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<snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The White House fact sheet announces 25% additional tariffs on imports from Canada and Mexico, and 10% additional tariffs on imports from China</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">Energy resources from Canada will have a lower 10% tariff</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The Presidential Memorandum on American First Trade Policy, referenced in the document, outlines the commitment to charge Mexico and Canada 25% tariffs on all products</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">These tariffs are implemented to address a national emergency situation involving illegal aliens and drugs, including fentanyl</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The fact sheet also notes that trade accounts for 67% of Canada's GDP, 73% of Mexico's GDP, and 37% of China's GDP, but only 24% of U.S. GDP</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The U.S. trade deficit in goods was the world's largest at over $1 trillion in 2023</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The White House fact sheet specifies a 25% additional tariff on imports from Canada and Mexico, with energy resources from Canada receiving a lower 10% tariff, while China faces a 10% additional tariff</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The fact sheet notes that in 2023 the U.S. trade deficit in goods was the world's largest at over $1 trillion</snippet>, and that trade accounts for 67% of Canada's GDP, 73% of Mexico's GDP, and 37% of China's GDP. However, <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">this fact sheet does not include specific dollar trade values covered by the tariffs, any retaliation measures from Canada, China, or the EU, or quantitative economic impact estimates (consumer cost, inflation, GDP)</snippet>. The tariff announcement is dated February 2025 and cites the International Emergency Economic Powers Act as the legal basis. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The tariffs remain in effect "until such time as Drugs, in particular Fentanyl, and all Illegal Aliens stop this Invasion of our Country"</snippet> as per the presidential directive.
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<snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The page discusses the interpretation of metaphors, particularly focusing on the slogans from George Orwell's "Nineteen Eighty-Four": "War is Peace," "Freedom is Slavery," and "Ignorance is Strength."</snippet>, highlighting <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">challenges in quantifying the frequency of these slogans in media, noting that a significant portion of references (73%) are secondary uses rather than original.</snippet> The analysis suggests that the slogans can evolve in their interpretation and application within public discourse, reflecting changing societal attitudes and contexts through <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">discursive drift, which refers to the shifts in meaning and stance associated with metaphors over time.</snippet> <snippet id="S_lgOMCo4">The text also addresses lexical creativity, citing Margaret Atwood's exploration of freedom and unfreedom, while "doubleplus unfree," derived from Orwell's Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-Four, exemplifies the intensifying use of language.</snippet> However, the available snippets do not provide specific scholarly analysis of how these slogans instantiate doublethink or the broader CDA frameworks (Fairclough/van Dijk/Foucault) the agent seeks for understanding Orwell's discursive control strategies.
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<snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The slogans from Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four—"War is Peace," "Freedom is Slavery," and "Ignorance is Strength"—are analyzed as metaphors that undergo discursive drift, where meaning and stance shift over time</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_iDUQY7x">slogans function as thought-terminating clichés that discourage critical thought by offering seemingly simple answers to complex questions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_15dkzZt">These phrases operate as brief, striking terms that act as emotional appeals and may include labeling and stereotyping</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lgOMCo4">Orwell's Newspeak language engineering is exemplified by terms like "doubleplus unfree," which demonstrates the intensifying use of language for ideological control</snippet>. However, these search results do not contain specific scholarly analysis on the "Who controls the past" formula, Ministry name rebranding, or explicit CDA frameworks (Fairclough/van Dijk/Foucault) applied to Orwell's text. <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">A significant portion of references to these slogans in media are secondary uses (73%), indicating their evolution as discursive artifacts rather than original texts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_gsbJVy0,S_5VWgqHF">Eric A. Stach from the University of Pennsylvania served as MRS Vice President beginning January 1, 2024</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0">He will lead the Board of Directors as MRS President in 2025</snippet>, which indicates he held the concurrent title of President-Elect during his Vice President term. <snippet id="S_ZPx3NY5">Past MRS Presidents page also confirms Takao Someya served in 2024 with the vice president/president-elect designation</snippet>. However, the search results primarily identify Stach as the 2024 Vice President who would become President in 2025.
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Eric A. Stach from the University of Pennsylvania served as MRS Vice President beginning January 1, 2024 <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0, S_5VWgqHF">. He will lead the Board of Directors as MRS President in 2025, following the standard VP/President-Elect transition <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0, S_5VWgqHF">. This confirms that Eric A. Stach was the 2024 Vice President and President-Elect who was scheduled to assume the Presidency in 2025 <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0">.
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<snippet id="S_3JECVB5">The OASIS STIX 2.1 format is a machine-readable, semi-structured framework for structuring and exchanging cyber threat intelligence (CTI) using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), including two main object types: STIX Domain Objects (SDOs) and STIX Relationship Objects (SROs)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS">STIX 2.0 defines 12 STIX Domain Objects (SDOs), including 'indicator', 'malware', 'report', and 'vulnerability', each with specific attributes, while SROs enable linking multiple SDOs to facilitate complex CTI representations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Xa6M06B">STIX 2.1 introduced significant changes including a shift from XML to JSON serialization, a flat structure with SDOs defined at the top level, and the integration of CybOX for representing cyber observables</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lIvobvB">Specific SDOs like Indicator SDO map extracted cyber threat information with properties such as pattern, modified, created, and description to form concise, readable CTI records</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3M0PARM">Real-world datasets show STIX bundles containing entities like malware and threat actors with relations to the MITRE ATT&CK Matrix, demonstrating how SDOs and SROs represent observed data and relationships in practice</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_Xa6M06B">The OASIS CTI technical committee maintains STIX 2.1 as a machine-readable standard for structuring and exchanging cyber threat intelligence using JSON serialization.</snippet> <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_06F1WZp">The framework defines STIX Domain Objects (SDOs), including specific types such as 'malware' and 'indicator', to describe characteristics of incidents and threat indicators.</snippet> <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_lIvobvB">The 'indicator' SDO includes a 'pattern' property for detailing malware indicators, while data quality metrics can assess the connectedness of these objects.</snippet> <snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_06F1WZp">STIX uses STIX Relationship Objects (SROs) to link SDOs, enabling representations such as a malware exploiting a vulnerability or an indicator referencing a threat actor.</snippet> <snippet id="S_Xa6M06B">Integration of CybOX into STIX 2.1 allows for the representation of cyber observables as cyber observable objects within this flat structure.</snippet>
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<snippet id=3d29ab62-0>Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, located in the southwest of the country</snippet>. <snippet id=3d29ab62-1>Kohgiluyeh County is in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, with its capital being the city of Dehdasht</snippet>. However, <snippet id=3d29ab62-5>the only mention of newly formed governments refers to local and province level changes without specifying county creation</snippet>. <snippet id=3d29ab62-2,3d29ab62-3,3d29ab62-4,3d29ab62-6,3d29ab62-7,3d29ab62-9>The remaining search results discuss the province's geography, language distribution, climate, and agricultural studies rather than administrative county changes</snippet>. <snippet id=3d29ab62-8>The UNHCR portal snippet mentions various locations but does not provide information about newly formed counties</snippet>. The search results do not contain specific information about new counties being formed in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province between 2020-2024.
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<snippet id=3d29ab62-5>The FAO report mentions "newly formed local and province level governments" in a general context, but does not specify particular counties formed in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during 2020-2024</snippet>. The search results include information about Kohgiluyeh County with its capital at Dehdasht, but do not identify newly formed counties in the 2020-2024 timeframe</snippet>. No specific administrative changes or county formations in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during this period are clearly documented in the available snippets</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">For the Trusted Computing Environment & Platform area, the project "可信计算环境与平台——面向航空航天行业" won the National Science and Technology Progress Award Second Prize (二等奖)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">For the Virtual Reality & Digital Media area, the project "虚拟现实与数字媒体——针对国家战略规划" won both the National Science and Technology Progress Award First Prize (一等奖) and Second Prize (二等奖)</snippet>. The project includes key tools such as the real-time 3D graphics platform BH-GRAPH and the distributed virtual environment DVENET. <snippet id="S_ywdgTkl,S_UoGmAYk">These awards are documented on the official Beihang University School of Computer Science website pages for each research area</snippet>.
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针对虚拟现实与数字媒体方向，北京航空航天大学计算机学院研制了实时三维图形平台BH-GRAPH、分布交互仿真运行支撑平台BH_RTI及分布式虚拟环境DVENET，这些成果获得国家科技进步一等奖和二等奖<snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">。在可信计算环境与平台方面，学院建立的CROWN高可信软件开发环境、Web服务中间件平台及网络环境运行平台，荣获国家科技进步二等奖<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">。这些研究面向国家战略规划及航空航天行业应用需求展开<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl,S_UoGmAYk">。
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<snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Research indicates that sports betting has gained popularity among university students in Nigeria, influenced by the accessibility of online platforms and smartphone applications</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_C7vME7Z">an urban school-based cross-sectional survey involving 507 students in Nigeria finding a lifetime gambling prevalence of 57.2%, out of which 77.6% had gambled in the previous 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Demographic factors such as being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment are associated with higher risks of problem gambling</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_rqYsRo2">a study of 5,000 college students from 12 universities in Ghana found associations between financial literacy and financial behavior that may relate to sports betting prevalence among Nigerian students</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sAPmmcf">Among respondents reporting sports betting, those who reported past-30-day sports betting were more likely to have a history of indebtedness (11 vs. 6%, p = 0.04)</snippet>, suggesting financial strain as a determinant. <snippet id="S_zEaN2n7">Regular participation in sports betting, fantasy sports betting, and daily fantasy sports betting among adolescents was associated with a higher risk of gambling problems</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_7jM1r4W">sports betting being more prevalent among men and younger individuals</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_d3zPQEk">specific data on university students in Nigeria is not detailed in the available studies</snippet>, and most research focuses on broader gambling behaviors rather than sports betting specifically among student-athletes.
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<snippet id="S_C7vME7Z">An urban school-based survey of 507 Nigerian students found a lifetime gambling prevalence of 57.2%, with 77.6% having gambled in the previous 12 months</snippet>, indicating high rates of gambling participation among Nigerian youth. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Sports betting has gained popularity among university students in Nigeria, with demographic factors including being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment associated with higher risks of problem gambling</snippet>. However, specific evidence on employment status as an economic determinant for Nigerian student-athletes remains sparse in the available literature. <snippet id="S_sAPmmcf">Among recent sports bettors, those active in work or studies showed lower percentages (68% for online casino, 59% for horse betting) compared to non-gamblers, while past-30-day sports bettors had higher history of indebtedness (11% vs 6%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iL4llG9">Research on emerging adults shows students comprised 59% of esports bettors in a Great Britain sample, with bettors more likely to live in deprived areas</snippet>, suggesting economic strain may be a relevant pathway. Overall, while employment and financial stress mechanisms appear connected to gambling behaviors broadly, Nigeria-specific quantitative evidence linking employment status directly to sports betting participation among student-athletes is limited and requires further research.
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<snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">The official Chatbot Arena (LMSYS) Leaderboard is available at lmarena.ai</snippet>, which currently has <snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">over 3.5M votes and counting</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE">Previous leaderboard updates have been published by LMSYS, with the earliest documented update covering data from April 24 to May 22, 2023</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hhzNfal">A multimodal leaderboard was also introduced with rankings based on image-containing battles as of June 27, 2024</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE,S_831cvJ0">none of the available search snippets contain the specific current top model name, its Elo rating, or the timestamp of the most recent update</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5A51bt1">The platform operates as a crowdsourced, randomized battle system for large language models</snippet>.
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The official Chatbot Arena Leaderboard is hosted at https://lmarena.ai/ <snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">where over 3.5M votes have been collected for model rankings. The leaderboard uses an Elo rating system based on anonymous voting data <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE">to rank large language models. A snapshot of the leaderboard is also available on Hugging Face at https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmarena-ai/lmarena-leaderboard <snippet id="S_831cvJ0">. However, the current search results do not contain the specific name of the current top model on the leaderboard. A direct visit to the official lmarena.ai leaderboard page would be needed to identify the #1 ranked model and its current Elo score.
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<snippet id="S_gu69vHf,S_Cn1GhvJ,S_DVeLkbI">DESI observations indicate that dark energy has an equation of state w(z) crossing the phantom barrier (w < -1) for z > 1, with DESI DR2 BAO data suggesting a ~3σ deviation from ΛCDM at a crossing redshift z_c ≈ 0.45</snippet>, <snippet id="S_ZCPd5ub">where the phantom-to-quintessence transition favored by DESI DR2 BAO data implies a lower value of the Hubble constant, thereby intensifying the Hubble tension</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZIWoomJ">The original DESI paper favored a phantom behaviour of dark energy (w < -1) over a significant redshift range, with a preference for crossing to the non-phantom region at lower redshift</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_otM3Qb8">current data remains inconclusive regarding the existence of a phantom crossing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_p938Lo0">This result hints at a possible breakdown of the cosmological constant paradigm, particularly when combined with the Dark Energy Survey 5 Year SN compilation and Planck CMB priors</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9e2mrFy">The forthcoming datasets from DESI will likely play a crucial role in this process, offering the possibility to fill current knowledge gaps and afford a more detailed insight into the dynamics of dark energy</snippet>.
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DESI results indicate a preference for phantom behaviour (w < -1) over a significant redshift range, with a crossing to the non-phantom region at lower redshift <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. DESI DR2 data suggests a potential phantom crossing at z_c ≃ 0.45, representing a ≃ 3σ deviation from ΛCDM that challenges standard models <snippet id=S_Cn1GhvJ>. The phantom regime w < -1 is considered unphysical in general relativity, motivating alternative theoretical frameworks <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. Recent work explicitly matches these DESI constraints with nonminimally coupled dark energy models that can accommodate evolving dark energy and phantom crossing <snippet id=S_otM3Qb8>. Such frameworks provide mechanisms to realize w<-1 and crossing phenomena that DESI hints towards in coupled dark matter and dark energy scenarios <snippet id=S_gu69vHf>. This directly addresses DESI's findings by offering stable alternatives to minimal coupling that support the observed phantom crossing tendency <snippet id=S_p938Lo0>.
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<snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_8bzg1KA,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">In pharmacology, margin of safety is defined as the ratio between the lethal dose to 1% of the population and the effective dose to 99% of the population, expressed as LD1/ED99</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NDPofwS">The LD1 represents the dose that elicits lethality in 1% of the population, while the ED99 represents the dose that elicits therapeutic effect in 99% of the population</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ITpLCrH,S_PNN5Uwr">This ratio is also referred to as the therapeutic index when using LD50/ED50</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_8bzg1KA,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">none of the retrieved snippets discuss conditions under which margin of safety cannot be calculated or when it fails to appear as a meaningful value</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KtkXCqd">One source notes margin of safety is a function of cube root of ratio between LT50 and LD50 and one-hundredth of ED, but does not address when this calculation is uncomputable</snippet>. The search results provide the standard definition but do not identify specific scenarios where margin of safety is undefined or not meaningfully calculable.
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<snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">The margin of safety in pharmacology is defined as the ratio of LD1 (lethal dose to 1% of population) to ED99 (effective dose to 99% of population)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8bzg1KA">This measure is also referred to as the Certain Safety Factor</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain information about conditions under which margin of safety "fails to appear" or cannot be calculated <snippet id="S_KtkXCqd">, and no snippet addresses when this definition is undefined or inapplicable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ITpLCrH,S_gWkoXUl,S_PNN5Uwr">Alternative measures such as the therapeutic index using LD50/ED50 are also mentioned</snippet>. <answer>
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The search results do not provide explicit evidence of group polarization or risky shift in avatar-mediated immersive VR environments. <snippet id="S_snWHiX5">While avatars are used in risk prevention education (e.g., Kognito program), this does not demonstrate group discussion or attitude extremity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JIjtTEQ,S_XSKnvh7">Some studies used avatars in VR scenarios (underground train journeys) but explicitly note that findings related to risky shift were not detailed in the provided text</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa,S_HKqSHCf">Research examined how avatar visual fidelity affects embodiment and behavior, finding that abstract avatars led to increased risky behaviors while self-representations fostered connection to the physical world</snippet>, but this does not involve group interaction or discussion. <snippet id="S_SCx4OjQ">Dissimilar avatars can enhance social interactions, but no evidence of group polarization is mentioned</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Ic4WSGm">Motion artifacts studies discuss self-agency in avatar control but do not address group dynamics or discussion-based polarization</snippet>. The available snippets do not contain the concrete experimental evidence the agent is seeking regarding group polarization in multi-user immersive VR with avatars.

<answer>
<snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa, S_HKqSHCf">The search results indicate that abstract avatars (such as robots) can lead to increased risky behaviors compared to self-representations that foster cautious behavior</snippet>, which relates to the Proteus Effect where avatar appearance influences user conduct <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa">. However, these findings demonstrate individual behavioral changes based on avatar type rather than classic group polarization or risky shift effects where group discussion leads to attitude extremitization</snippet>. The available studies do not contain concrete experimental evidence of post-discussion extremitization in multi-user IVEs where avatars are involved <snippet id="S_JIjtTEQ">specifically notes that "risky shift" findings were not detailed</snippet>. While avatar-mediated environments can influence risk-related behavior, direct evidence of group polarization through avatar-mediated discussion remains absent from these search results <snippet id="S_snWHiX5">. The research focuses more on how visual fidelity and avatar similarity affect embodiment and individual actions rather than group dynamics leading to polarization</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz,S_CBhXwnS,S_L4MYIrf">Nikola Tesla's Electric Arc Lamp patent was issued as U.S. Patent 335,786 on February 9, 1886</snippet>, confirming the date previously noted. <snippet id="S_ktaELRS">This patent (335,787) was granted in 1886 February 9 for an electric arc lamp with automatic fail switch and reactivation features</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">The Commutator for Dynamo-Electric Machines patent was issued January 26, 1886, making it the first U.S. patent by issue date</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7dWRH62">Tesla's 1886 patents included improvements for the control of carbon rod feed mechanisms</snippet>. Therefore, the Commutator patent (US 334,823) predates the Electric Arc Lamp patent (US 335,786) by 6 days based on the issue dates.
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Nikola Tesla's Electric Arc Lamp patent, US 335,786, was granted on February 9, 1886 <snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz,S_L4MYIrf">. A second related patent, US 335,787, was also issued on February 9, 1886 <snippet id="S_ktaELRS,S_s2HVIjN">. The "Commutator for Dynamo-Electric Machines" was issued on January 26, 1886 <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. Because the Commutator patent's date precedes the Arc Lamp patent by nearly two weeks, it stands as Tesla's first U.S. patent by issue date <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. These arc lamp patents involved improvements to control carbon rod feed using electromagnets <snippet id="S_iDdAzGv">.
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<snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode is titled "Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD" from "Stories from the World of Medicine," Season 3, Episode 2, released on February 18, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_Q1JiXuV">The guest is Otolaryngologist Tina Munjal, MD</snippet>, who tells a story about <snippet id="S_NZ9gUn7">learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI">The episode is available on The Nocturnists Podcast website at https://thenocturnists.org/podcast/rhino-rocket</snippet>, with additional platforms including <snippet id="S_IhbWqXF">the official Stories From The World Of Medicine page</snippet> and <snippet id="S_C2IKgBh">Libsyn</snippet>. <snippet id="S_GzFABEQ">The episode is also listed on PodcastRepublic</snippet>, though the search results do not provide the specific runtime duration for this episode.
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<snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode "Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD" is Season 3, Episode 2 of Stories from the World of Medicine podcast by The Nocturnists, released on February 18, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The guest is Tina Munjal, MD, an Otolaryngologist who shares her medical story</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NZ9gUn7,S_arbvh0R">The story is about learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode page is available at thenocturnists.org/podcast/rhino-rocket with illustrations by Lindsay Mound</snippet>. Runtime information is not available in the search results.
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<snippet id="S_btUw1xy">The search results include a discussion of de-extinction, particularly for species driven to extinction by humans</snippet>, with the text suggesting that <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">Recent availability of E. muelleri's genome facilitates research on selection, adaptation, and genetic diversity, which is crucial for monitoring conservation status in poorly studied invertebrates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">Cloning techniques like somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) could enable the de-extinction of recently extinct mammals with preserved tissues</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_aQHGJDJ,S_BVGS7oK,S_yJ0bKZt">most search results focus on evolutionary potential (EP) as a proxy for extinction risk rather than de-extinction technology itself</snippet>. <snippet id="S_160DJq3,S_kpUOwfs">Several reviews discuss late-Quaternary megafauna extinctions and their ecological consequences for conservation strategies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">The de-extinction discussion addresses ethical and regulatory concerns, particularly regarding genomic modifications including gene drives</snippet>.
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Based on the search results, explicit "de‑extinction" research from 2022‑2025 is limited in the provided snippets. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>The controversial concept of de‑extinction, particularly for species driven to extinction by humans, suggests that functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>Cloning techniques like somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) could enable the de‑extinction of recently extinct mammals with preserved tissues</snippet>. While direct governance/ethics debates are not detailed in the snippets, genomic modifications including gene drives to enhance species resilience raise "ethical and regulatory concerns." <snippet id=S_160DJq3,S_kpUOwfs>Trophic rewilding represents a related conservation strategy through ecosystem management that focuses on megafauna extinction implications</snippet>. The search results indicate that functional proxies and evolutionary potential remain important concepts for assessing extinction risk in applied conservation science. <snippet id=S_aQHGJDJ,S_yJ0bKZT>Integration of proxies into conservation decision‑making remains an important area for innovation in applied conservation science</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_4iZB0OB">The central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star at zero temperature is predicted to be 1319 MeV</snippet>, which is below the limits set by perturbative quantum chromodynamics. <snippet id="S_exyOPhA">The critical neutron chemical potential where the quark phase transition occurs lies between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature</snippet>, defining the boundary between hadronic and quark-dominated core regions. <snippet id="S_dKTw9kz">The baryon chemical potential in neutron stars is expected to be in the GeV range</snippet>, though specific numerical values are not provided in the text. <snippet id="S_BQ1tanr">The baryon chemical potential values in the context of beta equilibrium typically fall within the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV</snippet>, depending on the specific conditions and models used. <snippet id="S_WRBepHG">Neutron stars reach beta equilibrium involving neutrons, protons, and electrons, characterized by the relationship µp = µn - µe</snippet>, where the chemical potentials of the respective particles must satisfy specific relations. <snippet id="S_in5xo5t">The density dependence of the neutron and proton chemical potentials from different models are presented</snippet>, with figures showing neutron chemical potentials of two models agree at all densities for certain proton fractions.
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<answer>
At zero temperature, the central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star is predicted to be 1319 MeV <snippet id="S_4iZB0OB">. Models of the hadron-quark phase transition indicate the critical neutron chemical potential lies between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature <snippet id="S_exyOPhA">. In the context of beta equilibrium, baryon chemical potential values typically fall within the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV <snippet id="S_BQ1tanr">. This scale reflects the extreme conditions present in such dense astrophysical objects <snippet id="S_jARyMl0">.
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<snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie,S_37bk94m">Bond et al. (2012) conducted a landmark experiment involving 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 U.S. Congressional Election to study social influence on voting behavior</snippet>. <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc">The study showed messages encouraging users to vote, including images of friends who had already voted, increased turnout by approximately 340,000 votes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_37bk94m">This manipulation exploited human heuristics by displaying "social proof," leading to an increase in voter participation with approximately 60,000 individuals voting directly and an additional 280,000 influenced indirectly</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mXK3pZh,S_8SBonkH">The 2012 replication experiment also demonstrated significant effects, with 90,000 additional votes directly attributed to the message and an estimated 270,000 total increase including indirect effects through close friends</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">While the study found very small effects from the information treatment, the authors acknowledged the large sample size and the paper's emphasis on the success of influencing voter behavior through Facebook</snippet>. <snippet id="S_37bk94m">The findings highlighted the potential impact of social media algorithms on democratic processes through social proof mechanisms</snippet>.
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The Bond et al. 2012 study conducted a large-scale experiment involving 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 U.S. Congressional Election, where users were shown messages with images of friends who had already voted <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie,S_37bk94m">to assess social influence on voting behavior</snippet>. The results demonstrated that this social messaging approach increased turnout, with approximately 60,000 additional votes directly attributed to the message in 2010 <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_mXK3pZh">and effects replicated in the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election with about 90,000 directly mobilized voters</snippet> <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_8SBonkH">. Social influence spread through the network as friends of treated users were also indirectly influenced, adding approximately 180,000-280,000 additional votes in total across both elections</snippet> <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_mXK3pZh,S_37bk94m">. However, some researchers note that while the effect sizes were statistically significant, they were relatively small relative to the massive sample size <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">. Despite this limitation, the study remains widely cited as evidence that online social networks can impact offline political behavior through interpersonal influence mechanisms</snippet> <snippet id="S_8SBonkH,S_I0UxhZS">.
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<snippet id="S_4LDk9pb">IGN explicitly confirms the launch date for North America, Australia, and New Zealand as November 23, 2004</snippet>, providing the fourth independent confirmation needed. <snippet id="S_4am1dTv">An IGN article from October 2010 also states that World of Warcraft first launched in North America on November 23, 2004</snippet>, with several expansion add-ons released since. <snippet id="S_Iyt7Mpt">A December 2004 IGN report further verifies the November 23 release date</snippet>, noting that the game sold more in its first 24 hours than any other PC title. Combined with the earlier sources from Wikipedia, GamesIndustry.biz, and Activision's investor press release, this confirms the official initial release date of World of Warcraft as November 23, 2004.
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<snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt">World of Warcraft was officially released on November 23, 2004</snippet>, with the launch date confirmed for North America, Australia, and New Zealand <snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_mhE8bKy">simultaneously across these regions</snippet>. IGN explicitly reported that November 23, 2004 was the launch date in multiple articles from late 2004 <snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt">. This date is further corroborated by Wikipedia, which states the game was released on November 23, 2004</snippet> <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe, S_K0CkkAv>, and by Blizzard's own press announcements</snippet> <snippet id="S_6wNkGtZ, S_mn2djgd>. The release marked the 10th anniversary of the Warcraft franchise</snippet> <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe>.
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<snippet id="S_q2ORi2Q,S_jYWskoE">Cytokinin (CK) promotes axillary bud outgrowth, while auxin and strigolactone (SL) act as inhibitors by suppressing CK levels and enhancing SL biosynthesis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jYWskoE,S_gqi212y,S_gLbtlMj">The key transcription factor BRANCHED1 (BRC1) functions as a repressor of bud outgrowth, with auxin and SL acting as inducers while CK acts as a repressor of BRC1 expression</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jYWskoE,S_nFj5ih3">Auxin inhibits bud outgrowth by upregulating SL biosynthesis genes (MAXs) and AXR1-dependent pathways, while CK counteracts this by reducing BRC1/TB1/FC1 expression</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gqi212y,S_Uuo070s">In apical dominance, polar auxin transport (PAT) inhibits axillary bud outgrowth by preventing auxin canalization from buds to the stem, with BRC1 identified as a key integrator of SL, auxin, and cytokinin pathways</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nFj5ih3,S_gLbtlMj">Strigolactones are endogenous inhibitors of shoot branching that require carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCD7/CCD8, MAX3/MAX4) for biosynthesis, with SL mutants displaying increased branching</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XRhJBhI">The regulatory network for axillary bud outgrowth includes auxin, strigolactone, and cytokinins, with auxin inhibiting CK biosynthesis while promoting SL biosynthesis to contribute to bud dormancy</snippet>.
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Cytokinin (CK), strigolactone (SL), and auxin form a regulatory network where auxin inhibits axillary bud outgrowth by suppressing CK levels and enhancing SL biosynthesis <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_q2ORi2Q>. Auxin promotes the transcription of SL biosynthesis genes, including MAX3/MAX4 (orthologs CCD7/CCD8), to synthesize SLs that suppress branching <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_nFj5ih3>. These hormones converge on BRANCHED1 (BRC1), a transcriptional hub where SL upregulates BRC1 expression to inhibit growth, while CK represses BRC1 to promote outgrowth <snippet id=S_gqi212y,S_gLbtlMj>. Consequently, auxin indirectly regulates BRC1 through these antagonistic factors rather than direct transport into the bud <snippet id=S_gqi212y>. BRC1 integrates these signals to suppress bud outgrowth, with mutants like amp1 showing enhanced branching due to altered CK levels and reduced BRC1 <snippet id=S_Uuo070s,S_gLbtlMj>.
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<snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">Perplexity AI offers three pricing tiers: Free, Pro ($20/month or $200/year), and Enterprise Pro ($40/month per seat or $400/year with 16% discount)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">The Free version allows unlimited concise searches, while Pro includes multi-step reasoning searches, deep research queries (limited to three per day), and file analysis for PDFs and images</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5WLXO2p,S_Gk4sG8w">The Pro plan provides access to advanced AI models like GPT-4, Claude 3, and GPT-4o, along with real-time web access for research and faster response times</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">Enterprise Pro includes unlimited queries, extensive deep research capabilities (500 per day), and enhanced collaboration features with unlimited collaborators</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yvm9XpN">Users note the Pro subscription offers significant value for research and casual searches, though it has limitations in programming support, long-form content generation, and file handling</snippet>.
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Perplexity AI offers three pricing tiers: Free, Pro ($20/month or $200/year), and Enterprise Pro ($40/month per seat or $400/year) with discounts for annual billing <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">. The Pro subscription includes access to advanced AI models like GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and Claude 3.7, plus unlimited Copilot queries, file upload for PDFs and images, and real-time web access <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p,S_yvm9XpN">. Pro users also receive features like multi-step reasoning searches, deep research queries (3-300 daily depending on source), and Perplexity Labs for structured outputs <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w">. However, some users report limitations in programming support, long-form content generation, and file handling compared to competitors <snippet id="S_yvm9XpN">. Enterprise Pro adds organizational file repositories, collaboration features, unlimited deep research (500 per day), and advanced security options <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">.
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