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<snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_AuYFhyP,S_HkWtygo">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017 that uses a clipped surrogate objective to optimize the policy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_r9aDbc9,S_hXE5LYe">The core idea involves a probability ratio \( r_t(\theta) = \frac{p_{\theta}(a_t, s_t)}{p_{\theta_{\text{old}}}(a_t, s_t)} \) between the new and old policies, which is clipped to a range defined by a hyper-parameter \( \epsilon \) (typically 0.1-0.2) to prevent large deviations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_9Mgjk7i">This clipping mechanism stabilizes training by ensuring the new policy does not deviate significantly from the previous policy, reducing the risk of divergent behavior</snippet>. <snippet id="S_r9aDbc9,S_YKlYY4b">The clipped objective is defined as \( \text{clip}(r_t(\theta), 1 - \epsilon, 1 + \epsilon) A_t \), where \( A_t \) is an advantage estimate that represents how beneficial the agent's actions are</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP">Additionally, an entropy regularization term is included to promote action diversity, and the algorithm can train multiple epochs per iteration due to limited policy updates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9Mgjk7i">The training loop involves initializing hyperparameters, collecting trajectories from parallel environments, and performing multiple update epochs based on these trajectories</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_hXE5LYe,S_z9c3Jms">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">It utilizes a clipped surrogate objective function that constrains the probability ratio between the new and old policies within a range typically set to 1 ± ε</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">This objective takes the minimum of clipped and unclipped estimates, providing a lower bound that penalizes significant deviations from 1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YKlYY4b,S_CcbSYTJ,S_9Mgjk7i">During training, the algorithm collects trajectories, computes advantage estimates (often via Generalized Advantage Estimation), and optimizes the policy with a value network loss and entropy bonus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CcbSYTJ,S_HkWtygo,S_9Mgjk7i">This allows multiple update epochs per iteration and stabilizes training by preventing excessively large policy updates</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_yHishm4">The Trump administration imposed tariffs on $283 billion of US imports in 2018, with rates ranging from 10% to 50%, without waiting for WTO authorization</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh">the most substantial tariffs targeted China, beginning in July 2018, with three waves of tariffs totaling 25 percent on $34 billion and $16 billion of imports, and a 10 percent tariff on an additional $200 billion by September</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yHishm4">In retaliation, countries such as China, the European Union, and Canada filed cases against the US at the WTO and imposed their own tariffs on approximately $121 billion of US exports, averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZSDo4iu">These actions were part of a populist agenda aimed at protecting American jobs amid US-China economic tensions, and by 2019 affected $363 billion worth of goods, with over 50% of Chinese exports to the US facing tariffs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I1oE0tb">Research indicates that trade-related job losses have a distinct anti-incumbent effect, while trade integration may increase perceived insecurity, and politicians from areas heavily impacted by the "China shock" have shown increased protectionist tendencies</snippet>. However, the search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum et al. "The Return to Protectionism" paper, so explicit distributional/regressive incidence on low-income households and forward-looking estimates for a 10% universal tariff with higher China tariffs are not available from these snippets.
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<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018-2019 Trump tariffs imposed $283 billion of US imports with rates from 10% to 50% on various goods, with China facing the most substantial tariffs totaling 25% on $50 billion of imports</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_yHishm4">retaliatory measures from trading partners including China, the European Union, and Canada targeted approximately $121 billion of US exports averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The tariffs were implemented amid a populist backlash against globalization, with retaliatory tariffs focusing on regions that supported Trump in the 2016 election rather than those backing other Republican candidates</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">none of the provided snippets contain results from Fajgelbaum et al.'s "The Return to Protectionism" paper specifically examining welfare effects, regressivity, or distributional incidence on low-income households</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The available evidence indicates that while tariffs may benefit specific industries, they are generally detrimental to both trading partners and the imposing country</snippet>. The search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum findings on how Trump tariffs affected working-class households or whether impacts were regressive as the agent requested.
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<snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">ZeRO-DP has three main optimization stages: Optimizer State Partitioning (P_os) provides 4x memory reduction with same communication volume as DP, Gradient Partitioning (P_os+g) provides 8x memory reduction, and Parameter Partitioning (P_os+g+p) achieves linear memory reduction with DP degree N_d</snippet>, <snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">for example splitting across 64 GPUs yields 64x memory reduction</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">Total communication volume in ZeRO is 3, spread evenly across 2 all-gather and 1 reduce-scatter operations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">ZeRO++ quantized weight communication (qwZ) reduces parameter communication volume by half through block-based quantization</snippet>, <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">hierarchical weight partition (hpZ) trades GPU memory for communication by maintaining full model copies within each machine to replace cross-machine all-gather with intra-machine all-gather</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">quantized gradient communication (qgZ) further reduces gradient communication costs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RRxd5ah">Hybrid approaches like LoongTrain apply ZeRO across both data-parallel and sequence-parallel dimensions, reducing redundant memory usage while balancing GPU memory and communication overhead</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BWVyprV">ZeRO shards data-parallel state to eliminate redundancy, though accessing full models via AllGather introduces communication overhead</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">With all three ZeRO-DP stages enabled, a trillion-parameter model can train on 1024 NVIDIA GPUs with memory reduction up to 64x</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_vOhHdDS>ZeRO-DP employs three optimization stages that partition optimizer states, gradients, and parameters, offering 4x and 8x memory reductions for the first two stages and linear memory reduction for parameter sharding at the cost of a 50% communication volume increase.</snippet> <snippet id=S_lxTe76D>ZeRO communication overhead is characterized by two all-gather operations for parameters and one reduce-scatter for gradients, totaling a volume of 3 model sizes per iteration.</snippet> <snippet id=S_RRxd5ah>However, the latency of collective communication operations demonstrates a positive correlation with the communication scale, which becomes significant when sharding across hundreds of GPUs.</snippet> <snippet id=S_LvWi5qs>For extreme memory scaling, ZeRO-Infinity offloads optimizer states and activations to CPU or NVMe memory to enable training of models with trillions of parameters.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of human stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte-lineage cells (hOLLCs) including iPSC-derived cells reveals substantial transcriptional heterogeneity of PDGFRα-lineage cells</snippet>, with the study identifying sub-populations of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hOPCs) including a potential cytokine-responsive subset. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity among these cells, particularly in their expression of cell-surface markers EGFR and PDGFRA</snippet>, which enabled the identification of four distinct immunophenotypic populations based on THY1, EGFR, and PDGFRA co-expression patterns. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">The study investigates the heterogeneity of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by employing bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on Pdgfra+ populations at various developmental stages</snippet>, finding that while OPCs converge on similar transcriptional profiles, bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell RNA sequencing on hiPSC-derived oligodendrocyte-lineage cells in 3D cultures identified distinct populations including OPCs and myelinating oligodendrocytes, with Monocle analysis indicating developmental progression among these cells</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0B4X0t7">This study emphasizes the transcriptional convergence and potential heterogeneity of iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, particularly in relation to PDGFRA expression in humans</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Studies utilizing single-cell transcriptomics have identified substantial transcriptional heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells (hOLLCs), discovering sub-populations such as a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Specifically, single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity in cell-surface marker expression, categorizing cells into four distinct immunophenotypic populations including putative pre-OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes based on EGFR and PDGFRA levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell sequencing of 3D hiPSC-derived neural cultures further distinguished heterogeneity within the oligodendrocyte cluster, separating proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes, and myelinating oligodendrocytes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">Investigations employing both bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on iPSC-derived OPCs suggest that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity and intrinsic epigenetic differences between developmental cohorts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_QESxt6r">RNA interference (RNAi) has been developed as an efficient technology for pest control, where transgenic cotton plants express double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that is ingested into insects to silence target genes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QESxt6r">In one study, HaHR3 dsRNA-expressing transgenic cotton lines were successfully cultivated and showed high larval mortality and pupation/deformation issues when used to feed Helicoverpa armigera larvae</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UDpXMMR">A transcriptome analysis of Anthonomus grandis identified contigs related to RNAi mechanisms, including PAZ Domains and SID-like sequences, though no RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) gene was detected</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tDo09SB">However, RNAi effectiveness in A. grandis is hindered by barriers such as dsRNA delivery, cellular uptake, and degradation by gut nucleases</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">While RNAi shows potential in transgenic corn and cotton with effective protection against pests in laboratory settings, further development and extensive field testing are necessary to fully assess effectiveness in agriculture</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">Attempts to apply RNAi against the cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) have not yielded similar results as in other economically significant pests</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising biotechnological approach for the cotton boll weevil, with research identifying targets like vitellogenin and chitin synthase genes for silencing</snippet>. <snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>Microinjection of dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 produced unviable eggs and malformed larvae, while vitellogenin knockdown significantly affected egg viability without altering egg laying numbers</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI>However, effective oral delivery of dsRNA via transgenic plants is limited by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, AgraNuc3) that degrade the RNA in the posterior midgut</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_fXsP2MN>While silencing these nucleases can enhance gene silencing efficiency against targets like chitin synthase II, attempts to apply RNAi against the boll weevil have not yielded results comparable to other coleopteran pests</snippet>. <snippet id=S_fXsP2MN>Although transgenic cotton plants expressing dsRNA are being developed, extensive field testing remains necessary to validate efficacy in agriculture</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_OLKZZOQ">The 1991 Kuwait oil fires exhibited significant aerosol radiative forcing effects, with net heating rates of up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour and 2.3 K/h at 3 hours plume age</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_hTyNcJU">the plume from the Kuwait oil fires following the 1991 Gulf War was characterised by a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0LL30pj">The oil fires and military operations resulted in substantially increased levels of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the region around the GCC</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_vOW7FR3">uncertainties in coagulation rate causing 20-40% uncertainty in the plume's radiative forcing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vaq6doy">The study investigates radiative forcing effects of smoke aerosols from Kuwait oil fires in 1991, focusing on uncertainties in surface and top-of-atmosphere forcing</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_3xcpkDw">regional aerosol optical depths (AODs) exceeded 0.8, highlighting the impact of aerosol radiative forcing in the context of biomass burning events</snippet>. However, the provided snippets do not contain specific data on boundary layer wind speed alterations or turbine performance impacts from these sources.
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The 1991 Kuwait oil fires produced significant aerosol radiative forcing with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour plume age, causing temperature differences of up to 6 K at 250-400 hPa and cooling of up to -3 K at 850 hPa <snippet id=S_OLKZZOQ>. These aerosol effects substantially modified energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature/precipitation patterns in the regional climate <snippet id=S_vaq6doy>. Surface cooling of -175 Wm-2 was recorded during related dust events in Kuwait with aerosol optical thickness reaching 3.617, indicating strong boundary layer perturbations <snippet id=S_dFPlFos>. The Kuwait oil fire plumes exhibited a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, confirming highly absorbing characteristics that influence radiative heating profiles <snippet id=S_hTyNcJU>. Radiative forcing uncertainties for such plumes range 20-40% depending on dilution rates and particle mixture state <snippet id=S_vOW7FR3>. These combined effects demonstrate how war-driven aerosols can alter boundary layer stability and surface wind conditions relevant to turbine operation <snippet id=S_0LL30pj>.
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<snippet id="S_UBzqh33">StealC V2 introduces several new features compared to V1, including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, enhanced payload execution methods, and the ability to decrypt stolen data server-side</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, and now uses RC4 encryption for network communications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">C2 communication has shifted to JSON-based requests and responses, with a focus on unique access tokens and error handling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses, with the control panel updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_UBzqh33>StealC V2 introduces several new features including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, along with enhanced payload execution methods</snippet>, and it can decrypt stolen data server-side. The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, but has enabled RC4 encryption for network communications which was previously disabled. Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook, with C2 communication now using JSON-based requests and responses. The control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery. Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses <snippet id=S_UBzqh33>.
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<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a,S_sRbBHcj">A cohort study using US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases followed veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19 between March 2020 and September 2021 to estimate post-acute diabetes risk</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibited a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">In the post-acute phase of the disease, compared with the contemporary control group, people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HmTazVA">Non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients had a 25% increased risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes, which rose to 173% in hospitalized patients and 276% in ICU patients, while risk decreased over time</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Altogether, there is evidence to suggest that beyond the acute phase of COVID-19, survivors might be at an increased risk of developing incident diabetes, and increased risk of incident antihyperglycemic use in the post-acute phase of the disease</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study used US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases to build a cohort of US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19</snippet> with two control groups for comparison. <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">Detailed analyses showed people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes compared with the contemporary control group</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Risks and burdens of post-acute diabetes increased in a graded fashion according to the severity of the acute phase, whether patients were non-hospitalised, hospitalized, or admitted to intensive care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study authors conclude diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, and post-acute care strategies should integrate screening and management of diabetes</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">The search results confirm the article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" by Sarwant Singh was published on Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only reference the article's existence and publication details without including the actual content about renewable energy targets. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article URL is https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>. To obtain the renewable electricity percentage, the actual article content would need to be accessed directly.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was written by Sarwant Singh and published in Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage figure for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article exists and provide publication details, but do not include the actual renewable energy statistics from the article. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article URL is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>, but the renewable electricity percentage data is not accessible from these search results.
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<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_TUFN3jC,S_mBwOV4H">The 15th POMS-HK International Conference is scheduled for 3-5 January 2025 at the Chinese University of Hong Kong</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jE7LWrz">The 14th POMS-HK International Conference was held at HKUST on 5-6 January 2024</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Br57QvT">The 13th POMS-HK International Conference was held at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University on 7-8 January 2023</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5nVopPR">The 12th POMS-HK International Conference was held at Lingnan University on 8-9 January 2022</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DzBPmor">The 11th POMS-HK International Conference was held at Lingnan University on 8-9 January 2021</snippet>. The most recent conference (15th, 2025) starts January 3, while the 14th (2024) starts January 5, showing the 2025 conference begins earlier.
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<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_mBwOV4H">The POMS-HK International Conference is held annually in early January in Hong Kong, with the 15th conference scheduled for January 3-5, 2025, the 14th for January 5-6, 2024, and the 13th for January 7-8, 2023</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_jE7LWrz,S_TUFN3jC,S_DzBPmor,S_mBwOV4H,S_Br57QvT,S_ULVAUtt,S_wmyEfiy,S_5nVopPR">none of the provided search snippets contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta or its specific dates</snippet>. Therefore, I cannot definitively compare which conference starts first without additional search results about the Atlanta meeting.
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<snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse ERVs are classified into three classes based on pol sequence similarity, with class I resembling gamma- and epsilon-retroviruses (including MLVs) and class II resembling alpha-, beta-, and delta-retroviruses</snippet>. <snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse representatives of class I include elements similar to classical murine leukemia viruses (MLVs), while class II includes the large intracisternal A-particle (IAP) superfamily with approximately 1000 copies per cell</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">Functional MLVs in mice, such as Emv loci in AKR mice, produce infectious virus and can cause leukemia through insertional mutagenesis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">IAP elements are murine-specific retroviral transposable elements that can lead to disease when they insert near genes, with domesticus showing a higher proportion of variable bases from active IAP subtypes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">Defective MLV integrations can collectively produce components necessary for forming transducing retrovirus particles, allowing for the restoration of replication competence through recombination in strains like C57BL/6</snippet>.
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Mouse endogenous retroviruses utilize a three-class system where MLV representatives belong to Class I (gammaretrovirus-like) and IAP elements belong to Class II (betaretrovirus-like), sharing nomenclature with human ERVs where Class I aligns with ERV1 and Class II with ERV2 <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_wHW5Oiu">. Functionally, endogenous MLVs such as Emv2 can undergo recombination to restore replication competence and produce infectious virus particles in strains like C57BL/6 mice <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. These infectious recombinant MLVs have been identified in murine cancer cell lines, where they contribute to leukemogenesis and tumor development <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. In contrast, IAP elements are autonomous long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons capable of active retrotransposition, contributing to genetic variation <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">. IAP elements are abundant, with approximately 1000 copies per cell, and specific subtypes like ID1 remain active in Mus musculus subspecies <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_VrGqnwN">. Active IAP insertions in Mus musculus domesticus account for a significant proportion of subspecies-specific polymorphisms, indicating ongoing mobilization <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">.
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<snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_jaGb9lk,S_Gj9myfY">Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs by retrieving evidence from external knowledge bases</snippet>, enabling models to generate responses conditioning on relevant facts rather than relying on internal parameterized knowledge alone <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. However, RAG is not without limitations, as it can suffer from hallucinations itself, including error accumulation within the pipeline and propagation of irrelevant evidence into the generation phase</snippet> <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. The effectiveness of RAG-based methods heavily relies on the quality of their retrieval mechanisms, and existing approaches face trade-offs between diversity and factuality</snippet> <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">. Active retrieval strategies like ARA have shown promising results in reducing hallucinations by filtering out unreliable results and timing retrieval judiciously during periods of low certainty</snippet> <snippet id="S_6v3TJp1">. These retrieval-augmented approaches are particularly valuable in domains like medicine where factual accuracy is critical, as they utilize external resources to verify information before generation</snippet>.
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Research from 2023–2025 consistently demonstrates that Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. Multiple studies confirm that RAG enables models to generate responses conditioning on retrieved evidence from external knowledge bases, significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing factual accuracy <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY,S_PbQaaQw">. The technique works by retrieving reliable documents before generation, allowing LLMs to leverage external non-parameterized knowledge alongside internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_OARPrNN">. However, research also cautions that RAG's effectiveness heavily depends on retrieval mechanism quality, and the approach is not without limitations such as error accumulation and citation inaccuracies <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_Gj9myfY">. Several implementations, including Active Retrieval Augmentation frameworks, have empirically validated that optimal retrieval settings can significantly reduce hallucinations <snippet id="S_MJvgffY,S_6v3TJp1">.
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The search results do not contain specific ITOPF, IOPC Funds, or IMO case history reports on the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ,S_DqGbf1z,S_i5aMNhp,S_0baMwGe,S_8WsCupd,S_B84eK7e,S_n6iBrLE,S_ys41PcL,S_deSmbWp">All returned snippets are from the Deepwater Horizon spill (2010, Gulf of Mexico) or general oil spill response literature rather than the Hebei Spirit incident</snippet>. While these sources discuss standard response techniques such as booms, skimmers, dispersants, and shoreline cleanup methods, <snippet id="S_0baMwGe,S_Hub9Tvk,S_n6iBrLE">they do not provide Hebei Spirit-specific data on waste management, SCAT implementation, or volunteer safety management</snippet>. The agent will need to conduct a new search targeting "Hebei Spirit" specifically through ITOPF, IOPC Funds, or Korean government databases to obtain the requested operational details.
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<snippet id="">No relevant information about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill was found in the search results.</snippet> The provided snippets all concern the Deepwater Horizon (2010, Gulf of Mexico) spill or general response capabilities in other regions like the Chinese Bohai Sea. Specifically, they discuss Deepwater Horizon shoreline oiling, SCAT surveys, dispersant use, boom and skimmer deployment, and cleanup worker participation. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ">Deepwater Horizon oil stranded on 1,773 km of shoreline with 660 km receiving authorized cleanup</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_i5aMNhp">18 SCAT teams surveyed over 7,058 kilometers of shoreline</snippet>. The Boi Sea snippets discuss mechanical facility storage quantities for skimmers and booms. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">The Bohai Sea survey found 133,420 m of floating booms, 9,632 kL/h for skimmers, and 100 vessels available</snippet>. No Hebei Spirit case history from ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean authorities was included in these results.
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<snippet id="S_QMZd9uN,S_NFdiZQm">Vertical eDNA distribution in lakes shows strong seasonal stratification, with warm-water fish eDNA concentrated above the thermocline and cold-water fish eDNA below, while during autumn turnover, the fish species assemblage as detected by eDNA becomes homogenous throughout the water column</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eR9pNyf">Thermocline depths range from 0.75 to 3.2 m, with sampling locations 20 m offshore (avg 46.2 m) and nearshore within 1 m of the shoreline, indicating vertical distribution and stratification in littoral and pelagic zones</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nblzMDI">The thermocline was confirmed as being between 4.60-6.60 m from the surface, with eDNA sampling occurring during stratification and turnover conditions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7ms3BbK">During stratification, eDNA detection varied significantly by depth, with cold-water stenotherms like lake trout and slimy sculpin primarily found at the bottom, while warm-water minnows were more abundant at the surface; the thermocline marked a sharp transition in species detection</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DCoNvvE">eDNA in lakes is patchily distributed, necessitating multiple sampling points for detection, with vertical distribution influenced by thermal stratification</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_qZTbA6e,S_7ms3BbK>Stratification leads to distinct microhabitat isolation where cold-water stenotherms are detectable only in midwater and deep habitats while warm-water minnows are abundant at the surface</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_QMZd9uN,S_7ms3BbK>community detection becomes more uniform across depths during autumn turnover when water column mixing occurs</snippet>. <snippet id=S_eR9pNyf,S_nblzMDI>Thermocline depths vary significantly between lakes, ranging from 0.75 to 3.2 m in some cases to 4.60 to 6.60 m in others</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DCoNvvE,S_qZTbA6e>Patchy distribution necessitates multiple sampling points across depths rather than single samples to capture community heterogeneity</snippet>.
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<snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>The West Bank Premier League shows clubs such as Shabab Al-Khalil based in Hebron and Al-Bireh</snippet>, but the search results do not contain specific information about a club that has won the Palestinian FA Cup multiple times or plays in a nearby municipality. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-6>Some clubs like Beitar Givat Ze'ev are based in the West Bank</snippet>, though these are Israeli football clubs rather than Palestinian professional teams. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-1>A list of football clubs in Palestine includes various West Bank teams</snippet>, but none of the provided snippets identify a club matching all the specified criteria. The search results are insufficient to definitively answer which club meets all the requirements of being in a major Southern West Bank city, playing in a nearby municipality, and winning multiple national cups.
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Based on the search results, the major cities in the Southern West Bank include Hebron (Khalil), which has professional clubs like <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil</snippet>. The club Shabab Al-Dhahiriya from the city of Ad-Dhahiriya is also located in the Southern West Bank <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>. However, the search results do not contain sufficient information about which specific club has won the Palestinian Cup multiple times and plays in a nearby municipality rather than its home city. Additional research is needed to determine the exact club meeting all criteria mentioned in the query.
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<snippet id="S_Ex1kQjb">The search results show a Treasury Daily Interest Rate XML Feed with rates including 3-month Treasury at 4.03% as of 09/18/2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LNwC0St">Official Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates for 2025 are available on the Treasury.gov data chart center</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_9NRdU6Z">these rates are indicative closing market bid quotations on the most recently auctioned Treasury Bills</snippet>. <snippet id="S_pwGFHPE">The Treasury's official yield curve uses a par yield curve derived with a monotone convex method from bid-side market price quotations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2WbtkJ5">The Treasury Daily Interest Rate Feed provides daily interest rate data in XML format for programmatic access</snippet>. However, the search results do not contain specific 10-year Treasury yield data, only the 3-month rate shown.
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<snippet id=S_Ex1kQjb>As of September 18, 2025, the 3-month Treasury rate was 4.03%</snippet>. The Treasury provides official yield curve data through its Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates page <snippet id=S_LNwC0St,S_9NRdU6Z,S_Ex1kQjb>. The 10-year rate is available through the same data source, though the snippet cuts off after showing rates for maturities up to 3 years. The Treasury's yield curve methodology uses indicative, bid-side market price quotations to derive par yields <snippet id=S_pwGFHPE,S_AsPkpls>. Official rates can also be accessed via the Treasury's daily interest rate XML feed or API documentation <snippet id=S_2WbtkJ5,S_4AaXlpd>.
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<snippet id="S_hAqLMYW,S_VSuv8i0">Catastrophic climate change scenarios remain poorly understood, with the authors noting this is a dangerously underexplored topic for risk management</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">The document proposes definitions where warming above 5 °C is considered "beyond catastrophic" and above 6 °C is deemed an "indisputable global catastrophe"</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">the term "catastrophic climate change" remains undefined in scientific literature, complicating discussions around existential risks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">The research agenda focuses on four key strands: understanding extreme climate change dynamics, exploring climate-triggered pathways to mass morbidity and mortality, investigating social fragility and vulnerabilities, and synthesizing findings into integrated catastrophe assessments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">Some tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon up to an eightfold increase in the optimal carbon price</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">The document identifies abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios (ASRS) as a specific category of global catastrophic risks related to food systems, where sudden events releasing aerosols into the stratosphere could disrupt sunlight and impact food production</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">The authors emphasize the need for better understanding of catastrophic outcomes to inform policy, improve resilience, and galvanize action</snippet>.
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The recent search returned primarily climate-focused catastrophic risk literature, with "Climate Endgame" studies emerging as key references defining catastrophe thresholds. Warming above 5°C is categorized as "beyond catastrophic," while warming above 6°C constitutes an "indisputable global catastrophe," with 3°C by century's end marking extreme climate change <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">temperature thresholds for catastrophic outcomes are now being clarified</snippet>. Tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon to an eightfold increase in optimal carbon pricing <snippet id="S_60jj79u">tipping point probabilities demonstrate fat tail risk characteristics</snippet>. However, bad-to-worst-case climate scenarios remain poorly understood despite reasons to suspect they could drive worldwide societal collapse or eventual human extinction <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">catastrophic climate scenarios are underexplored yet critically important</snippet>. Food system risks include abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios that could trigger multiple bread-basket failures and global-scale well-being threats <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">global catastrophic food system risks are identified as existential threats</snippet>. Sea level rise research similarly defines "Extremely high risk" as exceeding socioecological coping capacity and possibly leading to existential or catastrophic outcomes <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">coastal settlement risks reach existential catastrophe thresholds at very high sea level rise</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY, S_bChTerS">Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW, S_St3cdIq">Major challenges include low bioavailability and toxicity, which can be potentially overcome with nanoparticle delivery mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_giUXm46">Preclinical evidence shows that combinational use of phytochemicals with chemotherapeutic drugs enhances therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RE7a53S">Pomegranate peel polyphenols have shown anticancer effects against cervical cancer in cell culture studies</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_RulQFFI">curcumin and other natural products have been studied for their anti-inflammatory mechanisms in cervical cancer</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">more clinical studies with different phytochemicals are needed to establish safety and efficacy</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_bChTerS">standardization of herbal products remains a critical gap in quality control</snippet>.
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Recent reviews have synthesized therapeutic effects of natural products on cervical cancer through inflammatory pathways, highlighting compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, curcumin, and paclitaxel with data primarily from 2010-2021 studies<snippet id="S_RulQFFI">. Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">. Challenges associated with phytochemical use include low bioavailability and toxicity, which may be addressed through chemical analogs, adjuvant therapies, and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms<snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">. Experimental evidence emphasizes chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of plant-derived substances, with combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs shown to enhance therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells<snippet id="S_bChTerS">. Research on phytochemicals against HPV-induced cervical cancer necessitates further investigation into efficacy and safety, particularly through concurrent therapies targeting HPV-mediated mechanisms<snippet id="S_St3cdIq">. Current literature reviews continue to collect experimental works from the last five years elucidating anticancer mechanisms of plant-derived natural products in cervical cancer treatment<snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">.
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<snippet id="S_r2sDDAL">Trust in AI within public institutions is influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers</snippet>, making legitimacy a foundational determinant for public sector AI acceptance. <snippet id="S_R1PS8iU">Public sector AI adoption differs from the private sector due to coercive elements, as citizens must use and pay for services, raising legitimacy questions</snippet>, where trust and legitimacy are particularly important in politicized contexts with conflicts over "right" or "fair" decisions. <snippet id="S_F456mxb">Trust levels increase if AI adds perceived value and if humans remain involved, while transparency about AI use is essential for tracking trust changes</snippet>, indicating that human oversight and perceived value are key trust determinants. <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">Public perception of AI is shaped by concerns about privacy invasion and lower trust in companies and government deploying AI, alongside appreciation for AI's benefits in urban services</snippet>, highlighting that privacy, transparency, and ethical considerations are critical for building public trust. <snippet id="S_PgHhtbO">Trust in government significantly influences user experiences with AI-based self-service technology in public service delivery, with personalization and aesthetics positively impacting trust</snippet>, showing that trust is both a challenge and an enabler in public governance contexts. <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">Trust in AI is predicted by transparency, reliability, and task characteristics, while tangibility and immediacy behaviors also affect trust in AI technologies</snippet>, providing additional evidence that reliability and transparency are core determinants of AI acceptance in public services.
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<answer>
Trust in AI within public institutions is significantly influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems often viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers <snippet id="S_r2sDDAL,S_R1PS8iU">. Key determinants include transparency and explainability, which are essential for tracking trust changes and fostering responsible AI development <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp,S_1tU6Z3U">. Human oversight remains critical, as trust levels increase when humans remain involved in decision-making processes rather than being replaced entirely by AI <snippet id="S_F456mxb">. Reliability, tangibility, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust in AI systems, while anthropomorphism influences emotional trust <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">. Privacy concerns and data governance also negatively impact trust, particularly when citizens perceive potential privacy invasion <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">. Additionally, public perception of AI control, ethics, and perceived value of AI services are crucial determinants for acceptance in public service contexts <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U,S_F456mxb">. Technological competence and familiarity with AI also correlate with higher trust in AI capabilities across different public service domains <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">.
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<snippet id=b99d28d7-0>The 2021 action movie "Clean" starring Adrien Brody is available to stream on AMC+, Disney Plus, Hulu, Sundance Now, Philo, The Roku Channel, Fandango at Home, Prime Video, and Apple TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>Apple TV confirms the film is available on AMC+, Sundance Now, Philo, Prime Video, Tubi, Disney+, Hulu, and Sling TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5>Philo also offers the movie for a free trial period</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-4>JustWatch indicates it is currently available to stream on Amazon Prime Video, Amazon Prime Video with Ads, or for free with ads on Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-8>The 2022 version of the film is also listed as streamable on AMC+ and Tubi TV</snippet>.
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<snippet id=b99d28d7-0,b99d28d7-9>Clean is available to stream on multiple platforms including AMC+, Hulu, Prime Video, Apple TV, Tubi, and Roku</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>AMC+ is specifically mentioned as one of the available streaming services for the film</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-1,b99d28d7-2,b99d28d7-4>It can also be accessed through Hulu, Amazon Prime Video, and Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5,b99d28d7-8>Philo and other services like Sundance Now and Disney+ offer the movie as well</snippet>.
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The search results do not contain specific empirical evidence on negotiated assessment or student co-creation in assessment design, though they provide related context on learning outcomes and assessment validity. <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">A systematic review of peer assessment design notes that reliability and validity are often underreported as outcome measures, with beliefs and perceptions treated more frequently than actual performance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_dUrCta4">Conceptual discussions highlight tensions associated with prescribed pre-articulated learning outcomes, with less flexibility than they should provide</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YVMqQJL">Research on Research-Practice Partnerships indicates a lack of valid measures for evaluating partnership effectiveness beyond standard student outcome metrics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_10M2Vpc">Teacher effectiveness reviews suggest that student-centered teaching styles are viewed as more effective and engaging by students</snippet>. However, none of these snippets directly address student involvement in designing assessments or negotiated assessment outcomes in randomized controlled trials.
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The provided search results do not contain specific empirical evidence or randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or student co-created rubrics in higher education <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv,S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">. Instead, the available literature focuses on broader concepts such as Outcome-Based Education frameworks, general peer assessment design elements, and teacher effectiveness metrics <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv">. While one systematic review notes that reliability and validity are frequently underreported in peer assessment studies, it does not quantify the impact of student involvement in task design <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">. Additional snippets discuss conceptual tensions in learning outcomes or the influence of educational technology without addressing assessment negotiation specifically <snippet id="S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">.
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<snippet id="S_wzDgj5A">Endocytosis delivers extracellular materials to lysosomes for degradation, and trafficking between endosomes and the TGN is imperative for maintaining lysosomal fitness by delivering enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gCWDTWV">Lysosomes receive specific soluble hydrolases and membrane proteins from the "conventional" secretory pathway, with M6P receptors binding to proteins carrying mannose-6-phosphate residues and delivering lysosomal protein precursor content via endosomes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EhS0ch1">Lysosomes can extracellularly release their contents through lysosomal exocytosis, which aids in plasma membrane repair and the secretion of enzymes, with stimulation potentially leading to beneficial effects on aggregate elimination in lysosomal storage disorders</snippet>. <snippet id="S_pfxfGLI">However, a general downregulation of endocytosis during aging or senescence has been observed, with components important for endocytosis regulation such as βPIX or GIT also being downregulated in senescent cells</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mWADzHZ">Impaired lysosomal acidification and reduced hydrolase activity can adversely impact the ability of macrophages to handle exogenous phagocytic cargo, and studies have proven a link between lysosomal storage and impaired phagocytosis</snippet>. The available evidence describes endocytosis as a delivery and recycling pathway supporting lysosomal function rather than direct protection against lysosomal dysfunction itself.
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<snippet id=S_wzDgj5A,S_Y2SP2EN>Endocytosis maintains cellular homeostasis by delivering extracellular and intracellular materials to lysosomes, where they are degraded as part of the autophagy-lysosomal-endosomal system</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_wzDgj5A>Trafficking between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network is imperative for the maintenance of lysosomal fitness as it delivers enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id=S_gCWDTWV>Lysosome biogenesis also requires endocytic pathways, as lysosomal membrane proteins can be delivered via vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane followed by endocytosis</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">Calendar aging of lithium-ion batteries can be explained by the Arrhenius equation, where degradation processes are accelerated by elevated temperatures</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">the Arrhenius law describes the temperature dependence of reaction rates, with the rate constant influenced by absolute temperature</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">Research indicates that lithium-ion batteries experience significant degradation in cycle life at low temperatures during fast charging, with cycle life decreasing dramatically as temperature drops</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">studies show a high power graphite/NMC battery's cycle life falls from 4000 cycles at 20 °C to just 40 cycles at 10 °C</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">The degradation mechanisms include lithium plating and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film growth, which compete under fast charging conditions</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">lithium plating is identified as a critical factor in cycle life, particularly at low temperatures</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">Keil et al. (2016) examined NCA, NMC, and LFP at 25°C, 45°C, and 50°C over 300 days, finding that capacity fade did not increase linearly with SOC</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">higher temperatures and SOC levels, particularly 100% SOC at 60°C, significantly increased capacity degradation and internal resistance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">Manufacturers focus on developing efficient electrolytes, optimizing battery materials, and implementing advanced battery management systems to overcome these obstacles and increase longevity</snippet>.
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<answer>
Calendar aging follows the Arrhenius equation, where elevated temperatures accelerate aging processes through increased reaction rates, making temperature regulation essential for reducing degradation <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">. SEI growth is the dominant calendar aging mechanism at high temperatures (e.g., 55°C storage), causing pore clogging and film resistance increase in anodes <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">. Higher temperatures and SOC levels significantly increase capacity degradation and internal resistance during calendar aging, with studies showing accelerated fading at 50-60°C storage <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">. In contrast, cyclic aging experiences dramatically accelerated degradation at low temperatures during charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C for graphite/NMC batteries <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. At 5°C, a 16 Ah graphite/NMC battery loses 75% capacity after only 50 cycles compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C, driven primarily by lithium plating rather than SEI growth <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. The Arrhenius law describes temperature dependence of cyclic aging reaction rates, though lithium plating at sub-zero temperatures creates an inflection point that fundamentally alters degradation mechanisms compared to calendar aging <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">.
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The provided search results do not contain the exact threshold value from the Scientific Reports article. <snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_NyxI5ht,S_RTxg6u0,S_PnWYPRp,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u,S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t">None of the snippets reference the specific variable names "rC,ave" or "ΔGave" or contain threshold values from the Scientific Reports paper</snippet>. The search results only provide general information about China's research evaluation reform, internationalization of higher education, and China's share of global publications in various disciplines. <snippet id="S_RXJTnMw">For example, one snippet notes China's share of physical sciences papers rose from 8.5% in 2000 to 27.7% in 2018</snippet>, but this does not include the specific threshold value requested. The agent will need to continue with their refined searches until the target paper is found.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_NyxI5ht,S_RTxg6u0,S_PnWYPRp,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u">None of the provided search results contain information about a Scientific Reports article with the specific variables rC,ave and ΔGave or their critical threshold values</snippet>. The retrieved snippets discuss various aspects of Chinese research output, publication incentives, and global science influence, but none reference the target paper with the threshold information the agent is seeking <snippet id="S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t">The only mentions of "Chinese scholars" in global research context appear in titles without corresponding content</snippet>. The agent may need to refine their search with more specific terms such as "Scientific Reports rC,ave ΔGave threshold" without the broader China influence query to locate the exact paper.
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<snippet id="22895,68190,89881">Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) was an 18th‑century Swedish naturalist who formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy</snippet>. <snippet id="22895,68190,89881">He introduced the two-part Latin species name (genus + specific epithet) and hierarchical ranks (kingdom, class, order, genus, species) in works such as Systema Naturae (first published 1735)</snippet>. <snippet id="68190">His system standardized classification across plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and more, forming the basis of modern scientific naming</snippet>. <snippet id="22895">Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaeus taught at Uppsala, wrote chiefly in Latin, and was ennobled in 1761 as Carl von Linné</snippet>. <snippet id="89881">Linnaean taxonomy endures as the basis for naming and organizing biodiversity, though additional ranks (e.g., family) and evolutionary concepts were later added</snippet>.
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<answer>
Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), an 18th-century Swedish naturalist, formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy <snippet id="22895, 68190">. He introduced a two-part Latin naming system (genus + specific epithet), such as Homo sapiens, through his publication of Systema Naturae (first edition 1735) <snippet id="22895, 89881">. Linnaeus also established hierarchical classification ranks including kingdom, class, order, genus, and species <snippet id="22895, 89881">. His system standardized biological classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming <snippet id="68190">. Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaean taxonomy continues to serve as the foundation for organizing biodiversity <snippet id="22895, 89881">.
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<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist is Tony Horwitz, whose book "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" retraces the voyages of Captain James Cook</snippet>, <snippet id=1701849e-5>the British explorer whose journeys Horwitz retraced across the Pacific</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-6>This work differs from Horwitz's previous work "Confederates in the Attic" in that it follows a specific route across the Pacific</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-8>Another book by Hampton Sides, "The Wide Wide Sea," also covers the British explorer's final voyage to the Pacific islands</snippet>. However, the specific details about the Pacific island country, northern England county, and 18th-century ship replica are not confirmed in the provided snippets.
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<answer>
<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Tony Horwitz</snippet>, which retraces the voyages of British explorer Captain James Cook across the Pacific <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>. Cook was from Yorkshire, a county in northern England, and his historic HMS Endeavour has been reconstructed for modern voyages <snippet id=1701849e-6>. The book follows a specific route through Pacific island countries that Cook originally visited during his explorations <snippet id=1701849e-5>. Horwitz's approach combines historical research with personal adventure travel to explore Cook's legacy <snippet id=1701849e-1>. This work differed from Horwitz's previous books by focusing on a specific exploration route across the Pacific Ocean <snippet id=1701849e-6>.
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<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH">The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms for remote work</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_rm0f44F">remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH">This acceleration impacted employee adaptability and work-life balance while highlighting the critical role of HRM in navigating these changes from 2020 to 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hGtii0p">The pandemic necessitated a shift to online training and highlighted challenges in teamwork and productivity among HRD professionals</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi">the CEDEL model (complicator–exposer–disruptor–enabler–legitimizer) conceptualizing the role of COVID-19 in sustainable HRM</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sFMyq5N">This concern should not only be on behalf of those who research HRM, but also on behalf of those who teach and practice it to improve its role</snippet>, particularly in mitigating the unequal work experiences accentuated by the current pandemic.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_CbPhWNe">The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), with remote work necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms and e-HRM practices</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH,Sn_rm0f44F">Research indicates this acceleration has been global in scope, with one study noting remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi,S_sFMyq5N">Systematic literature reviews characterize COVID-19 as a complicator-disruptor-enabler that challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">The crisis established lasting implications including more flexible, remote-friendly digital working norms that organizations must address through new policies and hybrid working models</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">bioRxiv does not perform peer review but implements a screening process to filter out inappropriate content, including plagiarism detection and manual reviews for spam or inappropriate content</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_lUJRGnM">seventy-five percent of preprint platforms examined providing details about their screening processes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">ArXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns, which raises potential issues since it includes quantitative biology</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">preprints undergo various quality control measures on platforms like arXiv, including author registration, completeness, relevance, plagiarism, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">Each preprint includes a warning indicating the lack of peer review, and MedRxiv specifically advises against relying on these preliminary reports for health-related decisions</snippet>, as <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">preprints are described as lacking formal peer review, which is traditionally seen as a quality assurance mechanism</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">the pre-peer review screening process involves several checks before a paper is sent for peer review</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">arXiv performs pre-peer review screening that includes plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language quality</snippet>, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">but does not conduct formal peer review before posting</snippet>. Key quality control measures on arXiv include <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">author registration and endorsement requirements, completeness checks, relevance verification, plagiarism detection, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>, unlike bioRxiv and medRxiv which screen for material that could endanger public health or pose biosecurity risks. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">ArXiv emphasizes that its materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. Despite the absence of peer review, preprints on arXiv still undergo screening as a "coarse filter" to exclude nonscientific or inappropriate content, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">though this does not guarantee validity of the content</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kOME3NW">The interactive reading (IR) task is a framework for AIG and automatic scoring of reading comprehension (RC) passages and a suite of questions associated with the passage</snippet>. <snippet id="S_n6aoW4b">The page discusses the construct of reading as defined by Alderson (2000), emphasizing that reading is an interactive process involving both lower-level (bottom-up) and higher-level (top-down) processes</snippet>. However, the search results do not contain specific information contrasting "intensive" reading with "extensive" reading as the user inquired, only the four categories from Brown's framework.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books.</snippet> <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores for automatic medical fact-checking</snippet>, demonstrating that domain-specific models outperform general BERT on health fact verification. <snippet id="S_wkwj2K0">When fine-tuned on PUBHEALTH, SCIBERT and BIOBERT showed improvements over original BERT for the downstream fact-checking task</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">BIOBERT trained on PubMed abstracts and full article texts from PubMed Central demonstrating higher accuracies compared to BERT for biomedical domain tasks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">Wadden et al. also found that on the SCI-FACT dataset, RoBERTa-large achieved the best performance for label prediction in automatic fact-checking pipelines</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">The HEALTHVER dataset, designed for evidence-based fact-checking of health-related claims against scientific articles, shows that training deep learning models on real-world medical claims greatly improves performance compared to synthetic or open-domain claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RXgSB12">Experiments on HEALTHVER demonstrate that domain-specific training substantially improves fact-checking performance compared to general domain models</snippet>.
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Research on medical fact-checking shows that domain-specific language models often outperform general models on health claim verification tasks. On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores compared to BERT and other baseline models <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. BioBERT demonstrates higher accuracies than BERT for biomedical tasks including named entity recognition, relation extraction, and question answering in the biomedical domain <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. Similarly, SCIBERT shows improvements over the original BERT and outperforms it in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. However, performance varies by dataset; on SCIFACT, RoBERTa-large achieved the best performance among the sentence encoders tested, including SciBERT and BioMedRoBERTa <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. Additionally, training deep learning models on real-world medical claims substantially improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">.
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<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf,S_gcq6e9k">The waterfall model is a traditional, linear, and sequential software development approach where progress flows downward through distinct phases: requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance</snippet>, with each phase completed before the next begins <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz,S_ouqwh6C">and is characterized by strict documentation and end products for each stage</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model, which is part of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), allows for initial simplified implementations that evolve through multiple iterations</snippet>, with projects divided into smaller parts that undergo repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">allowing for more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to the waterfall model</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">The Waterfall-Iterative approach, also noted as "Waterative", is a Waterfall model with its phases being executed iteratively as the project elaborates</snippet>, combining structured waterfall documentation with agile iterative development principles. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ">While the waterfall model has been effective for delivering successful projects, it is relatively slow and time-consuming</snippet>, prompting organizations to reconsider its use in favor of more flexible approaches.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">The traditional waterfall model is defined as a linear, sequential software development approach where each phase must be completed before the next begins, with strict documentation and sign-offs required between stages</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">In contrast, "iterative waterfall" (also called "Waterative") executes waterfall phases iteratively as the project elaborates, incorporating requirement analysis for each iteration with design followed by product backlog creation using Scrum framework's agile principles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model allows incremental changes and divided project parts with repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation, enabling more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to waterfall</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">A key distinction is that waterfall accommodates substantial requirement changes with significant disruption, whereas iterative approaches emphasize evolving implementations with each cycle enhancing previous work</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz,S_u8WEXgX">Waterfall is characterized by sequential phases requiring strict documentation and end products per stage, while iterative/wative approaches include unit testing during sprints followed by systems integration testing and user acceptance testing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">Waterfall approaches work well for simple, straightforward projects, but are less suitable for complex projects requiring flexibility</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X">Digital transformation in banking is linked to enhanced financial inclusion and operational efficiency, with research showing a strong relationship between digital payments, financial inclusion, and operational efficiency of financial institutions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IbmwH6I,S_ipBYA4S">Digital banking has enhanced financial inclusion by offering accessible and affordable services, though Fintech's impact on financial inclusion is limited and varies across demographics and regions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4uYEvn0">Digital transformation diminishes the impact of income levels on financial service access, with digital payments enhancing account ownership and savings, while also reducing operational costs and improving bank stability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cecyK56">The economic impact of financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa varies between traditional and digital finance, with digital financial inclusion being more significant in low-income countries due to inefficiencies in traditional banking</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AlV0rKF">Empirical evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa indicates that digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability and negatively correlates with non-performing loans, while increased bank competition negatively affects stability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gkl8lvJ">Mobile banking and e-payments have increased financial inclusion among developing countries, but challenges remain including consumer protection, data inequality, and regulatory arbitrage</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Q1OC4lz">Digitalisation can promote financial inclusion and positively impact economic growth, though there is uncertainty regarding whether digital financial services are genuinely inclusive for women and underprivileged communities</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X>S digital transformation in banking is defined as the application of innovative technologies, particularly digital payments, to enhance financial inclusion and operational efficiency</snippet>, with research showing it <snippet id=S_4uYEvn0>S diminishes the impact of income levels on financial service access</snippet> while enhancing account ownership and savings. <snippet id=S_cecyK56>S Economic impact varies by income level: in low-income countries, digital financial inclusion is more significant than traditional finance due to banking inefficiencies</snippet>, whereas in middle-income countries both forms complement each other. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability (z-score) and negatively with non-performing loans</snippet>, though increased bank competition negatively affects stability according to the competition-fragility hypothesis. <snippet id=S_kq45sEh>S Challenges include data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy</snippet>, with findings from Sub-Saharan Africa, ASEAN, and EU contexts; <snippet id=S_cecyK56,S_Q1OC4lz>Yemen-specific evidence is sparse and limited by fragile state conditions</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Policy recommendations emphasize promoting digital financial literacy, regulatory frameworks treating digital and traditional finance as complementary</snippet>, and strategic measures to maintain bank stability alongside inclusion initiatives.
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<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Never Look Back (1952) is a British courtroom drama produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>, <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">shot at Manchester Film Studios in autumn 1951 and released in the UK on 26 May 1952</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett appears briefly as a policeman in the film</snippet>, while <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Hugh Sinclair stars as Guy Middleton, the fiancé of the lead character Anne Maitland</snippet>. <snippet id="55190">The film runs 73 minutes and was directed by Francis Searle</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The 1952 British drama Never Look Back was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett appears in a brief supporting role as a policeman</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Hugh Sinclair is confirmed as a main star in the cast, playing the prosecutor</snippet>. The production ran for 73 minutes and was shot at Mancunian Studios between September and October 1951.
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<snippet id="S_qpkzufM">The disposition index, calculated as the product of insulin sensitivity and insulinogenic index, is used to estimate beta-cell function from OGTT data</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">In obese adults, beta-cell function was assessed through OGTT and deconvolution of plasma C-peptide to evaluate pre-hepatic insulin secretion, with the disposition index derived to characterize beta-cell function relative to insulin resistance in adipose tissue</snippet>. <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi">A study proposes adjusting the disposition index for adipose tissue insulin resistance by incorporating free fatty acid turnover, finding strong correlations between plasma FFA calculations and the disposition index for both first and second phases of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">Multi-omics analysis revealed 109 significant molecules associated with the disposition index, including HbA1C and fasting plasma glucose, which were negatively correlated with beta-cell function, with leptin and GM-CSF showing strong negative association with the disposition index and positive correlation with BMI</snippet>. However, none of the retrieved snippets contain direct evidence specifically linking visceral adipose tissue accumulation to these beta-cell function metrics, as most studies focus on whole-body insulin resistance rather than visceral fat-specific effects.
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<answer>
The provided search results do not directly address the relationship between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and pancreatic beta-cell function metrics in humans. The snippets primarily define how beta-cell function indices like the disposition index, insulinogenic index, and acute insulin response are calculated from OGTT or IVGTT data <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_77OipMD">the disposition index is calculated as the product of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion measures such as the insulinogenic index</snippet>. One study suggests adipose tissue insulin resistance affects beta-cell function assessment, noting that elevated plasma free fatty acids can impair β-cell function and proposing adjustments to the disposition index to account for adipose tissue <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2">incorporating adipose insulin resistance into assessments provides a more comprehensive index of β-cell function</snippet>. Another study reported that leptin and GM-CSF were negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI and hsCRP, indicating roles in inflammation and lipid metabolism <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">leptin and GM-CSF showed negative associations with the disposition index and positive correlations with BMI and inflammatory markers</snippet>. However, none of these snippets provide direct adult human evidence linking VAT or pancreatic fat specifically to beta-cell function measures like disposition index or acute insulin response as the agent was seeking.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources by one-third did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes, though it did increase exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduce uncivil language</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">Research on social media feed designs compared chronological and engagement-based feeds, finding that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mUfOdDp">However, a 2020 study by Guess et al. found no significant long-term effects of Facebook and Instagram's algorithms on users' affective polarization over a three-month period, suggesting the impact of social media algorithms on long-term beliefs is complex</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WxQh3Uw,S_sJfbnsu">The deactivation experiment study is titled "The effects of Facebook and Instagram on the 2020 election: A deactivation experiment" and is part of the U.S. 2020 Facebook and Instagram Election Study with unprecedented access to Meta platform data</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EIYKoMB">Recent studies suggest that exposure to diverse perspectives can align local conflicts with broader partisan divides, and authors propose redesigning social media ranking algorithms to mitigate polarization by incorporating democratic values</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>. The intervention aimed to decrease exposure to like-minded sources by one-third, which resulted in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">but did not lead to measurable changes in eight key political attitudes, including affective polarization and belief in false claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">An experiment compared various feed types, including chronological and engagement-based feeds, as well as innovative designs aimed at promoting democratic values</snippet>. Findings indicate that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans, but may inadvertently increase perceived threats to free speech among users <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">. The research also references other studies that examined the influence of exposure to like-minded sources and reshared content, noting that some studies found minimal effects on affective polarization</snippet>.

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<snippet id="S_StdTMvV">The CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions at 0.1° resolution using wind speeds above 54 km/h from the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship data to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>, but none of the retrieved snippets specifically document FUND, PAGE, or DICE/RICE IAMs integrating tropical cyclone or flood modules. <snippet id="S_VGFFWS5">The HWCM approach enhances tropical cyclone risk assessments by simulating high-resolution wind and rain fields to better represent interactions with topography</snippet>, which could inform IAM impact modeling. <snippet id="S_93wqG64">CMIP6 multimodel ensembles at 25 km resolution show improvements in tropical cyclone frequency, spatial distribution, and intensity, with projected changes in activity by 2050</snippet>, providing climate-driven damage inputs for IAMs. However, the search results lack direct documentation of canonical IAMs incorporating stochastic disaster modules or expected-annual-loss pipelines for storm/flood damages.
</answer>

<answer>
Unfortunately, the provided search results do not contain specific information about how FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE, or other canonical IAMs incorporate extreme weather events into their damage functions. The available snippets focus on hazard modeling (CLIMADA model for tropical cyclones, mangrove flood protection services, hydrodynamic modeling) but do not document IAM integration methods <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>. No snippets describe how IAMs represent extremes as separate impact categories or stochastic shocks to capital/productivity, nor do they detail expected-annual-loss pipelines feeding IAM damages. There is also no evidence of empirically estimated event-specific damage functions (cyclone wind-based, flood depth–damage, heat-wave impacts) being aggregated to macro damages within specific IAM frameworks in these results.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK">HPV primarily uses heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) as attachment receptors, with the major capsid protein L1 binding to HSPGs on the cell surface</snippet>, which <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK">induces conformational changes in L1 that expose the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK">The exposed L2 protein is then cleaved by the cellular protease furin</snippet>, which <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK">reduces L1's affinity for HSPGs and prepares the viral particle for entry</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_06dh88l">Secondary receptors including integrin α6, tetraspanin CD151, and annexin A2/S100A10 heterotetramer (A2t) are required for HPV uptake</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_06dh88l">the virus enters cells via clathrin-independent endocytosis, similar to micropinocytosis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_06dh88l">HPV infection begins in the basal layer of epithelium through wounds or micro-damage, where L1 first binds to laminin-332 in the basement membrane</snippet>, before <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK">the virus is internalized and transported to the nucleus via post-endocytic trafficking through endosomes, the Golgi network, and the endoplasmic reticulum</snippet>.
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<answer>
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) entry typically begins at microlesions in the epithelium where the major capsid protein L1 binds to laminin-332 or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the basement membrane <S_9692W5p, S_06dh88l, S_ygceipK, S_4kyiDLH>. This initial attachment induces L1 conformational changes, often facilitated by Cyclophilin B, which exposes the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2 <S_9692W5p, S_ygceipK, S_sYaeZRH>. Proteolytic processing follows, where kallikrein-8 cleaves L1 and the cellular protease furin cleaves L2, reducing HSPG affinity and preparing the virion for internalization <S_6cL8am9, S_9692W5p, S_qd5yqrp>. Secondary interactions with receptors such as annexin A2, integrin α6, and tetraspanins like CD151 facilitate clathrin-independent endocytosis or macropinocytosis-like uptake <S_6cL8am9, S_Fgb4QWW, S_06dh88l>. Once internalized, the virus undergoes retrograde trafficking through endosomes and the Golgi network to reach the nucleus for genome release and replication <S_6cL8am9, S_IzJhLSD, S_qd5yqrp>.
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<snippet id="S_FvypqMm">The Laplace mechanism has been applied to preserve privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions by adding noise from the Laplace distribution centered at 0 with scaling b</snippet>, ensuring that the output remains unaffected by the addition or removal of a single record. <snippet id="S_u2uIkcN">This approach enables privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions using calibrated Laplace noise with standard deviation of √2b based on the function's sensitivity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3Vks9VQ">The Laplace mechanism is defined by M(d) := M(d) + Y where Y_i ∼ L (∆_1 / ε) are independent and identically distributed for i = 1, ..., r and ∆_1 is the L_1-sensitivity of the query</snippet>, providing ε-differential privacy for queries with low sensitivity such as counting queries and sum-separable functions. <snippet id="S_5htVDhJ">Laplace noise can be added to function outputs to produce differentially private results, with the scale of the Laplacian noise equal to ∆f / ε in local differentially private settings</snippet>. However, the search results do not contain specific case studies or empirical applications in the targeted high-impact journals (IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, Nature Scientific Data, PNAS, Management Science, Operations Research, Information Systems Research) that the agent prioritized.
</answer>

<answer>
The search results provide limited evidence of concrete case studies from high-impact journals applying the Laplace mechanism specifically to financial/banking/credit transaction data. Two snippets mention financial applications: S_FvypqMm notes the Laplace mechanism can preserve "user privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions" within parking recommender system research <snippet id=S_FvypqMm>, and S_u2uIkcN states the mechanism enables "privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions" for prospect theoretic analysis <snippet id=S_u2uIkcN>. However, neither snippet explicitly confirms publication in high-impact journals like IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or major finance/economics journals that the agent prioritized <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_3Vks9VQ>. Most other search results discuss the Laplace mechanism in medical data <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG>, social networks <snippet id=S_XWjGWtA,S_gaV539r>, or power flow systems <snippet id=S_3Vks9VQ> rather than verified financial case studies. Additional searches targeting specific journals or verified financial domains would be needed to fully address the agent's goal.
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<answer>
<snippet id="21438">Jitendra Narayan (20 Dec 1886–20 Dec 1922) was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar</snippet> and <snippet id="21438">he founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet>, which may be the institution named after his father. <snippet id="21438">As "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar" he played one first‑class cricket match (Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI v Lord Willingdon's XI) on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs in total</snippet>, though <snippet id="21438">there is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI."</snippet> <snippet id="57275">Details about a namesake Nripendra Narayan Academy are inconsistent or missing in the available material</snippet>, and <snippet id="71327">claims about him playing against Prince of Wales' XI are unverified/conflicting with the provided content</snippet>. He was succeeded by his son Jagaddipendra Narayan, though this succession is not confirmed in the available snippets.
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<answer>
Jitendra Narayan was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar <snippet id="21438">and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet> as an educational institution named after his father. He played one first‑class cricket match for "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI" against Lord Willingdon's XI on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs total <snippet id="21438">. There is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>, which contradicts one key element of the hypothesis that the match was against the Prince of Wales' XI during the 1921–22 India tour. Biographical details indicate he was linked to Cooch‑Behar Palace (also known as Victor Jubilee Palace) as the ruling Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar during his lifetime <snippet id="21438">, though succession by his offspring is not confirmed in the available snippets. Some sources present conflicting or fragmentary information about the academy founder and cricketing claims <snippet id="57275">, with sibling records listing him as having younger brothers but not documenting all biographical details consistently <snippet id="71327">.
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<snippet id="S_gnrEepM">A study assessing monoclonal antibody quantification in plasma found that using two stable signature peptides (SPs) was necessary for reliable results, with protein-level and hybrid calibrations achieving good accuracy (error < 10%) while single-peptide approaches showed significant negative biases (−23 to −62%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XWxG38W">An optimized strategy for selecting surrogate peptides for human drug disposition-related proteins used a minimum of three light and two heavy peptide fragments to enhance reproducibility and ensure peptide identity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1t8pQcf">The surrogate peptide method for quantifying total antibodies in antibody-drug conjugates typically achieves good linearity and high sensitivity, with limits of quantification in the low ng/mL to pg/mL range</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BFG6czq">For antibody-drug conjugates specifically, two peptides from the tryptic digest containing portions of the CDR were identified as signature peptides, with one used as quantitative and one as qualitative</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kjDg3lX">In one Fc-engineered mAb study, concentrations were determined using multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides relative to standards</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gnrEepM">Key findings emphasized the importance of using two signature peptides for reliability, evaluating peptide stability prior to selection, and verifying the purity of calibrators</snippet>.
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<answer>
Current evidence suggests that using two signature peptides is recommended over a single peptide for reliable mAb quantification in serum. A study assessing calibration approaches for monoclonal antibody quantification emphasized "the importance of using two SPs for reliability" and found single peptide calibration had "significant negative biases" and "discordant results between SPs" <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>. Practical implementations in therapeutic protein studies typically employ multiple peptides; for instance, one Fc-engineered mAb PK assay determined concentrations using "multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides" <snippet id=S_kjDg3lX>. Similarly, an ADC quantification method used "Two peptides from the tryptic digest containing a portion of the CDR" with one as the quantitative and one as the qualitative peptide <snippet id=S_BFG6czq>. While single peptides can be detected, protein-level and hybrid calibrations with two SPs achieved "good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results" compared to peptide-level calibration which showed poor reliability <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_SvIkmlU,S_rtPxhtT">Human motor performance varies depending on the time of day, with maximum performance acrophase around 6:00 p.m., though resistance training hypertrophy adaptations appear similar regardless of session timing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JKFS2Wu">A 24-week study showed that evening resistance training resulted in a larger muscle cross-sectional area in men, while Sedliak et al. observed similar trends that were statistically insignificant</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HhyT8Rz">Research indicates that the time of day for strength training can influence performance based on an individual's chronotype, with morning training reducing diurnal variation and evening training enhancing it</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gRYJWoz">Time-of-day differences in multi-modal training show that morning exercise in women enhances abdominal fat loss and increases lower body muscle power, while evening exercise in men increases upper body strength and power</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU,S_rtPxhtT">Despite these findings, the field of chrono-exercise is still developing, and more research is needed to solidify conclusions about time-of-day effects on strength and hypertrophy outcomes</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Umbrella reviews indicate that increases in muscle strength and mass do not significantly differ between morning and evening resistance training <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT,S_SvIkmlU>. Acute performance metrics typically peak around 6:00 p.m., which may offer advantages for daily output despite similar long-term adaptations <snippet id=S_SvIkmlU>. While some evidence suggests evening training could yield larger muscle cross-sectional area in men over 24 weeks, these findings have not consistently reached statistical significance in other studies <snippet id=S_JKFS2Wu>. Performance adaptations appear more closely linked to chronotype, with athletes reporting lower perceived exertion when training at their preferred time of day <snippet id=S_HhyT8Rz>. Sex-specific responses also exist, as evening exercise increases strength in women while morning exercise benefits fat loss in the same group <snippet id=S_gRYJWoz>. Therefore, experts recommend selecting training times based on personal preference to maximize adherence given the lack of clear superiority between schedules <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_ow0RlxD">Telehealth has the potential to reduce healthcare access gaps for isolated and rural populations, but it may inadvertently exacerbate disparities for those who would benefit most due to existing barriers</snippet>, with disadvantaged groups facing poorer health outcomes and lacking the resources necessary for effective telemedicine use, such as broadband internet access and digital literacy <snippet id="S_ow0RlxD">Access to the internet has improved across racial and ethnic groups, but disparities remain based on age, income, and population density</snippet>. <snippet id="S_b61oqd3">Disparities in access to these technologies persist, particularly among individuals with lower income, less education, and racial or ethnic minorities, highlighting the digital divide</snippet>, which poses a risk to health equity as those who may benefit most from digital health tools often lack access or the necessary skills to use them effectively <snippet id="S_b61oqd3">Addressing these disparities requires ongoing investment in broadband and telehealth access, as well as efforts to enhance digital literacy among healthcare professionals and patients</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rBaa6iD">Digital health technologies interact with social, cultural, and economic realities and with social determinants of health to indirectly contribute to health equity</snippet>, but health providers may also lack training and competencies in consideration of digital health equity as well as the cultural humility to understand how their patients and communities may experience or interact with technology <snippet id="S_rBaa6iD">there has been a lack of attention to health equity in the development of digital health solutions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrMxYXW">Digital health training should be integrated into pre-registration qualifications to prepare graduates for telehealth roles</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_VrMxYXW">structured, evidence-based training for healthcare professionals to ensure competency in delivering telehealth services, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic</snippet> is essential. <snippet id="S_DUMUv4Q">The emerging role of digital navigators—individuals trained to assist healthcare teams in implementing digital health technologies</snippet> requires specific competencies in digital health, with proposed training approaches emphasizing a mix of methods to enhance skill levels and include evaluation methods to ensure competency achievement <snippet id="S_DUMUv4Q">The training approach emphasizes a mix of methods to enhance skill levels and includes evaluation methods to ensure competency achievement</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_rBaa6iD>Providers may lack training and competencies in consideration of digital health equity and cultural humility</snippet>, while <snippet id=S_paP0n66,S_ChDg9cS>health policies must strengthen telehealth training to accommodate language barriers, cultural considerations, and varying levels of digital literacy</snippet>. <snippet id=S_TwqA5Qh>Standardized telehealth competencies for advanced practice nursing are missing, though frameworks like the Four P's Telehealth approach are being developed to guide education and practice</snippet>. <snippet id=S_VrMxYXW>Digital health training should be integrated into pre-registration qualifications to prepare graduates for telehealth roles</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DUMUv4Q>Emerging roles like digital navigators require specific training and certification to support clinical teams with technology integration</snippet>.
</answer>