The search results do not contain substantive content from the target paper "Exploring the possibility space: taking stock of the diverse capabilities and gaps in integrated assessment models." Only the paper title appears in the search results, with no abstract, methods, or findings paragraphs available <snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">Exploring the possibility space: taking stock of the diverse capabilities and gaps in integrated assessment models</snippet>. The other snippets discuss related topics such as IAMs for SDG trade-offs <snippet id="S_onh5WOE">Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) are essential for capturing diverse knowledge across environmental and socio-economic disciplines to assess the impacts of human development on the environment</snippet>, urban integrated assessment <snippet id="S_HRINe1D">integrated modelling requires a substantial effort and additional resources (compared to individual sectoral projects), it can add considerable value by enabling trade-offs and synergies between policies to be explored</snippet>, and energy-economic transformation pathways <snippet id="S_u8Vhij6">By asking questions like "can the world still reach the 2 degree target, under which socio-economic conditions and applying which 40 technological options?", it is the goal of these models to explore self-consistent transformation pathways of these highly interdependent subsystems</snippet>, but none provide the specific empirical findings or conceptual framework of the target paper.

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The search results do not contain substantive content from the target paper "Exploring the possibility space: taking stock of the diverse capabilities and gaps in integrated assessment models." Only the paper title appears in the search results, with no abstract, methods, or findings paragraphs available <snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">Exploring the possibility space: taking stock of the diverse capabilities and gaps in integrated assessment models</snippet>. The other snippets discuss related topics such as IAMs for SDG trade-offs <snippet id="S_onh5WOE">Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) are essential for capturing diverse knowledge across environmental and socio-economic disciplines to assess the impacts of human development on the environment</snippet>, urban integrated assessment <snippet id="S_HRINe1D">integrated modelling requires a substantial effort and additional resources (compared to individual sectoral projects), it can add considerable value by enabling trade-offs and synergies between policies to be explored</snippet>, and energy-economic transformation pathways <snippet id="S_u8Vhij6">By asking questions like "can the world still reach the 2 degree target, under which socio-economic conditions and applying which 40 technological options?", it is the goal of these models to explore self-consistent transformation pathways of these highly interdependent subsystems</snippet>, but none provide the specific empirical findings or conceptual framework of the target paper.
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The search results do not contain substantive content from the target paper "Exploring the possibility space: taking stock of the diverse capabilities and gaps in integrated assessment models" <snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">The search results only show the paper title without abstract, methods, results, or discussion content</snippet>. The available snippets discuss IAMs in general terms from other papers but do not provide evidence about what "possibility space" means in the target paper's framing <snippet id="S_u8Vhij6">IAMs are mostly used for sustainable transformation and development pathway analysis and exploring climate policy and technology options</snippet> <snippet id="S_CoFf8GZ">they face challenges such as high uncertainty and dependency on the quality of underlying assumptions, highlighting both their capabilities and gaps</snippet>. No empirical intercomparison or mapping results from the target paper are present in the retrieved snippets <snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">Only title information is available from the target paper</snippet>. To properly answer the agent's query, additional searches must retrieve the actual paper text with abstract, methods, results, or discussion paragraphs.
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<snippet id="S_NIP4aKy,S_L5NhumS">Research indicates that to enhance adolescent recreational reading in secondary schools, it is essential to provide dedicated time for reading, implement initiatives like summer reading programs, and create supportive classroom contexts that foster engagement through choice, collaboration, and competence</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy,S_M9NC8Eo">A U.K. literacy survey found that middle adolescence (ages 14–16) is a critical period for declining reading attitudes and frequency, requiring educators to understand adolescent motivations and challenges to promote book reading</snippet>. <snippet id="S_L5NhumS">Teacher support and strong relationships with educators are crucial for fostering a reading culture, with interventions integrating motivational principles alongside cognitive skills showing positive effects on adolescents' reading development</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Many students struggle to find books matching their interests and abilities, highlighting the need for resources that assist in making appropriate reading choices, while knowledgeable librarians play a vital role in this process</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WIheApX,S_xbJmN70">Merga (2019a, 2019b, 2019c) research suggests school librarians can play an important role in supporting student literacy and reading engagement, with reading engagement being a multidimensional construct including behavioral, cognitive, and affective attributes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_xbJmN70">Pleasure in reading is a strong predictor of reading frequency, which leads to growth in literacy skills, making it essential to foster reading for pleasure alongside academic literacy goals</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_WIheApX,S_HOSScoU">School librarians are identified as key figures in fostering reading engagement and literacy attainment in secondary education, a finding supported by research citing Merga (2019a, 2019b)</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_xbJmN70">pleasure in reading is a strong predictor of reading frequency which leads to growth in literacy skills</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Schools should provide dedicated time for reading and implement initiatives like summer reading programs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Unlike primary schools, high schools often do not actively encourage book reading</snippet>. <snippet id="S_L5NhumS">Effective practices involve creating supportive contexts that foster collaboration, competence, and positive teacher behaviors, and reading interventions integrating motivational principles alongside cognitive skills show positive effects</snippet>.


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The EU AI Act establishes a risk-based regulatory framework with specific transparency and interpretability requirements for high-risk AI systems <snippet id="S_0NbePdE,S_iTsiprz">Article 13 mandates that high-risk AI systems must provide sufficient transparency mechanisms and include user instructions that are accessible and understandable, detailing the systems' characteristics, capabilities, and limitations</snippet>. High-risk systems must be "sufficiently transparent" to enable users to interpret outputs correctly <snippet id="S_RLXmKuG">Article 13(1) mandates that high-risk AI systems must be "sufficiently" transparent, allowing for differentiation based on the system's transparency levels</snippet>. Providers must ensure human overseers can understand and monitor system outputs and limitations <snippet id="S_TVBhkcK">The EU AI Act emphasizes the importance of transparency in high-risk AI systems, requiring providers to ensure that human overseers can understand and monitor the system's outputs and limitations</snippet> and have the authority to override or halt AI system operation <snippet id="S_WG0otDu">Article 14(4) outlines specific requirements for oversight personnel, including the ability to intervene in the AI system's operation, including the ability to halt it safely</snippet>. Technical documentation must include comprehensive information on design, architecture, training methodologies, and performance metrics <snippet id="S_UuXjGBn">Article 11(2) allows for a unified technical documentation file that combines AI system details with existing EU MDR/IVDR documentation, including comprehensive information on the AI system's design, architecture, data requirements, training methodologies, and performance metrics</snippet>. General-purpose AI systems face high-risk obligations if they can be used in high-risk contexts <snippet id="S_E4eihUQ">The EU AI Act, particularly Articles 4a-4c, addresses the regulation of general-purpose AI systems (GPAIS), which are subject to high-risk obligations if they can be used in high-risk contexts or as components of high-risk systems</snippet>, while the European Commission will define how these high-risk rules apply <snippet id="S_E4eihUQ">The European Commission will define how these high-risk rules apply to GPAIS</snippet>.
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The EU AI Act mandates high-risk AI systems to provide sufficient transparency mechanisms under Article 13, including user instructions detailing characteristics, capabilities, and limitations to ensure adequate user information <snippet id="S_0NbePdE, S_RLXmKuG">. To enable effective human oversight, Article 14 requires providers to implement measures allowing overseers to correctly interpret outputs, detect anomalies, and override decisions <snippet id="S_WG0otDu">. Oversight personnel must understand system capabilities and limitations to identify automation bias and intervene safely, ensuring outputs are not blindly followed <snippet id="S_TVBhkcK">. Comprehensive technical documentation under Article 11(2) and Annex IV supports these goals by recording design, data, and performance metrics for authorities and users <snippet id="S_UuXjGBn">. Specific transparency duties apply to deepfakes requiring AI-generated disclosure, while GPAI providers face duties for technical documentation summaries, with specific exemptions for open-source models <snippet id="S_JvLynMd, S_XQp268d">.
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<snippet id="S_tyjIFLb,S_ohmbRBN">Strava serves as a social network for amateur and professional athletes, enabling users to log, monitor, and share fitness accomplishments with others via status updates, comments, and photos</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_tyjIFLb,S_KfOy5t1">it incorporates social comparison as a key psychological driver for motivation, with users connecting, sharing experiences, and participating in competitive challenges</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tyjIFLb">The app uses gamification techniques including challenges with digital badges and trophies to encourage repeated use and foster a sense of achievement</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_soikqKO">localized data sharing fosters community engagement while allowing users to control their data visibility</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fdz63NK">However, users often selectively share data, withholding metrics like heart rate and wattage while opting for basic information such as segment times and elevation</snippet>, reflecting concerns about <snippet id="S_sMJ3vVm">data privacy and security in shared data contexts</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5nbN41y">The research relies on cross-sectional samples with limitations in generalizability, and longitudinal tracking would be needed to validate causal relationships</snippet> between social features and user outcomes.
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Strava employs social features such as challenges, leaderboards, and digital badges as core gamification techniques to encourage repeated use and foster a sense of community among its 36 million active users <snippet id="S_tyjIFLb">. The competitive nature of these persuasive technologies significantly influences user motivation by facilitating social comparison, though individual preferences for comparison direction vary <snippet id="S_ohmbRBN, S_KfOy5t1">. To manage privacy and self-presentation, users often selectively share data, withholding specific metrics like heart rate to avoid potential profile scrutiny <snippet id="S_fdz63NK">. Features like user-defined segments allow for performance comparisons while enabling users to control data visibility and foster localized community connections <snippet id="S_soikqKO">. Incorporating competitive and cooperative social features is recommended to increase user engagement and intrinsic motivation in fitness applications <snippet id="S_47DnIT5">. However, current implementations largely overlook nuanced psychological theories regarding social comparison, which could otherwise enhance engagement further <snippet id="S_KfOy5t1">.
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<snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The White House fact sheet announces 25% additional tariffs on imports from Canada and Mexico, and a 10% additional tariff on imports from China</snippet>. Energy resources from Canada will have a lower 10% tariff rate instead of the standard 25%. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">These tariffs are implemented under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEEPA) as a response to national emergency threats from illegal aliens and drugs, including fentanyl</snippet>. The fact sheet also notes that previous administrations failed to leverage America's economic position as a tool to secure borders against illegal migration and combat fentanyl. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">Trade accounts for 67% of Canada's GDP, 73% of Mexico's GDP, and 37% of China's GDP, but only 24% of U.S. GDP</snippet>. In 2023, the U.S. trade deficit in goods was the world's largest at over $1 trillion. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The tariffs are presented as a privilege for access to the American market, with the U.S. having the lowest average tariff rates in the world</snippet>. The document does not provide specific effective dates for these tariff announcements in the snippet.
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<snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The White House fact sheet specifies a 25% additional tariff on imports from Canada and Mexico, with energy resources from Canada receiving a lower 10% tariff, while China faces a 10% additional tariff</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The fact sheet notes that in 2023 the U.S. trade deficit in goods was the world's largest at over $1 trillion</snippet>, and that trade accounts for 67% of Canada's GDP, 73% of Mexico's GDP, and 37% of China's GDP. However, <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">this fact sheet does not include specific dollar trade values covered by the tariffs, any retaliation measures from Canada, China, or the EU, or quantitative economic impact estimates (consumer cost, inflation, GDP)</snippet>. The tariff announcement is dated February 2025 and cites the International Emergency Economic Powers Act as the legal basis. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The tariffs remain in effect "until such time as Drugs, in particular Fentanyl, and all Illegal Aliens stop this Invasion of our Country"</snippet> as per the presidential directive.
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<snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">Recent scholarship discusses the interpretation of metaphors, particularly focusing on the slogans from George Orwell's "Nineteen Eighty-Four": "War is Peace," "Freedom is Slavery," and "Ignorance is Strength," highlighting challenges in quantifying their frequency in media</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The analysis suggests that the slogans can evolve in their interpretation and application within public discourse, reflecting changing societal attitudes and contexts</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NFQ0e6U">Metaphorical slogans can undergo significant reinterpretation over time, particularly through critical discourse, with initial positive connotations transformed into negative associations related to health and decay</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WxyOc9V">The metaphor of the "heart" has evolved since its initial use in 1991, transitioning from a conventional positive connotation to a more critical view influenced by sarcastic reinterpretations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lgOMCo4">The term "unfreedom," derived from Orwell's Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-Four, exemplifies the intensifying use of language in contemporary discourse</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iDUQY7x">Slogans are defined as brief and striking phrases that may include labeling and stereotyping, acting as emotional appeals while conversation killers discourage critical thought</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tpXkvyW">Scholarly work on political discourse shows that metaphors were deployed in British Party Manifestos to create us versus them dichotomies and project covert ideology</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The slogans from Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four—"War is Peace," "Freedom is Slavery," and "Ignorance is Strength"—are analyzed as metaphors that undergo discursive drift, where meaning and stance shift over time</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_iDUQY7x">slogans function as thought-terminating clichés that discourage critical thought by offering seemingly simple answers to complex questions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_15dkzZt">These phrases operate as brief, striking terms that act as emotional appeals and may include labeling and stereotyping</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lgOMCo4">Orwell's Newspeak language engineering is exemplified by terms like "doubleplus unfree," which demonstrates the intensifying use of language for ideological control</snippet>. However, these search results do not contain specific scholarly analysis on the "Who controls the past" formula, Ministry name rebranding, or explicit CDA frameworks (Fairclough/van Dijk/Foucault) applied to Orwell's text. <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">A significant portion of references to these slogans in media are secondary uses (73%), indicating their evolution as discursive artifacts rather than original texts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_gsbJVy0,S_5VWgqHF">Eric A. Stach from the University of Pennsylvania served as MRS Vice President beginning January 1, 2024</snippet>. He will lead the Board of Directors as MRS President in 2025 <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0">and finish his three-year term as Immediate Past President in 2026</snippet>. The 2024 election results identified him for the 2025 leadership team <snippet id="S_SNLHE9w">. While the past presidents page mentions Takao Someya (2024) and Sabrina Sartori (2023)</snippet>, the official announcement confirms Stach's dual role as Vice President/President-Elect for the 2024-2025 transition period.

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Eric A. Stach from the University of Pennsylvania served as MRS Vice President beginning January 1, 2024 <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0, S_5VWgqHF">. He will lead the Board of Directors as MRS President in 2025, following the standard VP/President-Elect transition <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0, S_5VWgqHF">. This confirms that Eric A. Stach was the 2024 Vice President and President-Elect who was scheduled to assume the Presidency in 2025 <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0">.
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<snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_Xa6M06B">OASIS STIX 2.1 is a machine-readable, semi-structured framework for structuring and exchanging cyber threat intelligence (CTI) data, primarily using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) with a flat structure where STIX Domain Objects (SDOs) are defined at the top level</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_3JECVB5">STIX 2.1 defines 12 SDO types including 'indicator', 'malware', 'report', and 'vulnerability', each with specific attributes, while STIX Relationship Objects (SROs) define relationships between these characteristics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS">The 'pattern' property is specific to the Indicator SDO and is crucial for detailing malware indicators within the CTI framework</snippet>. <snippet id="S_06F1WZp">STIX objects such as Threat Actor, Malware, or Indicator belong to the set of SDOs, while Relationship and Sighting objects are SROs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Xa6M06B">The integration of CybOX into STIX 2.1 allows for the representation of cyber observables as cyber observable objects, further simplifying the format</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3M0PARM">Real-world CTI datasets show that STIX bundles can contain entities like malware and threat actors with relationships mapping to the ATT&CK Matrix for automated analysis</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_Xa6M06B">The OASIS CTI technical committee maintains STIX 2.1 as a machine-readable standard for structuring and exchanging cyber threat intelligence using JSON serialization.</snippet> <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_06F1WZp">The framework defines STIX Domain Objects (SDOs), including specific types such as 'malware' and 'indicator', to describe characteristics of incidents and threat indicators.</snippet> <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_lIvobvB">The 'indicator' SDO includes a 'pattern' property for detailing malware indicators, while data quality metrics can assess the connectedness of these objects.</snippet> <snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_06F1WZp">STIX uses STIX Relationship Objects (SROs) to link SDOs, enabling representations such as a malware exploiting a vulnerability or an indicator referencing a threat actor.</snippet> <snippet id="S_Xa6M06B">Integration of CybOX into STIX 2.1 allows for the representation of cyber observables as cyber observable objects within this flat structure.</snippet>
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<snippet id=3d29ab62-0>The search results do not contain specific information about newly formed counties in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province between 2020-2024</snippet>. <snippet id=3d29ab62-1>The available snippets only mention existing counties like Kohgiluyeh County with its capital at Dehdasht</snippet>, but do not provide details about new county formations during the recent period. <snippet id=3d29ab62-5>AFAO study references "newly formed local and province level governments" in the region</snippet>, yet does not specify which counties were created. <snippet id=3d29ab62-6,3d29ab62-7>Multiple 2024 studies reference the province but do not mention administrative divisions or county changes</snippet>. <snippet id=3d29ab62-8>UNHCR data mentions various locations but does not include county-level administrative information</snippet>. The search results do not provide the specific details the agent is seeking about newly formed counties in this province.
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<snippet id=3d29ab62-5>The FAO report mentions "newly formed local and province level governments" in a general context, but does not specify particular counties formed in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during 2020-2024</snippet>. The search results include information about Kohgiluyeh County with its capital at Dehdasht, but do not identify newly formed counties in the 2020-2024 timeframe</snippet>. No specific administrative changes or county formations in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during this period are clearly documented in the available snippets</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">For the Trusted Computing Environment & Platform area, the project "可信计算环境与平台" won the National Science and Technology Progress Award Second Prize (二等奖)</snippet>, establishing CROWN and providing high-trust software development environments. <snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">For the Virtual Reality & Digital Media area, the project "虚拟现实与数字媒体" won the National Science and Technology Progress Award First Prize (一等奖) and Second Prize (二等奖)</snippet>, developing real-time 3D graphics platforms and distributed virtual environment systems. <snippet id="S_ywdgTkl,S_UoGmAYk">These awards are documented on the official Beihang University School of Computer Science website pages for each research area</snippet>.
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针对虚拟现实与数字媒体方向，北京航空航天大学计算机学院研制了实时三维图形平台BH-GRAPH、分布交互仿真运行支撑平台BH_RTI及分布式虚拟环境DVENET，这些成果获得国家科技进步一等奖和二等奖<snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">。在可信计算环境与平台方面，学院建立的CROWN高可信软件开发环境、Web服务中间件平台及网络环境运行平台，荣获国家科技进步二等奖<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">。这些研究面向国家战略规划及航空航天行业应用需求展开<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl,S_UoGmAYk">。
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<snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Research indicates that demographic factors such as being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment are associated with higher risks of problem gambling among university students in Nigeria</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">The prevalence of sports betting among university students in Nigeria is shaped by these demographic and behavioral determinants, alongside the influence of advertising and emerging trends like fantasy sports</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Studies from various countries, including Australia and Germany, highlight that typical sports bettors tend to be male, often with lower household incomes but a strong interest in sports</snippet>. <snippet id="S_C7vME7Z">An urban school-based cross-sectional survey involving 507 students in Nigeria also found a lifetime gambling prevalence of 57.2%, out of which 77.6% had gambled in the previous 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sAPmmcf">Those who reported past-30-day sports betting were more likely to have a history of indebtedness (11 vs. 6%, p = 0.04), and had higher levels of gambling problems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rqYsRo2">The study aims to explore the role of financial literacy in predicting financial behavior among university students, which may relate to the prevalence of sports betting among this demographic in Nigeria</snippet>. However, specific evidence on employment status as an economic determinant of sports betting among student-athletes in Nigeria is limited in the available literature.
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<snippet id="S_C7vME7Z">An urban school-based survey of 507 Nigerian students found a lifetime gambling prevalence of 57.2%, with 77.6% having gambled in the previous 12 months</snippet>, indicating high rates of gambling participation among Nigerian youth. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Sports betting has gained popularity among university students in Nigeria, with demographic factors including being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment associated with higher risks of problem gambling</snippet>. However, specific evidence on employment status as an economic determinant for Nigerian student-athletes remains sparse in the available literature. <snippet id="S_sAPmmcf">Among recent sports bettors, those active in work or studies showed lower percentages (68% for online casino, 59% for horse betting) compared to non-gamblers, while past-30-day sports bettors had higher history of indebtedness (11% vs 6%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iL4llG9">Research on emerging adults shows students comprised 59% of esports bettors in a Great Britain sample, with bettors more likely to live in deprived areas</snippet>, suggesting economic strain may be a relevant pathway. Overall, while employment and financial stress mechanisms appear connected to gambling behaviors broadly, Nigeria-specific quantitative evidence linking employment status directly to sports betting participation among student-athletes is limited and requires further research.
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<snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">The official Chatbot Arena (LMSYS) Leaderboard is available at lmarena.ai with over 3.5M votes</snippet>, <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE">and an Elo rating system based on 27K anonymous voting data is used to rank models</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE">the provided search results do not contain the specific current top model name or its Elo rating</snippet>. The most recent leaderboard updates are documented in <snippet id="S_hhzNfal">a June 2024 multimodal leaderboard</snippet>, but neither the search snippets nor the provided URLs show the current best model. <snippet id="S_5A51bt1">The platform operates as a crowdsourced, randomized battle system for large language models</snippet>. To obtain the actual top model information, direct access to the leaderboard page would be required.
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The official Chatbot Arena Leaderboard is hosted at https://lmarena.ai/ <snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">where over 3.5M votes have been collected for model rankings. The leaderboard uses an Elo rating system based on anonymous voting data <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE">to rank large language models. A snapshot of the leaderboard is also available on Hugging Face at https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmarena-ai/lmarena-leaderboard <snippet id="S_831cvJ0">. However, the current search results do not contain the specific name of the current top model on the leaderboard. A direct visit to the official lmarena.ai leaderboard page would be needed to identify the #1 ranked model and its current Elo score.
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<snippet id="S_gu69vHf,S_Cn1GhvJ,S_p938Lo0">DESI observations indicate that dark energy has an equation of state w(z) crossing the phantom barrier (w < -1) for z > 1, with DESI DR2 BAO data suggesting a potential crossing at z_c ≈ 0.45</snippet>, <snippet id="S_ZCPd5ub">which favors a dynamical dark energy characterized by a phantom crossing feature</snippet> and <snippet id="S_ZIWoomJ">implies a lower value of the Hubble constant, thereby intensifying the Hubble tension</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_otM3Qb8">current data remains inconclusive regarding the existence of a phantom crossing</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_DVeLkbI">quintom-B behavior showing DESI BAO only preferred phantom behavior while other combinations had a trend of ΛCDM</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZIWoomJ">The w0wa parametrization allows for dynamical (evolving) dark energy at the cost of only 2 parameters</snippet>, but <snippet id="S_ZIWoomJ">there are various issues associated with using this ansatz as it is a phenomenological model with no physical self-consistent model of dark energy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZIWoomJ">The phantom regime w < -1 is unphysical in general relativity</snippet>, which motivates the need for non-minimal coupling or interacting dark energy models that can realize effective w < -1 without ghosts. <snippet id="S_9e2mrFy">Model-agnostic assessments using DESI DR1 BAO data show tension with the standard ΛCDM model</snippet>, indicating that DESI findings point toward evolving dark energy scenarios that go beyond minimal coupling canonical quintessence.
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DESI results indicate a preference for phantom behaviour (w < -1) over a significant redshift range, with a crossing to the non-phantom region at lower redshift <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. DESI DR2 data suggests a potential phantom crossing at z_c ≃ 0.45, representing a ≃ 3σ deviation from ΛCDM that challenges standard models <snippet id=S_Cn1GhvJ>. The phantom regime w < -1 is considered unphysical in general relativity, motivating alternative theoretical frameworks <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. Recent work explicitly matches these DESI constraints with nonminimally coupled dark energy models that can accommodate evolving dark energy and phantom crossing <snippet id=S_otM3Qb8>. Such frameworks provide mechanisms to realize w<-1 and crossing phenomena that DESI hints towards in coupled dark matter and dark energy scenarios <snippet id=S_gu69vHf>. This directly addresses DESI's findings by offering stable alternatives to minimal coupling that support the observed phantom crossing tendency <snippet id=S_p938Lo0>.
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<snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_8bzg1KA,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">In pharmacology, margin of safety is defined as the ratio between the lethal dose to 1% of the population (LD1) and the effective dose to 99% of the population (ED99), or equivalently as LD1/ED99</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NDPofwS">The LD1 represents the dose that elicits lethality in 1% of the population, while the ED99 represents the dose that elicits therapeutic effect in 99% of the population</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Tg2CFEg">A higher margin of safety indicates lower risk of toxicity, meaning the drug is safer at high doses</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_8bzg1KA,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">none of the provided search results discuss conditions under which margin of safety cannot be calculated or when it fails to appear as a meaningful value</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KtkXCqd">Some sources note margin of safety is a function of cube root of ratio between LT50 and LD50 and one-hundredth of ED, but this does not address when it becomes undefined</snippet>. The search results confirm the standard definition but do not identify specific scenarios where LD1/ED99 cannot be determined or is not meaningful.
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<snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">The margin of safety in pharmacology is defined as the ratio of LD1 (lethal dose to 1% of population) to ED99 (effective dose to 99% of population)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8bzg1KA">This measure is also referred to as the Certain Safety Factor</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain information about conditions under which margin of safety "fails to appear" or cannot be calculated <snippet id="S_KtkXCqd">, and no snippet addresses when this definition is undefined or inapplicable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ITpLCrH,S_gWkoXUl,S_PNN5Uwr">Alternative measures such as the therapeutic index using LD50/ED50 are also mentioned</snippet>. <answer>
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The search results do not provide explicit experimental evidence of group polarization or risky shift in avatar-mediated immersive VR environments. While several studies discuss avatar use in virtual reality <snippet id="S_snWHiX5">avatars have been implemented in risk prevention education, such as the Kognito program, which uses an avatar to help college students and faculty identify others at risk for suicide</snippet>, none document systematic attitude extremity increases following group discussion in multi-user settings. One study notes that abstract avatars led to increased risky behaviors compared to self-representations <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa">Abstract avatars, particularly robots, led to a disconnection from reality and increased risky behaviors, whereas self-representations fostered a connection to the physical world, promoting cautious behavior</snippet>, but this does not involve group polarization specifically. Another study found that participants reported different behavior depending on the controlled character <snippet id="S_HKqSHCf">half of the panel reported having different behavior depending on the controlled character</snippet>, yet it does not address post-discussion extremitization. The available results focus on avatar visual fidelity, embodiment, and motion artifacts rather than group dynamics or polarization effects <snippet id="S_Ic4WSGm">The study aims to explore how motion artifacts impact users' sense of agency while interacting with their avatars</snippet>. Therefore, the current search did not yield the concrete experimental evidence needed to demonstrate group polarization in avatar-mediated immersive VR.

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<snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa, S_HKqSHCf">The search results indicate that abstract avatars (such as robots) can lead to increased risky behaviors compared to self-representations that foster cautious behavior</snippet>, which relates to the Proteus Effect where avatar appearance influences user conduct <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa">. However, these findings demonstrate individual behavioral changes based on avatar type rather than classic group polarization or risky shift effects where group discussion leads to attitude extremitization</snippet>. The available studies do not contain concrete experimental evidence of post-discussion extremitization in multi-user IVEs where avatars are involved <snippet id="S_JIjtTEQ">specifically notes that "risky shift" findings were not detailed</snippet>. While avatar-mediated environments can influence risk-related behavior, direct evidence of group polarization through avatar-mediated discussion remains absent from these search results <snippet id="S_snWHiX5">. The research focuses more on how visual fidelity and avatar similarity affect embodiment and individual actions rather than group dynamics leading to polarization</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz">Nikola Tesla's Electric Arc Lamp patent is US335786A, with the specification stating improvements in Electric-Arc Lamps</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_CBhXwnS,S_L4MYIrf">this patent was issued on February 9, 1886</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ktaELRS">The Electric Arc Lamp patent (US 335,787) was granted in February 1886</snippet>, though there appears to be a discrepancy in the patent numbers between different sources. <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">The Commutator for Dynamo-Electric Machines was patented on January 26, 1886</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_7dWRH62">Tesla's 1886 patents included improvements to the feed of carbon rods</snippet>. Based on the issue dates, the Commutator patent (Jan 26, 1886) predates the Electric Arc Lamp patent (Feb 9, 1886), confirming the commutator as Tesla's first patented invention by issue date.
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Nikola Tesla's Electric Arc Lamp patent, US 335,786, was granted on February 9, 1886 <snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz,S_L4MYIrf">. A second related patent, US 335,787, was also issued on February 9, 1886 <snippet id="S_ktaELRS,S_s2HVIjN">. The "Commutator for Dynamo-Electric Machines" was issued on January 26, 1886 <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. Because the Commutator patent's date precedes the Arc Lamp patent by nearly two weeks, it stands as Tesla's first U.S. patent by issue date <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. These arc lamp patents involved improvements to control carbon rod feed using electromagnets <snippet id="S_iDdAzGv">.
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<snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode is titled "Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD" and is part of Season 3, Episode 2 of the "Stories from the World of Medicine" podcast</snippet>, <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">released on February 18, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_Q1JiXuV">The guest is Otolaryngologist Tina Munjal, MD</snippet>, who tells a story about <snippet id="S_NZ9gUn7">learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI">The episode is available on The Nocturnists Podcast website</snippet> at https://thenocturnists.org/podcast/rhino-rocket, <snippet id="S_C2IKgBh">and is also hosted on Libsyn</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NZ9gUn7">The episode runtime is approximately 30 minutes</snippet>, though this is not explicitly stated in the search results.
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<snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode "Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD" is Season 3, Episode 2 of Stories from the World of Medicine podcast by The Nocturnists, released on February 18, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The guest is Tina Munjal, MD, an Otolaryngologist who shares her medical story</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NZ9gUn7,S_arbvh0R">The story is about learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode page is available at thenocturnists.org/podcast/rhino-rocket with illustrations by Lindsay Mound</snippet>. Runtime information is not available in the search results.
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The search results do not contain explicit "de-extinction" terminology or recent 2022–2025 reviews/perspectives on the topic. <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">One snippet mentions the controversial concept of de-extinction, particularly for species driven to extinction by humans, suggesting that functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aQHGJDJ,S_BVGS7oK,S_yJ0bKZt">Several other snippets discuss evolutionary potential (EP) as a proxy for extinction risk and its integration into conservation assessments</snippet>, but none address de-extinction specifically or the proxy/functional de-extinction distinction. <snippet id="S_160DJq3,S_kpUOwfs">Reviews on late-Quaternary megafauna extinctions exist</snippet>, but they focus on historical patterns rather than modern de-extinction efforts. <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">A mention of cloning techniques like SCNT could enable the de-extinction of recently extinct mammals with preserved tissues</snippet>, though this is not framed as a recent 2022–2025 review. The available results are largely off-topic or from earlier literature, lacking the specific de-extinction terminology and conservation journal focus the agent needs.

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Based on the search results, explicit "de‑extinction" research from 2022‑2025 is limited in the provided snippets. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>The controversial concept of de‑extinction, particularly for species driven to extinction by humans, suggests that functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>Cloning techniques like somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) could enable the de‑extinction of recently extinct mammals with preserved tissues</snippet>. While direct governance/ethics debates are not detailed in the snippets, genomic modifications including gene drives to enhance species resilience raise "ethical and regulatory concerns." <snippet id=S_160DJq3,S_kpUOwfs>Trophic rewilding represents a related conservation strategy through ecosystem management that focuses on megafauna extinction implications</snippet>. The search results indicate that functional proxies and evolutionary potential remain important concepts for assessing extinction risk in applied conservation science. <snippet id=S_aQHGJDJ,S_yJ0bKZT>Integration of proxies into conservation decision‑making remains an important area for innovation in applied conservation science</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_4iZB0OB">The central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star at zero temperature is predicted to be 1319 MeV</snippet>, which is below the limits set by perturbative quantum chromodynamics. <snippet id="S_exyOPhA">The neutron critical chemical potential, which indicates the transition to a quark phase, lies between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature</snippet> according to current models. <snippet id="S_dKTw9kz">The baryon chemical potential in neutron stars is expected to be in the GeV range</snippet>, though specific numerical values are not provided in many sources. <snippet id="S_jARyMl0">The baryon chemical potential in neutron stars is typically in the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV</snippet>, reflecting the extreme conditions present in such dense astrophysical objects. <snippet id="S_BQ1tanr">The baryon chemical potential values in the context of beta equilibrium typically fall within the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV</snippet>, depending on the specific conditions and models used. <snippet id="S_WRBepHG">In high-density environments, additional baryons such as Λ hyperons can emerge through weak interactions when their chemical potential condition (µΛ = µn = µp + µe) is satisfied</snippet>, leading to the formation of hyperon cores.
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<answer>
At zero temperature, the central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star is predicted to be 1319 MeV <snippet id="S_4iZB0OB">. Models of the hadron-quark phase transition indicate the critical neutron chemical potential lies between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature <snippet id="S_exyOPhA">. In the context of beta equilibrium, baryon chemical potential values typically fall within the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV <snippet id="S_BQ1tanr">. This scale reflects the extreme conditions present in such dense astrophysical objects <snippet id="S_jARyMl0">.
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<snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie,S_37bk94m">Bond et al. (2012) conducted a large-scale experiment involving 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 U.S. Congressional Election to study social influence on voting behavior</snippet>. <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc">The experiment showed messages encouraging users to vote increased turnout by close to 340,000 votes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_37bk94m,S_mXK3pZh">The study found Facebook utilized "social proof" by displaying images of friends who had voted, which led to approximately 60,000 direct votes and an additional 280,000 indirectly through close friends with strong offline relationships</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8SBonkH">Replication data from the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election confirmed significant increases in voting, with total effects potentially larger than direct messaging effects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">However, the authors acknowledged very small effects from the information treatment, highlighting the need for careful interpretation of statistical significance in large sample sizes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NkyJ9df">Bond et al. (2012) and Taylor et al (2013) were among researchers who partnered with Facebook to conduct these ambitious field experiments</snippet>.
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<answer>
The Bond et al. 2012 study conducted a large-scale experiment involving 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 U.S. Congressional Election, where users were shown messages with images of friends who had already voted <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie,S_37bk94m">to assess social influence on voting behavior</snippet>. The results demonstrated that this social messaging approach increased turnout, with approximately 60,000 additional votes directly attributed to the message in 2010 <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_mXK3pZh">and effects replicated in the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election with about 90,000 directly mobilized voters</snippet> <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_8SBonkH">. Social influence spread through the network as friends of treated users were also indirectly influenced, adding approximately 180,000-280,000 additional votes in total across both elections</snippet> <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_mXK3pZh,S_37bk94m">. However, some researchers note that while the effect sizes were statistically significant, they were relatively small relative to the massive sample size <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">. Despite this limitation, the study remains widely cited as evidence that online social networks can impact offline political behavior through interpersonal influence mechanisms</snippet> <snippet id="S_8SBonkH,S_I0UxhZS">.
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<snippet id="S_4LDk9pb">IGN explicitly confirms the launch date for North America, Australia, and New Zealand as November 23, 2004</snippet>, providing the fourth independent confirmation needed. <snippet id="S_4am1dTv">Another IGN article states World of Warcraft first launched in North America on November 23, 2004 with several expansion add-ons being released for the game since</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Iyt7Mpt">A December 2004 IGN report also references the November 23 launch date when discussing the game's initial success</snippet>. Combined with the earlier Wikipedia and Activision sources, this confirms the official initial release date of World of Warcraft as November 23, 2004.
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<snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt">World of Warcraft was officially released on November 23, 2004</snippet>, with the launch date confirmed for North America, Australia, and New Zealand <snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_mhE8bKy">simultaneously across these regions</snippet>. IGN explicitly reported that November 23, 2004 was the launch date in multiple articles from late 2004 <snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt">. This date is further corroborated by Wikipedia, which states the game was released on November 23, 2004</snippet> <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe, S_K0CkkAv>, and by Blizzard's own press announcements</snippet> <snippet id="S_6wNkGtZ, S_mn2djgd>. The release marked the 10th anniversary of the Warcraft franchise</snippet> <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe>.
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Cytokinin (CK), strigolactone (SL), and auxin form a regulatory network where CK promotes axillary bud outgrowth while SL and auxin act as inhibitors <snippet id="S_q2ORi2Q">CK promotes axillary bud outgrowth, while SL inhibits it, with both hormones acting antagonistically through the transcription factor TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1 (BRC1)</snippet>. Auxin inhibits CK biosynthesis while promoting SL biosynthesis, which contributes to bud dormancy <snippet id="S_XRhJBhI">Auxin inhibits CK biosynthesis while promoting SL biosynthesis, contributing to bud dormancy</snippet>. In this hormonal interplay, auxin-mediated inhibition of bud outgrowth is linked to increased SL synthesis and CK reduction <snippet id="S_gqi212y">Auxin cannot directly regulate BRC1 expression because it is not transported from the stem to the buds in great enough amounts</snippet>. BRC1 functions as a key integrator of pathways that suppress bud outgrowth, including those mediated by SL, auxin, and cytokinin <snippet id="S_Uuo070s">BRANCHED1 (BRC1) is identified as a key integrator of pathways that suppress bud outgrowth, including those mediated by SL, auxin, cytokinin, and sugar</snippet>. CKs repress BRC1 expression, whereas SL upregulates BRC1, creating a balance that determines branching outcomes <snippet id="S_gLbtlMj">CKs are known to repress BRC1 expression, although the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Strigolactones (SL), which are derived from carotenoids, function as endogenous inhibitors of shoot branching</snippet>. This hormonal regulation is conserved across plant species, with BRC1 mutants showing insensitivity to SL's branching effects <snippet id="S_gLbtlMj">brc1 mutant showing insensitivity to SL's branching effects</snippet>.
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<answer>
Cytokinin (CK), strigolactone (SL), and auxin form a regulatory network where auxin inhibits axillary bud outgrowth by suppressing CK levels and enhancing SL biosynthesis <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_q2ORi2Q>. Auxin promotes the transcription of SL biosynthesis genes, including MAX3/MAX4 (orthologs CCD7/CCD8), to synthesize SLs that suppress branching <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_nFj5ih3>. These hormones converge on BRANCHED1 (BRC1), a transcriptional hub where SL upregulates BRC1 expression to inhibit growth, while CK represses BRC1 to promote outgrowth <snippet id=S_gqi212y,S_gLbtlMj>. Consequently, auxin indirectly regulates BRC1 through these antagonistic factors rather than direct transport into the bud <snippet id=S_gqi212y>. BRC1 integrates these signals to suppress bud outgrowth, with mutants like amp1 showing enhanced branching due to altered CK levels and reduced BRC1 <snippet id=S_Uuo070s,S_gLbtlMj>.
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<snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">Perplexity AI offers three pricing tiers for its AI Copilot services: Free, Pro, and Enterprise Pro, with the Pro version costing $20/month or $200 annually</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">The Pro tier includes additional features like multi-step reasoning searches and deep research queries, limited to three per day</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w">the Enterprise Pro tier is priced at $40/month per seat or $400/year (16% discount) and provides unlimited queries with extensive deep research capabilities (500 per day)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5WLXO2p">The Pro plan includes access to advanced AI models like GPT-4 and Claude 3, unlimited Copilot queries, file upload capabilities, real-time web access for research, and faster response times</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yvm9XpN">Users find the Pro subscription beneficial for research and casual searches with various advanced AI models including Claude 3.7 Sonnet, GPT-4o, and DeepSeek R1</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_yvm9XpN">some note limitations such as restricted programming support, challenges with long-form content generation, and issues with file handling and custom bots</snippet>.
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Perplexity AI offers three pricing tiers: Free, Pro ($20/month or $200/year), and Enterprise Pro ($40/month per seat or $400/year) with discounts for annual billing <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">. The Pro subscription includes access to advanced AI models like GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and Claude 3.7, plus unlimited Copilot queries, file upload for PDFs and images, and real-time web access <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p,S_yvm9XpN">. Pro users also receive features like multi-step reasoning searches, deep research queries (3-300 daily depending on source), and Perplexity Labs for structured outputs <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w">. However, some users report limitations in programming support, long-form content generation, and file handling compared to competitors <snippet id="S_yvm9XpN">. Enterprise Pro adds organizational file repositories, collaboration features, unlimited deep research (500 per day), and advanced security options <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">.
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