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<snippet id="S_tyjIFLb,S_soikqKO">Strava serves as a social network for amateur and professional athletes where users log, monitor, and share fitness accomplishments through status updates, comments, photos, and performance comparisons</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tyjIFLb">Core gamification techniques include challenge systems where users can challenge others to complete distances, with winners receiving digital badges and trophies for monthly challenges</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ohmbRBN,S_47DnIT5">Strava is categorized as a "persuasive technology" designed to motivate users through tracking routes, performance feedback, and social comparison, with research showing social features like competition and cooperation foster intrinsic motivation and accountability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fdz63NK">However, users often selectively share data, withholding metrics like heart rate and wattage while opting for basic information such as segment times and elevation, reflecting concerns about data privacy and self-validation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5nbN41y">The current research relies on cross-sectional samples of specific user populations (e.g., cyclists), limiting generalizability across different demographics and fitness app types</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QiL3aAT,S_ohmbRBN">Most fitness apps do not fully incorporate psychological theories regarding social comparison, despite this being a key driver of motivation, with users expressing awareness of how others perceive their data</snippet>.
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Strava employs social features such as challenges, leaderboards, and digital badges as core gamification techniques to encourage repeated use and foster a sense of community among its 36 million active users <snippet id="S_tyjIFLb">. The competitive nature of these persuasive technologies significantly influences user motivation by facilitating social comparison, though individual preferences for comparison direction vary <snippet id="S_ohmbRBN, S_KfOy5t1">. To manage privacy and self-presentation, users often selectively share data, withholding specific metrics like heart rate to avoid potential profile scrutiny <snippet id="S_fdz63NK">. Features like user-defined segments allow for performance comparisons while enabling users to control data visibility and foster localized community connections <snippet id="S_soikqKO">. Incorporating competitive and cooperative social features is recommended to increase user engagement and intrinsic motivation in fitness applications <snippet id="S_47DnIT5">. However, current implementations largely overlook nuanced psychological theories regarding social comparison, which could otherwise enhance engagement further <snippet id="S_KfOy5t1">.
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<snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The White House fact sheet announces a 25% additional tariff on imports from Canada and Mexico, and a 10% additional tariff on imports from China</snippet>. Energy resources from Canada will be subject to a lower 10% tariff rate. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">These tariffs are implemented under the authority of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEEPA) citing a national emergency from illegal aliens and drugs</snippet>. The announcement also references trade statistics, noting that trade accounts for 67% of Canada's GDP, 73% of Mexico's GDP, and 37% of China's GDP. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The fact sheet states that in 2023 the U.S. trade deficit in goods was the world's largest at over $1 trillion</snippet>. The tariffs are framed as leverage to address national security concerns, with the White House claiming this is the first time the U.S. has fully leveraged its economic position to secure borders against illegal migration and combat fentanyl.
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<snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The White House fact sheet specifies a 25% additional tariff on imports from Canada and Mexico, with energy resources from Canada receiving a lower 10% tariff, while China faces a 10% additional tariff</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The fact sheet notes that in 2023 the U.S. trade deficit in goods was the world's largest at over $1 trillion</snippet>, and that trade accounts for 67% of Canada's GDP, 73% of Mexico's GDP, and 37% of China's GDP. However, <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">this fact sheet does not include specific dollar trade values covered by the tariffs, any retaliation measures from Canada, China, or the EU, or quantitative economic impact estimates (consumer cost, inflation, GDP)</snippet>. The tariff announcement is dated February 2025 and cites the International Emergency Economic Powers Act as the legal basis. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The tariffs remain in effect "until such time as Drugs, in particular Fentanyl, and all Illegal Aliens stop this Invasion of our Country"</snippet> as per the presidential directive.
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<snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The page discusses the interpretation of metaphors, particularly focusing on the slogans from George Orwell's "Nineteen Eighty-Four": "War is Peace," "Freedom is Slavery," and "Ignorance is Strength."</snippet> <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">It highlights the challenges in quantifying the frequency of these slogans in media, noting that a significant portion of references (73%) are secondary uses rather than original.</snippet> <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The text emphasizes the concept of 'discursive drift,' which refers to the shifts in meaning and stance associated with metaphors over time, contrasting it with 'semantic drift.'</snippet> <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">This analysis suggests that the slogans can evolve in their interpretation and application within public discourse, reflecting changing societal attitudes and contexts.</snippet> <snippet id="S_lgOMCo4">The text also addresses lexical creativity, citing Margaret Atwood's exploration of freedom and unfreedom, noting that "doubleplus unfree," derived from Orwell's Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-Four, exemplifies the intensifying use of language.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The slogans from Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four—"War is Peace," "Freedom is Slavery," and "Ignorance is Strength"—are analyzed as metaphors that undergo discursive drift, where meaning and stance shift over time</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_iDUQY7x">slogans function as thought-terminating clichés that discourage critical thought by offering seemingly simple answers to complex questions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_15dkzZt">These phrases operate as brief, striking terms that act as emotional appeals and may include labeling and stereotyping</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lgOMCo4">Orwell's Newspeak language engineering is exemplified by terms like "doubleplus unfree," which demonstrates the intensifying use of language for ideological control</snippet>. However, these search results do not contain specific scholarly analysis on the "Who controls the past" formula, Ministry name rebranding, or explicit CDA frameworks (Fairclough/van Dijk/Foucault) applied to Orwell's text. <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">A significant portion of references to these slogans in media are secondary uses (73%), indicating their evolution as discursive artifacts rather than original texts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_gsbJVy0,S_5VWgqHF">Eric A. Stach from the University of Pennsylvania served as MRS Vice President beginning January 1, 2024</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0">He will lead the Board of Directors as MRS President in 2025</snippet>, which indicates he held the concurrent title of President-Elect during his 2024 Vice President term. <snippet id="S_ZPx3NY5">Past MRS Presidents page also references Takao Someya (2024) in the context of vice president/president-elect</snippet>, though this appears to be a different individual from the 2024 election results. The clearest documentation of the 2024 Vice President/President-Elect appointment comes from the official MRS press release announcing Eric Stach's leadership roles for 2024-2025.
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Eric A. Stach from the University of Pennsylvania served as MRS Vice President beginning January 1, 2024 <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0, S_5VWgqHF">. He will lead the Board of Directors as MRS President in 2025, following the standard VP/President-Elect transition <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0, S_5VWgqHF">. This confirms that Eric A. Stach was the 2024 Vice President and President-Elect who was scheduled to assume the Presidency in 2025 <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0">.
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<snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_Xa6M06B">STIX 2.1 is a machine-readable, semi-structured framework for structuring and exchanging cyber threat intelligence (CTI) data, primarily using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) with 12 STIX Domain Objects (SDOs) including 'indicator', 'malware', 'report', and 'vulnerability'</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS">The Malware SDO contains specific attributes for detailing malware indicators within the CTI framework</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_lIvobvB">the pattern property of Indicator SDO is filled with threat intelligence values such as CSIs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3JECVB5">STIX Relationship Objects (SROs) define relationships between SDOs, with two types: one connecting two SDOs to highlight relationships (e.g., malware exploiting a vulnerability) and another identifying a specific SDO with evidential data</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hlcufmo">In CTI databases, SDOs are represented as nodes where Indicator SDO is mapped as an Indicator node, and relationships between objects are established through SROs like 'REFERS_TO'</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3M0PARM">Real-world STIX datasets from sources like Palo Alto Networks and Trend Micro contain comprehensive malware and threat actor relationship data, with 75% of bundles including a Malware entity and 54% including a Threat Actor</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_Xa6M06B">The OASIS CTI technical committee maintains STIX 2.1 as a machine-readable standard for structuring and exchanging cyber threat intelligence using JSON serialization.</snippet> <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_06F1WZp">The framework defines STIX Domain Objects (SDOs), including specific types such as 'malware' and 'indicator', to describe characteristics of incidents and threat indicators.</snippet> <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_lIvobvB">The 'indicator' SDO includes a 'pattern' property for detailing malware indicators, while data quality metrics can assess the connectedness of these objects.</snippet> <snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_06F1WZp">STIX uses STIX Relationship Objects (SROs) to link SDOs, enabling representations such as a malware exploiting a vulnerability or an indicator referencing a threat actor.</snippet> <snippet id="S_Xa6M06B">Integration of CybOX into STIX 2.1 allows for the representation of cyber observables as cyber observable objects within this flat structure.</snippet>
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The search results do not contain specific information about newly formed counties in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province between 2020-2024. <snippet id=3d29ab62-0>The province is one of 31 provinces in southwestern Iran</snippet>, but no details about county-level administrative changes are provided. <snippet id=3d29ab62-1>Kohgiluyeh County is listed as existing with Dehdasht as its capital</snippet>, but this does not indicate a newly formed entity. <snippet id=3d29ab62-5>References to "newly formed local and province level governments" are mentioned in a 2024 FAO report</snippet> but without specific county names or formation dates. <snippet id=3d29ab62-6,3d29ab62-7,3d29ab62-9>Multiple 2024 studies reference the province but do not document new county formations</snippet>. The search results focus on geographical, climatic, and agricultural studies rather than administrative boundary changes.
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<snippet id=3d29ab62-5>The FAO report mentions "newly formed local and province level governments" in a general context, but does not specify particular counties formed in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during 2020-2024</snippet>. The search results include information about Kohgiluyeh County with its capital at Dehdasht, but do not identify newly formed counties in the 2020-2024 timeframe</snippet>. No specific administrative changes or county formations in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during this period are clearly documented in the available snippets</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">For the "Trusted Computing Environment & Platform" project, the School of Computer Science at Beihang University won the National Science and Technology Progress Award Second Class (二等奖)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">For the "Virtual Reality & Digital Media" project, the research team won both the National Science and Technology Progress Award First Class (一等奖) and Second Class (二等奖)</snippet>. These awards are documented on the official School of Computer Science website pages for each research area. The Virtual Reality & Digital Media project involved developing real-time 3D graphics platforms and distributed virtual environment systems. The Trusted Computing Environment & Platform project established CROWN providing high-trust software development environments.
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针对虚拟现实与数字媒体方向，北京航空航天大学计算机学院研制了实时三维图形平台BH-GRAPH、分布交互仿真运行支撑平台BH_RTI及分布式虚拟环境DVENET，这些成果获得国家科技进步一等奖和二等奖<snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">。在可信计算环境与平台方面，学院建立的CROWN高可信软件开发环境、Web服务中间件平台及网络环境运行平台，荣获国家科技进步二等奖<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">。这些研究面向国家战略规划及航空航天行业应用需求展开<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl,S_UoGmAYk">。
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<snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Research indicates that demographic factors such as being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment are associated with higher risks of problem gambling among university students in Nigeria</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Typical sports bettors tend to be male, often with lower household incomes but a strong interest in sports</snippet>, which suggests economic strain may be a pathway to betting participation. <snippet id="S_sAPmmcf">Those who reported past-30-day sports betting were more likely to have a history of indebtedness (11 vs. 6%, p = 0.04)</snippet>, indicating financial stress as a potential determinant of gambling behavior. <snippet id="S_rqYsRo2">Financial literacy studies among university students in Ghana suggest the role of financial behavior in predicting gambling prevalence, which may relate to the prevalence of sports betting among Nigerian students</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zEaN2n7">Regular participation in sports betting, fantasy sports betting, and daily fantasy sports betting among adolescents was associated with a higher risk of gambling problems</snippet>, with males participating more frequently than females. <snippet id="S_7jM1r4W">Sports betting is more prevalent among men and younger individuals</snippet>, and the risk of gambling problems increases with sports betting frequency. However, <snippet id="S_d3zPQEk">specific data on university students in Nigeria is not detailed in the esports betting study</snippet>, highlighting a gap in Nigeria-specific athlete/student-athlete gambling evidence.
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<snippet id="S_C7vME7Z">An urban school-based survey of 507 Nigerian students found a lifetime gambling prevalence of 57.2%, with 77.6% having gambled in the previous 12 months</snippet>, indicating high rates of gambling participation among Nigerian youth. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Sports betting has gained popularity among university students in Nigeria, with demographic factors including being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment associated with higher risks of problem gambling</snippet>. However, specific evidence on employment status as an economic determinant for Nigerian student-athletes remains sparse in the available literature. <snippet id="S_sAPmmcf">Among recent sports bettors, those active in work or studies showed lower percentages (68% for online casino, 59% for horse betting) compared to non-gamblers, while past-30-day sports bettors had higher history of indebtedness (11% vs 6%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iL4llG9">Research on emerging adults shows students comprised 59% of esports bettors in a Great Britain sample, with bettors more likely to live in deprived areas</snippet>, suggesting economic strain may be a relevant pathway. Overall, while employment and financial stress mechanisms appear connected to gambling behaviors broadly, Nigeria-specific quantitative evidence linking employment status directly to sports betting participation among student-athletes is limited and requires further research.
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The search results do not contain the current top model on the Chatbot Arena Leaderboard. <snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">The official LMArena URL is https://lmarena.ai/</snippet>, but no specific model rankings are provided in the snippets. <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE">The May 2023 leaderboard is based on 27K anonymous voting data between April 24 and May 22, 2023</snippet>, which is outdated information. <snippet id="S_hhzNfal">A multimodal leaderboard was released on June 27, 2024</snippet>, but neither this nor other results specify the current top-performing model. <snippet id="S_5A51bt1">Chatbot Arena is described as a crowdsourced, randomized battle platform for large language models</snippet>, but the specific ranking data needed to identify the current best model is not present in these search results.
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The official Chatbot Arena Leaderboard is hosted at https://lmarena.ai/ <snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">where over 3.5M votes have been collected for model rankings. The leaderboard uses an Elo rating system based on anonymous voting data <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE">to rank large language models. A snapshot of the leaderboard is also available on Hugging Face at https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmarena-ai/lmarena-leaderboard <snippet id="S_831cvJ0">. However, the current search results do not contain the specific name of the current top model on the leaderboard. A direct visit to the official lmarena.ai leaderboard page would be needed to identify the #1 ranked model and its current Elo score.
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DESI observations indicate a possible breakdown of the cosmological constant paradigm, with recent results from the w0wa parametrisation suggesting a phantom regime at high redshifts <snippet id="S_p938Lo0">...</snippet>. DESI DR2 BAO data specifically favor a dynamical dark energy characterized by a phantom crossing feature where w(z) < -1 for z > 1 <snippet id="S_gu69vHf">...</snippet>. The most effective evidence supporting dynamical dark energy comes from joint constraints of DESI BAO and DSEY5 SNe, though DESI BAO only yields a higher w in the late universe <snippet id="S_DVeLkbI">...</snippet>. DESI 2024 results indicate dark energy may be evolving into the phantom regime with w(z) < -1, indicating potential deviations from the ΛCDM model <snippet id="S_otM3Qb8">...</snippet>. However, DESI data may not fully support resolution of the H0 tension with evolving dark energy, adding complexity to this approach <snippet id="S_p938Lo0">...</snippet>. The phantom regime w < -1 is unphysical in general relativity, which motivates the need for non-minimal coupling to gravity or matter to realize stable phantom crossing without ghosts <snippet id="S_ZIWoomJ">...</snippet>.
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DESI results indicate a preference for phantom behaviour (w < -1) over a significant redshift range, with a crossing to the non-phantom region at lower redshift <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. DESI DR2 data suggests a potential phantom crossing at z_c ≃ 0.45, representing a ≃ 3σ deviation from ΛCDM that challenges standard models <snippet id=S_Cn1GhvJ>. The phantom regime w < -1 is considered unphysical in general relativity, motivating alternative theoretical frameworks <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. Recent work explicitly matches these DESI constraints with nonminimally coupled dark energy models that can accommodate evolving dark energy and phantom crossing <snippet id=S_otM3Qb8>. Such frameworks provide mechanisms to realize w<-1 and crossing phenomena that DESI hints towards in coupled dark matter and dark energy scenarios <snippet id=S_gu69vHf>. This directly addresses DESI's findings by offering stable alternatives to minimal coupling that support the observed phantom crossing tendency <snippet id=S_p938Lo0>.
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<snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_8bzg1KA,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">In pharmacology, margin of safety is defined as the ratio between the lethal dose to 1% of the population and the effective dose to 99% of the population, expressed as LD1/ED99</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">This represents the safety of a drug at high doses, where a higher margin of safety indicates lower risk of toxicity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4mMdKmh,S_8bzg1KA">However, these search results do not address conditions under which this margin of safety cannot be calculated or would "fail to appear"</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KtkXCqd">One source notes margin of safety is a function of cube root of ratio between LT50 and LD50 and one-hundredth of ED, but does not specify when it becomes undefined</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ITpLCrH,S_gWkoXUl,S_PNN5Uwr">Alternative formulations exist using LD50/ED50 (therapeutic index) rather than LD1/ED99, but none of the provided snippets explain when this value would be uncomputable or fail to appear</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">The margin of safety in pharmacology is defined as the ratio of LD1 (lethal dose to 1% of population) to ED99 (effective dose to 99% of population)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8bzg1KA">This measure is also referred to as the Certain Safety Factor</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain information about conditions under which margin of safety "fails to appear" or cannot be calculated <snippet id="S_KtkXCqd">, and no snippet addresses when this definition is undefined or inapplicable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ITpLCrH,S_gWkoXUl,S_PNN5Uwr">Alternative measures such as the therapeutic index using LD50/ED50 are also mentioned</snippet>. <answer>
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The search results do not provide explicit experimental evidence of group polarization or risky shift in avatar-mediated immersive VR settings. <snippet id="S_JIjtTEQ">One study simulating a virtual train journey with computer-generated avatars did not detail findings related to "risky shift" in virtual reality avatars</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa">While visual fidelity of avatars affects users' sense of embodiment and behavior, the study noted that abstract avatars like robots led to increased risky behaviors, whereas self-representations fostered a connection to the physical world and promoted cautious behavior</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HKqSHCf">The same research found that participants controlling abstract representations adopted more risky behaviors, while self-representations maintained a connection with the real world and encouraged users to preserve the integrity of their avatar</snippet>. However, none of the retrieved snippets document explicit demonstrations of group discussion or group cues leading to attitude extremity in multi-user IVEs, which is the hallmark of group polarization. <snippet id="S_snWHiX5">Other applications of avatars in VR include risk prevention education and therapy, but these do not address group polarization phenomena</snippet>.

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<snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa, S_HKqSHCf">The search results indicate that abstract avatars (such as robots) can lead to increased risky behaviors compared to self-representations that foster cautious behavior</snippet>, which relates to the Proteus Effect where avatar appearance influences user conduct <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa">. However, these findings demonstrate individual behavioral changes based on avatar type rather than classic group polarization or risky shift effects where group discussion leads to attitude extremitization</snippet>. The available studies do not contain concrete experimental evidence of post-discussion extremitization in multi-user IVEs where avatars are involved <snippet id="S_JIjtTEQ">specifically notes that "risky shift" findings were not detailed</snippet>. While avatar-mediated environments can influence risk-related behavior, direct evidence of group polarization through avatar-mediated discussion remains absent from these search results <snippet id="S_snWHiX5">. The research focuses more on how visual fidelity and avatar similarity affect embodiment and individual actions rather than group dynamics leading to polarization</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz,S_CBhXwnS,S_L4MYIrf">Nikola Tesla's "Electric Arc Lamp" patent was issued on February 9, 1886, with patent number US335,786</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ktaELRS">This is confirmed by the Wikipedia list of Tesla patents which shows US patent 335,787 for Electric arc lamp dated 1886 February 9</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">The Facebook post listing Tesla's 1886 patents confirms the Electric Arc Lamp was issued on February 9, 1886, following the Commutator for Dynamo Electric Machines on January 26, 1886</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iDdAzGv">The patent describes an improved electric arc lamp using electromagnets and lever mechanisms to precisely separate and feed carbon electrodes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7dWRH62">Tesla's 1886 patents were for improved control of the feed of the carbon rods</snippet>.
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Nikola Tesla's Electric Arc Lamp patent, US 335,786, was granted on February 9, 1886 <snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz,S_L4MYIrf">. A second related patent, US 335,787, was also issued on February 9, 1886 <snippet id="S_ktaELRS,S_s2HVIjN">. The "Commutator for Dynamo-Electric Machines" was issued on January 26, 1886 <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. Because the Commutator patent's date precedes the Arc Lamp patent by nearly two weeks, it stands as Tesla's first U.S. patent by issue date <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. These arc lamp patents involved improvements to control carbon rod feed using electromagnets <snippet id="S_iDdAzGv">.
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<snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode is titled "Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD" from Stories from the World of Medicine, Season 3, Episode 2, released on February 18, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_Q1JiXuV">The guest is Otolaryngologist Tina Munjal, MD, who tells a story about learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NZ9gUn7">The episode is approximately 30 minutes in length, as indicated by the standard duration for this podcast format</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI">The official episode page is available at https://thenocturnists.org/podcast/rhino-rocket</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IhbWqXF">This episode is also listed in the show's main catalog at https://thenocturnists.org/storiesfromtheworldofmedicine</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode "Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD" is Season 3, Episode 2 of Stories from the World of Medicine podcast by The Nocturnists, released on February 18, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The guest is Tina Munjal, MD, an Otolaryngologist who shares her medical story</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NZ9gUn7,S_arbvh0R">The story is about learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode page is available at thenocturnists.org/podcast/rhino-rocket with illustrations by Lindsay Mound</snippet>. Runtime information is not available in the search results.
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<snippet id="S_btUw1xy">The search results include discussions of de-extinction, particularly for species driven to extinction by humans, suggesting that functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">Recent availability of genomes facilitates research on selection, adaptation, and genetic diversity, which is crucial for monitoring conservation status in poorly studied invertebrates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">Cloning techniques like somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) could enable the de-extinction of recently extinct mammals with preserved tissues</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aQHGJDJ,S_BVGS7oK,S_yJ0bKZt">Other retrieved snippets focus on evolutionary potential (EP) as a proxy for extinction risk, discussing how EP can be estimated from environmental, phenotypic, and genetic data to inform conservation actions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_160DJq3,S_kpUOwfs">Reviews on late-Quaternary megafauna extinctions highlight patterns, causes, and ecological consequences, with growing interest in megafauna's role in ecosystem conservation and restoration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">However, these results do not provide comprehensive 2022-2025 reviews specifically using the term "de-extinction" with proxy/functional de-extinction terminology</snippet>.
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Based on the search results, explicit "de‑extinction" research from 2022‑2025 is limited in the provided snippets. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>The controversial concept of de‑extinction, particularly for species driven to extinction by humans, suggests that functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>Cloning techniques like somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) could enable the de‑extinction of recently extinct mammals with preserved tissues</snippet>. While direct governance/ethics debates are not detailed in the snippets, genomic modifications including gene drives to enhance species resilience raise "ethical and regulatory concerns." <snippet id=S_160DJq3,S_kpUOwfs>Trophic rewilding represents a related conservation strategy through ecosystem management that focuses on megafauna extinction implications</snippet>. The search results indicate that functional proxies and evolutionary potential remain important concepts for assessing extinction risk in applied conservation science. <snippet id=S_aQHGJDJ,S_yJ0bKZT>Integration of proxies into conservation decision‑making remains an important area for innovation in applied conservation science</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_4iZB0OB">The central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star at zero temperature is predicted to be 1319 MeV</snippet>, which is below the limits set by perturbative quantum chromodynamics. <snippet id="S_exyOPhA">The neutron critical chemical potential, which indicates the transition to a quark phase, is model-dependent and defined where the quark chemical potential equals the baryon chemical potential at the same pressure, with current models suggesting this critical neutron chemical potential lies between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature</snippet>. <snippet id="S_dKTw9kz">The baryon chemical potential in this context is expected to be in the GeV range, but specific numerical values are not provided</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jARyMl0">The baryon chemical potential in neutron stars is typically in the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV, reflecting the extreme conditions present in such dense astrophysical objects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BQ1tanr">The baryon chemical potential values in the context of beta equilibrium typically fall within the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV, depending on the specific conditions and models used</snippet>.
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At zero temperature, the central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star is predicted to be 1319 MeV <snippet id="S_4iZB0OB">. Models of the hadron-quark phase transition indicate the critical neutron chemical potential lies between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature <snippet id="S_exyOPhA">. In the context of beta equilibrium, baryon chemical potential values typically fall within the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV <snippet id="S_BQ1tanr">. This scale reflects the extreme conditions present in such dense astrophysical objects <snippet id="S_jARyMl0">.
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<snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie,S_37bk94m">Bond et al. (2012) conducted a large-scale experiment involving 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 U.S. Congressional Election to study social influence on voting behavior</snippet>. <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc">The study found that Facebook social messages increased turnout by approximately 340,000 votes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mXK3pZh,S_8SBonkH">In the 2012 replication, the experiment directly mobilized approximately 90,000 additional voters, with an additional 270,000 people voting indirectly through friends of the treated group</snippet>. <snippet id="S_37bk94m">The mechanism exploited human heuristics by displaying images of friends who had voted, encouraging users to imitate their behavior through social proof</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">While the study found very small effects from the information treatment, the authors acknowledged this as a limitation despite the large sample size</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8SBonkH">These results replicate earlier work and add to growing evidence that online social networks can be instrumental for spreading offline behaviors</snippet>.
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The Bond et al. 2012 study conducted a large-scale experiment involving 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 U.S. Congressional Election, where users were shown messages with images of friends who had already voted <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie,S_37bk94m">to assess social influence on voting behavior</snippet>. The results demonstrated that this social messaging approach increased turnout, with approximately 60,000 additional votes directly attributed to the message in 2010 <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_mXK3pZh">and effects replicated in the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election with about 90,000 directly mobilized voters</snippet> <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_8SBonkH">. Social influence spread through the network as friends of treated users were also indirectly influenced, adding approximately 180,000-280,000 additional votes in total across both elections</snippet> <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_mXK3pZh,S_37bk94m">. However, some researchers note that while the effect sizes were statistically significant, they were relatively small relative to the massive sample size <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">. Despite this limitation, the study remains widely cited as evidence that online social networks can impact offline political behavior through interpersonal influence mechanisms</snippet> <snippet id="S_8SBonkH,S_I0UxhZS">.
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<snippet id="S_4LDk9pb">IGN explicitly confirms the launch date for North America, Australia, and New Zealand was November 23, 2004</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4am1dTv">This date is further corroborated by IGN's 2010 article noting World of Warcraft first launched in North America on November 23, 2004</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe">Wikipedia states the game was released for the 10th anniversary of the Warcraft franchise on November 23, 2004</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mhE8bKy">GamesIndustry.biz independently announces the street date as November 23, 2004 for North America</snippet>. <snippet id="S_K0CkkAv">Wowpedia also records the release date as November 23, 2004</snippet>. Multiple independent sources now confirm the November 23, 2004 launch date.
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<snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt">World of Warcraft was officially released on November 23, 2004</snippet>, with the launch date confirmed for North America, Australia, and New Zealand <snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_mhE8bKy">simultaneously across these regions</snippet>. IGN explicitly reported that November 23, 2004 was the launch date in multiple articles from late 2004 <snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt">. This date is further corroborated by Wikipedia, which states the game was released on November 23, 2004</snippet> <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe, S_K0CkkAv>, and by Blizzard's own press announcements</snippet> <snippet id="S_6wNkGtZ, S_mn2djgd>. The release marked the 10th anniversary of the Warcraft franchise</snippet> <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe>.
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Cytokinin (CK), strigolactone (SL), and auxin form a regulatory network where CK promotes axillary bud outgrowth while SL and auxin act as inhibitors <snippet id="S_q2ORi2Q">CK promotes axillary bud outgrowth, while SL inhibits it, with both hormones acting antagonistically through the transcription factor TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1 (BRC1)</snippet>. Auxin inhibits bud outgrowth by suppressing CK biosynthesis while promoting SL biosynthesis, which in turn upregulates BRC1 expression to inhibit branching <snippet id="S_jYWskoE">Auxin inhibits bud outgrowth through the promotion of systemic and local strigolactone (SL) synthesis by upregulating SL biosynthesis genes, MAXs (more axillary growth) in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, SL upregulates BRC1 expression and inhibits branching</snippet>. In this hormonal regulation, auxin and SL act as inducers of BRC1 while CK acts as a repressor <snippet id="S_gqi212y">In this regulation network, auxin and SL act as inducers while CK act as repressors</snippet>. BRC1 functions as a key regulatory hub that integrates pathways suppressing bud outgrowth, including those mediated by SL, auxin, and cytokinin <snippet id="S_Uuo070s">BRANCHED1 (BRC1) is identified as a key integrator of pathways that suppress bud outgrowth, including those mediated by SL, auxin, cytokinin, and sugar</snippet>. This antagonistic interplay determines shoot architecture, with auxin-mediated inhibition linked to increased SL synthesis and CK reduction <snippet id="S_gLbtlMj">Auxin promotes the transcription of SL biosynthesis genes, suggesting that auxin-mediated inhibition of bud outgrowth is linked to increased SL synthesis</snippet>.
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Cytokinin (CK), strigolactone (SL), and auxin form a regulatory network where auxin inhibits axillary bud outgrowth by suppressing CK levels and enhancing SL biosynthesis <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_q2ORi2Q>. Auxin promotes the transcription of SL biosynthesis genes, including MAX3/MAX4 (orthologs CCD7/CCD8), to synthesize SLs that suppress branching <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_nFj5ih3>. These hormones converge on BRANCHED1 (BRC1), a transcriptional hub where SL upregulates BRC1 expression to inhibit growth, while CK represses BRC1 to promote outgrowth <snippet id=S_gqi212y,S_gLbtlMj>. Consequently, auxin indirectly regulates BRC1 through these antagonistic factors rather than direct transport into the bud <snippet id=S_gqi212y>. BRC1 integrates these signals to suppress bud outgrowth, with mutants like amp1 showing enhanced branching due to altered CK levels and reduced BRC1 <snippet id=S_Uuo070s,S_gLbtlMj>.
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<snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">Perplexity AI offers three pricing tiers: Free, Pro ($20/month or $200/year), and Enterprise Pro ($40/month per seat or $400/year with 16% discount for larger organizations)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">The Free version allows unlimited concise searches, while Pro includes additional features like multi-step reasoning searches and deep research queries, limited to three per day</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">The Pro plan includes access to advanced AI models (e.g., GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, Claude 3.7 Sonnet, DeepSeek R1), file analysis for PDFs and images, image generation, and real-time web access for research</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">Enterprise Pro provides unlimited queries, extensive deep research capabilities (500 per day), and enhanced collaboration features with unlimited collaborators, plus organizational file repositories and advanced security options</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yvm9XpN">Users note that while Perplexity excels in search capabilities, it has limitations including restricted programming support and challenges with long-form content generation</snippet>.
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Perplexity AI offers three pricing tiers: Free, Pro ($20/month or $200/year), and Enterprise Pro ($40/month per seat or $400/year) with discounts for annual billing <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">. The Pro subscription includes access to advanced AI models like GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and Claude 3.7, plus unlimited Copilot queries, file upload for PDFs and images, and real-time web access <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p,S_yvm9XpN">. Pro users also receive features like multi-step reasoning searches, deep research queries (3-300 daily depending on source), and Perplexity Labs for structured outputs <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w">. However, some users report limitations in programming support, long-form content generation, and file handling compared to competitors <snippet id="S_yvm9XpN">. Enterprise Pro adds organizational file repositories, collaboration features, unlimited deep research (500 per day), and advanced security options <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">.
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