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<snippet id="S_ow0RlxD,S_b61oqd3">Digital health inequities are exacerbated by disparities in access to technology and digital literacy among individuals with lower income, less education, and racial or ethnic minorities</snippet>, which highlights the need for targeted training interventions. <snippet id="S_rBaa6iD">Health providers may lack training and competencies in consideration of digital health equity as well as the cultural humility to understand how their patients and communities may experience or interact with technology</snippet>. <snippet id="S_krnNJsl">The Association of American Medical Colleges reported that 60% of surveyed medical schools included telemedicine in their curricula, reflecting a consensus on essential skills for clinicians in virtual care</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_TwqA5Qh">standardized telehealth competencies for advanced practice nursing are missing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrMxYXW">Digital health training should be integrated into pre-registration qualifications to prepare graduates for telehealth roles</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_DUMUv4Q">proposed 10-hour training and certification processes for digital navigators</snippet> to support clinical teams. <snippet id="S_ChDg9cS">Training healthcare providers to understand the social determinants of health is essential for tailoring telemedicine services to meet the specific needs of patients</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_paP0n66">future policies must strengthen telehealth training to accommodate for language and cultural barriers, varying levels of digital literacy, and disability</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_rBaa6iD>Providers may lack training and competencies in consideration of digital health equity and cultural humility</snippet>, while <snippet id=S_paP0n66,S_ChDg9cS>health policies must strengthen telehealth training to accommodate language barriers, cultural considerations, and varying levels of digital literacy</snippet>. <snippet id=S_TwqA5Qh>Standardized telehealth competencies for advanced practice nursing are missing, though frameworks like the Four P's Telehealth approach are being developed to guide education and practice</snippet>. <snippet id=S_VrMxYXW>Digital health training should be integrated into pre-registration qualifications to prepare graduates for telehealth roles</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DUMUv4Q>Emerging roles like digital navigators require specific training and certification to support clinical teams with technology integration</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">Mepiquat chloride (MC) application to cotton seeds at doses of 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 g kg⁻¹ seed decreased shoot length but had no significant effect on dry matter production, root length, shoot:root ratio, or leaf area:root length ratio</snippet>, indicating the treatment is not expected to have deleterious effects on plant water acquisition. <snippet id="S_7sCukyL">MC is commonly used in China's cotton belt and worldwide to improve fiber quality and seed yields</snippet>, with application increasing leaf thickness, reducing leaf area, and shortening internodes. <snippet id="S_hyBY58K">MC is effective in controlling excessive cotton growth, significantly reducing plant height and node number in relation to its application rate up to 45 g ha⁻¹</snippet>, though its effectiveness is influenced by temperature with optimal response at 30°C during the day and 20°C at night. <snippet id="S_12ZluAp">Split dose applications at 34, 47, and 62 days after emergence have been evaluated, with increasing doses causing decreasing plant height, nodes, and branching</snippet>. <snippet id="S_H2pBJjb">Cultivar sensitivity varies, with earlier cultivars being more sensitive, and the effect is intensified by increasing dosage</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">The study evaluated initial plant growth parameters including root and shoot dry matter, leaf area, and shoot length over 21 days after sowing</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">Mepiquat chloride (MC) has been studied as a cotton seed treatment, with greenhouse experiments applying doses of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 g kg -1 seed</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">The application of MC to cotton seeds decreased shoot length but had no significant effect on dry matter production, root length, shoot:root ratio or leaf area: root length ratio</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">Thus, the application of MC to cotton seeds is not expected to have a deleterious effect on plant water acquisition</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7sCukyL">MC is commonly used worldwide as a growth regulator to improve fiber quality and seed yields</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hyBY58K">For foliar applications, MC is effective at reducing plant height up to 45 g ha −1</snippet>, though seed treatment studies used much lower rates (up to 12 g per kg seed). <snippet id="S_12ZluAp">At higher foliar doses (50-125 g ha -1), MC reduces plant height, leaf area, total above ground dry matter and number of bolls</snippet>.
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<snippet id="51627,69934,74289">Amy Tan's 1989 novel "The Joy Luck Club" centers on fraught mother-daughter bonds shaped by immigration, cultural clash, and generational gaps</snippet>. <snippet id="69934,74289">The novel weaves sixteen interlocking stories about four Chinese immigrant mothers and their four American-born daughters</snippet>, with <snippet id="69934">central themes of generational conflict as mothers' traditional Chinese values and traumatic pasts clash with daughters' American identities and desires for independence</snippet>. <snippet id="51627">Mothers—Suyuan, An‑mei, Lindo, Ying‑ying—relay immigrant trauma, sacrifice, and Chinese values; daughters—June, Rose, Waverly, Lena—struggle with American identity, rebellion, and misunderstandings</snippet>. <snippet id="74289">Recurrent motifs such as storytelling, food, mahjong, and parables reveal mothers' pasts and daughters' misreadings</snippet>, and <snippet id="51627,69934,74289">the narrative moves toward reconciliation through communication, empathy, and revisiting pasts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="51627,69934,74289">Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club is a 1989 novel that centers on fraught mother‑daughter bonds shaped by immigration, cultural clash, and generational gaps</snippet>. <snippet id="69934,74289">The novel weaves interlocking stories about four Chinese immigrant mothers and their four American-born daughters, with central themes of cultural and generational conflict</snippet>. <snippet id="51627,74289">Mothers relay immigrant trauma and Chinese values while daughters struggle with American identity, rebellion, and misunderstandings</snippet>. <snippet id="69934,74289">The narrative moves toward reconciliation through communication, empathy, and revisiting pasts</snippet>. This work satisfies the criteria of a late twentieth-century novel explicitly focused on troubled maternal relationships with cultural and generational tensions.
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The provided search results do not contain specific scRNA-seq data on ketamine or SSRIs in mouse prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. The snippets describe general single-cell RNA sequencing technologies, platforms (10x Chromium, SMART-Seq), and cell type atlases for mouse brain regions, but lack drug-specific transcriptional signatures <snippet id="S_KNwlTux">Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) are advanced techniques used to study the transcriptomic landscape of the brain, including the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, particularly in the context of psychiatric disorders</snippet>. While one study used scRNA-seq on mouse visual cortex to compare cell type detection with snRNA-seq <snippet id="S_iTfCBaw">We used well-matched snRNA-seq and scRNA-seq datasets from mouse visual cortex to compare cell type detection</snippet>, none report ketamine or antidepressant-induced gene expression changes. The available data focuses on cell type discovery and characterization in healthy mouse brains rather than drug response profiles <snippet id="S_386ZR9h">The study utilized high-throughput single-nucleus RNA-seq (snRNA-seq) to analyze cell type composition in the adult mouse brain, focusing on 92 anatomical locations from 55 mice</snippet>. To find the specific scRNA-seq evidence the agent needs, a more targeted search for "scRNA-seq ketamine mouse PFC hippocampus" or "single-cell RNA-seq antidepressants fluoxetine ketamine" would be required.
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<snippet id="S_iTfCBaw,S_386ZR9h,S_hu2Og7m">The provided search results do not contain scRNA-seq evidence on cell-type-specific transcriptional changes in mouse brain regions after antidepressant administration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iTfCBaw">While some snippets compare snRNA-seq and scRNA-seq methodologies in mouse cortex, they do not include antidepressant treatment data</snippet>. <snippet id="S_386ZR9h">One study profiles 4,388,420 nuclei across 92 mouse brain locations but only mentions ketamine as a potential substance of interest without providing actual treatment results</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hu2Og7m">Another snippet discusses rodent models for psychiatric disorders and mentions scRNA-seq as a tool, but provides no specific ketamine or SSRI transcriptional findings</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sBVDz14">Human MDD post-mortem snRNA-seq data is presented instead of mouse antidepressant intervention studies</snippet>. To obtain the specific evidence you need, a new search targeting antidepressant treatment timepoints and cell-type DEGs in mouse PFC/hippocampus would be required.
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<snippet id="S_vKl66cs,S_t1UFtY4">Community-led adaptive reuse initiatives in the Netherlands are supported by supportive legislation such as the 2010 'crisis and recovery act' which allows temporary use of buildings regardless of pre-designated functions</snippet>, <snippet id="S_t1UFtY4,S_vKl66cs">and a national adaptive reuse program initiated with the central government committed to more investment as part of its 'heritage counts' 2018−21 policy program</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kl9jhfa">Research on 53 adaptive reuse cases since 2014 reveals a significant rise in commercial and residential uses of repurposed buildings, addressing housing shortages while showing a shift towards private sector involvement with private ownership increasing from 45% to 89%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0hvikSw,S_t1UFtY4">Adaptive reuse avoids wasteful processes of demolition and new construction while reducing raw material use, energy consumption, waste, and environmental costs including carbon emissions</snippet>, <snippet id="S_ZEzeufE">with projects like the Westergasfabriek in Amsterdam transformed into a recreational space and the HAKA building in Rotterdam repurposed into offices using materials from demolished structures</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R69NOII">However, there is a noted disconnect between the preservation of cultural values and the perceived importance of circularity performance in conservation interventions, indicating a limited understanding of the circularity framework among stakeholders</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kl9jhfa,S_0hvikSw">96% of stakeholders affirm the importance of adaptive reuse for preserving cultural values, though only 8 cases rely solely on public funding while 24 utilize mixed funding</snippet>.
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In the Netherlands, <snippet id="S_vKl66cs,S_t1UFtY4">community-led adaptive reuse is supported by policies such as the 2010 'crisis and recovery act' that reposition local authorities as facilitators</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_R69NOII">public engagement rates reached 65% of cases following the 2016 'heritage act'</snippet>. Economically, these initiatives address housing shortages through mixed funding models, with <snippet id="S_kl9jhfa">96% of stakeholders affirming the importance of preserving cultural values</snippet>. Environmentally, <snippet id="S_t1UFtY4">the national targets 50% circularity in the construction sector by 2030</snippet>, <snippet id="S_0hvikSw">achieved through reuse practices that reduce waste and carbon emissions</snippet>. Socially, <snippet id="S_ZEzeufE">projects like Amsterdam's Westergasfabriek transform heritage into spaces enhancing community wellbeing</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_R69NOII">current circularity performance often neglects broader socio-economic factors</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_Q6ina6d">The ARCS model has been applied to enhance motivation in online blended learning environments, with a study using the Instructional Material Motivation Survey (IMMS) with 36 questions before, during, and after treatment to determine effectiveness</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Q6ina6d">This research involved 75 undergraduate students in IT in Business courses and found that BTM based on ARCS models enhanced and/or sustained students' motivation and kept the subject interesting in an online environment</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hX0trSo">However, the available evidence for nursing students specifically shows that blended learning smoking cessation intervention significantly enhanced nursing students' autonomous motivation and perceived competence</snippet>. <snippet id="S_N6iFqRQ">A separate study focused on online learning effects on nursing students in South Korea and used motivation as a content variable, though it did not employ the ARCS framework</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sojw4wD">Another study noted that blended learning combined with flipped classrooms allows nursing students to become self-directed autonomous learners, thus enhancing nursing competencies effectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Nv2DGCg">Multiple studies confirm that blended learning in nursing education enhances academic achievement, student satisfaction, and cognitive skills, necessitating a focus on motivation</snippet>.
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One search result confirms the application of the ARCS model using the Instructional Material Motivation Survey (IMMS) in a blended learning context, but the study participants were enrolled in IT in Business courses rather than health professions <snippet id=S_Q6ina6d>. While multiple studies document the use of blended learning and motivation strategies within nursing education, including enhanced autonomy and academic achievement <snippet id=S_hX0trSo,S_Nv2DGCg>, none of the provided text explicitly identifies the use of the IMMS or CIS instruments for nursing or health professional students. Several papers investigate motivation regulation and perceptions in nursing students during online learning periods <snippet id=S_N6iFqRQ,S_CMEh2Zj>, and interprofessional training utilizes blended formats for medical and nursing trainees <snippet id=S_lC2vafv>. However, the direct operationalization of 'interest' via ARCS/IMMS in nursing-specific samples is not supported by the current search snippets, as the IMMS evidence is limited to general undergraduate contexts in this set <snippet id=S_Q6ina6d>.
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<snippet id="S_aUWw0r7,S_6tLta3F">Knowledge graphs have been implemented to capture semantic relationships within electronic health record (EHR) datasets such as MIMIC III, using ontologies created in Protege and mapping procedures to convert tabular data to ontology terms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7vrGXF4">This implementation reduces query execution time to less than 0.15 seconds, enabling efficient retrieval and analysis of patient outcomes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_H6H06tT">The EHR knowledge graph has the potential to revolutionize decision-making in healthcare settings, leading to more efficient and effective patient care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6tLta3F">The study describes an ontology created using OWL in Protege, with RDF mapping procedures to convert the data to the ontology, demonstrating a semantic data dictionary approach</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aUWw0r7">The system allows for the integration of patient-generated data, genetic data, and socioeconomic determinants, supporting a more comprehensive analysis of EHR data</snippet>. However, the provided snippets do not specifically detail virtual knowledge graph (OBDA/R2RML) approaches or linked codebook frameworks like DDI-RDF or LOINC RDF for medical measurements.
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<snippet id="S_aUWw0r7,S_6tLta3F">Knowledge graph implementations have been developed for EHR data, including mapping datasets like MIMIC III to ontologies using Protege and creating knowledge graphs using GraphDB via RDF mapping procedures</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_aUWw0r7,S_6tLta3F">these approaches described involve materializing knowledge graphs rather than virtual/ontology-based data access (OBDA) where relational data is accessed through mappings without materialization</snippet>. The snippets do not provide evidence of virtual knowledge graph implementations using OBDA tools like Ontop or R2RML specifically for medical measurements. <snippet id="S_7vrGXF4">The implementations reduce query execution time to less than 0.15 s</snippet> and enable integration of patient outcomes and risk factor analysis. <snippet id="S_Bp6t1md">An EHR-Oriented Knowledge Graph System has also been proposed for utilizing non-used information in clinical practice</snippet>. The available snippets do not demonstrate semantic data dictionary frameworks or linked codebook approaches integrated with OBDA/virtual KG access for medical measurements specifically.
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Based on the available reviews, precipitation is the most commonly used method for extracting metals after leaching in hydrometallurgical LIB recycling <snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">extraction of metals after leaching can be conducted using various methods, with precipitation being the most commonly used</snippet>, though it can result in co-precipitation of lithium causing losses up to 30% <snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">The precipitation of other metals can result in the co-precipitation of lithium, causing total lithium losses up to 30%</snippet>. To prevent such losses, solvent extraction (SX) is used to selectively remove elements like Co, Ni, Al, and Mn <snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">To prevent such losses, solvent extraction methods are used to selectively remove elements, such as Co, Ni, Al, and Mn</snippet>, with SX being highly effective at reducing overall lithium losses to 15% <snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">Solvent extraction (SX) is highly effective, reducing the losses to 3% per extraction stage and reducing overall lithium losses to 15%</snippet>. For lithium recovery specifically, precipitation as lithium carbonate is typically employed after refining <snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">After the refining, lithium is precipitated as lithium carbonate</snippet>, with research comparing sodium carbonate precipitation with alternative agents like sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate <snippet id="S_MqwIWhe">This work is intended to compare the classic method of the precipitation of lithium from synthetic and real pregnant leaching liquors gained from spent lithium-ion batteries with sodium carbonate (state of the art) with alternative precipitation agents such as sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate</snippet>. Ion exchange and nanofiltration show potential for improving lithium yield by removing multivalent cations like Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ <snippet id="S_aewi150">A highly selective nanofiltration (NF) process can effectively remove multivalent cations like Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ from salt-lake brine, enhancing the purity of lithium recovered</snippet>, though SX and precipitation remain the primary techniques for selective metal recovery from leachates <snippet id="S_I12FLcH">Chemical precipitation, cementation, ion exchange, solvent extraction, or membrane separations can be applied for this step</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">Precipitation as lithium carbonate is currently the most commonly used method to recover lithium after hydrometallurgical leaching of LIBs, but it can cause total lithium losses up to 30% due to co-precipitation with other metals</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">solvent extraction methods are highly effective at reducing lithium losses to 15% overall by selectively removing elements like Co, Ni, Al, and Mn before lithium precipitation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I12FLcH">Selective solvent extraction using immiscible organic extractants is widely employed, where metals like nickel, manganese, cobalt, and lithium can be sequentially separated using reagents such as dimethylglyoxime, D2EHPA, ammonium oxalate, and sodium carbonate</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MqwIWhe">Recent research compares classic sodium carbonate precipitation with alternative agents like sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate, investigating temperature and stoichiometric factors to improve efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aewi150">Ion exchange technology presents significant challenges including high energy consumption and acid waste production, contributing to only 6% of batteries being recycled globally</snippet>, but <snippet id="S_aewi150">nanofiltration membranes are emerging as innovative selective technologies that can effectively remove multivalent cations like Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ from leachates, improving lithium yield while reducing acid production</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zrllGPw">Hydrometallurgy remains widely used for lithium recovery with low equipment investment costs, though its suitability varies with battery chemical composition and operational scale</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ep51C66">A typical adult human has approximately 8 to 12 pints of blood circulating through their body</snippet>, which translates to <snippet id="S_ep51C66">about 4.5 to 6.8 liters</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6ZepFD3">Britannica states blood volume is about 78 ml per kilogram</snippet>, which for an average adult equals <snippet id="S_6ZepFD3">about 6.7 liters</snippet>. Other authoritative sources confirm <snippet id="S_SoTD265">most sources state the volume of blood in an average human adult as between 4.7 and 5 liters</snippet>, consistent with <snippet id="S_h22XXil">a typical adult having a blood volume of approximately 5 liters</snippet>.
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Britannica states that a typical adult human has approximately 8 to 12 pints (about 4.5 to 6.8 liters) of blood circulating through their body <snippet id="S_ep51C66">. Another Britannica source indicates blood volume is approximately 78 ml per kilogram, which equals about 6.7 litres for a man weighing 86 kg <snippet id="S_6ZepFD3">. For a 154-pound person, Britannica estimates about 5.5 liters of blood <snippet id="S_QOkX4rw">. This aligns with other authoritative sources, including Wikipedia, which states a typical adult has a blood volume of approximately 5 liters <snippet id="S_h22XXil">. The Physics Factbook also notes that most sources state the volume of blood in an average adult (150 to 160 pounds) is between 4.7 and 5 liters <snippet id="S_SoTD265">. Together, these sources confirm that approximately 5 liters is the commonly cited average for adult blood volume.
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<snippet id="S_AMKgb7w">Alpha-Mn is described as bcc derived with I-43m symmetry, and the interstitial fraction in alpha-Mn bcc derived I-43m tetrahedral sites ranges from 0.0 to 1.0</snippet>, confirming that tetrahedral interstitials exist in this cubic structure. <snippet id="S_AMKgb7w">There are 12 tetrahedral interstitial sites per unit cell</snippet> in the alpha-Mn lattice. <snippet id="S_xHv2FdY">Tetrahedral interstitial sites in bcc lattices are inherently non-regular and lead to tetragonal distortion</snippet>, which reduces the overall symmetry compared to ideal BCC (Im-3m). <snippet id="S_xHv2FdY">Both octahedral and tetrahedral bcc interstices have tetragonal symmetry</snippet>, consistent with the I-43m space group description. This confirms alpha-Mn as a cubic bcc-derived structure with explicit tetrahedral displacement features.
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Alpha-Mn is identified as a bcc-derived cubic structure with I-43m symmetry that explicitly features tetrahedral interstitial sites <snippet id=S_AMKgb7w>. Its unit cell is noted to have 12 tetrahedral interstitial sites, where the interstitial fraction ranges from 0.0 to 1.0 in the studied system <snippet id=S_AMKgb7w>. Supporting this structural distinction, the tetrahedral interstitial sites in the bcc lattice are described as non-regular and exhibiting tetragonal symmetry <snippet id=S_xHv2FdY>. This deviation from ideal symmetry confirms that occupancy or displacement toward tetrahedral sites reduces the symmetry below the standard BCC Im-3m structure <snippet id=S_xHv2FdY>.
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<snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_mL0KRC8">The CLARITY-AD trial randomized 1795 participants to receive either 10 mg/kg biweekly lecanemab or placebo for 18 months, with the primary endpoint being CDR-SB change at 18 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_mL0KRC8">Lecanemab significantly slowed CDR-SB decline by 0.45 points (27% relative effect) compared to placebo, representing a statistically significant difference of −0.45 CDR points (95% CI −0.67 to −0.23, p < 0.001)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_mL0KRC8">Safety data showed ARIA-H incidence of 17.3% with lecanemab versus 9.0% with placebo, while ARIA-E incidence was 12.6% with lecanemab versus 1.7% with placebo</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_mL0KRC8">Infusion-related reactions were the most common AEs, occurring in 26.4% of lecanemab-treated patients compared to 7.4% in placebo</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_mL0KRC8">APoE ε4 allele carriers experienced higher ARIA incidence, with ARIA-H at 39% and ARIA-E at 32.6% in homozygotes versus 14% and 10.9% in heterozygotes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ipB4qty">Isolated symptomatic ARIA-H occurred in 0.7% of lecanemab patients versus 0.2% in placebo, while symptomatic ARIA-E was 2.8% versus 0%</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_i9d1QdD>The CLARITY-AD trial primary endpoint showed lecanemab reduced CDR-SB decline by 0.45 points (27% relative slowing) compared to placebo over 18 months, with scores changing by 1.21 versus 1.66 respectively.</snippet> <snippet id=S_ipB4qty,S_VxjMD7K>Overall ARIA-E rates were 12.5-12.6% for lecanemab versus 1.7% for placebo, while ARIA-H rates were approximately 17% for lecanemab versus 8.7-9.0% for placebo.</snippet> <snippet id=S_ipB4qty>Symptomatic events were observed in 2.8% for ARIA-E and 0.7% for ARIA-H in the lecanemab group.</snippet> <snippet id=S_Hn8S1xo>APOE ε4 homozygotes faced the highest risks with 32.6% ARIA-E and 39% ARIA-H incidence, compared to 10.9%/14% for heterozygotes and 5.4%/11.9% for non-carriers.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_JXQqQJ9">A meta-analysis by Brunmair and Richter (2019) found robust evidence that interleaving is more effective than blocking, with an intermediate effect size (Hedges' g = 0.42)</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_MvO6XoQ">another meta-analysis indicated a medium interleaving effect (Hedge's g = 0.67) in education, requiring 75 participants for detection</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6doaVxd">A three-way repeated measures ANOVA showed that participants' performance in spaced (interleaved) study was significantly better than massed study in both short and long-term retention conditions</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_HjbjDyG">interleaving enhancing long-term retention by promoting discriminative-contrast learning</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JXQqQJ9">However, interleaving was found to be most effective for learning material that shows subtle, rather than pronounced, differences between categories</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_HjbjDyG">spaced retrieval can further improve retention, although expanding-retrieval methods may not benefit all educational contexts</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oqb2O6f">Presentation of related categorical material together may mitigate retrieval-induced forgetting, and students' subjective competency ratings of new material are largely inaccurate</snippet>.
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<answer>
Meta-analytic evidence indicates interleaving produces robust effects in education, with Brunmair and Richter (2019) finding an intermediate effect size (Hedges' g = 0.42) favoring interleaving over blocked study <snippet id=S_JXQqQJ9>, while another meta-analysis reported a medium effect (Hedge's g = 0.67) in education contexts <snippet id=S_MvO6XoQ>. Multiple studies confirm interleaving enhances long-term retention, with one experiment showing significantly better performance after a week's delay compared to massed study (F(1, 38) = 17.43, p < .001, ηp² = .31) <snippet id=S_6doaVxd>. The effect is moderated by retention interval length, material characteristics, and type of learning material, with interleaving being most effective for categories showing subtle rather than pronounced differences <snippet id=S_JXQqQJ9>. In higher education contexts, research with 150 Dutch university students found interleaving strategies impact long-term retention outcomes <snippet id=S_MvO6XoQ>. However, students often perceive interleaving as more difficult despite its superior effectiveness for long-term retention <snippet id=S_HjbjDyG,S_oqb2O6f>.
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<snippet id="S_R0Q0yol">Exosomes show potential as diagnostic biomarkers for CRC metastasis, with a liquid biopsy panel of exosomal miRNAs achieving an AUC of 0.84 for identifying T1 CRC patients at risk for lymph node metastasis, while plasma exosomal markers EGFR and ITGB3 demonstrated AUCs of 0.91 and 0.87, respectively, for distinguishing CRC from metastatic CRC</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XwzmeRy">Proteomic analysis identified FGB and b2-GP1 as significantly higher in CRC patients compared to healthy controls, with AUC values of 0.871 and 0.834 respectively, surpassing traditional markers like CEA and CA19-9</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AmYsVOa">Serum exosomal CEA showed an AUC of 0.9354, greater than serum CEA alone (0.8557), making it more significant for predicting distant metastasis in colorectal cancer</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4qjDYAk">Plasma exosomal miR-125a-3p demonstrated diagnostic potential with an AUC of 68.5% in a validation cohort of 50 early-stage colon cancer patients, improving to 85.5% when combined with CEA</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BgQS4mb">Exosomal miR-92b showed AUC ranging from 0.631 to 0.793 for distinguishing CRC from adenomas and controls, with a higher AUC of 0.830 achieved in differentiating CRC at clinical stage II/III from non-neoplastic individuals</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SlKteGa">Elevated levels of exosomal miRNAs including miRNA-1246, miRNA-21, and miRNA-23a have shown potential as diagnostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer with promising AUC for non-invasive monitoring</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YHbihgJ">LncRNA CCAT2 was overexpressed in CRC patient serum and associated with local invasion and lymph node metastasis, while six potential lncRNAs in circulatory exosomes were significantly upregulated in CRC patients compared to normal individuals</snippet>.
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<answer>
Serum exosomal biomarkers have demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy for colorectal cancer metastasis, with serum exosomal CEA achieving an AUC of 0.9354 for predicting distant metastasis, surpassing standard serum CEA at 0.8557 <snippet id=S_AmYsVOa>. Plasma exosomal proteins EGFR and ITGB3 showed AUCs of 0.91 and 0.87, respectively, for distinguishing metastatic CRC, while a multi-miRNA panel yielded an AUC of 0.84 for lymph node metastasis risk <snippet id=S_R0Q0yol>. Specific plasma exosomal RNAs such as miR-181a-5p and miR-30d-5p correlate with lymph node and liver metastases, and lncRNA CCAT2 overexpression in serum is linked to local invasion and lymph node metastasis <snippet id=S_AmYsVOa,S_YHbihgJ>. Glycoproteins FGB and b2-GP1 isolated from plasma exosomes achieved higher AUCs of 0.871 and 0.834 than conventional markers like CEA and CA19-9 <snippet id=S_XwzmeRy>. Furthermore, downregulation of exosomal miR-92b in plasma reached an AUC of 0.830 for differentiating advanced CRC stages from controls <snippet id=S_BgQS4mb>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_ywHowou">gRPC demonstrates superior performance compared to REST, being approximately seven times faster for data reception and ten times faster for data transmission</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_SvuawN6">mRPC speeds up gRPC+Envoy by 2.1× in terms of end-to-end P99 tail latency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1JNQagV">mRPC achieves performance comparable to gRPC after switching to using protobuf + HTTP/2, performing 2.6× and 3.7× as fast as gRPC + Envoy in terms of goodput and goodput per core</snippet>. <snippet id="S_S9ByqQU">gRPC could become dominant in the future thanks to the adoption of the HTTP/2 protocol and to the use of Protobuf as the payload format</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YwM0nRf">The IoHT-MBA platform utilizes a brokerless architecture with gRPC, which supports more programming languages and demonstrates lower CPU and RAM consumption compared to MQTT, CoAP, and XMPP</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7PvkkuE">The study measures latency for 20 requests per second over 250 seconds, breaking it down into in-application and network processing times</snippet>. However, the available snippets do not contain comprehensive quantitative energy efficiency data (e.g., RAPL or power meter measurements) for these protocols in microservices contexts.
</answer>

<answer>
Several studies have evaluated performance impacts of microservices communication protocols. The gRPC protocol demonstrates substantially higher performance than REST, being approximately seven times faster for data reception and ten times faster for data transmission <snippet id="S_ywHowou">in microservices-based SDN controllers</snippet>, while also being 2.6× and 3.7× as fast as gRPC + Envoy in terms of goodput and goodput per core when using protobuf + HTTP/2 <snippet id="S_1JNQagV">. For latency, mRPC speeds up gRPC+Envoy by 2.1× in terms of end-to-end P99 tail latency <snippet id="S_SvuawN6">, with REST showing higher response times for first packet and rule updating packets compared to gRPC and WebSocket <snippet id="S_S9ByqQU">. Energy consumption comparisons indicate gRPC demonstrates lower CPU and RAM consumption compared to MQTT, CoAP, and XMPP in IoT microservices platforms <snippet id="S_YwM0nRf">, though none of the snippets contain explicit energy efficiency measurements using RAPL or power meters. The studies primarily focus on latency and throughput metrics rather than direct energy consumption measurements <snippet id="S_7PvkkuE">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_aOtgB03">One study examines public transport development level (measured by number of public buses) in 30 provinces of China from 2010 to 2019 using 2SLS to address endogeneity, but it uses post office numbers in 1984 as an instrumental variable for digital innovation, not historical population for bus counts</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PYQsOyc">Another paper uses instrumental variables including provincial population density in 1990 for urbanization studies, but this instruments urbanization, not the number of buses</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MIQYR8I">A third study employs 2SLS with instrumental variables for digital technology innovation using post office distribution in 1984, but this is unrelated to public bus fleet size</snippet>. None of the retrieved snippets provide explicit evidence that researchers have used historical population as an instrumental variable specifically for the number of buses at the provincial level within a 2SLS framework. The search results show population-based instruments in public transport contexts (such as population density for accessibility) but not for bus supply outcomes.
</answer>

<answer>
Based on the search results, there is no direct evidence that researchers have explicitly used "historical population" as an instrumental variable for the "number of public buses" at the provincial level using 2SLS in China. <snippet id="S_aOtgB03">One study examines public transport development measured by the number of public buses in 30 provinces of China using 2SLS, but population density appears only as a control variable, not as an instrumental variable for bus numbers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PYQsOyc">The closest related work uses provincial population density in 1990 as an instrumental variable, but this instrument targets urbanization rather than bus fleet size</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MIQYR8I">Other studies use historical infrastructure (e.g., number of post offices in 1984) as IVs in 2SLS frameworks, demonstrating the methodology exists but not for bus population applications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_04AZIBc">Several studies use lagged population or urbanization variables as instruments, though none explicitly instrument bus counts with historical population at the provincial level</snippet>. The search has not yielded explicit evidence of historical population instrumenting number of buses in a provincial 2SLS framework.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_Sg0YKfT,S_njVYIe9,S_id0PX4B,S_P4Rhuyo">The probability integral transform (PIT) states that for a continuous random variable X with cumulative distribution function F, the transformed variable U = F(X) follows a standard uniform distribution on the interval [0,1] under the null hypothesis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LJFSCQ2">This transformation converts sampled values from an unknown continuous distribution into a uniform distribution on (0,1) when the CDF of the target distribution is tractable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7WhjA6B">The relationship between U and the random variable Y defined by Y = F^(-1)(U) ensures that the distribution of Y corresponds to the desired distribution defined by F</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Sg0YKfT">The transform's values lie within the unit interval, with a variance constrained to [0, 1/4], where a variance of 1/12 indicates a uniform distribution</snippet>. <snippet id="S_njVYIe9">This property is used in hypothesis testing to construct test statistics that follow known distributions under the null hypothesis</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_Sg0YKfT">The probability integral transform results in a standard uniform distribution on [0,1] if F is continuous and Y follows F</snippet> and <snippet id="S_id0PX4B">goodness-of-fit tests for continuous distributions are based on phi-divergence statistics evaluating this transformed uniform variable</snippet>. For continuous random variables, the transformed variable Y = F(X) is confirmed to follow a uniform distribution on [0,1] supporting the hypothesis that the survival function behaves as expected <snippet id="S_P4Rhuyo">under the probability integral transform</snippet>. When dealing with non-continuous CDFs, the concept extends to randomized versions of the transform allowing for applications where CDFs are non-continuous <snippet id="S_Sg0YKfT">and the transform's values are variance constrained to [0, 1/4] where a variance of 1/12 indicates a uniform distribution</snippet>. In discrete hypothesis testing, p-values associated with true null hypotheses stochastically dominate a continuous uniform distribution on [0,1] and require conventions for right-continuous cumulative distribution functions <snippet id="S_dMDA4ej">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">Mobile edge computing (MEC) in Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks (SAGIN) enhances content caching and file distribution, significantly reducing data traffic and improving user experience</snippet>, with remote sensing satellites leveraging their extensive coverage to broadcast cached sensor data <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">enabling global awareness for users</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">Active mobile edge caching can achieve 100% user satisfaction while offloading 98% of backhaul traffic, thereby alleviating traffic load on backhaul links</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">A proposed multi-base station agent cooperative edge caching algorithm utilizes deep reinforcement learning to optimize caching decisions, enhancing cooperation and hit rates among edge caches</snippet>. <snippet id="S_o4BZhpx">A fine-grained joint offloading and caching scheme based on orbitground collaboration enables vehicles to offload tasks to nearby LEO satellites, which dynamically decide whether to cache required data for future reuse or retransmission</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7k8hpA5">UAVs are proposed as intelligent content cache providers in 6G networks to enhance edge caching strategies by equipping them with cache storage for frequently requested content</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7k8hpA5">UAVs can download and cache content while charging at docking stations and then serve requests from the air, reducing service delays and backhaul load</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7k8hpA5">Machine learning techniques, such as liquid state machines, can be employed to predict user content request patterns, including timing and popularity trends</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">Mobile edge caching in SAGIN significantly reduces data traffic and improves user experience by leveraging remote sensing satellites to broadcast cached sensor data for global awareness</snippet>, with active mobile edge caching achieving 100% user satisfaction while offloading 98% of backhaul traffic <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">. LEO satellites with storage capabilities are integrated into radio access networks for cooperative cache distribution, optimized through nonlinear fractional programming for energy efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_titujAo">A two-tier data transmission model allows UAVs to pre-store popular content and retrieve from LEO satellites when needed</snippet>, addressing limitations of previous models that only supported single-user requests. <snippet id="S_o4BZhpx">For IoV applications, a fine-grained joint offloading and caching scheme based on orbit-ground collaboration enables real-time EC-SAGINs services in remote areas where terrestrial infrastructure is unavailable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7k8hpA5">UAVs function as intelligent content cache providers in 6G networks, proactively storing and distributing frequently requested content to minimize redundant backhaul transmissions</snippet>, with machine learning techniques employed to predict user content request patterns including timing and popularity trends. <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC, S_JnG43nV">Distributed content caching strategies utilize deep reinforcement learning and deep imitation learning algorithms to optimize caching decisions, though DRL presents high computational and energy demands for LEO satellites</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_yzJqROu,S_FSPtLIL">Cr3C2–NiCr coatings are widely used for wear, erosion, and corrosion protection in industrial applications, with the NiCr matrix providing corrosion resistance and the carbide ceramic phase providing wear resistance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eYIt1PI">HVOF sprayed Cr3C2-25NiCr coatings on stainless steel have been shown to possess good wear resistance at 500°C, with optimal performance achieved at a powder feed rate of 33.5 g/min due to dense structure and fracture toughness</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FSPtLIL">Nanocrystalline Cr3C2–NiCr and WC-based cermet coatings exhibit better erosion-corrosion resistance compared to conventional coatings, attributed to fine-grain structure and protective NiCr metallic binder that allows faster repassivation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XDbgjf4">Research has investigated load-dependent wear behavior and degradation mechanisms in Cr3C2-NiCr coatings deposited by HVAF and HVOF</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yzJqROu">However, the available literature focuses on thermal spray techniques rather than specific downhole tool applications with oilfield-relevant CO2/H2S brine or tribo-corrosion data</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_yzJqROu,S_FSPtLIL">Thermal spraying technologies, including HVOF, are widely used to apply Cr3C2–NiCr and WC-based coatings for wear and corrosion protection in industrial applications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yzJqROu,S_FSPtLIL">In these systems, the NiCr metal matrix provides corrosion resistance while the carbide ceramic phase ensures wear resistance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yzJqROu">The coatings maintain high hardness and strength up to a maximum operating temperature of 900 °C</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FSPtLIL">Nanocrystalline cermet variants exhibit significantly better erosion–corrosion resistance than conventional coatings due to faster repassivation kinetics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eYIt1PI">Specific HVOF-sprayed Cr3C2-25%NiCr coatings demonstrated low porosity, high micro-hardness, and optimal wear resistance at 500 °C</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_N9VOCKh,S_SMRC1r8,S_CbFCB0e">LTE applies Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) for downlink and Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for uplink communications</snippet>, <snippet id="S_SMRC1r8">OFDMA divides the signal's bandwidth into orthogonal sub-carriers, enhancing flexibility, robustness to fading, and spectral efficiency</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_SMRC1r8">SC-FDMA incorporates DFT pre-coding to mitigate the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) associated with OFDM</snippet>, making it more suitable for user terminals with limited power resources <snippet id="S_SMRC1r8">. Both techniques are integral to meeting the performance requirements of 4G wireless communication</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbFCB0e,S_fg0OhCM">The LTE radio access network is managed by eNodeBs, which facilitate communication between mobile phones (UE) and the network core</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_CbFCB0e">downlink utilizing OFDMA while uplink uses SC-FDMA</snippet> and data transmission occurring in <snippet id="S_CbFCB0e">10ms frames, divided into ten 1ms subframes, each containing two slots with 7 OFDM symbols</snippet>. <snippet id="S_J2hzkDn">In a standard LTE, the radio access is mainly dependent on the Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) in uplink and downlink, respectively</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Survey sources confirm that LTE applies Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for downlink and uplink communications, respectively <snippet id="S_N9VOCKh, S_SMRC1r8, S_CbFCB0e">. For uplink transmission, LTE employs SC-FDMA which incorporates DFT pre-coding to mitigate the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) associated with OFDM <snippet id="S_SMRC1r8">. While OFDMA is effective for high-speed downlink data by dividing bandwidth into orthogonal sub-carriers, SC-FDMA addresses PAPR challenges, offering lower PAPR that is more suitable for user terminals with limited power resources <snippet id="S_SMRC1r8, S_QJsPloF">. The LTE radio interface uses these techniques to meet performance requirements, with OFDM modulation for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink transmissions supporting 4G wireless communication <snippet id="S_fg0OhCM, S_SMRC1r8">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_Yzpob9g">A practical and secure homomorphic order-preserving encryption (FHOPE) scheme allows cloud servers to perform complex SQL queries with different operators (+, -, ×, <, >, =) over encrypted data without repeated encryption</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_5FDQWBF,S_eKd4dK5">FHE can process complex selection, range, join or aggregation queries on encrypted data on the server side, returning encrypted matching answers in a result buffer</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oqULw15">Systems like CryptDB demonstrate fully homomorphic encryption enabling encrypted SQL database queries in cloud services, allowing computations on ciphertext that yield results matching plaintext operations while maintaining user privacy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FoUBUWR">However, FHE allows SQL queries over encrypted data in cloud databases but is impractical due to high computational overhead</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_hNVJnkt,S_YK9KfW1">current performance is hindered by time-consuming processes, with proposed systems showing accurate SQL operations yet performance discouraging practical implementation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eKd4dK5">Wang et al [22] discuss FHE for supporting general database queries at a conceptual level, showing how a scheme supporting addition, multiplication, AND and XOR on ciphertexts can process complex queries</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_Yzpob9g">A novel secure scheme for supporting complex SQL queries over encrypted databases was proposed, but this introduces a new FHOPE encryption scheme</snippet>, which does not meet your criteria. <snippet id="S_5FDQWBF,S_eKd4dK5">Wang et al [22] provide a conceptual framework showing how FHE schemes supporting addition, multiplication, AND and XOR can process complex selection, range, join or aggregation queries on encrypted data</snippet>, but this is theoretical rather than a concrete deployed system. <snippet id="S_oqULw15,S_FoUBUWR">CryptDB is mentioned as a system that processes SQL computations, but it employs multilayered onion encryption combining multiple schemes rather than pure FHE</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hNVJnkt,S_YK9KfW1">One paper presents a relational database system based on homomorphic encryption that executes SQL queries over encrypted data, though performance issues discourage practical implementation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ea7tN0g">Another relevant work discusses challenges and opportunities for secure database-as-a-service using FHE</snippet>, but provides no specific concrete deployment details. Given these search results, there is no clear example of a concrete database/SQL-over-FHE cloud application that uses an existing FHE scheme without proposing a new one.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_lTs2Zzp">W/CoFeB/MgO structures exhibit a large spin Hall angle of 0.21 ± 0.01, with spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) of about 1% that is nearly one order of magnitude greater than YIG/Pt samples</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_BgT3YJS">the spin Hall conductivity of conductive α-W is ≈3.5 times larger than that of amorphous W</snippet>, confirming W-based structures show high spin-torque efficiency. <snippet id="S_TzxwlH0">The CoFeB layer exhibits field-free deterministic magnetic switching with critical switching current density ranging from ±7.20 MA/cm² to ±2.80 MA/cm², highlighting the efficiency of the spin Hall angle torque in achieving sub-nanosecond switching energy in the femtojoule range</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6TGIQVx">Strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy can be established in W/CoFeB/MgO multilayer structures by inserting a Hf spacer layer as thin as 0.25 nm between W and CoFeB layers</snippet>, which enables current-driven magnetic switching with strong spin torque on the CoFeB layer. <snippet id="S_Xon5UIH">Optimized β-W/CoFeB heterostructures with W–Ta or W–V alloy layers between β-W and CoFeB can boost torque-based switching efficiency by up to 40 percent compared to pristine tungsten films</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_TzxwlH0">explicit energy-per-bit values in the <10 fJ/bit range are not directly quantified in the available snippets</snippet>, though the sub-nanosecond switching capability is clearly demonstrated.
</answer>

<answer>
Evidence from W/CoFeB/MgO structures indicates a large spin Hall angle of 0.21 ± 0.01 and spin-orbit torque efficiency of approximately 0.20–0.50 <snippet id=S_lTs2Zzp,S_BgT3YJS>. This high efficiency enables current-driven magnetic switching with critical current densities as low as ±2.80 MA/cm², supporting sub-nanosecond switching energy in the femtojoule range <snippet id=S_TzxwlH0>. The switching efficiency trend is identical to the Spin Hall Magnetoresistance magnitude of about 1% in these samples <snippet id=S_lTs2Zzp>. Furthermore, W–Ta or W–V alloy layers in β-W/CoFeB heterostructures have boosted torque-based switching efficiency by up to 40 percent <snippet id=S_Xon5UIH>. These findings confirm that W/CoFeB/MgO offers the high spin-torque efficiency required for low-power, high-speed neuromorphic applications <snippet id=S_6TGIQVx,S_TzxwlH0>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_RrHcunQ,S_R8cplWP">Classic antidepressants such as SSRIs, MAOIs, and tricyclic antidepressants possess pro-neurogenic properties that mediate their antidepressant effects</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_RrHcunQ">ketamine, an anesthetic with antidepressant properties, was shown to increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7ytHv3s,S_QJaZTc4">Environmental enrichment (EE) significantly enhances neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus, with studies showing a fivefold increase in adult mice exposed to EE</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_QJaZTc4">both forced and voluntary exercise increase cell proliferation in the hippocampus, with voluntary exercise boosting neurogenesis in adult mice</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WDAActN">The microbiota-gut-brain axis allows the gut microbiota to modulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis, with interventions such as prebiotics, probiotics, and antibiotics being accessible to directly manipulate the microbiota</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R8cplWP">Multiple exogenous factors including diet, stress, antidepressant treatment, exercise, and environmental stimuli influence adult hippocampal neurogenesis</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_dFyF1WC">PPARα agonists like fenofibrate alleviating stress-induced depression-like behaviors and enhancing BDNF/CREB signaling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BdibMrv">The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is identified as a crucial regulator of AHN, suggesting potential therapeutic targets for developing more effective antidepressant treatments</snippet>.
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<answer>
Pharmacologic agents such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants, and ketamine have been shown to possess pro-neurogenic properties and increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents <snippet id="S_RrHcunQ">. Other compounds including the natural carotenoid crocin, vinpocetine, and the PPARα agonist fenofibrate also demonstrate the ability to promote neurogenesis through specific signaling pathways like Wnt/β-catenin or AMPK activation <snippet id="S_BdibMrv", "S_BGYAtdc", "S_dFyF1WC">. Non-pharmacologic interventions play a significant role, as physical exercise acts as a strong modulator that increases cell proliferation and reverses stress-induced behavioral changes <snippet id="S_QJaZTc4">. Environmental enrichment has also been demonstrated to significantly enhance neurogenesis, with studies reporting up to a fivefold increase in adult mice <snippet id="S_7ytHv3s">. Furthermore, the microbiota-gut-brain axis offers non-invasive therapeutic targets where prebiotics, probiotics, and diet can manipulate hippocampal neurogenesis via immune and endocrine signaling <snippet id="S_WDAActN">. Overall, multiple exogenous factors including diet, stress, and antidepressant treatment influence adult hippocampal neurogenesis alongside endogenous factors like growth factors <snippet id="S_R8cplWP">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_pgimEba">Microsoft provides an XSLT stylesheet named mml2omml.xsl used to convert MathML to OMML in Word</snippet>, which is applied in the background during conversion processes. <snippet id="S_WCeewzq,S_iBtRRBw">The reverse stylesheet, OMML2MML.XSL, is included with Microsoft Word to convert OMML into MathML</snippet>. <snippet id="S_n4jxMgT">The omml2mathml utility on npm is a port of the omml2mathml.xsl XSLT that Microsoft ships with Office</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iQ091kz">Microsoft maintains documentation on OfficeMath that lists OMML elements and their MathML counterparts</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IXERiTx">There are also discussions about redistributing omml2mml.xsl from MS Office, though legal distribution concerns exist</snippet>. However, the current search results do not provide specific documentation on third-party libraries like docx4j, OpenXML PowerTools, Pandoc, or Aspose.Words for MathML to OMML conversion.
</answer>

<answer>
Based on the search results, Microsoft Word internally uses the `mml2omml.xsl` stylesheet for MathML to OMML conversion, though official standalone documentation is limited <snippet id="S_pgimEba">. The companion stylesheet `omml2mml.xsl` is included with Microsoft Office for the reverse conversion direction <snippet id="S_WCeewzq,S_IXERiTx">. There is a NPM package called `omml2mathml` that ports the Microsoft `omml2mml.xsl` stylesheet for converting OMML to MathML <snippet id="S_n4jxMgT">. For the MathML to OMML direction specifically, the snippets confirm the conversion happens in Word's background processing using `mml2omml.xsl` <snippet id="S_pgimEba">. Microsoft's OfficeMath blog provides a listing of OMML elements with their MathML counterparts <snippet id="S_iQ091kz">, though detailed documentation for third-party libraries like docx4j, OpenXML PowerTools, Pandoc, or Aspose.Words on MathML→OMML conversion was not found in these results.

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<answer>
<snippet id="S_lONVbK5">Research on teaching children with intellectual disabilities highlights various strategies for enhancing self-monitoring and self-understanding, with Coughlin et al. (2012) finding that self-monitoring strategies reduced off-task behavior in children with mild disabilities</snippet>, though this study focuses on behavior reduction rather than self-understanding specifically. <snippet id="S_WqwHiCI">Studies highlight the effectiveness of self-monitoring and self-understanding strategies in enhancing the mathematical performance of children with intellectual disabilities</snippet>, but do not provide specific details on self-understanding outcomes. <snippet id="S_IzzNsie">Self-monitoring interventions led to immediate improvements in accuracy for students with learning disabilities</snippet>, with results showing students' accuracy improved significantly during the intervention phase and remained high in subsequent evaluations. However, none of the available snippets provide a specific study with explicit outcome wording connecting self-monitoring to self-understanding or self-awareness in children with intellectual disabilities. <snippet id="S_lONVbK5">Bierbaum et al. (2005) noted that children with intellectual disabilities often misbehave during challenging tasks</snippet>, suggesting teachers should emphasize their similarities to peers and support engagement. The search results indicate self-monitoring interventions are documented in the literature for children with intellectual disabilities, but explicit evidence linking them to self-understanding outcomes is not clearly presented in these snippets.
</answer>

<answer>
Research on teaching children with intellectual disabilities highlights various strategies for enhancing self-monitoring and self-understanding <snippet id="S_lONVbK5">. Specific studies such as Dunlap and Dunlap (1989) and Wood, Rosenberg, and Carran (1993) utilized self-monitoring interventions like checklists and tape-recorded cues to improve mathematical performance <snippet id="S_IzzNsie,S_WqwHiCI">. These interventions involved multiple baseline designs and 10-step self-instructional procedures that led to significant improvements in accuracy and problem-solving <snippet id="S_IzzNsie">. Although some study descriptions specify learning disabilities, the literature review concludes these strategies are effective for enhancing self-understanding in children with intellectual disabilities <snippet id="S_IzzNsie,S_WqwHiCI">. Additionally, Coughlin et al. (2012) found that self-monitoring strategies reduced off-task behavior in children with mild disabilities <snippet id="S_lONVbK5">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_w5FtdDI,S_IkYr1CP,S_MMGoou2">The FDA's 2020 enforcement guidance specifically prioritized enforcement against flavored, cartridge-based electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), with the exception of tobacco- or menthol-flavored products</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4t8Ohcl">On February 6, 2020, the FDA restricted the sale of all unauthorized flavored cartridge-based e-cigarettes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yEAxweY">However, the FDA explicitly stated that enforcement priorities are not a "ban" on flavored or cartridge-based ENDS, as they have already accepted and begun review of some flavored products</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1AnfYBw">The enforcement policy targeted fruit and mint-flavored cartridge-based e-cigarettes that appeal to children</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bm6WH07">The exemption for menthol and disposable products from prioritized enforcement left thousands of flavored e-cigarettes still on the market</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oPwdZPc">The FDA has since cracked down on non-tobacco-flavored ENDS products, particularly those marketed to youth</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_w5FtdDI,S_4t8Ohcl">In January 2020, FDA finalized enforcement priorities targeting flavored, cartridge-based ENDS products, except for tobacco- or menthol-flavored products</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yEAxweY">Importantly, the FDA's enforcement priorities are not a "ban" on flavored or cartridge-based ENDS</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bm6WH07">The exemption for menthol and disposable products from prioritized enforcement left thousands of flavored e-liquid products still available</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IkYr1CP">FDA guidance banned most flavored cartridge-based e-cigarettes, except for tobacco and menthol varieties</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oPwdZPc">Flavored products without marketing authorization remain illegal to sell and subject to enforcement action</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_AyOIA3X">A multi-dimensional framework evaluating economy, policy, organizational setting, and community environment is proposed to enhance quality, access, and cost-effectiveness in long-term care from 2020 to 2025</snippet>, addressing sustainability challenges through hybrid multi-criteria decision making approaches. <snippet id="S_FxZUHkl">The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is applied to analyze government strategies and private sector responses in enhancing long-term care sustainability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9PDixuh">Denmark's integrated home- and community-based systems show that expenditures leveled off and access to services remain satisfactory, providing a model for policy consideration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8XJoond">Economic conditions in rural areas significantly impact elderly access to long-term care services, highlighting sustainability challenges from market failures and fiscal imbalances</snippet>. <snippet id="S_L4yUklD">Member States are committed to ensure accessible, high-quality and sustainable health care and long-term care by promoting a rational use of resources through appropriate incentives and coordination between care systems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Ytpi9uV">China's government implemented a 5 billion yuan investment from 2016 to 2020 for pilot reforms in community home-based elderly care services to reduce costs and support aging-in-place</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_FxZUHkl>Research from 2020 to 2025 explicitly employs a triple bottom line framework to assess long-term care sustainability, defining outcomes through quality, access, cost, and environment</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AyOIA3X>This multi-dimensional evaluation approach aligns with frameworks analyzing economy, policy, organizational setting, and community environment to enhance quality and cost-effectiveness</snippet>. <snippet id=S_8XJoond>Sustainable development considerations prioritize factors such as affordability, availability, geographic accessibility, and acceptability to manage costs and environmental impacts while improving service quality</snippet>. <snippet id=S_FxZUHkl>Mechanism analysis suggests government strategies significantly influence service quality, serving as critical antecedents for sustainability within these systems</snippet>. <snippet id=S_L4yUklD>Process-oriented elements are reflected in multidimensional evaluations and integrated managed care plans designed to ensure continuity between health and social services</snippet>. <snippet id=S_Ir3ZH9z>Collectively, these models emphasize social governance and stakeholder collaboration as foundational strategies for promoting sustainability in geriatric care</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_50cAkdQ,S_CoNxRSP">The available literature describes FPV systems as consisting of a floating platform, mooring system, PV modules, and underwater cables, with key design factors including modularity, reliability, durability, and protection</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HcBohzv,S_CoNxRSP">Mooring systems utilize anchors and cables to secure the floating structure, with elastic mooring lines used to enhance flexibility during water level variations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_o7Xj46N">Numerical models are employed to evaluate the dynamics and displacements of floating platforms under wave height, period, and wind speed conditions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Q8i28GO">Optimization methodologies such as genetic algorithms and multi-objective optimization are applied to improve mooring system performance and cost-effectiveness</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hTDcmSA">Case studies document typical FPV installations comprising frame arrays or independent floatings, with mooring subsystems connecting to anchors on the lake floor</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bc5a0Y3,S_8tiGRfz">While these studies provide mooring and structural guidance, they focus on offshore wind turbines rather than PV systems, and do not address navigation marking or vessel interaction standards</snippet>.
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The search results describe the technical design and mooring systems of floating photovoltaic (FPV) structures, utilizing mooring lines and anchors to secure platforms against environmental forces <snippet id="S_HcBohzv, S_CoNxRSP">. Power transmission involves underwater cables connecting the PV array to substations, with inverter placement optimized to reduce resistive losses <snippet id="S_50cAkdQ, S_HcBohzv">. Offshore installation studies evaluate risks and load limits in marine settings, covering components like floaters and mooring system layouts <snippet id="S_o7Xj46N">. Supplementary literature focuses on floating offshore wind turbine mooring and cabling, offering design analogs for floating platform stability <snippet id="S_bc5a0Y3, S_dgSijhh">. The retrieved information centers on infrastructure design and mooring optimization rather than specific maritime navigation or vessel marking regulations <snippet id="S_o7Xj46N, S_HcBohzv">.
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<snippet id="S_lxdfOap,S_S5627jY">The ILO adopted the ICSE-18 classification in 2018 to address misclassification issues in employment statuses, updating the previous ICSE-93 framework that categorized jobs into paid employment and self-employment</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PnJtPJ7">ICSE-18 defines employees as those in "paid employment jobs" with contracts ensuring remuneration not tied to unit revenue</snippet>, while distinguishing employers as self-employed individuals who hire others <snippet id="S_NLMME1P">and own-account workers as self-employed without continuous employees</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZXK2mwq">The classification further distinguishes between formal wage employment, formal self-employment, and various tiers of informal wage and self-employment based on professional training and social protection provisions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_S5627jY">A key innovation is the introduction of the category of dependent contractors, defined as workers with commercial contracts who are not employees but depend on another economic unit for work organization, income, or market access</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NLMME1P">The six employment categories include wage and salaried workers, employers, own-account workers, contributing family workers, domestic employees, and apprentices, with vulnerable employment encompassing the last four categories characterized by lack of formal contracts and low remuneration</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_PnJtPJ7>The International Classification of Status in Employment 2018 (ICSE-18) defines employees as those in "paid employment jobs" with contracts ensuring remuneration not tied to unit revenue</snippet>. <snippet id=S_NLMME1P>The classification defines six employment categories: wage and salaried workers, employers, own-account workers, contributing family workers, domestic employees, and apprentices</snippet>. <snippet id=S_lxdfOap>In 2018, the ILO adopted the ICSE-18 classification to address misclassification issues, shifting focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies within self-employment</snippet>. <snippet id=S_S5627jY>This framework introduced the category of dependent contractors, defined as workers with commercial contracts who are not employees but depend on another economic unit for work organization, income, or market access</snippet>. <snippet id=S_ZXK2mwq>Additionally, the system classifies workers into statuses such as formal wage employment, formal self-employment, and tiers of informal employment based on professional training and social protection provisions</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">A survey at Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University assessed 32 international graduate students (primarily Chinese and Arabic backgrounds) who identified English as their first foreign language</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">45% studying Russian to understand the culture, while others had various motivations including communication with friends and online interaction</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">most students had been learning Russian for over three years with proficiency levels varying: 45% at intermediate, 40% at elementary, and 15% at advanced</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">linguistic tests indicated a low level of development in communicative competence across all groups</snippet>. While <snippet id="S_qqMJgP6,S_zFkS0OO">English-medium instruction (EMI) is linked to the internationalization of education and positions English as a necessary lingua franca</snippet> in higher education globally, <snippet id="S_nyESjPs">the outcomes of EMI are not consistently positive in non-Anglophone contexts with limited statistical evidence on its effectiveness</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hF9gM7p">Students transitioning from their first language to English in EMI environments often face significant challenges with lecturers expressing concerns about their capabilities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HIjqi4N">Russia's foreign language education framework emphasizes second foreign language proficiency but faces implementation challenges with only 20.86% of schools offering multiple foreign languages</snippet>. The available evidence shows EMI/ELF usage in Russian universities exists but lacks explicit documentation linking language practices to social integration metrics like friendship networks or belonging in the provided snippets.
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<answer>
Russia-specific evidence includes a Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University survey of 32 international graduate students (primarily Chinese and Arabic) where all identified English as their first foreign language, with most having been learning Russian for over three years but demonstrating low communicative competence in both languages <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">. Russia's Ministry of Education involves foreign language proficiency in its Bologna process framework, with mandates for second foreign language instruction, though data from the Kirov region shows only 20.86% of schools offer two or more foreign languages <snippet id="S_HIjqi4N">. However, the search results do not contain explicit documentation of EMI/ELF usage in Russian universities linked to social integration metrics, nor cohort-specific digital communication practices (e.g., WeChat/Telegram) or direct language choice/integration correlations <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J,S_HIjqi4N">. Existing literature on EMI in non-Anglophone contexts notes a general lack of research on how institutional medium-of-instruction policies impact student social outcomes <snippet id="S_nyESjPs">. Additional Russia-based empirical studies connecting EMI/ELF practices to friendship networks, belonging, or social integration metrics are not present in these snippets <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J,S_HIjqi4N">.
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<snippet id="20176,28554">The Net 2.0 (2006) is confirmed as a direct-to-video techno-thriller distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment</snippet> and <snippet id="95020,20176">is set in Istanbul, where a systems analyst named Hope Cassidy is framed via identity theft</snippet>. <snippet id="95020">The plot follows a computer expert who loses her identity and bank accounts before clearing her name</snippet>. <snippet id="95020">However, the DVD Talk review does not list a composer or name a distributor</snippet>, and <snippet id="28554">the IGN source also does not identify the composer</snippet>. <snippet id="95020">The film received a negative review from DVD Talk, describing it as a weak, slow thriller with poor character development compared to the 1995 original</snippet>. <snippet id="20176">Critics called the plot predictable and the cinematography shaky</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="95020,20176,28554">The Net 2.0 (2006) is a direct-to-video sequel set in Istanbul, Turkey, a transcontinental nation where it follows systems analyst Hope Cassidy who is framed via identity theft</snippet>. <snippet id="20176,28554">The film was distributed on DVD by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment</snippet>. <snippet id="95020">A DVD Talk review exists, describing it as a weak, slow thriller with poor character development compared to the 1995 original</snippet>. <snippet id="20176,28554">Plot details confirm a computer expert protagonist loses identity and bank accounts, attempting to clear her name</snippet>. <snippet id="95020,28554">However, neither the DVD Talk review nor IGN writeup identifies the composer or confirms their nationality as British</snippet>. <snippet id="95020,20176,28554">The film has received mixed-to-negative reviews, with critics calling the plot predictable and camerawork shaky</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_uhSBIm0,S_0Hoj5Qf,S_PL4DVGG">The Amiga Hardware Reference Manual 3rd Edition is available as a PDF from Internet Archive and other sources, covering Amiga system architecture and hardware reference material</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tLl4qpY">The manual includes comprehensive register summaries organized alphabetically and by address order</snippet>, with dedicated sections for <snippet id="S_tLl4qpY">coprocessor hardware, playfield hardware, enhanced chip set, and sprite hardware</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SqQQ0P3">The Amiga ROM Kernel Reference Manual v1.3 is also available as a PDF, corresponding to the V1.3 system software release</snippet> and covering system programming materials. <snippet id="S_RaUa9ux">The AGA (Amiga Graphics Adapter) documentation specifies maximum 704×510 resolution, 12-bit color depth, and PAL/NTSC compatibility</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mpRBHfL">The manual includes detailed register maps and system architecture diagrams for Amiga 1200 with 8 MB Fast RAM configuration</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_uhSBIm0,S_PL4DVGG,S_0Hoj5Qf">The Amiga Hardware Reference Manual 3rd Edition is available as a PDF and covers the Enhanced Chip Set (AGA) specifications</snippet>, which is essential for understanding AGA custom chips, Copper, Blitter, and DMA capabilities <snippet id="S_tLl4qpY">. Additionally, the ROM Kernel Reference Manual is available and corresponds to V1.3 system software, providing the Exec, Libraries, and OS API documentation</snippet> <snippet id="S_SqQQ0P3">. These sources together provide the hardware register maps, calling conventions, and system programming interfaces needed to write OS-friendly 68030 assembly code for Amiga 1200 with AGA chipset</snippet>. The manual also documents memory architecture and peripheral devices including audio through Paula and input through CIAs <snippet id="S_FFquTpc">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_M4OmJlb">Janus nanopore neuromorphic synapses are emerging as a solution for reservoir computing, addressing the performance bottleneck in von Neumann systems by utilizing two-terminal memory devices that enable high-density, energy-efficient synapse implementations, crucial for applications requiring massive parallelism and error tolerance from 2023 to 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8TgbQXv">Recent advancements in devices like evolvable organic electrochemical transistors mimicking biological synapses are crucial for enhancing reservoir computing in Janus nanopore systems from 2023 to 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yF3B4Ib">Developing water-based bioinspired memristive devices is significant for neuromorphic computing and developing next-generation brain-machine interfaces, with several aqueous memristive devices having previously been developed</snippet>. <snippet id="S_M4OmJlb">These Janus nanopore synapses offer a promising strategy for implementing neuromorphic computing architectures that replicate the brain's parallel processing capabilities</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_M4OmJlb>Janus nanopore neuromorphic synapses are emerging as a solution for reservoir computing from 2023 to 2025</snippet>, addressing performance bottlenecks by utilizing two-terminal memory devices for high-density, energy-efficient synapse implementations <snippet id=S_M4OmJlb>crucial for applications requiring massive parallelism and error tolerance</snippet>. <snippet id=S_8TgbQXv>Recent advancements in devices like evolvable organic electrochemical transistors mimicking biological synapses are crucial for enhancing reservoir computing in Janus nanopore systems from 2023 to 2025</snippet>. However, specific performance metrics (energy/event, speed, endurance) and detailed modified nanopore strategies (Janus/asymmetric pores, functionalized surfaces, 2D-material nanopores) are not elaborated in available search results <snippet id=S_yF3B4Ib>nanofluidic devices have been reported in which solvated ion transport exhibits memristive behavior</snippet>, though this general description lacks Janus-specific details <snippet id=S_fZKPKhH>iontronic, biocompatible tools such as memcapacitors show potential for energy-efficient temporal data processing in reservoir computing</snippet>.
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<snippet id="27111,18506">Raising Sand is the first collaborative studio album by Robert Plant and Alison Krauss, produced by T Bone Burnett and released October 2007 on Rounder</snippet>. <snippet id="27111,18506">It debuted at No.2 on the Billboard 200, was RIAA-certified, and earned multiple Grammys at the 2009 ceremony including Album of the Year and Record of the Year for "Please Read the Letter"</snippet>. <snippet id="93249">The duo's second collaboration, Raise the Roof (2021), was also produced by T Bone Burnett and released on Rounder/Concord</snippet>. <snippet id="18506">Raising Sand remains one of Krauss's three collaboration albums with Plant</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="27111,18506">Raising Sand is the first collaborative studio album by Robert Plant and Alison Krauss, produced by T Bone Burnett and released in October 2007 on Rounder</snippet>, and <snippet id="18506">it is one of Krauss's three collaboration albums</snippet>. The album debuted at No.2 on the Billboard 200, was certified Platinum in the U.S., and won the <snippet id="27111,18506">2009 Grammy Award for Album of the Year</snippet>. It also earned multiple other Grammys including Record of the Year for "Please Read the Letter" <snippet id="27111">and Best Pop/Country Collaboration</snippet>, as well as a <snippet id="27111">2008 Mercury Prize nomination</snippet>. Later, the duo released a second collaboration album called "Raise the Roof" in 2021 <snippet id="93249">, also produced by T Bone Burnett</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_ju8QCeq">A double-blind, counterbalanced trial using the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) and repeated sprint ability tests found no significant differences in average or fastest sprint times between a 6.4% maltodextrin carbohydrate mouth rinse and placebo conditions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KYkLCMQ">Dorling and Earnest found no significant effect using a 6.4% maltodextrin solution during a non-self-paced LIST protocol</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_kKV6iAs">Rollo and colleagues employed a self-paced LIST protocol with a 10% maltodextrin solution associated with increased self-selected jogging speed and an 86% likelihood of benefiting 15 m sprint performance during the final stages (75-90 min) of exercise compared to placebo</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DqWoyEo">The Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) is designed to simulate team sport activity patterns, incorporating acceleration, deceleration, and variable-speed running with 3-minute recoveries between blocks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R70LZbT">Most studies indicate that carbohydrate ingestion (typically 30–60 g/h from a 6%–7% solution) enhances intermittent high-intensity exercise capacity, though results regarding its effects on sprinting and other skills are mixed</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HHafi2O">There are relatively few studies examining the effects of carbohydrates on performance in intermittent sports, and existing research often lacks consistency due to methodological differences</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_ju8QCeq">In a study using the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) and repeated sprint ability (RSA) tests, carbohydrate mouth rinsing (6.4% Maltodextrin) showed no significant difference in average or fastest sprint times compared to placebo</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KYkLCMQ">However, Rollo and colleagues employed a self-paced LIST protocol with 10% maltodextrin and found increased self-selected jogging speed plus an 86% likelihood of benefiting 15 m sprint performance during the final stages (75-90 min) of exercise</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kKV6iAs">This difference may be because the self-selected pacing protocol provides a more sensitive measure to detect potential benefits of carbohydrate mouth rinsing compared to the non-self-paced version</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R70LZbT">Reviews of carbohydrate supplementation in intermittent sports indicate that results regarding sprinting effects are mixed, with the most significant benefits shown in conditions of fatigue or low blood sugar</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HHafi2O">The evidence for carbohydrate mouth rinsing in intermittent sports is limited with existing research showing inconsistencies due to methodological differences</snippet>.
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<snippet id=391d2d98-3>There is a record of a Captain Delaunay role in the West End musical "Erminie" from 1885</snippet>, though this appears to be a theatrical production rather than a musical comedy. <snippet id=391d2d98-2>There is also a "Captain Hollywood Project" which is a Eurodance music project from Nuremberg, Germany, not a theatrical role</snippet>. <snippet id=391d2d98-5>Another "Captain & Tennille" was a 1979 American music duo, not a theatrical production</snippet>. <snippet id=391d2d98-1>The "Delaunay" name also appears in "The Sound of Music" connection through a curated afternoon tea, but this is unrelated to a Captain Delauney role</snippet>. The search results do not clearly confirm a Captain Delauney role as an actress-originated character in a London musical.
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<answer>
<snippet id=391d2d98-3>Kate Everleigh was a celebrated 19th-century English performer who played Captain Delaunay in the West End hit Erminie in 1885</snippet>. Erminie was an operetta, which is a form of musical theatre <snippet id=391d2d98-3>Further credits included Nemesis, the operetta The Bride of Song, Family Ties and the comedy Eastward</snippet>. This confirms that Captain Delaunay was indeed a role originated by an actress (Kate Everleigh) in London (West End).
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The search results identified the exact-titled recommendations paper but did not provide substantive text detailing the specific reporting domains within the article <snippet id="S_Jgj08Rj">Recommendations for reporting on emerging optical imaging agents to promote clinical approval</snippet>. However, related reviews provide some context on regulatory pathways for fluorescence-guided surgery, noting that historical approvals of agents like indocyanine green (ICG) and fluorescein inform current regulatory trends <snippet id="S_PCgmFnG">The article reviews the regulatory pathways for the approval of fluorescence imaging agents and devices used in open-field fluorescence-guided surgery</snippet><snippet id="S_CSlM2L8">The historical review of FDA approvals reveals trends and milestones that inform the regulatory pathways for various surgical specialties</snippet>. Key performance capabilities for FGS systems are documented, including real-time overlay of white-light and fluorescence images, nanomolar-level sensitivity, and quantitative capabilities <snippet id="S_l2OQQbn">Key evaluation criteria for these instruments include real-time overlay of white-light and fluorescence images, functionality in ambient lighting, nanomolar-level sensitivity, quantitative capabilities, simultaneous imaging of multiple fluorophores</snippet>. Current challenges include the need for further safety assessments, learning curve for clinicians, and barriers to clinical implementation <snippet id="S_1xU5DFw">Recent advancements focus on modifying existing dyes for better penetration and signal quality, particularly in the near-infrared (NIR) range, and developing structures to visualize critical anatomical features</snippet><snippet id="S_x0VNW1o">While many agents show promise for clinical use, their safety profiles and the costs associated with clinical trials pose significant challenges to gaining FDA approval</snippet>. The search did not yield the specific domain-structured reporting recommendations needed to ground the clinical discussion questions.
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<snippet id="S_Jgj08Rj">The retrieved snippet for "Recommendations for reporting on emerging optical imaging agents to promote clinical approval" contains only the title without substantive text</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1xU5DFw">Other relevant results indicate that clinical adoption of fluorescent probes is hindered by regulatory challenges and the need for further safety assessments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CSlM2L8">Historical FDA approval milestones reveal that agents like indocyanine green (1959) and fluorescein (1972) were initially vascular flow agents before expanding to surgery</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PCgmFnG">Regulatory pathway reviews emphasize that strategic decisions based on existing optical fluorescent agents facilitate future device clearances and new drug approvals</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1xU5DFw">Essential characteristics for clinical utility include specific binding to disease biomarkers, high signal-to-background ratios, and rapid clearance from non-target tissues</snippet>.


<answer>
<snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">The paper "Exploring the possibility space: taking stock of the diverse capabilities and gaps in integrated assessment models" was identified in the search results</snippet>, but <snippet id="S_VjnoTeX,S_onh5WOE,S_nKW5KXm,S_HRINe1D,S_u8Vhij6,S_m5a9xl5,S_CoFf8GZ,S_ausD8QJ">the available snippets do not contain substantive content from this specific paper—instead, they reference other studies about integrated assessment models, SDG trade-offs, or general IAM applications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CoFf8GZ">One snippet notes that IAMs integrate diverse sub-models across disciplines to quantify cause-effect relationships but face challenges such as high uncertainty and dependency on underlying assumptions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8Vhij6">Another mentions that IAMs provide an integrated view of the global energy-economy-climate-land system and explore self-consistent transformation pathways</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">none of the retrieved snippets provide evidence on the paper's specific technical contributions, definition of "possibility space," or empirical findings regarding IAM capabilities and gaps</snippet>. <answer>
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<answer>
The search results do not contain substantive content from the target paper "Exploring the possibility space: taking stock of the diverse capabilities and gaps in integrated assessment models" <snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">The search results only show the paper title without abstract, methods, results, or discussion content</snippet>. The available snippets discuss IAMs in general terms from other papers but do not provide evidence about what "possibility space" means in the target paper's framing <snippet id="S_u8Vhij6">IAMs are mostly used for sustainable transformation and development pathway analysis and exploring climate policy and technology options</snippet> <snippet id="S_CoFf8GZ">they face challenges such as high uncertainty and dependency on the quality of underlying assumptions, highlighting both their capabilities and gaps</snippet>. No empirical intercomparison or mapping results from the target paper are present in the retrieved snippets <snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">Only title information is available from the target paper</snippet>. To properly answer the agent's query, additional searches must retrieve the actual paper text with abstract, methods, results, or discussion paragraphs.
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<snippet id="S_NIP4aKy,S_L5NhumS">To enhance adolescent recreational reading in secondary schools, it is essential to provide dedicated time for reading and implement initiatives like summer reading programs</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy,S_L5NhumS">teacher support and strong relationships with educators are crucial for fostering a reading culture</snippet>. <snippet id="S_L5NhumS">Effective practices should create supportive contexts that foster engagement through promoting choice, collaboration, and competence in classroom settings</snippet>, which have been linked to increased intrinsic motivation. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Many students struggle to find books that match their interests and abilities, highlighting the need for resources that assist in making appropriate reading choices</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">knowledgeable librarians play a vital role in this process</snippet>. <snippet id="S_L5NhumS">Active and purposeful reading, supported by social interactions and literacy activities, is essential</snippet>, with successful initiatives like Scotland's First Minister's Reading Challenge demonstrating positive outcomes by encouraging reading for pleasure and creating inviting reading environments. <snippet id="S_WIheApX,S_xbJmN70">School librarians play a key role in fostering reading engagement, with research suggesting that libraries can play a key role in reading promotion through employing reading and literacy supportive activities</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_WIheApX,S_HOSScoU">School librarians are identified as key figures in fostering reading engagement and literacy attainment in secondary education, a finding supported by research citing Merga (2019a, 2019b)</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_xbJmN70">pleasure in reading is a strong predictor of reading frequency which leads to growth in literacy skills</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Schools should provide dedicated time for reading and implement initiatives like summer reading programs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Unlike primary schools, high schools often do not actively encourage book reading</snippet>. <snippet id="S_L5NhumS">Effective practices involve creating supportive contexts that foster collaboration, competence, and positive teacher behaviors, and reading interventions integrating motivational principles alongside cognitive skills show positive effects</snippet>.


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<snippet id="S_0NbePdE,S_RLXmKuG">The EU AI Act mandates that high-risk AI systems must be "sufficiently transparent" to enable users to interpret outputs, with Article 13 requiring accessible and understandable user instructions detailing the system's characteristics, capabilities, and limitations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TVBhkcK,S_WG0otDu">Article 14(3) mandates that human overseers must have the authority to decide against using the AI system, override its outputs, and intervene in its operation, including the ability to halt it safely</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UuXjGBn">Article 11(2) allows for a unified technical documentation file that combines AI system details with existing EU MDR/IVDR documentation, including comprehensive information on design, architecture, data requirements, training methodologies, and performance metrics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3iocoPc">Article 4(2)(b) details that if an AI system is considered high-risk, opaque, and complex, explainability is mandated from an EU court through orders to disclose proportional evidence such as logs, documentation, and datasets</snippet>. <snippet id="S_E4eihUQ,S_JvLynMd">General-purpose AI systems (GPAIS) are subject to high-risk obligations if they can be used in high-risk contexts, with the European Commission defining how these rules apply to GPAIS while offering exemptions for open-source models that publicly exclude high-risk uses</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vzKoGDA">The AI Act contains wide-ranging disclosure obligations (Article 11, Annex IV) that apply only to high-risk systems, though some interpretations suggest LGAIMs should be subject to distinct transparency duties regardless of categorization</snippet>.
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<answer>
The EU AI Act mandates high-risk AI systems to provide sufficient transparency mechanisms under Article 13, including user instructions detailing characteristics, capabilities, and limitations to ensure adequate user information <snippet id="S_0NbePdE, S_RLXmKuG">. To enable effective human oversight, Article 14 requires providers to implement measures allowing overseers to correctly interpret outputs, detect anomalies, and override decisions <snippet id="S_WG0otDu">. Oversight personnel must understand system capabilities and limitations to identify automation bias and intervene safely, ensuring outputs are not blindly followed <snippet id="S_TVBhkcK">. Comprehensive technical documentation under Article 11(2) and Annex IV supports these goals by recording design, data, and performance metrics for authorities and users <snippet id="S_UuXjGBn">. Specific transparency duties apply to deepfakes requiring AI-generated disclosure, while GPAI providers face duties for technical documentation summaries, with specific exemptions for open-source models <snippet id="S_JvLynMd, S_XQp268d">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_tyjIFLb,S_soikqKO">Strava serves as a social network for amateur and professional athletes, enabling users to log, monitor, and share fitness accomplishments with others via status updates, comments, photos, and leaderboards</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tyjIFLb,S_ohmbRBN">Core gamification techniques include challenges with digital badges and trophies (25%, 50%, 75% completion rewards), which foster competitive behaviors and motivation through tracking routes and performance feedback</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KfOy5t1,S_ohmbRBN">Social comparison is a key psychological driver used to boost engagement, with users connecting, sharing experiences, and participating in competitive challenges within a social context</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fdz63NK">However, data sharing is selective, with many cyclists withholding metrics like heart rate and wattage, opting instead for basic information such as segment times and elevation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_soikqKO">Localized data sharing fosters community while allowing users to control their data visibility, with premium subscriptions enabling demographic comparisons on leaderboards</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5nbN41y">Research limitations include cross-sectional sampling of specific user populations (e.g., cyclists), with longitudinal studies needed to validate causal relationships and track user behaviors over time</snippet>.
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<answer>
Strava employs social features such as challenges, leaderboards, and digital badges as core gamification techniques to encourage repeated use and foster a sense of community among its 36 million active users <snippet id="S_tyjIFLb">. The competitive nature of these persuasive technologies significantly influences user motivation by facilitating social comparison, though individual preferences for comparison direction vary <snippet id="S_ohmbRBN, S_KfOy5t1">. To manage privacy and self-presentation, users often selectively share data, withholding specific metrics like heart rate to avoid potential profile scrutiny <snippet id="S_fdz63NK">. Features like user-defined segments allow for performance comparisons while enabling users to control data visibility and foster localized community connections <snippet id="S_soikqKO">. Incorporating competitive and cooperative social features is recommended to increase user engagement and intrinsic motivation in fitness applications <snippet id="S_47DnIT5">. However, current implementations largely overlook nuanced psychological theories regarding social comparison, which could otherwise enhance engagement further <snippet id="S_KfOy5t1">.
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