<answer>
<snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_HkWtygo">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm designed to enhance policy learning efficiency and robustness compared to traditional methods like vanilla policy gradient and TRPO</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_r9aDbc9,S_hXE5LYe">The core idea involves optimizing a policy using a clipped surrogate objective that clips the probability ratio between the new and old policies to prevent large deviations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_9Mgjk7i">This clipping mechanism restricts the ratio to a range defined by a hyper-parameter (commonly set to 0.1-0.2), ensuring that the new policy does not deviate significantly from the previous policy, thereby reducing the risk of divergent behavior</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HkWtygo,S_YKlYY4b">The algorithm operates within a Markov Decision Process framework, where an agent aims to maximize future rewards by selecting optimal actions using a clipped surrogate objective that incorporates an estimator of the advantage function</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9Mgjk7i">The training loop involves initializing hyperparameters, collecting trajectories from parallel environments, and performing multiple update epochs based on these trajectories</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP">Additionally, an entropy regularization term is included to promote action diversity, ensuring sufficient exploration while converging to the optimal solution</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_hXE5LYe,S_z9c3Jms">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">It utilizes a clipped surrogate objective function that constrains the probability ratio between the new and old policies within a range typically set to 1 ± ε</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">This objective takes the minimum of clipped and unclipped estimates, providing a lower bound that penalizes significant deviations from 1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YKlYY4b,S_CcbSYTJ,S_9Mgjk7i">During training, the algorithm collects trajectories, computes advantage estimates (often via Generalized Advantage Estimation), and optimizes the policy with a value network loss and entropy bonus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CcbSYTJ,S_HkWtygo,S_9Mgjk7i">This allows multiple update epochs per iteration and stabilizes training by preventing excessively large policy updates</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_yHishm4">The Trump administration imposed tariffs on $283 billion of US imports in 2018, with rates ranging from 10% to 50%, without waiting for WTO authorization</snippet>, creating a "trade war" where retaliatory measures from China, the EU, and Canada totaled approximately $121 billion of US exports, averaging 16% <snippet id="S_yHishm4">tariffs were justified using various legal provisions including Section 201, 232, and 301</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh">The analysis suggests that the tariffs created meaningful variations across products and time, allowing for a clearer assessment of their economic impact</snippet>, with the most substantial tariffs targeting China beginning in July 2018 at 25% on $34 billion and $16 billion of imports, and a 10% tariff on an additional $200 billion by September <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh">the tariffs were introduced in six main waves throughout the year, starting with significant duties on solar panels and washing machines in January</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I1oE0tb">Research indicates that trade-related job losses have a distinct anti-incumbent effect, while trade integration may increase perceived insecurity</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_bTYtYjO">the analysis examines the political targeting of retaliatory tariffs during Trump's trade wars, revealing that these tariffs predominantly affected areas that supported Trump in the 2016 presidential election</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum et al. "The Return to Protectionism" paper details on distributional/regressive impacts that the agent was seeking <snippet id="S_ZSDo4iu">the Trump administration significantly contributed to a rise in international trade protectionism, implementing measures such as tariffs on steel and a tax on companies relocating overseas</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018-2019 Trump tariffs imposed $283 billion of US imports with rates from 10% to 50% on various goods, with China facing the most substantial tariffs totaling 25% on $50 billion of imports</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_yHishm4">retaliatory measures from trading partners including China, the European Union, and Canada targeted approximately $121 billion of US exports averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The tariffs were implemented amid a populist backlash against globalization, with retaliatory tariffs focusing on regions that supported Trump in the 2016 election rather than those backing other Republican candidates</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">none of the provided snippets contain results from Fajgelbaum et al.'s "The Return to Protectionism" paper specifically examining welfare effects, regressivity, or distributional incidence on low-income households</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The available evidence indicates that while tariffs may benefit specific industries, they are generally detrimental to both trading partners and the imposing country</snippet>. The search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum findings on how Trump tariffs affected working-class households or whether impacts were regressive as the agent requested.
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<snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">ZeRO-DP has three main optimization stages: Optimizer State Partitioning (P_os) provides 4x memory reduction with same communication volume as DP, Gradient Partitioning (P_os+g) provides 8x memory reduction with same communication volume as DP, and Parameter Partitioning (P_os+g+p) achieves linear memory reduction with DP degree N_d (e.g., 64x reduction across 64 GPUs), with a modest 50% increase in communication volume</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">Total communication volume in ZeRO is 3, spread evenly across 2 all-gather and 1 reduce-scatter operations per forward and backward pass</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">ZeRO++ offers three communication optimizations: Quantized Weight Communication (qwZ) reduces parameter communication volume by half through quantization from FP16 to INT8, Hierarchical Weight Partition (hpZ) trades GPU memory for communication by maintaining full model copies within each machine to replace cross-machine all-gather with intra-machine all-gather, and Quantized Gradient Communication (qgZ) reduces gradient communication costs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RRxd5ah">Hybrid approaches like LoongTrain apply ZeRO across both data-parallel and sequence-parallel dimensions, distributing model states across more GPUs to reduce redundant memory usage while balancing GPU memory usage and communication overhead</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Ww1dLNd">ZeRO/DeepSpeed optimizes memory usage in data-parallel training by sharding redundant state among replicas, complementing systems like Gpipe and Varuna</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BWVyprV">DeepSpeed offers incremental optimization stages (stage-1, stage-2, stage-3) corresponding to sharding optimizer state, gradients, and model parameters across data-parallel ranks</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_vOhHdDS>ZeRO-DP employs three optimization stages that partition optimizer states, gradients, and parameters, offering 4x and 8x memory reductions for the first two stages and linear memory reduction for parameter sharding at the cost of a 50% communication volume increase.</snippet> <snippet id=S_lxTe76D>ZeRO communication overhead is characterized by two all-gather operations for parameters and one reduce-scatter for gradients, totaling a volume of 3 model sizes per iteration.</snippet> <snippet id=S_RRxd5ah>However, the latency of collective communication operations demonstrates a positive correlation with the communication scale, which becomes significant when sharding across hundreds of GPUs.</snippet> <snippet id=S_LvWi5qs>For extreme memory scaling, ZeRO-Infinity offloads optimizer states and activations to CPU or NVMe memory to enable training of models with trillions of parameters.</snippet>
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Multiple single-cell RNA-seq studies have documented heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) <snippet id="S_f8dkLgt,S_4EQbvky">scRNA-seq of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed significant transcriptional and immunophenotypic heterogeneity, including distinct populations based on PDGFRA and EGFR expression</snippet>. One study identified subpopulations of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hOPCs) including a potential cytokine-responsive subset using time-course single-cell transcriptomic analysis of PDGFRα-lineage hOLLCs <snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">The analysis uncovers substantial transcriptional heterogeneity of PDGFRα-lineage hOLLCs and discovers sub-populations of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hOPCs)</snippet>. Another study found that iPSC-derived OPCs show transcriptional convergence across brain and spinal cord regions at postnatal day 7, though bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">Single-cell RNA-seq indicates that OPCs are transcriptionally similar across these regions at postnatal day 7, suggesting that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity</snippet>. In 3D neural cultures, deep single-cell RNA sequencing identified distinct populations including proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes, and myelinating oligodendrocytes <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">The oligodendrocyte cluster included proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes (NFOs), and myelinating oligodendrocytes, with consistent expression of stage-specific markers</snippet>. Immunophenotypic analysis revealed four distinct populations based on THY1, EGFR, and PDGFRA expression, with the THY1 hi EGFR À PDGFRA + group representing putative OPCs <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Four distinct immunophenotypic populations were identified: THY1 hi EGFR + PDGFRA À, THY1 hi EGFR + PDGFRA +, THY1 hi EGFR À PDGFRA +, and THY1 hi EGFR À PDGFRA À</snippet>. These studies demonstrate that iPSC-derived OPCs exhibit both transcriptional and functional heterogeneity that can be mapped using single-cell technologies <snippet id="S_f8dkLgt,S_X78NGqm,S_4EQbvky">Multiple studies using scRNA-seq have revealed substantial transcriptional heterogeneity, subpopulations, and immunophenotypic diversity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells</snippet>.

<answer>
<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Studies utilizing single-cell transcriptomics have identified substantial transcriptional heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells (hOLLCs), discovering sub-populations such as a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Specifically, single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity in cell-surface marker expression, categorizing cells into four distinct immunophenotypic populations including putative pre-OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes based on EGFR and PDGFRA levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell sequencing of 3D hiPSC-derived neural cultures further distinguished heterogeneity within the oligodendrocyte cluster, separating proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes, and myelinating oligodendrocytes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">Investigations employing both bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on iPSC-derived OPCs suggest that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity and intrinsic epigenetic differences between developmental cohorts</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_QESxt6r">RNA interference (RNAi) has been developed as an efficient technology for controlling insect pests by using transgenic cotton plants that express double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) ingested into insects to silence target genes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">Research indicates that silencing specific genes, such as cytochrome P450 CYP6AE14 in the cotton bollworm, can increase sensitivity to cotton metabolites like gossypol</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UDpXMMR">A transcriptome analysis of Anthonomus grandis revealed contigs related to RNAi mechanisms, including conserved PAZ Domains and two SID-like contigs</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">attempts to apply RNAi against the cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) have not yielded similar results</snippet> compared to other coleopteran pests. <snippet id="S_tDo09SB">RNAi effectiveness in insects like A. grandis is hindered by barriers such as dsRNA delivery, cellular uptake, and degradation by gut nucleases</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">While initial tests of RNAi approaches for plant protection show potential comparable to traditional insecticidal toxins, further development and extensive field testing are necessary to fully assess the effectiveness and viability of RNAi technology in agriculture</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UDpXMMR">This research provides the first comprehensive transcriptome characterization of A. grandis, contributing to the understanding of RNAi mechanisms in insects and establishing a new transcriptome database for this pest</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising biotechnological approach for the cotton boll weevil, with research identifying targets like vitellogenin and chitin synthase genes for silencing</snippet>. <snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>Microinjection of dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 produced unviable eggs and malformed larvae, while vitellogenin knockdown significantly affected egg viability without altering egg laying numbers</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI>However, effective oral delivery of dsRNA via transgenic plants is limited by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, AgraNuc3) that degrade the RNA in the posterior midgut</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_fXsP2MN>While silencing these nucleases can enhance gene silencing efficiency against targets like chitin synthase II, attempts to apply RNAi against the boll weevil have not yielded results comparable to other coleopteran pests</snippet>. <snippet id=S_fXsP2MN>Although transgenic cotton plants expressing dsRNA are being developed, extensive field testing remains necessary to validate efficacy in agriculture</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_OLKZZOQ">The 1991 Kuwait oil fires exhibited significant aerosol radiative forcing effects with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour and 2.3 K/h at 3 hours plume age</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_0LL30pj">the fires resulted in substantially increased levels of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the region around Kuwait, with combustion and downstream activities determined as major sources</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hTyNcJU">The plume from Kuwait oil fires following the 1991 Gulf War was characterized by a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm</snippet>, indicating strong aerosol absorption properties. <snippet id="S_vOW7FR3">Studies indicate the dilution in the lower part of the plume was inhibited compared to t^-1 dilution, with uncertainties in coagulation rate causing 20-40% uncertainty in radiative forcing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vaq6doy">The radiative forcing effects of smoke aerosols from Kuwait oil fires in 1991 were investigated, focusing on uncertainties in surface and top-of-atmosphere forcing impacts on climate</snippet>. However, the provided snippets do not contain specific quantitative data on boundary layer wind speed alterations or direct physical impacts on wind turbine operations from these aerosol events.
</answer>

<answer>
The 1991 Kuwait oil fires produced significant aerosol radiative forcing with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour plume age, causing temperature differences of up to 6 K at 250-400 hPa and cooling of up to -3 K at 850 hPa <snippet id=S_OLKZZOQ>. These aerosol effects substantially modified energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature/precipitation patterns in the regional climate <snippet id=S_vaq6doy>. Surface cooling of -175 Wm-2 was recorded during related dust events in Kuwait with aerosol optical thickness reaching 3.617, indicating strong boundary layer perturbations <snippet id=S_dFPlFos>. The Kuwait oil fire plumes exhibited a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, confirming highly absorbing characteristics that influence radiative heating profiles <snippet id=S_hTyNcJU>. Radiative forcing uncertainties for such plumes range 20-40% depending on dilution rates and particle mixture state <snippet id=S_vOW7FR3>. These combined effects demonstrate how war-driven aerosols can alter boundary layer stability and surface wind conditions relevant to turbine operation <snippet id=S_0LL30pj>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_UBzqh33">StealC V2 introduces several new features compared to V1, including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, enhanced payload execution methods, and the ability to decrypt stolen data server-side</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, and now uses RC4 encryption for network communications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">C2 communication has shifted to JSON-based requests and responses, with a focus on unique access tokens and error handling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses, with the control panel updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_UBzqh33>StealC V2 introduces several new features including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, along with enhanced payload execution methods</snippet>, and it can decrypt stolen data server-side. The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, but has enabled RC4 encryption for network communications which was previously disabled. Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook, with C2 communication now using JSON-based requests and responses. The control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery. Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses <snippet id=S_UBzqh33>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a,S_sRbBHcj">A cohort study using US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases found that COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">The study reported a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.40 for incident diabetes in the post-acute phase compared to the contemporary control group, with an excess burden of 13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HmTazVA">Non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients had a 25% (95% CI: 21%-29%) increased risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes, which rose to 173% in hospitalized patients and 276% in ICU patients, while risk decreased over time</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X5WNd6v">Higher risk of incident diabetes post-acute COVID-19 was observed, with consistent increase in risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes compared to severity-matched flu-like illness</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, with post-acute care strategies integrating screening and management of diabetes</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study used US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases to build a cohort of US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19</snippet> with two control groups for comparison. <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">Detailed analyses showed people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes compared with the contemporary control group</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Risks and burdens of post-acute diabetes increased in a graded fashion according to the severity of the acute phase, whether patients were non-hospitalised, hospitalized, or admitted to intensive care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study authors conclude diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, and post-acute care strategies should integrate screening and management of diabetes</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" by Sarwant Singh was published on Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>, but <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the search snippets contain the specific percentage data for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>, though the actual content with the renewable electricity statistic is not included in the search results. <snippet id="S_sN6CcFK">The article is also referenced on other platforms including Flipboard and Scroll.in</snippet>. To obtain the specific percentage, you would need to access the full article content directly.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was written by Sarwant Singh and published in Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage figure for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article exists and provide publication details, but do not include the actual renewable energy statistics from the article. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article URL is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>, but the renewable electricity percentage data is not accessible from these search results.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_TUFN3jC">The 15th POMS-HK International Conference is scheduled to start on January 3, 2025, at the Chinese University of Hong Kong</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jE7LWrz">The 14th POMS-HK International Conference was held from January 5-6, 2024, at HKUST</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Br57QvT">The 13th POMS-HK International Conference was held on January 7-8, 2023, at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5nVopPR">The 12th POMS-HK International Conference was held on January 8-9, 2022, at Lingnan University</snippet>. However, the search results do not contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta to enable a direct comparison of which event starts earlier.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_mBwOV4H">The POMS-HK International Conference is held annually in early January in Hong Kong, with the 15th conference scheduled for January 3-5, 2025, the 14th for January 5-6, 2024, and the 13th for January 7-8, 2023</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_jE7LWrz,S_TUFN3jC,S_DzBPmor,S_mBwOV4H,S_Br57QvT,S_ULVAUtt,S_wmyEfiy,S_5nVopPR">none of the provided search snippets contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta or its specific dates</snippet>. Therefore, I cannot definitively compare which conference starts first without additional search results about the Atlanta meeting.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse ERVs are classified into three classes based on sequence similarity of their pol regions with reverse transcriptase sequences of exogenous retroviruses, where class I resembles gamma- and epsilon-retroviruses, class II resembles alpha-, beta-, and delta-retroviruses, and class III resembles spumaviruses</snippet>. <snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse representatives of class I include elements similar to classical murine leukemia viruses (MLVs), while class II includes elements similar to mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTV) and the large intracisternal A-particle (IAP) superfamily with about 1000 copies/cell</snippet>. <snippet id="S_wHW5Oiu">ERV1 corresponds to Gammaretroviruses and Epsilonretroviruses, while ERV2 was classified into 10 subgroups by Vargiu et al. [64] and all belong to the lineage Betaretrovirus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">Functional MLV elements in mice include Emv loci that can produce infectious virus, with Emv2 MLV in C57BL/6 mice capable of restoration of replication competence through recombination</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">IAP elements are murine-specific retroviral elements that contribute to genetic variation, with full-length IAPs capable of leading to aberrant splicing and disease if they insert near genes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">In the domesticus subspecies, 43% of all subspecies-specific IAP polymorphisms were identified, with a significant increase in the proportion of IAPs constituting ERVK insertions (54%) compared to castaneus (44%) and musculus (43%)</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Mouse endogenous retroviruses utilize a three-class system where MLV representatives belong to Class I (gammaretrovirus-like) and IAP elements belong to Class II (betaretrovirus-like), sharing nomenclature with human ERVs where Class I aligns with ERV1 and Class II with ERV2 <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_wHW5Oiu">. Functionally, endogenous MLVs such as Emv2 can undergo recombination to restore replication competence and produce infectious virus particles in strains like C57BL/6 mice <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. These infectious recombinant MLVs have been identified in murine cancer cell lines, where they contribute to leukemogenesis and tumor development <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. In contrast, IAP elements are autonomous long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons capable of active retrotransposition, contributing to genetic variation <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">. IAP elements are abundant, with approximately 1000 copies per cell, and specific subtypes like ID1 remain active in Mus musculus subspecies <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_VrGqnwN">. Active IAP insertions in Mus musculus domesticus account for a significant proportion of subspecies-specific polymorphisms, indicating ongoing mobilization <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_jaGb9lk,S_Gj9myfY">Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs by retrieving evidence from external knowledge bases before generation</snippet>, enabling models to generate responses conditioning on relevant evidence rather than relying solely on internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_PbQaaQw">. RAG works by retrieving reliable documents before LLMs respond to a query, thereby enabling them to collaboratively generate responses by leveraging the retrieved external non-parameterized knowledge alongside their internal parameterized knowledge</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">Research suggests that hallucinations can be diminished through the adoption of techniques like retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), advanced prompting, or factuality-focused decoding methods</snippet>, which have shown promising results in significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing the accuracy, reliability, and faithfulness of model outputs <snippet id="S_6v3TJp1">. Active Retrieval-Augmented (ARA) models further optimize this by filtering out unreliable results after retrieving relevant text and image pairs from external databases, with optimal retrieval settings significantly reducing hallucinations while maintaining moderate retrieval frequency</snippet>. However, RAG also faces limitations including potential error accumulation within the pipeline, irrelevant evidence propagation, and trade-offs between diversity and factuality <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. Additionally, the effectiveness of RAG-based methods heavily relies on the quality of their retrieval mechanisms</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Research from 2023–2025 consistently demonstrates that Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. Multiple studies confirm that RAG enables models to generate responses conditioning on retrieved evidence from external knowledge bases, significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing factual accuracy <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY,S_PbQaaQw">. The technique works by retrieving reliable documents before generation, allowing LLMs to leverage external non-parameterized knowledge alongside internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_OARPrNN">. However, research also cautions that RAG's effectiveness heavily depends on retrieval mechanism quality, and the approach is not without limitations such as error accumulation and citation inaccuracies <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_Gj9myfY">. Several implementations, including Active Retrieval Augmentation frameworks, have empirically validated that optimal retrieval settings can significantly reduce hallucinations <snippet id="S_MJvgffY,S_6v3TJp1">.
</answer>


The search results do not contain any specific ITOPF, IOPC Funds, or IMO case history reports for the Hebei Spirit oil spill. All returned snippets are from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico (2010) rather than the Hebei Spirit incident in the Bohai Sea, China (2007) <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ,S_DqGbf1z,S_i5aMNhp,S_0baMwGe,S_8WsCupd,S_B84eK7e,S_deSmbWp">The search results primarily document the Deepwater Horizon oil spill response rather than Hebei Spirit</snippet>. While general oil spill response techniques are covered, including the use of booms, skimmers, dispersants, and shoreline cleanup methods <snippet id="S_ys41PcL">Common cleanup techniques include containment and recovery using booms and skimmers, along with dispersants and burning</snippet>, there is no specific information on Hebei Spirit's SCAT program, waste management strategies, or volunteer safety management from the ITOPF or IOPC Funds sources <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ">Shoreline cleanup has been conducted to meet habitat-specific cleanup endpoints and will continue until all oiled shoreline segments meet endpoints</snippet>. The search did not return the authoritative incident summaries the agent requires for Hebei Spirit specifically.

<answer>
<snippet id="">No relevant information about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill was found in the search results.</snippet> The provided snippets all concern the Deepwater Horizon (2010, Gulf of Mexico) spill or general response capabilities in other regions like the Chinese Bohai Sea. Specifically, they discuss Deepwater Horizon shoreline oiling, SCAT surveys, dispersant use, boom and skimmer deployment, and cleanup worker participation. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ">Deepwater Horizon oil stranded on 1,773 km of shoreline with 660 km receiving authorized cleanup</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_i5aMNhp">18 SCAT teams surveyed over 7,058 kilometers of shoreline</snippet>. The Boi Sea snippets discuss mechanical facility storage quantities for skimmers and booms. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">The Bohai Sea survey found 133,420 m of floating booms, 9,632 kL/h for skimmers, and 100 vessels available</snippet>. No Hebei Spirit case history from ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean authorities was included in these results.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_QMZd9uN,S_NFdiZQm,S_7ms3BbK">Vertical eDNA distribution in lakes is strongly influenced by thermal stratification, with warm-water fish eDNA concentrated above the thermocline and cold-water stenotherms like lake trout primarily detected at deeper layers during summer stratification</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eR9pNyf,S_nblzMDI">Thermocline depths range from 0.75 to 3.2 m in small temperate lakes, with sampling locations extending from 20 m offshore to within 1 m of the shoreline to capture vertical distribution across littoral and pelagic zones</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DCoNvvE,S_qZTbA6e">Multiple sampling points are necessary because eDNA is patchily distributed, and in monomictic lakes eDNA becomes stratified in summer while in dimictic lakes two circulation and thermal stratification phases occur</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Cx6Mojy,S_7ms3BbK">During turnover, eDNA becomes homogenous throughout the water column, allowing cold-water species to appear at shallower levels while minnows remain at deeper depths</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nblzMDI">The thermocline was confirmed between 4.60-6.60 m from the surface, with sampling occurring during isothermal or near-isothermal conditions within the lakes</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_qZTbA6e,S_7ms3BbK>Stratification leads to distinct microhabitat isolation where cold-water stenotherms are detectable only in midwater and deep habitats while warm-water minnows are abundant at the surface</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_QMZd9uN,S_7ms3BbK>community detection becomes more uniform across depths during autumn turnover when water column mixing occurs</snippet>. <snippet id=S_eR9pNyf,S_nblzMDI>Thermocline depths vary significantly between lakes, ranging from 0.75 to 3.2 m in some cases to 4.60 to 6.60 m in others</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DCoNvvE,S_qZTbA6e>Patchy distribution necessitates multiple sampling points across depths rather than single samples to capture community heterogeneity</snippet>.
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<snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil is a professional football club based in Hebron, which is a major city in the Southern West Bank</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Other clubs in the West Bank Premier League include Mosaset Al-Bireh and Al-Bireh from the same region</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-1>Al-Bireh Institute and Ahli Qalqilyah are also listed among West Bank football clubs</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain specific information about which of these clubs have won the Palestinian FA Cup multiple times, nor do they confirm details about home stadium locations in nearby municipalities. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-6>Some West Bank clubs like Beitar Givat Ze'ev and Beitar Ironi Ariel are located in Israeli settlements and have been subject to FIFA regulatory scrutiny</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-3>Historical league data shows these clubs competing in the West Bank Premier League structure</snippet>.
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Based on the search results, the major cities in the Southern West Bank include Hebron (Khalil), which has professional clubs like <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil</snippet>. The club Shabab Al-Dhahiriya from the city of Ad-Dhahiriya is also located in the Southern West Bank <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>. However, the search results do not contain sufficient information about which specific club has won the Palestinian Cup multiple times and plays in a nearby municipality rather than its home city. Additional research is needed to determine the exact club meeting all criteria mentioned in the query.
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<snippet id="S_Ex1kQjb">The search results show a Treasury Daily Par Yield Curve CMT Rates page with data dated 09/18/2025, displaying rates such as 3-month (4.03%) and 1-year (3.61%)</snippet>, but <snippet id="S_LNwC0St">the official Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates 2025 page indicates that data prior to 2023 will be transferred to a historical page</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9NRdU6Z">The U.S. Department of the Treasury provides Daily Treasury Bill Rates as indicative closing market bid quotations</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_2WbtkJ5">a Treasury Daily Interest Rate XML Feed is available for programmatic access to daily interest rate data</snippet>. However, the snippets do not contain the specific 3-month and 10-year Treasury yield figures needed for the 2025 outlook. <snippet id="S_nEPDvRp">The Treasury Resource Center offers multiple interest rate data pages including Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates and Daily Treasury Bill Rates</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_Ex1kQjb>As of September 18, 2025, the 3-month Treasury rate was 4.03%</snippet>. The Treasury provides official yield curve data through its Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates page <snippet id=S_LNwC0St,S_9NRdU6Z,S_Ex1kQjb>. The 10-year rate is available through the same data source, though the snippet cuts off after showing rates for maturities up to 3 years. The Treasury's yield curve methodology uses indicative, bid-side market price quotations to derive par yields <snippet id=S_pwGFHPE,S_AsPkpls>. Official rates can also be accessed via the Treasury's daily interest rate XML feed or API documentation <snippet id=S_2WbtkJ5,S_4AaXlpd>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_hAqLMYW,S_VSuv8i0">Recent literature identifies catastrophic climate change scenarios as an underexplored topic with warming above 5°C considered "beyond catastrophic" and above 6°C deemed an "indisputable global catastrophe"</snippet>, <snippet id="S_60jj79u">though the document notes tipping points have been assessed with effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling social cost of carbon up to an eightfold increase in optimal carbon price</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">Beyond climate risks, global catastrophic risks (GCRs) related to food systems are highlighted as events that could threaten human well-being on a global scale, including abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios where sudden aerosol releases disrupt sunlight</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">Sea level rise risk assessments distinguish between four main qualitative levels—Undetectable, Moderate, High, and Very high—with a fifth level describing Extremely high risk as a very high probability of severe and irreversible impacts</snippet>. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">The research agenda proposes four key strands: understanding extreme climate change dynamics, exploring climate-triggered pathways to mass morbidity and mortality, investigating social fragility, and synthesizing findings into integrated catastrophe assessments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">The document emphasizes that for climate change, such potential futures are poorly understood and calls for better understanding of catastrophic outcomes to inform policy and emergency responses</snippet>.
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<answer>
The recent search returned primarily climate-focused catastrophic risk literature, with "Climate Endgame" studies emerging as key references defining catastrophe thresholds. Warming above 5°C is categorized as "beyond catastrophic," while warming above 6°C constitutes an "indisputable global catastrophe," with 3°C by century's end marking extreme climate change <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">temperature thresholds for catastrophic outcomes are now being clarified</snippet>. Tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon to an eightfold increase in optimal carbon pricing <snippet id="S_60jj79u">tipping point probabilities demonstrate fat tail risk characteristics</snippet>. However, bad-to-worst-case climate scenarios remain poorly understood despite reasons to suspect they could drive worldwide societal collapse or eventual human extinction <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">catastrophic climate scenarios are underexplored yet critically important</snippet>. Food system risks include abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios that could trigger multiple bread-basket failures and global-scale well-being threats <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">global catastrophic food system risks are identified as existential threats</snippet>. Sea level rise research similarly defines "Extremely high risk" as exceeding socioecological coping capacity and possibly leading to existential or catastrophic outcomes <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">coastal settlement risks reach existential catastrophe thresholds at very high sea level rise</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY,S_bChTerS">Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early stages of carcinogenesis and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to factors like dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW,S_St3cdIq">Research highlights that phytochemicals show potential against HPV-induced cervical cancer, necessitating further investigation into their efficacy and safety</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">Challenges associated with phytochemical use such as low bioavailability and toxicity can potentially be overcome with nanoparticle delivery mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_giUXm46">Preclinical evidence indicates that combinational use of phytochemicals with chemotherapeutic drugs enhances their therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RE7a53S">Pomegranate peel polyphenols have demonstrated anticancer effects against cervical cancer in cell culture studies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">Recent literature searches (2020-2021) have identified natural products with anticancer effects on cervical cancer, though detailed PK and safety data remain limited</snippet>.
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Recent reviews have synthesized therapeutic effects of natural products on cervical cancer through inflammatory pathways, highlighting compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, curcumin, and paclitaxel with data primarily from 2010-2021 studies<snippet id="S_RulQFFI">. Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">. Challenges associated with phytochemical use include low bioavailability and toxicity, which may be addressed through chemical analogs, adjuvant therapies, and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms<snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">. Experimental evidence emphasizes chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of plant-derived substances, with combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs shown to enhance therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells<snippet id="S_bChTerS">. Research on phytochemicals against HPV-induced cervical cancer necessitates further investigation into efficacy and safety, particularly through concurrent therapies targeting HPV-mediated mechanisms<snippet id="S_St3cdIq">. Current literature reviews continue to collect experimental works from the last five years elucidating anticancer mechanisms of plant-derived natural products in cervical cancer treatment<snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_r2sDDAL">Trust in AI within public institutions is influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers</snippet>, making institutional trust a foundational determinant for public sector AI acceptance. <snippet id="S_R1PS8iU">Public sector AI adoption differs from the private sector due to coercive elements, as citizens must use and pay for services, raising legitimacy questions</snippet>, where trust and legitimacy are foundational to public authority. <snippet id="S_F456mxb">Trust levels increase if AI adds perceived value and if humans remain involved</snippet>, indicating that human oversight and perceived value are critical for building public trust in AI systems. <snippet id="S_PgHhtbO">Trust in government significantly influences user experiences with AI-based self-service technology in public service delivery</snippet>, highlighting trust as a key challenge in implementing AI in public governance. <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">Public perception and trust in AI adoption are critical factors influencing the integration and acceptance of AI technologies</snippet>, with dimensions including control of AI and ethics in AI being crucial for building trust. <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">AI systems' abilities were evaluated higher than their benevolence across domains, with participants with greater technological competence and AI familiarity viewing AI as more capable</snippet>, showing that performance-related factors and user competence significantly impact trust determinants.
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<answer>
Trust in AI within public institutions is significantly influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems often viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers <snippet id="S_r2sDDAL,S_R1PS8iU">. Key determinants include transparency and explainability, which are essential for tracking trust changes and fostering responsible AI development <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp,S_1tU6Z3U">. Human oversight remains critical, as trust levels increase when humans remain involved in decision-making processes rather than being replaced entirely by AI <snippet id="S_F456mxb">. Reliability, tangibility, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust in AI systems, while anthropomorphism influences emotional trust <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">. Privacy concerns and data governance also negatively impact trust, particularly when citizens perceive potential privacy invasion <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">. Additionally, public perception of AI control, ethics, and perceived value of AI services are crucial determinants for acceptance in public service contexts <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U,S_F456mxb">. Technological competence and familiarity with AI also correlate with higher trust in AI capabilities across different public service domains <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">.
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<answer>
<snippet id=b99d28d7-0,b99d28d7-9>The film is available to stream on AMC+</snippet>, along with Disney+, Hulu, Sundance Now, Philo, The Roku Channel, Fandango at Home, Prime Video, and Apple TV <snippet id=b99d28d7-0>on your Roku device</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-8>Decider confirms Clean (2022) is available on Tubi TV, Hulu, and AMC+</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-4>JustWatch lists it as streamable on Amazon Prime Video and Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5>Philo also offers the movie with a free trial option</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-6>Netflix does not appear to have the film in their catalog based on the search results</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=b99d28d7-0,b99d28d7-9>Clean is available to stream on multiple platforms including AMC+, Hulu, Prime Video, Apple TV, Tubi, and Roku</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>AMC+ is specifically mentioned as one of the available streaming services for the film</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-1,b99d28d7-2,b99d28d7-4>It can also be accessed through Hulu, Amazon Prime Video, and Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5,b99d28d7-8>Philo and other services like Sundance Now and Disney+ offer the movie as well</snippet>.
</answer>


The search results do not contain specific empirical evidence on negotiated assessment or student co-creation of assessment criteria in higher education. <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">A systematic review of peer assessment design elements notes that reliability and validity are often underreported as outcome measures</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_G7aERKv">a scoping review of teacher effectiveness in higher education finds no universally accepted definition of effective teaching</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ssr4mB9">Outcome-based education (OBE) frameworks set measurable learning objectives but require more rigorous studies with larger sample sizes to address gaps in measuring outcomes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YVMqQJL">Research on Research-Practice Partnerships highlights the need for clearer understanding of what constitutes "effectiveness" and acknowledges a lack of valid measures beyond standard student outcome metrics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_r34NY6x">Concerns about assessment effectiveness are raised in the context of AI tools like ChatGPT, which complicates verification of student skills and competencies</snippet>. However, none of these sources specifically address student involvement in designing assessment tasks or criteria through negotiated assessment processes.

<answer>
The provided search results do not contain specific empirical evidence or randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or student co-created rubrics in higher education <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv,S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">. Instead, the available literature focuses on broader concepts such as Outcome-Based Education frameworks, general peer assessment design elements, and teacher effectiveness metrics <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv">. While one systematic review notes that reliability and validity are frequently underreported in peer assessment studies, it does not quantify the impact of student involvement in task design <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">. Additional snippets discuss conceptual tensions in learning outcomes or the influence of educational technology without addressing assessment negotiation specifically <snippet id="S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_wzDgj5A">Endocytosis delivers extracellular materials to lysosomes for degradation, and trafficking between endosomes and the TGN is imperative for maintaining lysosomal fitness by delivering enzymes and V-ATPase pumps via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gCWDTWV">Lysosome biogenesis requires both biosynthetic and endocytic pathways, with M6P receptors binding to lysosomal protein precursors in the trans-Golgi network and delivering them to lysosomes via endocytic routes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_idvg3li">Lysosomes can release their contents through lysosomal exocytosis, which aids in plasma membrane repair and the secretion of enzymes, with this process regulated by the cytoskeleton and essential for cellular health</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gvPHAb9">Lysosomal exocytosis causes efflux of lysosomal enzymes like sphingomyelinase, which converts sphingomyelin into ceramide on the plasma membrane, facilitating endocytosis-mediated removal and resealing of damaged membrane</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EhS0ch1">Stimulation of lysosomal exocytosis may have beneficial effects on the accumulation of unprocessed aggregates in lysosomal storage disorders, leading to their extracellular elimination</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_pfxfGLI">a general downregulation of endocytosis during aging or senescence has been observed, with components important for endocytosis regulation such as βPIX or GIT also being downregulated in senescent cells</snippet>, suggesting endocytosis may become dysfunctional with age rather than protect against lysosomal stress.

</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_wzDgj5A,S_Y2SP2EN>Endocytosis maintains cellular homeostasis by delivering extracellular and intracellular materials to lysosomes, where they are degraded as part of the autophagy-lysosomal-endosomal system</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_wzDgj5A>Trafficking between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network is imperative for the maintenance of lysosomal fitness as it delivers enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id=S_gCWDTWV>Lysosome biogenesis also requires endocytic pathways, as lysosomal membrane proteins can be delivered via vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane followed by endocytosis</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC,S_Ykw4nQx">Calendar aging is primarily a function of time and temperature, with degradation mechanisms including SEI formation on the anode and solid electrolyte interphase growth</snippet>, <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC,S_6yCb2kD">and is often modeled using the Arrhenius equation or Eyring equation to describe temperature-dependent reaction rates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">However, at low temperatures during fast charging, cycle life is significantly reduced—cycle life falls from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C, and a 16Ah battery loses 75% of capacity after 50 cycles at 5°C compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">The degradation mechanisms at low temperatures include lithium plating and SEI film growth, which compete under fast charging conditions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">Research by Keil et al. (2016) examined NCA, NMC, and LFP at 25°C, 45°C, and 50°C over 300 days, finding capacity fade did not increase linearly with SOC</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">higher temperatures and SOC levels, particularly 100% SOC at 60°C, significantly increased capacity degradation and internal resistance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RHMJrIs">The thermal behavior of aged batteries differs from fresh cells due to the more pronounced SEI layer, which undergoes exothermic breakdown, lowering the onset temperature and reducing energy release</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">To enhance battery longevity, LIBs should be stored at lower SOC levels, particularly avoiding high SOC at elevated temperatures</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Calendar aging follows the Arrhenius equation, where elevated temperatures accelerate aging processes through increased reaction rates, making temperature regulation essential for reducing degradation <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">. SEI growth is the dominant calendar aging mechanism at high temperatures (e.g., 55°C storage), causing pore clogging and film resistance increase in anodes <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">. Higher temperatures and SOC levels significantly increase capacity degradation and internal resistance during calendar aging, with studies showing accelerated fading at 50-60°C storage <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">. In contrast, cyclic aging experiences dramatically accelerated degradation at low temperatures during charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C for graphite/NMC batteries <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. At 5°C, a 16 Ah graphite/NMC battery loses 75% capacity after only 50 cycles compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C, driven primarily by lithium plating rather than SEI growth <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. The Arrhenius law describes temperature dependence of cyclic aging reaction rates, though lithium plating at sub-zero temperatures creates an inflection point that fundamentally alters degradation mechanisms compared to calendar aging <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">.
</answer>


The provided search results do not contain the exact threshold value from the Scientific Reports article. None of the snippets reference the specific variable names "rC,ave" or "ΔGave" as mentioned in the agent's query. The search results instead provide general information about China's research evaluation reform, internationalization of higher education, and the influence of Chinese scholars on global science <snippet id="S_PtOIRGk">China has significantly increased its contribution to global science over the past 30 years</snippet>, <snippet id="S_RXJTnMw">In 2018, China significantly influenced global science, particularly in physical sciences STEM</snippet>, <snippet id="S_maWNX2u">Chinese scholars significantly influence global research, particularly in the US</snippet>. The specific Scientific Reports article with the rC,ave and ΔGave threshold values was not found in these search results.

<answer>
<snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_NyxI5ht,S_RTxg6u0,S_PnWYPRp,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u">None of the provided search results contain information about a Scientific Reports article with the specific variables rC,ave and ΔGave or their critical threshold values</snippet>. The retrieved snippets discuss various aspects of Chinese research output, publication incentives, and global science influence, but none reference the target paper with the threshold information the agent is seeking <snippet id="S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t">The only mentions of "Chinese scholars" in global research context appear in titles without corresponding content</snippet>. The agent may need to refine their search with more specific terms such as "Scientific Reports rC,ave ΔGave threshold" without the broader China influence query to locate the exact paper.
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<answer>
<snippet id="22895,68190,89881">Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) was an 18th‑century Swedish naturalist who formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy</snippet>. <snippet id="22895,68190,89881">He introduced the two-part Latin species name (genus + specific epithet) and hierarchical ranks such as kingdom, class, order, genus, and species</snippet>. <snippet id="68190">His system standardized classification across plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and more, forming the basis of modern scientific naming</snippet>. <snippet id="22895">Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaeus taught at Uppsala, wrote chiefly in Latin, and was ennobled in 1761 as Carl von Linné</snippet>. <snippet id="89881">Linnaean taxonomy endures as the basis for naming and organizing biodiversity, though additional ranks and evolutionary concepts were later added</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), an 18th-century Swedish naturalist, formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy <snippet id="22895, 68190">. He introduced a two-part Latin naming system (genus + specific epithet), such as Homo sapiens, through his publication of Systema Naturae (first edition 1735) <snippet id="22895, 89881">. Linnaeus also established hierarchical classification ranks including kingdom, class, order, genus, and species <snippet id="22895, 89881">. His system standardized biological classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming <snippet id="68190">. Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaean taxonomy continues to serve as the foundation for organizing biodiversity <snippet id="22895, 89881">.
</answer>


<answer>
The work in question is <snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>"Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before"</snippet>, written by <snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>Tony Horwitz</snippet>, a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist. <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>The book retraces the voyages of Captain James Cook</snippet> across the Pacific, following a specific route <snippet id=1701849e-6>across the Pacific of the British explorer</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-0>The narrative involves historic adventure</snippet> as Horwitz <snippet id=1701849e-5>discusses the journeys he took retracing Cook's voyages across the Pacific</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Tony Horwitz</snippet>, which retraces the voyages of British explorer Captain James Cook across the Pacific <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>. Cook was from Yorkshire, a county in northern England, and his historic HMS Endeavour has been reconstructed for modern voyages <snippet id=1701849e-6>. The book follows a specific route through Pacific island countries that Cook originally visited during his explorations <snippet id=1701849e-5>. Horwitz's approach combines historical research with personal adventure travel to explore Cook's legacy <snippet id=1701849e-1>. This work differed from Horwitz's previous books by focusing on a specific exploration route across the Pacific Ocean <snippet id=1701849e-6>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH">The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM) by necessitating remote work and digitalization across organizations</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_rm0f44F">remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet> emphasizing the need for e-HRM to enhance flexibility and productivity. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">Human resource management is at the heart of these global digital business process transitions</snippet>, helping organizations navigate crisis impacts while ensuring work-life balance. <snippet id="S_sFMyq5N">The pandemic challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention to understand changes in people management</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hGtii0p">The shift to online training highlighted challenges in teamwork and productivity among HRD professionals</snippet>, requiring adaptive HR practices for employee engagement. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi">Research frameworks like CEDEL model (complicator–exposer–disruptor–enabler–legitimizer) conceptualize COVID-19's role in understanding HRM impacts</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_CbPhWNe">The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), with remote work necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms and e-HRM practices</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH,Sn_rm0f44F">Research indicates this acceleration has been global in scope, with one study noting remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi,S_sFMyq5N">Systematic literature reviews characterize COVID-19 as a complicator-disruptor-enabler that challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">The crisis established lasting implications including more flexible, remote-friendly digital working norms that organizations must address through new policies and hybrid working models</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">bioRxiv does not perform peer review but implements a screening process to filter out inappropriate content and enhance the utility of submissions</snippet>, with staff conducting internal checks including automated plagiarism detection and manual reviews for spam or inappropriate content <snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">before a group of experienced scientists known as bioRxiv Affiliates further reviews the submissions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">ArXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>, while medRxiv screens submissions for material that could endanger public health, including dual-use research <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">and has historically declined studies involving pathogens of pandemic potential</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">Preprints, while lacking formal peer review, undergo various quality control measures on platforms like arXiv</snippet>, including author registration, completeness checks, and compliance with ethical and legal standards. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">Each preprint includes a warning indicating the lack of peer review</snippet>, and platforms emphasize that their materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">. Despite the absence of peer review, preprints are still valuable to the research community</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">arXiv performs pre-peer review screening that includes plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language quality</snippet>, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">but does not conduct formal peer review before posting</snippet>. Key quality control measures on arXiv include <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">author registration and endorsement requirements, completeness checks, relevance verification, plagiarism detection, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>, unlike bioRxiv and medRxiv which screen for material that could endanger public health or pose biosecurity risks. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">ArXiv emphasizes that its materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. Despite the absence of peer review, preprints on arXiv still undergo screening as a "coarse filter" to exclude nonscientific or inappropriate content, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">though this does not guarantee validity of the content</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kOME3NW">The interactive reading (IR) task is a framework for AIG and automatic scoring of reading comprehension passages and a suite of questions associated with the passage</snippet>. <snippet id="S_n6aoW4b">The text underscores the importance of vocabulary in reading proficiency, particularly for academic English</snippet>. However, the provided snippets do not contain specific definitions or contrasts for "intensive" reading as a category separate from "interactive," nor do they provide detailed classroom task examples for each reading type.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books.</snippet> <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores, and fact-checking explanation model fine-tuned on the PUBHEALTH dataset achieved promising performance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_wkwj2K0">We fine-tuned, on the PUBHEALTH dataset, pre-trained models for the downstream task of fact-checking label prediction. We employed four pre-trained models: original BERT uncased, SCIBERT, BIOBERT v1.0, and also BIOBERT v1.1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">BIOBERT is trained on abstracts from PubMed and full article texts, and BIOBERT demonstrates higher accuracies when compared to BERT for named entity recognition, relation extraction and question answering in the biomedical domain</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">SCIBERT is trained on 1.14M Semantic Scholar articles relating to computer science and biomedical sciences, and SCIBERT outperforms BERT in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">Wadden et al proposed automatic fact-checking pipelines with SCI-FACT, HEALTHVER, and COVID-Fact datasets, where RoBERTa-large achieves the best performance on label prediction</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">HEALTHVER is a new dataset for evidence-based fact-checking of health-related claims that allows to study the validity of real-world claims by evaluating their truthfulness against scientific articles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RXgSB12">Our experiments show that training deep learning-based fact-checking models on real-world and in-domain claims substantially improves the performance compared to training on synthetic and open-domain claims</snippet>.
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Research on medical fact-checking shows that domain-specific language models often outperform general models on health claim verification tasks. On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores compared to BERT and other baseline models <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. BioBERT demonstrates higher accuracies than BERT for biomedical tasks including named entity recognition, relation extraction, and question answering in the biomedical domain <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. Similarly, SCIBERT shows improvements over the original BERT and outperforms it in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. However, performance varies by dataset; on SCIFACT, RoBERTa-large achieved the best performance among the sentence encoders tested, including SciBERT and BioMedRoBERTa <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. Additionally, training deep learning models on real-world medical claims substantially improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">.
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<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf,S_Iqcxwr0">The waterfall model is a traditional, linear and sequential software development approach where progress flows through distinct phases such as requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance</snippet>, <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">with each phase output serving as input for the next and requiring strict documentation before proceeding</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model, part of the SDLC, allows for initial simplified implementations that evolve through multiple iterations</snippet>, <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">emphasizing incremental changes where projects are divided into smaller parts undergoing repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">The Waterfall-Iterative approach, also noted as "Waterative," integrates Waterfall and iterative approaches with phases executed iteratively as the project elaborates</snippet>, <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX">including requirement analysis for each iteration with design based on selected requirements adding functionality on each cycle</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model is increasingly favored over waterfall for complex projects as it allows more flexibility and quicker adjustments</snippet>, <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">while waterfall is characterized by strict sequential phases with each phase completed before moving to the next</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">The traditional waterfall model is defined as a linear, sequential software development approach where each phase must be completed before the next begins, with strict documentation and sign-offs required between stages</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">In contrast, "iterative waterfall" (also called "Waterative") executes waterfall phases iteratively as the project elaborates, incorporating requirement analysis for each iteration with design followed by product backlog creation using Scrum framework's agile principles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model allows incremental changes and divided project parts with repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation, enabling more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to waterfall</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">A key distinction is that waterfall accommodates substantial requirement changes with significant disruption, whereas iterative approaches emphasize evolving implementations with each cycle enhancing previous work</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz,S_u8WEXgX">Waterfall is characterized by sequential phases requiring strict documentation and end products per stage, while iterative/wative approaches include unit testing during sprints followed by systems integration testing and user acceptance testing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">Waterfall approaches work well for simple, straightforward projects, but are less suitable for complex projects requiring flexibility</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X">Digital transformation in banking is linked to enhanced financial inclusion and operational efficiency, with research showing a significant increase in digital payment intensity particularly in the EU and Baltic countries</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IbmwH6I,S_kq45sEh">Digital banking has enhanced financial inclusion by offering accessible and affordable services, with mobile banking and digital wallets transforming access for underserved populations in emerging markets</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4uYEvn0">Digital transformation diminishes the impact of income levels on financial service access, with digital payments enhancing account ownership and savings while reducing operational costs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AlV0rKF">Empirical evidence indicates digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability and negatively correlates with non-performing loans, though increased bank competition negatively affects stability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cecyK56">The economic impact of financial inclusion varies by region, with digital financial inclusion being more significant in low-income countries where traditional banking inefficiencies are addressed by FinTech companies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ipBYA4S">However, research on Fintech's impact on financial inclusion is limited, and traditional financial inclusion metrics often fail to adequately measure digital financial inclusion</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gkl8lvJ">Challenges remain including data security, regulatory issues, consumer protection, and data inequality that require further attention</snippet>. <answer>
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<snippet id=S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X>S digital transformation in banking is defined as the application of innovative technologies, particularly digital payments, to enhance financial inclusion and operational efficiency</snippet>, with research showing it <snippet id=S_4uYEvn0>S diminishes the impact of income levels on financial service access</snippet> while enhancing account ownership and savings. <snippet id=S_cecyK56>S Economic impact varies by income level: in low-income countries, digital financial inclusion is more significant than traditional finance due to banking inefficiencies</snippet>, whereas in middle-income countries both forms complement each other. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability (z-score) and negatively with non-performing loans</snippet>, though increased bank competition negatively affects stability according to the competition-fragility hypothesis. <snippet id=S_kq45sEh>S Challenges include data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy</snippet>, with findings from Sub-Saharan Africa, ASEAN, and EU contexts; <snippet id=S_cecyK56,S_Q1OC4lz>Yemen-specific evidence is sparse and limited by fragile state conditions</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Policy recommendations emphasize promoting digital financial literacy, regulatory frameworks treating digital and traditional finance as complementary</snippet>, and strategic measures to maintain bank stability alongside inclusion initiatives.
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<snippet id="55190,81776">Harry H. Corbett appears briefly as a policeman in Never Look Back (1952)</snippet>, confirming the credit the agent was investigating. <snippet id="55190,86941">The film was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>, with the UK release date of 26 May 1952. <snippet id="81776">Hugh Sinclair stars as the fiancé who prosecutes the case</snippet>, while the plot involves a newly appointed KC defending an ex-lover accused of murder. <snippet id="55190">The production was Michael Carreras's first production</snippet> at Hammer, and the cast also includes Rosamund John and Guy Middleton. <snippet id="86941">No conflicting source details were found</snippet> regarding the distribution or cast information.
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<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The 1952 British drama Never Look Back was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett appears in a brief supporting role as a policeman</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Hugh Sinclair is confirmed as a main star in the cast, playing the prosecutor</snippet>. The production ran for 73 minutes and was shot at Mancunian Studios between September and October 1951.
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The provided search results describe the methodology for calculating beta-cell function indices like the disposition index and insulinogenic index using OGTT and IVGTT data, but do not contain specific findings linking visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation to these beta-cell function measures <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_2GRyVKu,S_C7yV87e">The disposition index is calculated as the product of insulinogenic index and insulin sensitivity indices (e.g., Matsuda index)</snippet> <snippet id="S_DYXy4QI">Acute insulin response during IVGTT was calculated as the incremental area under the curve for insulin during the first 10 min</snippet> <snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">The study assessed beta-cell function in obese adults through 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test and calculated disposition index to characterize beta-cell function relative to insulin resistance in adipose tissue</snippet>. However, none of the snippets provide evidence specifically on how VAT accumulation associates with insulinogenic index, acute insulin response, or disposition index values in adult human studies. The results instead focus on the mathematical formulas and physiological mechanisms for calculating these indices across various populations including obese adults, adolescents, and individuals with NAFLD <snippet id="S_0G85ZD2">The disposition index reflects the relationship between insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion, incorporating insulin sensitivity from skeletal muscle, hepatic, and adipose tissues</snippet> <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi">The study proposes an adjustment to the assessment of β-cell function in obese adults by incorporating adipose tissue insulin resistance into the disposition index</snippet>.
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The provided search results do not directly address the relationship between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and pancreatic beta-cell function metrics in humans. The snippets primarily define how beta-cell function indices like the disposition index, insulinogenic index, and acute insulin response are calculated from OGTT or IVGTT data <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_77OipMD">the disposition index is calculated as the product of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion measures such as the insulinogenic index</snippet>. One study suggests adipose tissue insulin resistance affects beta-cell function assessment, noting that elevated plasma free fatty acids can impair β-cell function and proposing adjustments to the disposition index to account for adipose tissue <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2">incorporating adipose insulin resistance into assessments provides a more comprehensive index of β-cell function</snippet>. Another study reported that leptin and GM-CSF were negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI and hsCRP, indicating roles in inflammation and lipid metabolism <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">leptin and GM-CSF showed negative associations with the disposition index and positive correlations with BMI and inflammatory markers</snippet>. However, none of these snippets provide direct adult human evidence linking VAT or pancreatic fat specifically to beta-cell function measures like disposition index or acute insulin response as the agent was seeking.
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<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources by one-third did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>, though it did result in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">Research on social media feed designs compared chronological and engagement-based feeds, finding that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mUfOdDp">However, a 2020 study by Guess et al. found no significant long-term effects of Facebook and Instagram's algorithms on users' affective polarization over a three-month period</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sJfbnsu">The U.S. 2020 Facebook and Instagram Election Study provides the largest-scale evidence available on the effect of Facebook and Instagram access on political knowledge, attitudes, and behavior</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EIYKoMB">Recent studies suggest that exposure to diverse perspectives can align local conflicts with broader partisan divides, and authors propose redesigning social media ranking algorithms to mitigate polarization</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>. The intervention aimed to decrease exposure to like-minded sources by one-third, which resulted in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">but did not lead to measurable changes in eight key political attitudes, including affective polarization and belief in false claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">An experiment compared various feed types, including chronological and engagement-based feeds, as well as innovative designs aimed at promoting democratic values</snippet>. Findings indicate that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans, but may inadvertently increase perceived threats to free speech among users <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">. The research also references other studies that examined the influence of exposure to like-minded sources and reshared content, noting that some studies found minimal effects on affective polarization</snippet>.

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The search results do not contain specific documentation on how canonical IAMs (FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE) integrate extreme weather events into their damage functions. <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">The CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h from tropical cyclone data</snippet>, but this does not specify IAM integration methods. <snippet id="S_VGFFWS5">The HWCM approach simulates high-resolution wind and rain fields to improve storm flood damage assessments</snippet>, yet this appears to be a standalone risk assessment tool rather than an IAM component. <snippet id="S_93wqG64">CMIP6 HighResMIP multimodel ensemble projects future tropical cyclone changes</snippet>, providing climate model outputs but not IAM implementation details. <snippet id="S_IAQSdJr">Synthetic tropical cyclones improve flood prediction accuracy by 43% in mangrove protection studies</snippet>, demonstrating application of extreme event modeling but not IAM damage function construction. The search results lack the specific FUND/PAGE/DICE/RICE documentation on extreme weather integration the agent requires.
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<answer>
Unfortunately, the provided search results do not contain specific information about how FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE, or other canonical IAMs incorporate extreme weather events into their damage functions. The available snippets focus on hazard modeling (CLIMADA model for tropical cyclones, mangrove flood protection services, hydrodynamic modeling) but do not document IAM integration methods <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>. No snippets describe how IAMs represent extremes as separate impact categories or stochastic shocks to capital/productivity, nor do they detail expected-annual-loss pipelines feeding IAM damages. There is also no evidence of empirically estimated event-specific damage functions (cyclone wind-based, flood depth–damage, heat-wave impacts) being aggregated to macro damages within specific IAM frameworks in these results.
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<snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_4kyiDLH,S_IzJhLSD">HPV infection begins when the virus accesses the basal layer of epithelium through wounds or micro-damage, where L1 protein first binds to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) or laminin-332 in the basement membrane</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_ygceipK,S_06dh88l">This initial attachment triggers conformational changes in the L1 protein, dependent on host factors like cyclophilin B, which exposes the N-terminus of the L2 protein</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_qd5yqrp">The exposed L2 protein is then cleaved by the cellular protease furin, which reduces L1's affinity for HSPGs and prepares the viral particle for entry</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_06dh88l,S_qd5yqrp">HPV enters host cells through clathrin-independent endocytosis, similar to micropinocytosis, following interactions with secondary receptors including tetraspanins (CD151), integrins (α6), and annexin A2/S100A10 heterotetramers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_06dh88l">Acidification of the endocytic vesicle induces partial uncoating, which triggers insertion of the L2 protein into the endocytic membrane, resulting in a transmembranous configuration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_qd5yqrp">The virus reaches the nucleus within approximately 24 hours via post-endocytic trafficking through endosomes, the Golgi network, and the endoplasmic reticulum, where the viral genome is transferred to the nucleus through a tubulin-mediated pathway</snippet>.
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Human Papillomavirus (HPV) entry typically begins at microlesions in the epithelium where the major capsid protein L1 binds to laminin-332 or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the basement membrane <S_9692W5p, S_06dh88l, S_ygceipK, S_4kyiDLH>. This initial attachment induces L1 conformational changes, often facilitated by Cyclophilin B, which exposes the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2 <S_9692W5p, S_ygceipK, S_sYaeZRH>. Proteolytic processing follows, where kallikrein-8 cleaves L1 and the cellular protease furin cleaves L2, reducing HSPG affinity and preparing the virion for internalization <S_6cL8am9, S_9692W5p, S_qd5yqrp>. Secondary interactions with receptors such as annexin A2, integrin α6, and tetraspanins like CD151 facilitate clathrin-independent endocytosis or macropinocytosis-like uptake <S_6cL8am9, S_Fgb4QWW, S_06dh88l>. Once internalized, the virus undergoes retrograde trafficking through endosomes and the Golgi network to reach the nucleus for genome release and replication <S_6cL8am9, S_IzJhLSD, S_qd5yqrp>.
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<snippet id="S_FvypqMm">The Laplace mechanism has been applied to preserve privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_u2uIkcN">it enables privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions</snippet> by adding noise from a Laplace distribution calibrated with standard deviation of √2b based on the function's sensitivity. <snippet id="S_3Vks9VQ">The Laplace mechanism is defined by M(d) := M(d) + Y where Y i ∼ L (∆ 1 / ) are independent and identically distributed for i = 1, . . . , r and ∆ 1 is the L 1-sensitivity of the query</snippet>, providing -differential privacy for queries with low sensitivity such as counting queries and sum-separable functions. <snippet id="S_5htVDhJ">Laplace noise can be added to a function output to produce a differentially private output</snippet>, with the scale of the Laplacian noise equal to ∆f / in the local differentially private setting. However, the provided search results do not contain specific case studies published in the high-impact journals identified by the agent (IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, Nature Scientific Data, PNAS, Management Science, Operations Research, Information Systems Research, JRSS, Annals of Applied Statistics, JFE, RFS, JF, etc.), limiting the ability to confirm applications in those particular venues.
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The search results provide limited evidence of concrete case studies from high-impact journals applying the Laplace mechanism specifically to financial/banking/credit transaction data. Two snippets mention financial applications: S_FvypqMm notes the Laplace mechanism can preserve "user privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions" within parking recommender system research <snippet id=S_FvypqMm>, and S_u2uIkcN states the mechanism enables "privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions" for prospect theoretic analysis <snippet id=S_u2uIkcN>. However, neither snippet explicitly confirms publication in high-impact journals like IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or major finance/economics journals that the agent prioritized <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_3Vks9VQ>. Most other search results discuss the Laplace mechanism in medical data <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG>, social networks <snippet id=S_XWjGWtA,S_gaV539r>, or power flow systems <snippet id=S_3Vks9VQ> rather than verified financial case studies. Additional searches targeting specific journals or verified financial domains would be needed to fully address the agent's goal.
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<snippet id="21438">Jitendra Narayan (1886–1922) was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar</snippet>, and <snippet id="21438">he founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet>. <snippet id="21438">As "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar" he played one first‑class cricket match on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs in total</snippet>, though <snippet id="21438">there is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>. <snippet id="57275">Sources indicate an association with a namesake Nripendra Narayan Academy and links to cricketing activity with a Prince of Wales's XI, but the crawled material is fragmentary</snippet>. <snippet id="71327">The claims regarding founding a Nripendra Narayan Academy or first-class cricket/Prince of Wales XI involvement are unverified/conflicting with the provided content</snippet>.
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<answer>
Jitendra Narayan was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar <snippet id="21438">and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet> as an educational institution named after his father. He played one first‑class cricket match for "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI" against Lord Willingdon's XI on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs total <snippet id="21438">. There is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>, which contradicts one key element of the hypothesis that the match was against the Prince of Wales' XI during the 1921–22 India tour. Biographical details indicate he was linked to Cooch‑Behar Palace (also known as Victor Jubilee Palace) as the ruling Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar during his lifetime <snippet id="21438">, though succession by his offspring is not confirmed in the available snippets. Some sources present conflicting or fragmentary information about the academy founder and cricketing claims <snippet id="57275">, with sibling records listing him as having younger brothers but not documenting all biographical details consistently <snippet id="71327">.
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<snippet id="S_gnrEepM">Studies on monoclonal antibody quantification in plasma indicate that using two stable signature peptides (SPs) is necessary for reliable results, as single-peptide calibration showed significant negative biases (−23 to −62%) and discordant results between SPs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gnrEepM">Hybrid methods using stable-isotope-labeled (SIL) internal standards achieved good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results between SPs (deviations < 15%)</snippet>, while extended-peptide calibration showed improvements but still lacked acceptable accuracy. <snippet id="S_kjDg3lX">Bottom-up LC-MS/MS assays for monoclonal antibodies typically utilize surrogate peptides from Fab or Fc regions for quantification with multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides relative to standards</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1t8pQcf">The surrogate peptide method is a prevalent approach for quantifying total antibodies in pharmacokinetic assessments, with stable isotopically labeled internal standards (SIL-IS) often used to enhance quantification accuracy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XWxG38W">Optimized methods for quantifying protein expression levels utilize a minimum of three light and two heavy peptide fragments to enhance reproducibility and ensure peptide identity</snippet>. Overall, the evidence suggests that for therapeutic protein bioanalysis, using multiple signature peptides with SIL-ISTD is recommended for accuracy and reliability.
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<answer>
Current evidence suggests that using two signature peptides is recommended over a single peptide for reliable mAb quantification in serum. A study assessing calibration approaches for monoclonal antibody quantification emphasized "the importance of using two SPs for reliability" and found single peptide calibration had "significant negative biases" and "discordant results between SPs" <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>. Practical implementations in therapeutic protein studies typically employ multiple peptides; for instance, one Fc-engineered mAb PK assay determined concentrations using "multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides" <snippet id=S_kjDg3lX>. Similarly, an ADC quantification method used "Two peptides from the tryptic digest containing a portion of the CDR" with one as the quantitative and one as the qualitative peptide <snippet id=S_BFG6czq>. While single peptides can be detected, protein-level and hybrid calibrations with two SPs achieved "good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results" compared to peptide-level calibration which showed poor reliability <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>.
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<snippet id="S_SvIkmlU,S_rtPxhtT">Umbrella reviews indicate that resistance training time of day does not significantly affect increases in muscle strength or mass, with both morning and evening training yielding similar results</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU">However, one review notes that hypertrophy adaptations were similar regardless of training time, though more research is needed to verify if differences exist between morning versus evening hours</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JKFS2Wu">A 24-week study suggested evening resistance training resulted in larger muscle cross-sectional area in men, though Sedliak et al.'s similar findings were statistically insignificant</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HhyT8Rz">Research indicates that time of day for strength training can influence performance based on an individual's chronotype, with morning training reducing diurnal variation and evening training enhancing it</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gRYJWoz">Gender-specific findings show morning exercise in women enhances abdominal fat loss and lower body muscle power, while evening exercise in men increases upper body strength and power</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU,S_rtPxhtT">Overall, current evidence suggests personal preference should guide training timing, with future studies needed to solidify chronotype-specific recommendations</snippet>.
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<answer>
Umbrella reviews indicate that increases in muscle strength and mass do not significantly differ between morning and evening resistance training <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT,S_SvIkmlU>. Acute performance metrics typically peak around 6:00 p.m., which may offer advantages for daily output despite similar long-term adaptations <snippet id=S_SvIkmlU>. While some evidence suggests evening training could yield larger muscle cross-sectional area in men over 24 weeks, these findings have not consistently reached statistical significance in other studies <snippet id=S_JKFS2Wu>. Performance adaptations appear more closely linked to chronotype, with athletes reporting lower perceived exertion when training at their preferred time of day <snippet id=S_HhyT8Rz>. Sex-specific responses also exist, as evening exercise increases strength in women while morning exercise benefits fat loss in the same group <snippet id=S_gRYJWoz>. Therefore, experts recommend selecting training times based on personal preference to maximize adherence given the lack of clear superiority between schedules <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT>.
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