none reference the target paper with the threshold information the agent is seeking <snippet id="S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t">The only mentions of "Chinese scholars" in global research context appear in titles without corresponding content</snippet>. The agent may need to refine their search with more specific terms such as "Scientific Reports rC,ave ΔGave threshold" without the broader China influence query to locate the exact paper.
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<snippet id="22895,68190,89881">Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) was an 18th‑century Swedish naturalist who formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy</snippet>. <snippet id="22895,89881">He introduced the two-part Latin species name (genus + specific epithet) and hierarchical ranks (kingdom, class, order, genus, species) in works such as Systema Naturae</snippet>. <snippet id="68190">His system standardized classification across plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and more, forming the basis of modern scientific naming</snippet>. <snippet id="22895">Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaeus taught at Uppsala, wrote chiefly in Latin, and was ennobled in 1761 as Carl von Linné</snippet>. <snippet id="89881">Linnaean taxonomy endures as the basis for naming and organizing biodiversity, though additional ranks and evolutionary concepts were later added</snippet>.
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<answer>
Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), an 18th-century Swedish naturalist, formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy <snippet id="22895, 68190">. He introduced a two-part Latin naming system (genus + specific epithet), such as Homo sapiens, through his publication of Systema Naturae (first edition 1735) <snippet id="22895, 89881">. Linnaeus also established hierarchical classification ranks including kingdom, class, order, genus, and species <snippet id="22895, 89881">. His system standardized biological classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming <snippet id="68190">. Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaean taxonomy continues to serve as the foundation for organizing biodiversity <snippet id="22895, 89881">.
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<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist who retraced the voyages of Captain James Cook is Tony Horwitz, author of "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before"</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-5>Horwitz's work retraced Cook's voyages across the Pacific, following a specific route as a British explorer</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-6>This book differed from his previous work, "Confederates in the Attic," in that it followed a specific route across the Pacific</snippet>. While the search results confirm the journalist and explorer connection, <snippet id=1701849e-8>Hampton Sides also wrote about the British explorer's final voyage to the Pacific islands</snippet>, though he is not a Pulitzer Prize winner. The specific locations mentioned (Pacific island country, northern England county, and 18th-century ship replica) would need further verification from the full text of "Blue Latitudes."
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<answer>
<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Tony Horwitz</snippet>, which retraces the voyages of British explorer Captain James Cook across the Pacific <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>. Cook was from Yorkshire, a county in northern England, and his historic HMS Endeavour has been reconstructed for modern voyages <snippet id=1701849e-6>. The book follows a specific route through Pacific island countries that Cook originally visited during his explorations <snippet id=1701849e-5>. Horwitz's approach combines historical research with personal adventure travel to explore Cook's legacy <snippet id=1701849e-1>. This work differed from Horwitz's previous books by focusing on a specific exploration route across the Pacific Ocean <snippet id=1701849e-6>.
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<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH">The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM) by necessitating remote work and digitalization across organizations</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_rm0f44F">remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet> emphasizing the need for e-HRM to enhance flexibility and productivity. <snippet id="S_sFMyq5N">The pandemic challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention to understand the changes</snippet> through systematic literature reviews, including Zhong et al. (2021) which analyzed the intersection of pandemic impacts and HRM. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">HRM needs to manage people during crises to enable business continuity and ensure work-life balance</snippet> as the future brings more flexible, remote-friendly digital working norms. <snippet id="S_hGtii0p">The shift to online training highlighted challenges in teamwork and productivity among HRD professionals</snippet>, requiring S-HRD principles to enhance employee engagement and adaptability. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi">A CEDEL model (complicator–exposer–disruptor–enabler–legitimizer) conceptualizes the role of COVID-19 in sustainable HRM</snippet>, providing a framework for future research on pandemic impacts.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_CbPhWNe">The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), with remote work necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms and e-HRM practices</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH,Sn_rm0f44F">Research indicates this acceleration has been global in scope, with one study noting remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi,S_sFMyq5N">Systematic literature reviews characterize COVID-19 as a complicator-disruptor-enabler that challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">The crisis established lasting implications including more flexible, remote-friendly digital working norms that organizations must address through new policies and hybrid working models</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_xBncrdH">Preprints are defined as preliminary reports not yet peer-reviewed, and platforms like arXiv, MedRxiv, and bioRxiv emphasize that their materials should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">bioRxiv implements a screening process to filter out inappropriate content including nonscientific or pseudoscientific material, non-biological content, and potentially harmful information, though this screening is described as a coarse filter and does not guarantee validity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lUJRGnM">Thirty-three preprint platforms were examined, with 75% providing details about their screening processes, while some rely on user moderation post-publication and others do not screen at all</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns, which raises potential issues since it includes quantitative biology, and instances where articles rejected by bioRxiv or medRxiv for security reasons were accepted by arXiv</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">The pre-peer review screening process involves checks including plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language and quality of expression, with papers failing to meet criteria potentially being desk rejected</snippet>. <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">Screening policies for preprints at bioRxiv, medRxiv, and arXiv vary in their approach to biosecurity, with medRxiv screens submissions for material that could endanger public health and bioRxiv conducting basic screening for content that might pose health or biosecurity risks</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">arXiv performs pre-peer review screening that includes plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language quality</snippet>, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">but does not conduct formal peer review before posting</snippet>. Key quality control measures on arXiv include <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">author registration and endorsement requirements, completeness checks, relevance verification, plagiarism detection, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>, unlike bioRxiv and medRxiv which screen for material that could endanger public health or pose biosecurity risks. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">ArXiv emphasizes that its materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. Despite the absence of peer review, preprints on arXiv still undergo screening as a "coarse filter" to exclude nonscientific or inappropriate content, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">though this does not guarantee validity of the content</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kOME3NW">The interactive reading (IR) task is a framework for AIG and automatic scoring of reading comprehension passages and a suite of questions associated with the passage</snippet>. <snippet id="S_n6aoW4b">The text underscores the importance of vocabulary in reading proficiency, particularly for academic English</snippet>. However, the search results do not contain explicit definitions or contrasts for "intensive" reading as a category separate from "extensive" reading, nor do they provide detailed classroom task examples for each of the four reading types.
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<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books.</snippet> <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores for automatic medical fact-checking</snippet>, demonstrating that domain-specific models outperform general language models in this medical fact-checking task. <snippet id="S_wkwj2K0">The framework fine-tuned pre-trained models including SCIBERT and BIOBERT v1.0/v1.1 on the PUBHEALTH dataset for downstream fact-checking label prediction</snippet>, with the two BIOBERT versions differing in training steps (470K vs 1M steps on PubMed abstracts and full article texts). <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">BIOBERT demonstrates higher accuracies compared to BERT for named entity recognition, relation extraction and question answering in the biomedical domain</snippet>, supporting the hypothesis that domain-specific language representations improve biomedical fact-checking performance. <snippet id="S_HA4fMd9">Several scientific claim verification datasets have been released including COVIDFact, HealthVer, and SCIFACT which verify claims against scientific literature</snippet>, providing benchmarks for comparing domain-specific vs general models. <snippet id="S_RXgSB12">Our experiments show that training deep learning-based fact-checking models on real-world and in-domain claims substantially improves performance compared to training on synthetic and open-domain claims</snippet>, confirming that domain-specific training benefits fact-checking accuracy.
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Research on medical fact-checking shows that domain-specific language models often outperform general models on health claim verification tasks. On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores compared to BERT and other baseline models <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. BioBERT demonstrates higher accuracies than BERT for biomedical tasks including named entity recognition, relation extraction, and question answering in the biomedical domain <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. Similarly, SCIBERT shows improvements over the original BERT and outperforms it in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. However, performance varies by dataset; on SCIFACT, RoBERTa-large achieved the best performance among the sentence encoders tested, including SciBERT and BioMedRoBERTa <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. Additionally, training deep learning models on real-world medical claims substantially improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">.
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<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf,S_Iqcxwr0">The waterfall model is a traditional, linear and sequential software development approach where progress flows through distinct phases such as requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance</snippet>, <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">with each phase requiring completion before the next begins, and outputs including documents that are signed-off before proceeding</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">The Waterfall-Iterative approach (also called "Waterative") is a hybrid model where waterfall phases are executed iteratively as the project elaborates</snippet>, <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">allowing for initial simplified implementations that evolve through multiple iterations with feedback loops</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ">However, the classic waterfall model has a rigid structure with limited flexibility for requirements changes, which cannot be easily accommodated without significant disruption</snippet>, <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">while the iterative model emphasizes incremental changes and repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX">In the Waterfall-Iterative approach, design elaboration takes place based on requirements selected for each iteration, with user interface functionality added progressively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">The waterfall model works well for simple, straightforward projects but does not work well for complex projects</snippet>, whereas <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">the iterative model is increasingly favored in industries like finance as organizations move towards digitalization</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">The traditional waterfall model is defined as a linear, sequential software development approach where each phase must be completed before the next begins, with strict documentation and sign-offs required between stages</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">In contrast, "iterative waterfall" (also called "Waterative") executes waterfall phases iteratively as the project elaborates, incorporating requirement analysis for each iteration with design followed by product backlog creation using Scrum framework's agile principles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model allows incremental changes and divided project parts with repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation, enabling more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to waterfall</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">A key distinction is that waterfall accommodates substantial requirement changes with significant disruption, whereas iterative approaches emphasize evolving implementations with each cycle enhancing previous work</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz,S_u8WEXgX">Waterfall is characterized by sequential phases requiring strict documentation and end products per stage, while iterative/wative approaches include unit testing during sprints followed by systems integration testing and user acceptance testing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">Waterfall approaches work well for simple, straightforward projects, but are less suitable for complex projects requiring flexibility</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_IbmwH6I,S_ipBYA4S">Digital transformation in banking encompasses digital banking and fintech platforms that provide accessible and affordable financial services, including mobile banking, digital payments, and lending</snippet>, <snippet id="S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X">which research shows correlates with enhanced financial inclusion and operational efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ipBYA4S">Empirical evidence suggests Fintech can enhance financial inclusion, particularly in underserved areas, though traditional financial inclusion metrics often fail to adequately measure digital financial inclusion</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cecyK56">In Sub-Saharan Africa, digital financial inclusion is more significant in low-income countries due to inefficiencies in traditional banking, allowing FinTech companies to enhance financial access and stimulate economic activities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4uYEvn0">Digital transformation also reduces operational costs and increases bank stability, with automation and digitalization leading to greater self-sufficiency among customers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AlV0rKF">However, increased bank competition negatively affects bank stability, supporting the competition-fragility hypothesis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kq45sEh">Challenges remain including data security, regulatory issues, user digital literacy, and infrastructure considerations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gkl8lvJ">Strong economic growth together with financial inclusion initiatives significantly impacts ICT infrastructure development in developing countries</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Q1OC4lz">Digitalisation of business processes can promote financial inclusion and positively impact economic growth, though there is uncertainty regarding whether digital financial services are genuinely inclusive for women and underprivileged communities</snippet>. <answer>
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<snippet id="S_IbmwH6I,S_ipBYA4S">Digital transformation in banking encompasses digital banking and fintech platforms that provide accessible and affordable financial services, including mobile banking, digital payments, and lending</snippet>, <snippet id="S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X">which research shows correlates with enhanced financial inclusion and operational efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ipBYA4S">Empirical evidence suggests Fintech can enhance financial inclusion, particularly in underserved areas, though traditional financial inclusion metrics often fail to adequately measure digital financial inclusion</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cecyK56">In Sub-Saharan Africa, digital financial inclusion is more significant in low-income countries due to inefficiencies in traditional banking, allowing FinTech companies to enhance financial access and stimulate economic activities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4uYEvn0">Digital transformation also reduces operational costs and increases bank stability, with automation and digitalization leading to greater self-sufficiency among customers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AlV0rKF">However, increased bank competition negatively affects bank stability, supporting the competition-fragility hypothesis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kq45sEh">Challenges remain including data security, regulatory issues, user digital literacy, and infrastructure considerations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gkl8lvJ">Strong economic growth together with financial inclusion initiatives significantly impacts ICT infrastructure development in developing countries</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Q1OC4lz">Digitalisation of business processes can promote financial inclusion and positively impact economic growth, though there is uncertainty regarding whether digital financial services are genuinely inclusive for women and underprivileged communities</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X>S digital transformation in banking is defined as the application of innovative technologies, particularly digital payments, to enhance financial inclusion and operational efficiency</snippet>, with research showing it <snippet id=S_4uYEvn0>S diminishes the impact of income levels on financial service access</snippet> while enhancing account ownership and savings. <snippet id=S_cecyK56>S Economic impact varies by income level: in low-income countries, digital financial inclusion is more significant than traditional finance due to banking inefficiencies</snippet>, whereas in middle-income countries both forms complement each other. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability (z-score) and negatively with non-performing loans</snippet>, though increased bank competition negatively affects stability according to the competition-fragility hypothesis. <snippet id=S_kq45sEh>S Challenges include data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy</snippet>, with findings from Sub-Saharan Africa, ASEAN, and EU contexts; <snippet id=S_cecyK56,S_Q1OC4lz>Yemen-specific evidence is sparse and limited by fragile state conditions</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Policy recommendations emphasize promoting digital financial literacy, regulatory frameworks treating digital and traditional finance as complementary</snippet>, and strategic measures to maintain bank stability alongside inclusion initiatives.
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<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Never Look Back (1952) is a British courtroom drama produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>, with <snippet id="55190,81776">Harry H. Corbett appearing briefly as a policeman</snippet> and <snippet id="81776">Hugh Sinclair playing the fiancé who prosecutes</snippet>. The film was <snippet id="55190,86941">released on 26 May 1952 in the UK</snippet> and runs <snippet id="55190,86941">73 minutes</snippet>. <snippet id="55190">The production was Michael Carreras's first production</snippet> at Hammer, and <snippet id="86941">it was shot at Manchester Film Studios from 17 September to 19 October 1951</snippet>.
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<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The 1952 British drama Never Look Back was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett appears in a brief supporting role as a policeman</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Hugh Sinclair is confirmed as a main star in the cast, playing the prosecutor</snippet>. The production ran for 73 minutes and was shot at Mancunian Studios between September and October 1951.
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The provided search results describe the methodology for calculating beta-cell function indices like the disposition index and insulinogenic index from OGTT and IVGTT data <snippet id="S_qpkzufM">the disposition index was calculated as the product of the Gutt index and the insulinogenic index to estimate beta-cell function</snippet> <snippet id="S_DYXy4QI">the disposition index was calculated as AIR × M_FFM</snippet>, but none of the snippets contain specific findings linking visceral adipose tissue accumulation to these beta-cell function metrics. One study notes that obese adults with elevated 1-hour postload glucose exhibited higher insulin levels and lower disposition indices <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">those with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) exhibited higher insulin levels and lower disposition indices</snippet>, yet it does not specify whether this association is driven by visceral fat accumulation. Another snippet mentions that combining interval training with caloric restriction improved beta-cell function in obese adults <snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">Combining Short-Term Interval Training with Caloric Restriction Improves ß-Cell Function in Obese Adults</snippet>, but does not report specific visceral fat reduction data. The search results do not include direct evidence from adult human studies connecting VAT to insulinogenic index, acute insulin response, or first-phase insulin secretion measures. No snippets provide information on interventional evidence showing reversibility of beta-cell dysfunction with visceral fat reduction through very-low-calorie diets, bariatric surgery, or DiRECT trials.
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The provided search results do not directly address the relationship between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and pancreatic beta-cell function metrics in humans. The snippets primarily define how beta-cell function indices like the disposition index, insulinogenic index, and acute insulin response are calculated from OGTT or IVGTT data <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_77OipMD">the disposition index is calculated as the product of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion measures such as the insulinogenic index</snippet>. One study suggests adipose tissue insulin resistance affects beta-cell function assessment, noting that elevated plasma free fatty acids can impair β-cell function and proposing adjustments to the disposition index to account for adipose tissue <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2">incorporating adipose insulin resistance into assessments provides a more comprehensive index of β-cell function</snippet>. Another study reported that leptin and GM-CSF were negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI and hsCRP, indicating roles in inflammation and lipid metabolism <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">leptin and GM-CSF showed negative associations with the disposition index and positive correlations with BMI and inflammatory markers</snippet>. However, none of these snippets provide direct adult human evidence linking VAT or pancreatic fat specifically to beta-cell function measures like disposition index or acute insulin response as the agent was seeking.
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<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources by one-third did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>, though it did increase exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduce uncivil language. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">Research compared various feed types including chronological and engagement-based feeds, finding that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mUfOdDp">However, a 2020 study by Guess et al. found no significant long-term effects of Facebook and Instagram's algorithms on users' affective polarization over a three-month period</snippet>, suggesting the impact of social media algorithms on long-term beliefs is complex. <snippet id="S_EIYKoMB">Recent studies suggest that exposure to diverse perspectives can also align local conflicts with broader partisan divides, and authors propose redesigning social media ranking algorithms to mitigate polarization</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sHzMiTk">Field experiments on Facebook in the 2020 election showed effects on political knowledge, attitudes, and behavior, providing some of the largest-scale evidence available to date from a collaboration between academics and Meta researchers</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>. The intervention aimed to decrease exposure to like-minded sources by one-third, which resulted in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">but did not lead to measurable changes in eight key political attitudes, including affective polarization and belief in false claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">An experiment compared various feed types, including chronological and engagement-based feeds, as well as innovative designs aimed at promoting democratic values</snippet>. Findings indicate that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans, but may inadvertently increase perceived threats to free speech among users <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">. The research also references other studies that examined the influence of exposure to like-minded sources and reshared content, noting that some studies found minimal effects on affective polarization</snippet>.

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The search results do not contain specific documentation on how canonical IAMs (FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE) integrate tropical cyclone and flood damages, nor do they describe the expected-annual-loss pipelines or empirically estimated event-specific damage functions used in these models. The available snippets focus on hazard modeling and impact assessments rather than IAM integration methods. For example, one snippet notes the CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h from IBTrACS data <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">but does not specify how this is incorporated into FUND/PAGE/DICE/RICE frameworks</snippet>. Another snippet mentions HWCM enhances tropical cyclone risk assessments by simulating high-resolution wind and rain fields <snippet id="S_VGFFWS5">without detailing IAM-specific damage function implementation</snippet>. No snippet provides information on stochastic shock representations or the expected-annual-loss (hazard × exposure × vulnerability) pipelines feeding IAMs. Therefore, the search has not yielded the specific documentation on IAM integration of extreme weather damages that the agent requires.

<answer>
Unfortunately, the provided search results do not contain specific information about how FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE, or other canonical IAMs incorporate extreme weather events into their damage functions. The available snippets focus on hazard modeling (CLIMADA model for tropical cyclones, mangrove flood protection services, hydrodynamic modeling) but do not document IAM integration methods <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>. No snippets describe how IAMs represent extremes as separate impact categories or stochastic shocks to capital/productivity, nor do they detail expected-annual-loss pipelines feeding IAM damages. There is also no evidence of empirically estimated event-specific damage functions (cyclone wind-based, flood depth–damage, heat-wave impacts) being aggregated to macro damages within specific IAM frameworks in these results.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK,S_06dh88l">HPV enters host cells primarily through attachment to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) or Heparan Sulfate Syndecan (Sdc) proteoglycans, specifically Sdc2 and Sdc4, on the cell membrane</snippet>, <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK,S_06dh88l">which triggers conformational changes in the major capsid protein L1 exposing the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_ygceipK,S_06dh88l">This exposure allows the viral protein L2 to be cleaved by the cellular protease furin, which reduces L1's affinity for HSPGs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_qd5yqrp">The entry process involves clathrin-independent endocytosis, similar to micropinocytosis, where L2 binds to secondary receptors including the S100A10 subunit of annexin A2</snippet>. <snippet id="S_06dh88l">Viral particles preferentially bind to basement membrane components such as laminin-332, which requires disruption of the epidermal architecture through wounds, abrasions, or microlesions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_IzJhLSD">Following internalization, L2 interacts with γ-secretase protease and p120-catenin, then with Sortin Nexin 17 (SNX17) and the retromer cargo complex (Vps26, Vps29, Vps35) to ensure retrograde trafficking to the Trans Golgi Network</snippet>. <snippet id="S_qd5yqrp">The virus reaches the nucleus within approximately 24 hours via post-endocytic trafficking through endosomes, the Golgi network, and the endoplasmic reticulum, where the viral genome associates with promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies</snippet>.
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Human Papillomavirus (HPV) entry typically begins at microlesions in the epithelium where the major capsid protein L1 binds to laminin-332 or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the basement membrane <S_9692W5p, S_06dh88l, S_ygceipK, S_4kyiDLH>. This initial attachment induces L1 conformational changes, often facilitated by Cyclophilin B, which exposes the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2 <S_9692W5p, S_ygceipK, S_sYaeZRH>. Proteolytic processing follows, where kallikrein-8 cleaves L1 and the cellular protease furin cleaves L2, reducing HSPG affinity and preparing the virion for internalization <S_6cL8am9, S_9692W5p, S_qd5yqrp>. Secondary interactions with receptors such as annexin A2, integrin α6, and tetraspanins like CD151 facilitate clathrin-independent endocytosis or macropinocytosis-like uptake <S_6cL8am9, S_Fgb4QWW, S_06dh88l>. Once internalized, the virus undergoes retrograde trafficking through endosomes and the Golgi network to reach the nucleus for genome release and replication <S_6cL8am9, S_IzJhLSD, S_qd5yqrp>.
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The search results identify that the Laplace mechanism has been applied to financial data scenarios, including banking credit transactions and transaction networks, though specific high-impact journal case studies are not explicitly detailed in these snippets <snippet id="S_FvypqMm">The Laplace mechanism in differential privacy adds noise from the Laplace distribution, centered at 0 with scaling b, to numeric query results, ensuring that the output remains unaffected by the addition or removal of a single record, thus preserving user privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions</snippet><snippet id="S_u2uIkcN">The Laplace mechanism ensures differential privacy for numerical data by adding noise from a Laplace distribution, calibrated with a standard deviation of √2b based on the function's sensitivity, such as S(h) = x max /n for the mean function and 1/n for the frequency function, enabling privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions</snippet>. The mechanism is widely recognized as one of the most generic mechanisms to achieve differential privacy <snippet id="S_5htVDhJ">The Laplace mechanism is considered to be one of the most generic mechanisms to achieve differential privacy [57]</snippet> and is frequently used for queries with low sensitivity like counting or sum-separable functions <snippet id="S_3Vks9VQ">The Laplace mechanism is defined by M(d) := M(d) + Y where Y i ∼ L (∆ 1 / ) are independent and identically distributed for i = 1, . . . , r and ∆ 1 is the L 1sensitivity of the query M</snippet>. However, the provided snippets do not confirm publication in the specific high-impact journals mentioned (IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, Nature Scientific Data, PNAS, Management Science, Operations Research, etc.) or include explicit references to financial data applications in those venues <snippet id="S_kR7QkfG">Title: Differential privacy medical data publishing method based on attribute correlation</snippet><snippet id="S_XWjGWtA">Title: Protecting Social Network With Differential Privacy Under Novel Graph Model</snippet>. Additional targeted searches in the specified journals would be needed to identify concrete case studies meeting the agent's criteria.
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The search results provide limited evidence of concrete case studies from high-impact journals applying the Laplace mechanism specifically to financial/banking/credit transaction data. Two snippets mention financial applications: S_FvypqMm notes the Laplace mechanism can preserve "user privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions" within parking recommender system research <snippet id=S_FvypqMm>, and S_u2uIkcN states the mechanism enables "privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions" for prospect theoretic analysis <snippet id=S_u2uIkcN>. However, neither snippet explicitly confirms publication in high-impact journals like IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or major finance/economics journals that the agent prioritized <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_3Vks9VQ>. Most other search results discuss the Laplace mechanism in medical data <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG>, social networks <snippet id=S_XWjGWtA,S_gaV539r>, or power flow systems <snippet id=S_3Vks9VQ> rather than verified financial case studies. Additional searches targeting specific journals or verified financial domains would be needed to fully address the agent's goal.
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<snippet id="21438">Jitendra Narayan (20 Dec 1886–20 Dec 1922) was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar</snippet> and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916 <snippet id="21438">though the provided sources do not confirm a "Prince of Wales XI" opponent</snippet>. <snippet id="21438">As "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar" he played one first‑class cricket match (Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI v Lord Willingdon's XI) on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs in total</snippet>. <snippet id="57275">Sources indicate an association with a namesake Nripendra Narayan Academy and links to cricketing activity with a Prince of Wales's XI, but the crawled material is fragmentary</snippet>. <snippet id="71327">The claims regarding founding a Nripendra Narayan Academy or first-class cricket/Prince of Wales XI involvement are unverified and conflicting with the provided content</snippet>. The search results do not confirm the specific connection to Cooch Behar Palace or succession by his offspring.
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<answer>
Jitendra Narayan was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar <snippet id="21438">and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet> as an educational institution named after his father. He played one first‑class cricket match for "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI" against Lord Willingdon's XI on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs total <snippet id="21438">. There is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>, which contradicts one key element of the hypothesis that the match was against the Prince of Wales' XI during the 1921–22 India tour. Biographical details indicate he was linked to Cooch‑Behar Palace (also known as Victor Jubilee Palace) as the ruling Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar during his lifetime <snippet id="21438">, though succession by his offspring is not confirmed in the available snippets. Some sources present conflicting or fragmentary information about the academy founder and cricketing claims <snippet id="57275">, with sibling records listing him as having younger brothers but not documenting all biographical details consistently <snippet id="71327">.
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