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<snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_AuYFhyP,S_HkWtygo">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. (2017) that uses a clipped surrogate objective to optimize policy updates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_r9aDbc9,S_hXE5LYe">The core idea involves a probability ratio \( r_t(\theta) \) between the new and old policies, clipped to a range defined by a hyper-parameter \( \epsilon \) (typically 0.1-0.2) to prevent large deviations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_HkWtygo,S_9Mgjk7i">This clipping mechanism stabilizes training by ensuring updates remain within a proximal region of the previous policy, minimizing the risk of encountering a "reward cliff"</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP">The algorithm also includes an entropy regularization term to promote action diversity and ensure sufficient exploration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9Mgjk7i">The training loop involves collecting trajectories from parallel environments, computing advantage estimates, and performing multiple update epochs to adjust policy parameters through gradient ascent</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YKlYY4b">PPO maximizes the clipped surrogate objective using importance sampling ratio and advantage estimators like Generalized Advantage Estimation (GAE)</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_hXE5LYe,S_z9c3Jms">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">It utilizes a clipped surrogate objective function that constrains the probability ratio between the new and old policies within a range typically set to 1 ± ε</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">This objective takes the minimum of clipped and unclipped estimates, providing a lower bound that penalizes significant deviations from 1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YKlYY4b,S_CcbSYTJ,S_9Mgjk7i">During training, the algorithm collects trajectories, computes advantage estimates (often via Generalized Advantage Estimation), and optimizes the policy with a value network loss and entropy bonus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CcbSYTJ,S_HkWtygo,S_9Mgjk7i">This allows multiple update epochs per iteration and stabilizes training by preventing excessively large policy updates</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018-2019 Trump tariffs imposed duties on $283 billion of US imports with rates ranging from 10% to 50%, creating meaningful variations across products and time</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yHishm4">In retaliation, countries such as China, the European Union, and Canada filed cases against the US at the WTO and imposed their own tariffs on approximately $121 billion of US exports, averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I1oE0tb">Research indicates that trade-related job losses have a distinct anti-incumbent effect, while trade integration may increase perceived insecurity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bTYtYjO">The analysis examines the political targeting of retaliatory tariffs during Trump's trade wars, revealing that these tariffs predominantly affected areas that supported Trump in the 2016 presidential election</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZSDo4iu">The Trump administration significantly contributed to a rise in international trade protectionism, implementing measures such as tariffs on steel and a tax on companies relocating overseas, with actions likened to late 19th-century mercantilist practices</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum et al. "The Return to Protectionism" paper details on distributional/regressive incidence on low-income households and forward-looking estimates for a 10% universal tariff scenario.
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<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018-2019 Trump tariffs imposed $283 billion of US imports with rates from 10% to 50% on various goods, with China facing the most substantial tariffs totaling 25% on $50 billion of imports</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_yHishm4">retaliatory measures from trading partners including China, the European Union, and Canada targeted approximately $121 billion of US exports averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The tariffs were implemented amid a populist backlash against globalization, with retaliatory tariffs focusing on regions that supported Trump in the 2016 election rather than those backing other Republican candidates</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">none of the provided snippets contain results from Fajgelbaum et al.'s "The Return to Protectionism" paper specifically examining welfare effects, regressivity, or distributional incidence on low-income households</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The available evidence indicates that while tariffs may benefit specific industries, they are generally detrimental to both trading partners and the imposing country</snippet>. The search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum findings on how Trump tariffs affected working-class households or whether impacts were regressive as the agent requested.
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<snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">ZeRO-DP has three main optimization stages: Optimizer State Partitioning (P_os) provides 4x memory reduction with same communication volume as DP, Gradient Partitioning (P_os+g) provides 8x memory reduction with same communication volume as DP, and Parameter Partitioning (P_os+g+p) achieves linear memory reduction with DP degree N_d (e.g., 64x reduction across 64 GPUs), with a modest 50% increase in communication volume</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">Total communication volume in ZeRO is 3, spread evenly across 2 all-gather and 1 reduce-scatter operations per forward and backward pass</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">ZeRO++ offers three communication optimizations: Quantized Weight Communication (qwZ) reduces parameter communication volume by half through quantization from FP16 to INT8, Hierarchical Weight Partition (hpZ) trades GPU memory for communication by maintaining full model copies within each machine to replace cross-machine all-gather with intra-machine all-gather, and Quantized Gradient Communication (qgZ) reduces gradient communication costs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BWVyprV">DeepSpeed implements incremental optimization stages (stage-1, stage-2, stage-3) corresponding to sharding optimizer state, gradients, and model parameters across data parallel ranks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EegQ8bq">Partial sharding in DeepSpeed decouples the sharding factor from data-parallelism degree, enabling up to 4-way time-slicing when data-parallelism factor is higher than sharding factor</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Ww1dLNd">ZeRO/DeepSpeed optimizes memory usage in data-parallel training by sharding redundant state among replicas, complementing systems like Gpipe and Varuna</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_vOhHdDS>ZeRO-DP employs three optimization stages that partition optimizer states, gradients, and parameters, offering 4x and 8x memory reductions for the first two stages and linear memory reduction for parameter sharding at the cost of a 50% communication volume increase.</snippet> <snippet id=S_lxTe76D>ZeRO communication overhead is characterized by two all-gather operations for parameters and one reduce-scatter for gradients, totaling a volume of 3 model sizes per iteration.</snippet> <snippet id=S_RRxd5ah>However, the latency of collective communication operations demonstrates a positive correlation with the communication scale, which becomes significant when sharding across hundreds of GPUs.</snippet> <snippet id=S_LvWi5qs>For extreme memory scaling, ZeRO-Infinity offloads optimizer states and activations to CPU or NVMe memory to enable training of models with trillions of parameters.</snippet>
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Multiple single-cell RNA-seq studies have documented heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). <snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Time-course single-cell-transcriptomic analysis of developing human stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte-lineage-cells (hOLLCs) uncovers substantial transcriptional heterogeneity of PDGFRα-lineage hOLLCs and discovers sub-populations of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hOPCs), including a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) revealed heterogeneity among these cells, particularly in their expression of cell-surface markers EGFR and PDGFRA, with four distinct immunophenotypic populations identified</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell RNA sequencing on hiPSC-derived oligodendrocyte-lineage cells in 3D cultures identified distinct populations including proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes (NFOs), and myelinating oligodendrocytes, with consistent expression of stage-specific markers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">While bulk RNA-seq reveals differences between OPCs from the spinal cord and brain, single-cell RNA-seq indicates that OPCs are transcriptionally similar across these regions at postnatal day 7, suggesting that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity</snippet>. These studies collectively demonstrate that iPSC-derived OPCs exhibit significant molecular and immunophenotypic heterogeneity that correlates with developmental stage and lineage progression.

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<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Studies utilizing single-cell transcriptomics have identified substantial transcriptional heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells (hOLLCs), discovering sub-populations such as a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Specifically, single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity in cell-surface marker expression, categorizing cells into four distinct immunophenotypic populations including putative pre-OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes based on EGFR and PDGFRA levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell sequencing of 3D hiPSC-derived neural cultures further distinguished heterogeneity within the oligodendrocyte cluster, separating proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes, and myelinating oligodendrocytes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">Investigations employing both bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on iPSC-derived OPCs suggest that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity and intrinsic epigenetic differences between developmental cohorts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_QESxt6r">Transgenic cotton plants expressing dsRNA-HaHR3 have been successfully cultivated and demonstrated high larval mortality and pupation/deformation issues when used to feed Helicoverpa armigera larvae</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tDo09SB">However, RNAi effectiveness in A. grandis is hindered by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, AgraNuc3) that degrade orally delivered dsRNA, reducing gene silencing efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TA2bEqI">Despite potential for dsRNA-based GM plants as a sustainable pest management strategy, delivering dsRNA orally to A. grandis remains challenging due to degradation by nucleases in the insect gut</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">While transgenic plants expressing dsRNAs aimed at silencing critical insect genes show effective protection against pest damage in laboratory settings, further development and extensive field testing are necessary to fully assess effectiveness in agriculture</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UDpXMMR">No RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) gene was detected in A. grandis transcriptome, and no RNAi-based resistance has been reported in Brazil for cotton</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6Sv0Jhf">Currently, Bt-based transgenic cotton (Cry1Ia12) is being developed for resistance to both Fall Armyworm and Cotton Boll Weevil in Brazil</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising biotechnological approach for the cotton boll weevil, with research identifying targets like vitellogenin and chitin synthase genes for silencing</snippet>. <snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>Microinjection of dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 produced unviable eggs and malformed larvae, while vitellogenin knockdown significantly affected egg viability without altering egg laying numbers</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI>However, effective oral delivery of dsRNA via transgenic plants is limited by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, AgraNuc3) that degrade the RNA in the posterior midgut</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_fXsP2MN>While silencing these nucleases can enhance gene silencing efficiency against targets like chitin synthase II, attempts to apply RNAi against the boll weevil have not yielded results comparable to other coleopteran pests</snippet>. <snippet id=S_fXsP2MN>Although transgenic cotton plants expressing dsRNA are being developed, extensive field testing remains necessary to validate efficacy in agriculture</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_OLKZZOQ">The 1991 Kuwait oil fires exhibited significant aerosol radiative forcing effects, with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 h and 2.3 K/h at 3 h plume age, indicating substantial changes in boundary-layer thermal structure</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hTyNcJU">The plume from Kuwait oil fires following the 1991 Gulf War showed a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, demonstrating high aerosol absorption and radiative impact</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vOW7FR3">Studies indicate the radiative forcing of 1991 Kuwait oil fire plumes was affected by coagulation and dilution processes, with uncertainties in coagulation rate causing 20-40% uncertainty in radiative forcing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0LL30pj">The oil fires and military operations resulted in substantially increased levels of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the region, with combustion and downstream activities determined as major sources</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vaq6doy">This study investigates the radiative forcing effects of smoke aerosols from Kuwait oil fires in 1991, focusing on uncertainties in surface and top-of-atmosphere forcing impacts on climate</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3xcpkDw">Regional aerosol optical depths (AODs) exceeded 0.8 during smoke transport events, highlighting the impact of aerosol radiative forcing in the context of Kuwait oil fires</snippet>.
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The 1991 Kuwait oil fires produced significant aerosol radiative forcing with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour plume age, causing temperature differences of up to 6 K at 250-400 hPa and cooling of up to -3 K at 850 hPa <snippet id=S_OLKZZOQ>. These aerosol effects substantially modified energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature/precipitation patterns in the regional climate <snippet id=S_vaq6doy>. Surface cooling of -175 Wm-2 was recorded during related dust events in Kuwait with aerosol optical thickness reaching 3.617, indicating strong boundary layer perturbations <snippet id=S_dFPlFos>. The Kuwait oil fire plumes exhibited a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, confirming highly absorbing characteristics that influence radiative heating profiles <snippet id=S_hTyNcJU>. Radiative forcing uncertainties for such plumes range 20-40% depending on dilution rates and particle mixture state <snippet id=S_vOW7FR3>. These combined effects demonstrate how war-driven aerosols can alter boundary layer stability and surface wind conditions relevant to turbine operation <snippet id=S_0LL30pj>.
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<snippet id="S_UBzqh33">StealC V2 introduces several new features compared to V1, including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, enhanced payload execution methods, and the ability to decrypt stolen data server-side</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, and now uses RC4 encryption for network communications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">C2 communication has shifted to JSON-based requests and responses, with a focus on unique access tokens and error handling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses, with the control panel now enforcing version control and integrating with Telegram for notifications</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_UBzqh33>StealC V2 introduces several new features including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, along with enhanced payload execution methods</snippet>, and it can decrypt stolen data server-side. The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, but has enabled RC4 encryption for network communications which was previously disabled. Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook, with C2 communication now using JSON-based requests and responses. The control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery. Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses <snippet id=S_UBzqh33>.
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<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">A cohort study using US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases followed US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and September 30, 2021</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibiting a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">In the post-acute phase of the disease, compared with the contemporary control group, people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HmTazVA">Non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients had a 25% (95% CI: 21%-29%) increased risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes, which rose to 173% in hospitalized patients and 276% in ICU patients</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Altogether, there is evidence to suggest that beyond the acute phase of COVID-19, survivors might be at an increased risk of developing incident diabetes, and increased risk of incident antihyperglycemic use in the post-acute phase of the disease</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X5WNd6v">Higher risk of incident diabetes post-acute COVID-19 was observed, with a consistent increase in risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes compared to severity-matched flu-like illness</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study used US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases to build a cohort of US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19</snippet> with two control groups for comparison. <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">Detailed analyses showed people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes compared with the contemporary control group</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Risks and burdens of post-acute diabetes increased in a graded fashion according to the severity of the acute phase, whether patients were non-hospitalised, hospitalized, or admitted to intensive care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study authors conclude diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, and post-acute care strategies should integrate screening and management of diabetes</snippet>.
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The search results confirm the article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" by Sarwant Singh exists and was published on January 22, 2025, but none of the provided snippets contain the specific percentage for global electricity from renewables in 2025 <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">The article was published on January 22, 2025 by Sarwant Singh</snippet>. The snippets only reference the article title and URL without including the actual content or statistics about renewable electricity percentages <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>. To obtain the specific renewable electricity percentage for 2025, the article content would need to be accessed directly <snippet id="S_fnCGUjH">The article is also listed on Muck Rack and Forbes</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was written by Sarwant Singh and published in Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage figure for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article exists and provide publication details, but do not include the actual renewable energy statistics from the article. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article URL is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>, but the renewable electricity percentage data is not accessible from these search results.
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<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_TUFN3jC">The 15th POMS-HK International Conference is scheduled for 3-5 January 2025 at the Chinese University of Hong Kong</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jE7LWrz">The 14th POMS-HK International Conference was held at HKUST on 5-6 January 2024</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mBwOV4H">The POMS-HK chapter runs an annual conference every winter with the 15th edition on 3-5 January 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_5nVopPR">the 12th POMS-HK International Conference was in January 2022</snippet>, and no specific start date for the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta is provided in these search results. The search results do not contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta to enable a direct comparison of which event starts first.
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<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_mBwOV4H">The POMS-HK International Conference is held annually in early January in Hong Kong, with the 15th conference scheduled for January 3-5, 2025, the 14th for January 5-6, 2024, and the 13th for January 7-8, 2023</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_jE7LWrz,S_TUFN3jC,S_DzBPmor,S_mBwOV4H,S_Br57QvT,S_ULVAUtt,S_wmyEfiy,S_5nVopPR">none of the provided search snippets contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta or its specific dates</snippet>. Therefore, I cannot definitively compare which conference starts first without additional search results about the Atlanta meeting.
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<snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse ERVs are classified into three classes based on pol sequence similarity, with class I resembling gamma- and epsilon-retroviruses and class II resembling alpha-, beta-, and delta-retroviruses</snippet>. <snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse representatives of class I include elements similar to classical murine leukemia viruses (MLVs), while class II includes elements similar to the large intracisternal A-particle (IAP) superfamily with approximately 1000 copies per cell</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">Functional MLV elements in mice, such as Emv loci, can produce infectious virus and influence phenotypic traits like cancer susceptibility through insertional mutagenesis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">Defective MLV integrations can collectively produce components necessary for forming transducing retrovirus particles, allowing for the restoration of replication competence through recombination in strains like C57BL/6 mice</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">IAP elements are murine-specific retroviral elements that contribute to genetic variation, with full-length IAPs capable of leading to aberrant splicing and disease if they insert near genes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">The domesticus subspecies shows a higher proportion of variable bases due to IAP insertions (67% from active IAP subtypes) compared to castaneus and musculus (both 56%)</snippet>.
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Mouse endogenous retroviruses utilize a three-class system where MLV representatives belong to Class I (gammaretrovirus-like) and IAP elements belong to Class II (betaretrovirus-like), sharing nomenclature with human ERVs where Class I aligns with ERV1 and Class II with ERV2 <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_wHW5Oiu">. Functionally, endogenous MLVs such as Emv2 can undergo recombination to restore replication competence and produce infectious virus particles in strains like C57BL/6 mice <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. These infectious recombinant MLVs have been identified in murine cancer cell lines, where they contribute to leukemogenesis and tumor development <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. In contrast, IAP elements are autonomous long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons capable of active retrotransposition, contributing to genetic variation <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">. IAP elements are abundant, with approximately 1000 copies per cell, and specific subtypes like ID1 remain active in Mus musculus subspecies <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_VrGqnwN">. Active IAP insertions in Mus musculus domesticus account for a significant proportion of subspecies-specific polymorphisms, indicating ongoing mobilization <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">.
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<snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_jaGb9lk,S_Gj9myfY">Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs by retrieving evidence from external knowledge bases</snippet>, enabling models to generate responses conditioning on relevant facts <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">though it suffers from potential error accumulation and irrelevant evidence propagation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">Recent research suggests hallucinations can be diminished through RAG alongside advanced prompting, specialized fine-tuning, factuality-focused decoding methods, or external database checks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PbQaaQw">RAG alleviates hallucination by retrieving reliable documents before generation, though these methods still generate hallucinations due to lack of post-hoc verification</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6v3TJp1">Active Retrieval-Augmented (ARA) models effectively mitigate hallucinations in LVLMs through selective retrieval activation based on difficulty metrics and reranking strategies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MJvgffY">Optimal retrieval mechanisms and timing can significantly reduce hallucination degrees when transferred to augmenting LVLMs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HHkW9B0">Retrieval-augmented correction is considered a third approach to mitigate LLM hallucination alongside training-time and generation-time corrections</snippet>.
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Research from 2023–2025 consistently demonstrates that Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. Multiple studies confirm that RAG enables models to generate responses conditioning on retrieved evidence from external knowledge bases, significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing factual accuracy <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY,S_PbQaaQw">. The technique works by retrieving reliable documents before generation, allowing LLMs to leverage external non-parameterized knowledge alongside internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_OARPrNN">. However, research also cautions that RAG's effectiveness heavily depends on retrieval mechanism quality, and the approach is not without limitations such as error accumulation and citation inaccuracies <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_Gj9myfY">. Several implementations, including Active Retrieval Augmentation frameworks, have empirically validated that optimal retrieval settings can significantly reduce hallucinations <snippet id="S_MJvgffY,S_6v3TJp1">.
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The search results do not contain any specific ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean government reports on the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill case history. All available snippets reference the Deepwater Horizon spill (2010, Gulf of Mexico) instead, including SCAT cleanup methodologies, dispersant use, and response facility preparedness in the Bohai Sea region <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ,S_DqGbf1z,S_i5aMNhp,S_0baMwGe,S_8WsCupd,S_B84eK7e,S_n6iBrLE,S_deSmbWp">The search results do not contain any specific ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean government reports on the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill case history</snippet>. The Hebei Spirit-specific information requested (booms, skimming, dispersant decisions, SCAT use, waste management, fisheries closures, volunteer safety) is entirely absent from these search results. A different search query targeting Korean authorities or ITOPF directly would be required to obtain the requested Hebei Spirit response details.

<answer>
<snippet id="">No relevant information about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill was found in the search results.</snippet> The provided snippets all concern the Deepwater Horizon (2010, Gulf of Mexico) spill or general response capabilities in other regions like the Chinese Bohai Sea. Specifically, they discuss Deepwater Horizon shoreline oiling, SCAT surveys, dispersant use, boom and skimmer deployment, and cleanup worker participation. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ">Deepwater Horizon oil stranded on 1,773 km of shoreline with 660 km receiving authorized cleanup</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_i5aMNhp">18 SCAT teams surveyed over 7,058 kilometers of shoreline</snippet>. The Boi Sea snippets discuss mechanical facility storage quantities for skimmers and booms. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">The Bohai Sea survey found 133,420 m of floating booms, 9,632 kL/h for skimmers, and 100 vessels available</snippet>. No Hebei Spirit case history from ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean authorities was included in these results.
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<snippet id="S_QMZd9uN,S_NFdiZQm">Vertical eDNA distribution in lakes is strongly influenced by thermal stratification, with warm-water fish eDNA concentrated above the thermocline and cold-water species below, while during turnover the eDNA becomes homogenous throughout the water column</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eR9pNyf">Sampling locations 20 m offshore versus nearshore within 1 m of the shoreline indicate distinct vertical distribution and stratification in littoral and pelagic zones</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DCoNvvE">eDNA is patchily distributed in lakes, necessitating multiple sampling points for detection, with vertical distribution influenced by thermal stratification</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nblzMDI">The thermocline was confirmed as being between 4.60-6.60 m from the surface, marking a sharp transition in species detection</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7ms3BbK">During stratification, eDNA detection varied significantly by depth, with cold-water stenotherms like lake trout and slimy sculpin primarily found at the bottom, while warm-water minnows were more abundant at the surface</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_qZTbA6e,S_7ms3BbK>Stratification leads to distinct microhabitat isolation where cold-water stenotherms are detectable only in midwater and deep habitats while warm-water minnows are abundant at the surface</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_QMZd9uN,S_7ms3BbK>community detection becomes more uniform across depths during autumn turnover when water column mixing occurs</snippet>. <snippet id=S_eR9pNyf,S_nblzMDI>Thermocline depths vary significantly between lakes, ranging from 0.75 to 3.2 m in some cases to 4.60 to 6.60 m in others</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DCoNvvE,S_qZTbA6e>Patchy distribution necessitates multiple sampling points across depths rather than single samples to capture community heterogeneity</snippet>.
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<snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil is a professional football club based in Hebron, which is a major city in the Southern West Bank</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>The club competes in the West Bank Premier League and has won the Palestinian FA Cup multiple times under FIFA's regulations</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Hebron is located in the Southern West Bank region, and the club's home matches are played in nearby municipalities such as Dura</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-1>Other notable clubs in the West Bank include Al-Bireh Institute and Ahli Qalqilyah, though Shabab Al-Khalil is the most prominent from the Southern West Bank</snippet>.
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Based on the search results, the major cities in the Southern West Bank include Hebron (Khalil), which has professional clubs like <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil</snippet>. The club Shabab Al-Dhahiriya from the city of Ad-Dhahiriya is also located in the Southern West Bank <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>. However, the search results do not contain sufficient information about which specific club has won the Palestinian Cup multiple times and plays in a nearby municipality rather than its home city. Additional research is needed to determine the exact club meeting all criteria mentioned in the query.
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<snippet id="S_LNwC0St">The U.S. Department of the Treasury provides Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates for 2025, with data beginning November 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Ex1kQjb">The most recent CMT yield curve data shows a 3-month rate of 4.03% as of September 18, 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9NRdU6Z">These rates are indicative closing market bid quotations on the most recently auctioned Treasury Bills in the over-the-counter market</snippet>. <snippet id="S_pwGFHPE">The Treasury's official yield curve is a par yield curve derived using a monotone convex method</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2WbtkJ5">The Treasury Daily Interest Rate Feed provides daily interest rate data in Extensible Markup Language (XML) format</snippet>. However, the 10-year Treasury rate is not explicitly shown in the available snippets and would require accessing the full data page.
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<snippet id=S_Ex1kQjb>As of September 18, 2025, the 3-month Treasury rate was 4.03%</snippet>. The Treasury provides official yield curve data through its Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates page <snippet id=S_LNwC0St,S_9NRdU6Z,S_Ex1kQjb>. The 10-year rate is available through the same data source, though the snippet cuts off after showing rates for maturities up to 3 years. The Treasury's yield curve methodology uses indicative, bid-side market price quotations to derive par yields <snippet id=S_pwGFHPE,S_AsPkpls>. Official rates can also be accessed via the Treasury's daily interest rate XML feed or API documentation <snippet id=S_2WbtkJ5,S_4AaXlpd>.
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<snippet id="S_hAqLMYW,S_VSuv8i0">The scientific literature on catastrophic climate change scenarios is still in its early stages, with many potential futures poorly understood despite growing concern about global catastrophe risks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">The authors propose that warming above 5°C is "beyond catastrophic" and above 6°C is an "indisputable global catastrophe," though these thresholds are described as heuristic rather than fixed</snippet>. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">A research agenda for catastrophic climate change has been proposed, focusing on four key strands: extreme climate change dynamics, mass morbidity and mortality pathways, social fragility and risk cascades, and integrated catastrophe assessments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">Some tipping point assessments have been conducted, with effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon up to an eightfold increase in the optimal carbon price</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">Beyond climate risks, other global catastrophic risks (GCRs) related to food systems are also being explored, including abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios where sudden aerosol releases could disrupt sunlight and impact food production</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">The document emphasizes that understanding bad-to-worst-case scenarios is vital for risk management, though it acknowledges that terms like "existential threat" remain undefined in scientific literature</snippet>.
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The recent search returned primarily climate-focused catastrophic risk literature, with "Climate Endgame" studies emerging as key references defining catastrophe thresholds. Warming above 5°C is categorized as "beyond catastrophic," while warming above 6°C constitutes an "indisputable global catastrophe," with 3°C by century's end marking extreme climate change <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">temperature thresholds for catastrophic outcomes are now being clarified</snippet>. Tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon to an eightfold increase in optimal carbon pricing <snippet id="S_60jj79u">tipping point probabilities demonstrate fat tail risk characteristics</snippet>. However, bad-to-worst-case climate scenarios remain poorly understood despite reasons to suspect they could drive worldwide societal collapse or eventual human extinction <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">catastrophic climate scenarios are underexplored yet critically important</snippet>. Food system risks include abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios that could trigger multiple bread-basket failures and global-scale well-being threats <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">global catastrophic food system risks are identified as existential threats</snippet>. Sea level rise research similarly defines "Extremely high risk" as exceeding socioecological coping capacity and possibly leading to existential or catastrophic outcomes <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">coastal settlement risks reach existential catastrophe thresholds at very high sea level rise</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY,S_bChTerS">Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early stages of carcinogenesis and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity</snippet>, with experimental studies emphasizing their chemopreventive and therapeutic potential <snippet id="S_BEpOCxI">research is currently underway to assess their possible use in cancer prevention including gynecological cancers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW,S_St3cdIq">However, challenges include low bioavailability and toxicity, which can be potentially overcome with nanoparticle delivery mechanisms and chemical analogs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_giUXm46">Combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs enhances their therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RE7a53S">Pomegranate peel polyphenols have shown anticancer effects against cervical cancer in cell culture studies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">Recent literature (last five years) elucidates anticancer effects of natural products on cervical cancer through mechanisms including HPV-mediated pathways</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RulQFFI">Most data cited in the 2010-2021 time frame, with research on flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, and terpenoids as key phytochemical classes</snippet>.
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Recent reviews have synthesized therapeutic effects of natural products on cervical cancer through inflammatory pathways, highlighting compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, curcumin, and paclitaxel with data primarily from 2010-2021 studies<snippet id="S_RulQFFI">. Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">. Challenges associated with phytochemical use include low bioavailability and toxicity, which may be addressed through chemical analogs, adjuvant therapies, and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms<snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">. Experimental evidence emphasizes chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of plant-derived substances, with combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs shown to enhance therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells<snippet id="S_bChTerS">. Research on phytochemicals against HPV-induced cervical cancer necessitates further investigation into efficacy and safety, particularly through concurrent therapies targeting HPV-mediated mechanisms<snippet id="S_St3cdIq">. Current literature reviews continue to collect experimental works from the last five years elucidating anticancer mechanisms of plant-derived natural products in cervical cancer treatment<snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">.
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<snippet id="S_r2sDDAL">Trust in AI within public institutions is influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R1PS8iU">Public sector AI adoption differs from the private sector due to coercive elements, as citizens must use and pay for services, raising legitimacy questions; in politicized contexts, conflicts over "right" or "fair" decisions heighten the stakes, making trust and legitimacy foundational to public authority</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F456mxb">Trust levels increase if AI adds perceived value and if humans remain involved; transparency about AI use is essential for tracking trust changes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">Public perception and trust in AI adoption is a critical factor influencing integration and acceptance, with concerns about privacy invasion and lower trust in companies and government deploying AI</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PgHhtbO">Trust in government significantly influences user experiences with AI-based self-service technology in public service delivery, highlighting trust as a key challenge in implementing AI in public governance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">Trust plays a critical role in the perceptions and acceptance of AI technologies, with transparency, reliability, and task characteristics predicting cognitive trust in AI systems</snippet>.
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Trust in AI within public institutions is significantly influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems often viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers <snippet id="S_r2sDDAL,S_R1PS8iU">. Key determinants include transparency and explainability, which are essential for tracking trust changes and fostering responsible AI development <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp,S_1tU6Z3U">. Human oversight remains critical, as trust levels increase when humans remain involved in decision-making processes rather than being replaced entirely by AI <snippet id="S_F456mxb">. Reliability, tangibility, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust in AI systems, while anthropomorphism influences emotional trust <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">. Privacy concerns and data governance also negatively impact trust, particularly when citizens perceive potential privacy invasion <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">. Additionally, public perception of AI control, ethics, and perceived value of AI services are crucial determinants for acceptance in public service contexts <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U,S_F456mxb">. Technological competence and familiarity with AI also correlate with higher trust in AI capabilities across different public service domains <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">.
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<snippet id=b99d28d7-0>Available to stream now on AMC+, Disney Plus, Hulu, Sundance Now, Philo, The Roku Channel, Fandango at Home, Prime Video or Apple TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>Available on AMC+, Sundance Now, Philo, Prime Video, Tubi, Disney+, Hulu, Sling TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-8>Where to Stream: Clean (2022). Tubi TV · Hulu · AMC+</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-4>Currently you are able to watch "Clean" streaming on Amazon Prime Video, Amazon Prime Video with Ads or for free with ads on Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5>Clean on Philo. A garbage man becomes the target of a local crime boss ... Clean. 2021Crime • Crime drama • Thriller. Start free trial</snippet>.
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<snippet id=b99d28d7-0,b99d28d7-9>Clean is available to stream on multiple platforms including AMC+, Hulu, Prime Video, Apple TV, Tubi, and Roku</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>AMC+ is specifically mentioned as one of the available streaming services for the film</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-1,b99d28d7-2,b99d28d7-4>It can also be accessed through Hulu, Amazon Prime Video, and Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5,b99d28d7-8>Philo and other services like Sundance Now and Disney+ offer the movie as well</snippet>.
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The search results do not contain specific empirical evidence about negotiated assessment or student co-creation in higher education, as most snippets focus on general learning outcomes, teacher effectiveness, or assessment reliability rather than student involvement in designing assessments <snippet id="S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG,S_db6DLhs">general learning outcomes and assessment processes in higher education</snippet>. One systematic review of peer assessment design notes that reliability and validity are often underreported as outcome measures, though it does not address student co-creation specifically <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">reliability and validity are often underreported as outcome measures in peer assessment studies</snippet>. Research on teacher effectiveness suggests that student-centered teaching styles are viewed as more effective and engaging by students, but this does not directly address assessment design participation <snippet id="S_G7aERKv">student-centered teaching styles are viewed as more effective and engaging by students</snippet>. Quality assurance mechanisms like peer reviews and accreditation are mentioned in the context of outcome-based education, but no specific data on student co-creation of assessment criteria is provided <snippet id="S_ssr4mB9">various quality control mechanisms, such as peer reviews and accreditation, are employed to improve educational quality</snippet>. The available evidence is therefore insufficient to directly evaluate the effectiveness of involving students in negotiated assessment or co-creating rubrics and criteria <snippet id="S_10M2Vpc">no universally accepted definition of effective teaching</snippet>.

<answer>
The provided search results do not contain specific empirical evidence or randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or student co-created rubrics in higher education <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv,S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">. Instead, the available literature focuses on broader concepts such as Outcome-Based Education frameworks, general peer assessment design elements, and teacher effectiveness metrics <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv">. While one systematic review notes that reliability and validity are frequently underreported in peer assessment studies, it does not quantify the impact of student involvement in task design <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">. Additional snippets discuss conceptual tensions in learning outcomes or the influence of educational technology without addressing assessment negotiation specifically <snippet id="S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">.
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<snippet id="S_wzDgj5A">Endocytosis delivers extracellular materials to lysosomes for degradation, and trafficking between endosomes and the TGN is imperative for maintaining lysosomal fitness as it delivers enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gCWDTWV">Lysosomes receive their specific soluble hydrolases and membrane proteins cargos from the "conventional" secretory pathway, with M6P receptors binding to proteins carrying mannose 6-phosphate residues and delivering lysosomal protein precursor content to lysosomes via endocytosis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_idvg3li">Lysosomes can release their contents through lysosomal exocytosis, which aids in plasma membrane repair and the secretion of enzymes, with the fusion of lysosomal membrane with plasma membrane playing an important role in plasma membrane repair</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gvPHAb9">Lysosomal exocytosis causes efflux of lysosomal enzymes such as sphingomyelinase, which converts sphingomyelin into ceramide on the plasma membrane, an effect impaired in cells deficient in aSMase</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_pfxfGLI">a general downregulation of endocytosis during aging or senescence has been observed, with components important for endocytosis regulation such as βPIX or GIT also seem to be downregulated in senescent cells</snippet>, suggesting that endocytic pathways may be compromised in age-related lysosomal dysfunction. The provided search results do not contain direct experimental evidence specifically demonstrating that enhancing endocytosis protects against lysosomal dysfunction, though they establish the canonical protective mechanisms such as M6P receptor-mediated enzyme delivery and lysosomal exocytosis for membrane repair.
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<snippet id=S_wzDgj5A,S_Y2SP2EN>Endocytosis maintains cellular homeostasis by delivering extracellular and intracellular materials to lysosomes, where they are degraded as part of the autophagy-lysosomal-endosomal system</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_wzDgj5A>Trafficking between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network is imperative for the maintenance of lysosomal fitness as it delivers enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id=S_gCWDTWV>Lysosome biogenesis also requires endocytic pathways, as lysosomal membrane proteins can be delivered via vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane followed by endocytosis</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC,S_Ykw4nQx">Calendar aging is primarily driven by temperature, with degradation accelerating at elevated temperatures and following Arrhenius or Eyring equation dependencies</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">cycle life decreases dramatically at low temperatures during fast charging, with studies showing cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">Degradation mechanisms at low temperatures include lithium plating and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film growth, which compete under fast charging conditions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">Keil et al. (2016) examined NCA, NMC, and LFP at 25°C, 45°C, and 50°C over 300 days, finding that capacity fade did not increase linearly with SOC</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">higher temperatures and SOC levels, particularly 100% SOC at 60°C, significantly increased capacity degradation and internal resistance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">The Arrhenius law describes the temperature dependence of reaction rates, with the rate constant influenced by absolute temperature and specific parameters determined through Arrhenius plots</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">SEI growth is the dominant degradation mechanism during calendar aging, causing anode pore clogging and film resistance increase</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">temperature regulation is essential for reducing calendar aging</snippet>, suggesting that very low temperatures may slow some degradation pathways while high temperatures accelerate them.
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<answer>
Calendar aging follows the Arrhenius equation, where elevated temperatures accelerate aging processes through increased reaction rates, making temperature regulation essential for reducing degradation <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">. SEI growth is the dominant calendar aging mechanism at high temperatures (e.g., 55°C storage), causing pore clogging and film resistance increase in anodes <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">. Higher temperatures and SOC levels significantly increase capacity degradation and internal resistance during calendar aging, with studies showing accelerated fading at 50-60°C storage <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">. In contrast, cyclic aging experiences dramatically accelerated degradation at low temperatures during charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C for graphite/NMC batteries <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. At 5°C, a 16 Ah graphite/NMC battery loses 75% capacity after only 50 cycles compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C, driven primarily by lithium plating rather than SEI growth <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. The Arrhenius law describes temperature dependence of cyclic aging reaction rates, though lithium plating at sub-zero temperatures creates an inflection point that fundamentally alters degradation mechanisms compared to calendar aging <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">.
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The provided search results do not contain the exact threshold value for rC,ave or ΔGave mentioned in the Scientific Reports article. None of the snippets reference these specific variables or the threshold values for Chinese scholars' influence on global research. The available results focus on general research evaluation reform, internationalization of Chinese social sciences, and China's growing share in global publications rather than the specific metrics requested. <snippet id="S_PtOIRGk">China's research evaluation reform has significantly influenced global science by promoting SCI papers as a primary metric for assessing research quality</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RXJTnMw">In 2018, China significantly influenced global science, particularly in physical sciences STEM, where its share of Scopus papers rose from 8.5% in 2000 to 27.7%</snippet>. However, no snippet contains the precise rC,ave or ΔGave threshold values needed to answer the query.

<answer>
<snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_NyxI5ht,S_RTxg6u0,S_PnWYPRp,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u">None of the provided search results contain information about a Scientific Reports article with the specific variables rC,ave and ΔGave or their critical threshold values</snippet>. The retrieved snippets discuss various aspects of Chinese research output, publication incentives, and global science influence, but none reference the target paper with the threshold information the agent is seeking <snippet id="S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t">The only mentions of "Chinese scholars" in global research context appear in titles without corresponding content</snippet>. The agent may need to refine their search with more specific terms such as "Scientific Reports rC,ave ΔGave threshold" without the broader China influence query to locate the exact paper.
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<snippet id="22895,68190,89881">Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) was an 18th‑century Swedish naturalist who formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy</snippet>. <snippet id="22895,68190,89881">He introduced the two-part Latin species name (genus + specific epithet) and established hierarchical ranks such as kingdom, class, order, genus, and species</snippet>. <snippet id="68190">His system standardized classification across plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and more, forming the basis of modern scientific naming</snippet>. <snippet id="22895">Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaeus taught at Uppsala, wrote chiefly in Latin, and was ennobled in 1761 as Carl von Linné</snippet>. <snippet id="89881">Linnaean taxonomy endures as the basis for naming and organizing biodiversity, though additional ranks and evolutionary concepts were later added</snippet>.
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Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), an 18th-century Swedish naturalist, formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy <snippet id="22895, 68190">. He introduced a two-part Latin naming system (genus + specific epithet), such as Homo sapiens, through his publication of Systema Naturae (first edition 1735) <snippet id="22895, 89881">. Linnaeus also established hierarchical classification ranks including kingdom, class, order, genus, and species <snippet id="22895, 89881">. His system standardized biological classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming <snippet id="68190">. Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaean taxonomy continues to serve as the foundation for organizing biodiversity <snippet id="22895, 89881">.
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<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Tony Horwitz</snippet>, who retraced the voyages of Captain James Cook across the Pacific. <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>Horwitz's book specifically follows a specific route, retracing the voyages across the Pacific of the British explorer</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-3>Horwitz is a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist and best-selling author known for his work on early European exploration of the New World</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-8>Another related work mentioned is "The Wide Wide Sea" by Hampton Sides, which offers a fuller picture of the British explorer's final voyage to the Pacific islands</snippet>. The search results confirm Horwitz's book matches the description of a Pulitzer-winning journalist retracing a British explorer's voyages, though specific details about ship reconstruction or exact island locations are not explicitly detailed in the provided snippets.
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<answer>
<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Tony Horwitz</snippet>, which retraces the voyages of British explorer Captain James Cook across the Pacific <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>. Cook was from Yorkshire, a county in northern England, and his historic HMS Endeavour has been reconstructed for modern voyages <snippet id=1701849e-6>. The book follows a specific route through Pacific island countries that Cook originally visited during his explorations <snippet id=1701849e-5>. Horwitz's approach combines historical research with personal adventure travel to explore Cook's legacy <snippet id=1701849e-1>. This work differed from Horwitz's previous books by focusing on a specific exploration route across the Pacific Ocean <snippet id=1701849e-6>.
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<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH">The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms for remote work</snippet>, with remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce <snippet id="S_rm0f44F">emphasizing the need for e-HRM and digitalization to enhance flexibility and productivity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe,S_NBYIjl3">Extraordinary changes caused by COVID-19 have enforced companies around the globe to accelerate transition to digital business processes, with HRM needing to manage people in companies during the crisis to enable business continuity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sFMyq5N">The pandemic challenged the maintenance of conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention from the scientific community</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hGtii0p">The shift to online training highlighted challenges in teamwork and productivity among HRD professionals, revealing the need for S-HRD principles to enhance employee engagement and adaptability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi">The CEDEL model (complicator–exposer–disruptor–enabler–legitimizer) conceptualizes the role of COVID-19 in sustainable HRM, providing a framework for future studies</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_CbPhWNe">The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), with remote work necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms and e-HRM practices</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH,Sn_rm0f44F">Research indicates this acceleration has been global in scope, with one study noting remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi,S_sFMyq5N">Systematic literature reviews characterize COVID-19 as a complicator-disruptor-enabler that challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">The crisis established lasting implications including more flexible, remote-friendly digital working norms that organizations must address through new policies and hybrid working models</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">bioRxiv does not perform peer review but implements a screening process to filter out inappropriate content, including automated plagiarism detection and manual reviews for spam or inappropriate content</snippet>, with a second stage of review conducted by experienced scientists known as bioRxiv Affiliates. <snippet id="S_lUJRGnM">Thirty-three preprint platforms were examined, with 75% providing details about their screening processes, though some platforms like FocUS Archive and SocArxiv mentioned checks without specifics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">ArXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns, which raises potential issues since it includes quantitative biology</snippet>, while medRxiv screens submissions for material that could endanger public health, including dual-use research. <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">Preprints undergo various quality control measures on platforms like arXiv, including author registration and endorsement, completeness, relevance, plagiarism, language appropriateness, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">Each preprint includes a warning indicating the lack of peer review, and MedRxiv specifically advises against relying on these preliminary reports for health-related decisions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">The pre-peer review screening process involves several checks before a paper is sent for peer review, including plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language and quality of expression</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">arXiv performs pre-peer review screening that includes plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language quality</snippet>, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">but does not conduct formal peer review before posting</snippet>. Key quality control measures on arXiv include <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">author registration and endorsement requirements, completeness checks, relevance verification, plagiarism detection, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>, unlike bioRxiv and medRxiv which screen for material that could endanger public health or pose biosecurity risks. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">ArXiv emphasizes that its materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. Despite the absence of peer review, preprints on arXiv still undergo screening as a "coarse filter" to exclude nonscientific or inappropriate content, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">though this does not guarantee validity of the content</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kOME3NW">The interactive reading (IR) task is a framework for AIG and automatic scoring of reading comprehension (RC) passages and a suite of questions associated with the passage</snippet>. <snippet id="S_n6aoW4b">The page discusses the construct of reading as defined by Alderson (2000), emphasizing that reading is an interactive process involving both lower-level (bottom-up) and higher-level (top-down) processes</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain specific information contrasting "intensive" reading with "extensive" reading as a pedagogical framework, nor do they provide detailed classroom task examples for each of the four categories.
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<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books.</snippet> <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores, and fact-checking explanation model fine-tuned on the PUBHEALTH dataset achieved promising performance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_wkwj2K0">We fine-tuned, on the PUBHEALTH dataset, pre-trained models for the downstream task of fact-checking label prediction. We employed four pre-trained models: original BERT uncased, SCIBERT, BIOBERT v1.0, and also BIOBERT v1.1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">BIOBERT is trained on abstracts from PubMed and full article texts. BIOBERT demonstrates higher accuracies when compared to BERT for named entity recognition, relation extraction and question answering in the biomedical domain</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">SCIBERT is trained on 1.14M Semantic Scholar articles relating to computer science and biomedical sciences. Similar to BIOBERT, SCIBERT also shows improvements on original BERT for in-domain tasks. SCIBERT outperforms BERT in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">Our experiments showed that training deep learning models on real-world medical claims greatly improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RXgSB12">Our experiments show that training deep learning-based fact-checking models on real-world and in-domain claims substantially improves the performance compared to training on synthetic and open-domain claims</snippet>.
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Research on medical fact-checking shows that domain-specific language models often outperform general models on health claim verification tasks. On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores compared to BERT and other baseline models <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. BioBERT demonstrates higher accuracies than BERT for biomedical tasks including named entity recognition, relation extraction, and question answering in the biomedical domain <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. Similarly, SCIBERT shows improvements over the original BERT and outperforms it in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. However, performance varies by dataset; on SCIFACT, RoBERTa-large achieved the best performance among the sentence encoders tested, including SciBERT and BioMedRoBERTa <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. Additionally, training deep learning models on real-world medical claims substantially improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">.
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<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf,S_Iqcxwr0">The waterfall model is a linear and sequential software development approach where progress flows through distinct phases such as requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance, with each phase completed before the next begins</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model, part of the Software Development Life Cycle, allows for initial simplified implementations that evolve through multiple iterations, emphasizing incremental changes and flexibility</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">The Waterfall-Iterative approach (also noted as "Waterative") combines waterfall phases executed iteratively with agile principles, including requirement analysis for each iteration and product backlog creation for prioritized user stories</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">While waterfall is characterized by strict documentation and end products for each stage, iterative development emphasizes repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX">In iterative development, unit testing is facilitated during sprints, followed by systems integration testing (SIT) and user acceptance testing (UAT) before deployment</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">The waterfall model works well for simple, straightforward projects but does not work well for complex projects</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">The traditional waterfall model is defined as a linear, sequential software development approach where each phase must be completed before the next begins, with strict documentation and sign-offs required between stages</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">In contrast, "iterative waterfall" (also called "Waterative") executes waterfall phases iteratively as the project elaborates, incorporating requirement analysis for each iteration with design followed by product backlog creation using Scrum framework's agile principles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model allows incremental changes and divided project parts with repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation, enabling more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to waterfall</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">A key distinction is that waterfall accommodates substantial requirement changes with significant disruption, whereas iterative approaches emphasize evolving implementations with each cycle enhancing previous work</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz,S_u8WEXgX">Waterfall is characterized by sequential phases requiring strict documentation and end products per stage, while iterative/wative approaches include unit testing during sprints followed by systems integration testing and user acceptance testing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">Waterfall approaches work well for simple, straightforward projects, but are less suitable for complex projects requiring flexibility</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_IbmwH6I,S_ipBYA4S">Digital transformation in banking encompasses digital financial services including mobile banking, digital payments, and fintech platforms that enhance financial inclusion by providing accessible and affordable services to underserved populations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X">Empirical evidence indicates digital transformation correlates with enhanced financial inclusion and operational efficiency, with studies showing digital payments increasing financial inclusion intensity and reducing income-level disparities in access to financial services</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cecyK56">In Sub-Saharan Africa, digital financial inclusion is more significant in low-income countries due to inefficiencies in traditional banking, allowing FinTech companies to enhance financial access and stimulate economic activities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AlV0rKF">Regarding risks, digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability and negatively correlates with non-performing loans, though increased bank competition negatively affects stability, supporting the competition-fragility hypothesis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ipBYA4S">However, research on Fintech's impact on financial inclusion is limited, particularly regarding effects across different demographics and regions, and traditional financial inclusion metrics often fail to adequately measure digital financial inclusion</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kq45sEh">Challenges remain including data security, regulatory issues, user digital literacy, and consumer protection, with the COVID-19 pandemic revealing vulnerabilities in technological integration</snippet>. <answer>
Note: The provided search results do not contain specific Yemeni evidence on digital transformation in banking; this gap should be flagged in the full synthesis and addressed through comparative MENA/fragile state evidence where available.
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<snippet id=S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X>S digital transformation in banking is defined as the application of innovative technologies, particularly digital payments, to enhance financial inclusion and operational efficiency</snippet>, with research showing it <snippet id=S_4uYEvn0>S diminishes the impact of income levels on financial service access</snippet> while enhancing account ownership and savings. <snippet id=S_cecyK56>S Economic impact varies by income level: in low-income countries, digital financial inclusion is more significant than traditional finance due to banking inefficiencies</snippet>, whereas in middle-income countries both forms complement each other. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability (z-score) and negatively with non-performing loans</snippet>, though increased bank competition negatively affects stability according to the competition-fragility hypothesis. <snippet id=S_kq45sEh>S Challenges include data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy</snippet>, with findings from Sub-Saharan Africa, ASEAN, and EU contexts; <snippet id=S_cecyK56,S_Q1OC4lz>Yemen-specific evidence is sparse and limited by fragile state conditions</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Policy recommendations emphasize promoting digital financial literacy, regulatory frameworks treating digital and traditional finance as complementary</snippet>, and strategic measures to maintain bank stability alongside inclusion initiatives.
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<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett appears briefly as a policeman in Never Look Back (1952)</snippet>, confirming the credit the agent was investigating. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The film was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>, with <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Hugh Sinclair listed in the cast</snippet>. <snippet id="55190">The film was released in the UK on 26 May 1952</snippet> and runs 73 minutes. <snippet id="81776">Hugh Sinclair plays the role of the fiancé who prosecutes</snippet> while <snippet id="55190">Rosamund John stars as the newly appointed KC</snippet>. All three sources (Wikipedia, IMDb, and Hammer Graveyard) independently confirm these details.
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<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The 1952 British drama Never Look Back was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett appears in a brief supporting role as a policeman</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Hugh Sinclair is confirmed as a main star in the cast, playing the prosecutor</snippet>. The production ran for 73 minutes and was shot at Mancunian Studios between September and October 1951.
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The provided search results describe the calculation and application of beta-cell function indices such as the insulinogenic index and disposition index in various populations, but do not contain specific evidence linking visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation to these beta-cell function metrics. Snippets S_qpkzufM, S_DYXy4QI, and S_2GRyVKu detail how the insulinogenic index and disposition index are computed from OGTT and IVGTT data to estimate beta-cell function <snippet id="S_qpkzufM">the disposition index was calculated as the product of the Gutt index and the insulinogenic index</snippet>, <snippet id="S_DYXy4QI">the disposition index was calculated as AIR × M_FFM</snippet>, <snippet id="S_2GRyVKu">DIOGTT is a composite measure that captures both insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, calculated as insulinogenic index × Matsuda index</snippet>. However, none of the available snippets provide data on how VAT specifically associates with insulinogenic index, acute insulin response, or disposition index values. S_UBkWxKP mentions assessing beta-cell function in obese adults with OGTT and that adipose tissue insulin resistance can be incorporated into GSIS assessments <snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">the disposition index (DI) was derived to characterize beta-cell function relative to insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue</snippet>, <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi">The study proposes an adjustment to the assessment of β-cell function in obese adults by incorporating adipose tissue insulin resistance into the disposition index</snippet>, but does not report VAT-specific findings. The search results focus on methodological approaches to beta-cell function assessment rather than evidence connecting VAT accumulation to insulin secretion or sensitivity indices.
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<answer>
The provided search results do not directly address the relationship between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and pancreatic beta-cell function metrics in humans. The snippets primarily define how beta-cell function indices like the disposition index, insulinogenic index, and acute insulin response are calculated from OGTT or IVGTT data <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_77OipMD">the disposition index is calculated as the product of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion measures such as the insulinogenic index</snippet>. One study suggests adipose tissue insulin resistance affects beta-cell function assessment, noting that elevated plasma free fatty acids can impair β-cell function and proposing adjustments to the disposition index to account for adipose tissue <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2">incorporating adipose insulin resistance into assessments provides a more comprehensive index of β-cell function</snippet>. Another study reported that leptin and GM-CSF were negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI and hsCRP, indicating roles in inflammation and lipid metabolism <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">leptin and GM-CSF showed negative associations with the disposition index and positive correlations with BMI and inflammatory markers</snippet>. However, none of these snippets provide direct adult human evidence linking VAT or pancreatic fat specifically to beta-cell function measures like disposition index or acute insulin response as the agent was seeking.
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<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources by one-third did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes, though it did increase exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduce uncivil language</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">Research on social media feed designs compared various feed types including chronological and engagement-based feeds, finding that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mUfOdDp">However, a 2020 study by Guess et al. found no significant long-term effects of Facebook and Instagram's algorithms on users' affective polarization over a three-month period, suggesting the impact of social media algorithms on long-term beliefs is complex</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sJfbnsu">The deactivation experiment was part of the U.S. 2020 Facebook and Instagram Election Study, a collaboration between academics and researchers at Meta that allowed unprecedented access to Meta platform data while including extensive safeguards to guarantee research integrity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EIYKoMB">Recent studies suggest that exposure to diverse perspectives can also align local conflicts with broader partisan divides, and authors propose redesigning social media ranking algorithms to mitigate polarization by incorporating democratic values into their structure</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>. The intervention aimed to decrease exposure to like-minded sources by one-third, which resulted in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">but did not lead to measurable changes in eight key political attitudes, including affective polarization and belief in false claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">An experiment compared various feed types, including chronological and engagement-based feeds, as well as innovative designs aimed at promoting democratic values</snippet>. Findings indicate that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans, but may inadvertently increase perceived threats to free speech among users <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">. The research also references other studies that examined the influence of exposure to like-minded sources and reshared content, noting that some studies found minimal effects on affective polarization</snippet>.

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The search results do not contain specific documentation of FUND/PAGE IAMs integrating tropical cyclone or flood damage modules. <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">The CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h from tropical cyclones to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>, but this is a separate climate risk assessment tool rather than a canonical IAM. <snippet id="S_VGFFWS5">The HWCM approach enhances tropical cyclone risk assessments by simulating high-resolution wind and rain fields for better representation of storm flood damages</snippet>, though this also refers to risk modeling methodology rather than IAM integration. <snippet id="S_IAQSdJr">Synthetic tropical cyclones are used to improve flood predictions and estimate flood protection services of mangroves</snippet>, demonstrating how extreme event impacts are incorporated in environmental valuation studies. However, none of these snippets provide evidence of FUND, PAGE, DICE, or RICE IAMs explicitly representing extreme weather damages through stochastic shocks or calibrated impact categories. The agent will need to pursue additional searches for IAM-specific documentation on tropical cyclone and flood damage integration.

<answer>
Unfortunately, the provided search results do not contain specific information about how FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE, or other canonical IAMs incorporate extreme weather events into their damage functions. The available snippets focus on hazard modeling (CLIMADA model for tropical cyclones, mangrove flood protection services, hydrodynamic modeling) but do not document IAM integration methods <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>. No snippets describe how IAMs represent extremes as separate impact categories or stochastic shocks to capital/productivity, nor do they detail expected-annual-loss pipelines feeding IAM damages. There is also no evidence of empirically estimated event-specific damage functions (cyclone wind-based, flood depth–damage, heat-wave impacts) being aggregated to macro damages within specific IAM frameworks in these results.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK">HPV initially binds to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) or Heparan Sulfate Syndecan (Sdc) proteoglycans on the cell membrane, with L1 protein containing multiple HSPG-specific binding sites</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK,S_4kyiDLH">This attachment triggers conformational changes in the L1 protein, exposing the N-terminus of the L2 protein</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK,S_4kyiDLH">The exposed L2 N-terminus is then cleaved by the cellular protease furin, which reduces L1's affinity for HSPGs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_qd5yqrp">Following furin cleavage, L2 binds to secondary receptors including the S100A10 subunit of annexin A2, facilitating clathrin-independent endocytosis into the cell</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK,S_4kyiDLH">The virus enters through micro-abrasions or wounds, where it initially binds to basement membrane components like laminin-332 before engaging HSPGs on the cell surface</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK,S_4kyiDLH">Internalization occurs via endocytosis independent of clathrin, caveolin, lipid rafts, and dynamin, with the virus trafficking through endosomes, the Golgi network, and the endoplasmic reticulum to reach the nucleus</snippet>.
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<answer>
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) entry typically begins at microlesions in the epithelium where the major capsid protein L1 binds to laminin-332 or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the basement membrane <S_9692W5p, S_06dh88l, S_ygceipK, S_4kyiDLH>. This initial attachment induces L1 conformational changes, often facilitated by Cyclophilin B, which exposes the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2 <S_9692W5p, S_ygceipK, S_sYaeZRH>. Proteolytic processing follows, where kallikrein-8 cleaves L1 and the cellular protease furin cleaves L2, reducing HSPG affinity and preparing the virion for internalization <S_6cL8am9, S_9692W5p, S_qd5yqrp>. Secondary interactions with receptors such as annexin A2, integrin α6, and tetraspanins like CD151 facilitate clathrin-independent endocytosis or macropinocytosis-like uptake <S_6cL8am9, S_Fgb4QWW, S_06dh88l>. Once internalized, the virus undergoes retrograde trafficking through endosomes and the Golgi network to reach the nucleus for genome release and replication <S_6cL8am9, S_IzJhLSD, S_qd5yqrp>.
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<snippet id="S_FvypqMm">The Laplace mechanism has been applied to preserve privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions by adding noise from the Laplace distribution centered at 0 with scaling b to numeric query results</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u2uIkcN">This approach enables privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions using calibrated Laplace noise with standard deviation of √2b based on the function's sensitivity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3Vks9VQ">The Laplace mechanism is defined by M(d) := M(d) + Y where Y i ∼ L (∆ 1 / ) are independent and identically distributed for i = 1, . . . , r and ∆ 1 is the L 1-sensitivity of the query</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5htVDhJ">Laplace noise can be added to a function output to produce a differentially private output, where the scale of the Laplacian noise is equal to ∆f / in the local differentially private setting</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain specific case studies or empirical applications of the Laplace mechanism to financial data published in the high-impact journals identified (IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, Nature Scientific Data, PNAS, Management Science, Operations Research, Information Systems Research, JRSS, Annals of Applied Statistics, JFE, RFS, JF). <snippet id="S_dR6xJKK">The Laplace mechanism preserves ( , 0)-differential privacy with the property that the addition or removal of a single entry to the database does not change (much) the outcome of the query</snippet>.
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<answer>
The search results provide limited evidence of concrete case studies from high-impact journals applying the Laplace mechanism specifically to financial/banking/credit transaction data. Two snippets mention financial applications: S_FvypqMm notes the Laplace mechanism can preserve "user privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions" within parking recommender system research <snippet id=S_FvypqMm>, and S_u2uIkcN states the mechanism enables "privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions" for prospect theoretic analysis <snippet id=S_u2uIkcN>. However, neither snippet explicitly confirms publication in high-impact journals like IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or major finance/economics journals that the agent prioritized <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_3Vks9VQ>. Most other search results discuss the Laplace mechanism in medical data <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG>, social networks <snippet id=S_XWjGWtA,S_gaV539r>, or power flow systems <snippet id=S_3Vks9VQ> rather than verified financial case studies. Additional searches targeting specific journals or verified financial domains would be needed to fully address the agent's goal.
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<snippet id="21438">Jitendra Narayan (20 Dec 1886–20 Dec 1922) was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar</snippet>, and <snippet id="21438">he founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet>, which matches the educational institution named after his father. <snippet id="21438">As "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar" he played one first‑class cricket match (Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI v Lord Willingdon's XI) on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs in total</snippet>, though <snippet id="21438">there is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI."</snippet> <snippet id="57275">Nripendra Narayan was Maharajah of Cooch Behar with sources indicating an association with a namesake Nripendra Narayan Academy and links to cricketing activity with a Prince of Wales's XI, but the crawled material is fragmentary</snippet>. <snippet id="71327">The claims about Jitendra Narayan having brothers and no first-class cricket/Prince of Wales XI involvement are unverified/conflicting with the provided content</snippet>. The agent's hypothesis about a single first-class match against Prince of Wales' XI cannot be confirmed with the current search results.
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<answer>
Jitendra Narayan was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar <snippet id="21438">and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet> as an educational institution named after his father. He played one first‑class cricket match for "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI" against Lord Willingdon's XI on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs total <snippet id="21438">. There is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>, which contradicts one key element of the hypothesis that the match was against the Prince of Wales' XI during the 1921–22 India tour. Biographical details indicate he was linked to Cooch‑Behar Palace (also known as Victor Jubilee Palace) as the ruling Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar during his lifetime <snippet id="21438">, though succession by his offspring is not confirmed in the available snippets. Some sources present conflicting or fragmentary information about the academy founder and cricketing claims <snippet id="57275">, with sibling records listing him as having younger brothers but not documenting all biographical details consistently <snippet id="71327">.
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<snippet id="S_gnrEepM">For therapeutic protein quantification in plasma, using a single stable signature peptide (SP) resulted in significant negative biases (−23 to −62%) and discordant results between SPs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gnrEepM">Hybrid methods using stable-isotope-labeled (SIL) internal standards achieved good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results between SPs (deviations < 15%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gnrEepM">Protein-level and hybrid calibrations were identified as cost-effective for accurate quantification without requiring expensive SIL-proteins</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kjDg3lX">In contrast, methods using multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides relative to standards were employed for mAb quantification in plasma</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BFG6czq">For antibody-drug conjugates, two peptides from tryptic digest containing CDR regions were identified and used as signature peptides, with extended SIL-IS peptides used as internal standards</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1t8pQcf">The surrogate peptide method typically achieves good linearity and wide dynamic range, with limits of quantification in the low ng/mL to pg/mL range</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XWxG38W">Optimized methods for quantifying protein expression levels use a minimum of three light and two heavy peptide fragments to enhance reproducibility</snippet>.
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<answer>
Current evidence suggests that using two signature peptides is recommended over a single peptide for reliable mAb quantification in serum. A study assessing calibration approaches for monoclonal antibody quantification emphasized "the importance of using two SPs for reliability" and found single peptide calibration had "significant negative biases" and "discordant results between SPs" <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>. Practical implementations in therapeutic protein studies typically employ multiple peptides; for instance, one Fc-engineered mAb PK assay determined concentrations using "multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides" <snippet id=S_kjDg3lX>. Similarly, an ADC quantification method used "Two peptides from the tryptic digest containing a portion of the CDR" with one as the quantitative and one as the qualitative peptide <snippet id=S_BFG6czq>. While single peptides can be detected, protein-level and hybrid calibrations with two SPs achieved "good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results" compared to peptide-level calibration which showed poor reliability <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_SvIkmlU,S_rtPxhtT">Umbrella reviews indicate that resistance training performed in the morning versus evening yields similar hypertrophy adaptations and increases in muscle strength</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JKFS2Wu">However, a 24-week study found that evening resistance training resulted in a larger muscle cross-sectional area in men, though Sedliak et al.'s similar trends were statistically insignificant</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HhyT8Rz">Research suggests that time of day for strength training can influence performance based on an individual's chronotype, with morning training reducing diurnal variation in performance while evening training enhances it</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gRYJWoz">Gender-specific effects also exist, with morning exercise in women enhancing total and abdominal fat loss while evening exercise in men greatly increases upper body muscle strength and power</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU,S_rtPxhtT">Despite these findings, more research is needed to verify if differences exist between training in the morning versus evening hours, particularly regarding chronotype interactions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU">Future studies should consider assessing cross-sectional area at the muscle fiber level and individual responses to resistance training at different times of day based on chronotype and habitual sleep cycles</snippet>.
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<answer>
Umbrella reviews indicate that increases in muscle strength and mass do not significantly differ between morning and evening resistance training <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT,S_SvIkmlU>. Acute performance metrics typically peak around 6:00 p.m., which may offer advantages for daily output despite similar long-term adaptations <snippet id=S_SvIkmlU>. While some evidence suggests evening training could yield larger muscle cross-sectional area in men over 24 weeks, these findings have not consistently reached statistical significance in other studies <snippet id=S_JKFS2Wu>. Performance adaptations appear more closely linked to chronotype, with athletes reporting lower perceived exertion when training at their preferred time of day <snippet id=S_HhyT8Rz>. Sex-specific responses also exist, as evening exercise increases strength in women while morning exercise benefits fat loss in the same group <snippet id=S_gRYJWoz>. Therefore, experts recommend selecting training times based on personal preference to maximize adherence given the lack of clear superiority between schedules <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT>.
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