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<snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The White House fact sheet announces a 25% additional tariff on imports from Canada and Mexico, and a 10% additional tariff on imports from China</snippet>. Energy resources from Canada will be subject to a lower 10% tariff <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">. The tariffs are implemented under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) due to an emergency threat from illegal aliens and drugs, including fentanyl</snippet>. The announcement cites that trade accounts for 67% of Canada's GDP, 73% of Mexico's GDP, and 37% of China's GDP <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">. However, the document emphasizes border security and national emergency rather than providing detailed quantitative trade impact estimates, consumer cost projections, or GDP figures</snippet>. The tariff policy is framed as leveraging America's economic position to secure borders against illegal migration and combat fentanyl trafficking <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">. The document references a promise to charge Mexico and Canada 25% tariffs on all products until drugs and illegal aliens stop entering the country</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The White House fact sheet specifies a 25% additional tariff on imports from Canada and Mexico, with energy resources from Canada receiving a lower 10% tariff, while China faces a 10% additional tariff</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The fact sheet notes that in 2023 the U.S. trade deficit in goods was the world's largest at over $1 trillion</snippet>, and that trade accounts for 67% of Canada's GDP, 73% of Mexico's GDP, and 37% of China's GDP. However, <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">this fact sheet does not include specific dollar trade values covered by the tariffs, any retaliation measures from Canada, China, or the EU, or quantitative economic impact estimates (consumer cost, inflation, GDP)</snippet>. The tariff announcement is dated February 2025 and cites the International Emergency Economic Powers Act as the legal basis. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The tariffs remain in effect "until such time as Drugs, in particular Fentanyl, and all Illegal Aliens stop this Invasion of our Country"</snippet> as per the presidential directive.
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<snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The search results identify and discuss the interpretation of the famous slogans from George Orwell's "Nineteen Eighty-Four": "War is Peace," "Freedom is Slavery," and "Ignorance is Strength" within the context of metaphorical analysis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The analysis highlights challenges in quantifying the frequency of these slogans in media, noting that a significant portion of references (73%) are secondary uses rather than original</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The text emphasizes the concept of 'discursive drift,' which refers to the shifts in meaning and stance associated with metaphors over time, contrasting it with 'semantic drift'</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">This analysis suggests that the slogans can evolve in their interpretation and application within public discourse, reflecting changing societal attitudes and contexts</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lgOMCo4">The search also identifies "doubleplus unfree," derived from Orwell's Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-Four, as an example of the intensifying use of language</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The slogans from Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four—"War is Peace," "Freedom is Slavery," and "Ignorance is Strength"—are analyzed as metaphors that undergo discursive drift, where meaning and stance shift over time</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_iDUQY7x">slogans function as thought-terminating clichés that discourage critical thought by offering seemingly simple answers to complex questions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_15dkzZt">These phrases operate as brief, striking terms that act as emotional appeals and may include labeling and stereotyping</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lgOMCo4">Orwell's Newspeak language engineering is exemplified by terms like "doubleplus unfree," which demonstrates the intensifying use of language for ideological control</snippet>. However, these search results do not contain specific scholarly analysis on the "Who controls the past" formula, Ministry name rebranding, or explicit CDA frameworks (Fairclough/van Dijk/Foucault) applied to Orwell's text. <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">A significant portion of references to these slogans in media are secondary uses (73%), indicating their evolution as discursive artifacts rather than original texts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_gsbJVy0,S_5VWgqHF">Eric A. Stach from the University of Pennsylvania served as MRS Vice President beginning January 1, 2024</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0">He will lead the Board of Directors as MRS President in 2025</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0">finish his three-year term as Immediate Past President in 2026</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZPx3NY5">Past MRS Presidents include Takao Someya (2024) and Sabrina Sartori (2023)</snippet>. The search results do not clearly confirm that Eric Stach held the concurrent title of President-Elect in 2024, only that he was elected Vice President for the 2024-2025 term.
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Eric A. Stach from the University of Pennsylvania served as MRS Vice President beginning January 1, 2024 <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0, S_5VWgqHF">. He will lead the Board of Directors as MRS President in 2025, following the standard VP/President-Elect transition <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0, S_5VWgqHF">. This confirms that Eric A. Stach was the 2024 Vice President and President-Elect who was scheduled to assume the Presidency in 2025 <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0">.
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<snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_Xa6M06B">OASIS STIX 2.1 is a machine-readable, semi-structured framework for structuring and exchanging cyber threat intelligence (CTI) data, primarily using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) with 12 STIX Domain Objects (SDOs) including 'indicator', 'malware', 'report', and 'vulnerability' <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS">STIX 2.0, an evolution of OpenIoC and STIX, is a standard for sharing Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) records among organizations, defining 12 STIX Domain Objects (SDOs) including 'indicator', 'malware', 'report', and 'vulnerability' with specific attributes</snippet> <snippet id="S_3JECVB5">There are twelve SDO types that provide a comprehensive view of cyber incidents, covering both high-level attribution (e.g., attack campaigns, threat actors) and low-level details (e.g., attack data, vulnerabilities)</snippet> <snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_Xa6M06B">STIX 2.1 introduced significant changes including a shift from XML to JSON serialization for simplicity and reduced complexity, with flat structures where SDOs are defined at the top level and relationships between them managed through STIX Relationship Objects (SROs)</snippet> <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS">The properties of SDOs include common attributes applicable to all SDOs and SROs, such as type, id, and created_by_ref, as well as specific properties unique to each SDO</snippet> <snippet id="S_lIvobvB">For example, the indicator SDO's pattern property is filled with the CSI value, while the modified and created properties are filled with the system's current time</snippet> <snippet id="S_3TK690R">STIX uses a combination of observed data structures, indicator patterns, and relationship objects, which require UUIDs to establish connections between different objects</snippet> <snippet id="S_3M0PARM">In practice, STIX bundles from real-world sources contain numerous entities and relations, with 75% of bundles including a Malware entity and 54% including a Threat Actor</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_Xa6M06B">The OASIS CTI technical committee maintains STIX 2.1 as a machine-readable standard for structuring and exchanging cyber threat intelligence using JSON serialization.</snippet> <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_06F1WZp">The framework defines STIX Domain Objects (SDOs), including specific types such as 'malware' and 'indicator', to describe characteristics of incidents and threat indicators.</snippet> <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_lIvobvB">The 'indicator' SDO includes a 'pattern' property for detailing malware indicators, while data quality metrics can assess the connectedness of these objects.</snippet> <snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_06F1WZp">STIX uses STIX Relationship Objects (SROs) to link SDOs, enabling representations such as a malware exploiting a vulnerability or an indicator referencing a threat actor.</snippet> <snippet id="S_Xa6M06B">Integration of CybOX into STIX 2.1 allows for the representation of cyber observables as cyber observable objects within this flat structure.</snippet>
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The search results do not contain specific information about newly formed counties in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during the 2020-2024 period <snippet id=3d29ab62-0,3d29ab62-1,3d29ab62-2,3d29ab62-3,3d29ab62-4,3d29ab62-5,3d29ab62-6,3d29ab62-7,3d29ab62-8,3d29ab62-9>the snippets provide general information about the province, its location, and various studies conducted there, but none mention county-level administrative changes</snippet>. The available results focus on topics such as geography, language distribution, agriculture, and climate studies rather than government structure or county formation <snippet id=3d29ab62-2,3d29ab62-7,3d29ab62-9>language distribution, agricultural productivity, and climate research are highlighted</snippet>. The search query results indicate the province is located in southwestern Iran with Dehdasht as the capital of Kohgiluyeh County <snippet id=3d29ab62-0,3d29ab62-1>the province is one of Iran's 31 provinces in the southwest region, with Kohgiluyeh County having Dehdasht as its capital</snippet>. No snippets contain evidence about new counties being established or administrative reorganizations during 2020-2024 <snippet id=3d29ab62-5>mentions newly formed local and province level governments but does not specify county-level changes</snippet>.

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<snippet id=3d29ab62-5>The FAO report mentions "newly formed local and province level governments" in a general context, but does not specify particular counties formed in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during 2020-2024</snippet>. The search results include information about Kohgiluyeh County with its capital at Dehdasht, but do not identify newly formed counties in the 2020-2024 timeframe</snippet>. No specific administrative changes or county formations in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during this period are clearly documented in the available snippets</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">For the "Trusted Computing Environment & Platform" project, Beihang University's School of Computer Science won the National Science and Technology Progress Award Second Class (二等奖), establishing CROWN to provide high-trust software development environment, Web service middleware platform, and network environment operation platform.</snippet> <snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">For the "Virtual Reality & Digital Media" project, the team won the National Science and Technology Progress Award First Class (一等奖) and Second Class (二等奖), developing real-time 3D graphics platform BH-GRAPH and distributed interactive simulation support platform BH_RTI, and building distributed virtual environment DVENET for remote异地collaboration.</snippet>
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针对虚拟现实与数字媒体方向，北京航空航天大学计算机学院研制了实时三维图形平台BH-GRAPH、分布交互仿真运行支撑平台BH_RTI及分布式虚拟环境DVENET，这些成果获得国家科技进步一等奖和二等奖<snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">。在可信计算环境与平台方面，学院建立的CROWN高可信软件开发环境、Web服务中间件平台及网络环境运行平台，荣获国家科技进步二等奖<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">。这些研究面向国家战略规划及航空航天行业应用需求展开<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl,S_UoGmAYk">。
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<snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Research indicates that sports betting has gained popularity among university students in Nigeria, with demographic factors such as being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment associated with higher risks of problem gambling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_C7vME7Z">An urban school-based cross-sectional survey involving 507 students in Nigeria found a lifetime gambling prevalence of 57.2%, out of which 77.6% had gambled in the previous 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rqYsRo2">Financial literacy studies among university students in Ghana and Nigeria suggest that financial behavior may relate to the prevalence of sports betting among this demographic, though direct economic determinant data on employment status in Nigeria-specific research remains limited</snippet>. <snippet id="S_d3zPQEk">While studies examine determinants of esports betting among emerging adults in Great Britain, they note that findings contribute to understanding factors influencing sports betting behaviors among university students in Nigeria, though specific employment data is not detailed</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sAPmmcf">A general population survey found that recent gamblers had lower percentages in active work or studying compared to non-gamblers, with 68% for online casino and 59% for online horse betting, suggesting economic stress or unemployment may be associated with gambling participation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zEaN2n7">However, most available literature reviews focus on adolescents and young people aged 16-19, with males participating more frequently in sports gambling activities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">The overall prevalence of sports betting among university students in Nigeria is shaped by demographic and behavioral determinants, alongside the influence of advertising and emerging trends like fantasy sports</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_C7vME7Z">An urban school-based survey of 507 Nigerian students found a lifetime gambling prevalence of 57.2%, with 77.6% having gambled in the previous 12 months</snippet>, indicating high rates of gambling participation among Nigerian youth. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Sports betting has gained popularity among university students in Nigeria, with demographic factors including being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment associated with higher risks of problem gambling</snippet>. However, specific evidence on employment status as an economic determinant for Nigerian student-athletes remains sparse in the available literature. <snippet id="S_sAPmmcf">Among recent sports bettors, those active in work or studies showed lower percentages (68% for online casino, 59% for horse betting) compared to non-gamblers, while past-30-day sports bettors had higher history of indebtedness (11% vs 6%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iL4llG9">Research on emerging adults shows students comprised 59% of esports bettors in a Great Britain sample, with bettors more likely to live in deprived areas</snippet>, suggesting economic strain may be a relevant pathway. Overall, while employment and financial stress mechanisms appear connected to gambling behaviors broadly, Nigeria-specific quantitative evidence linking employment status directly to sports betting participation among student-athletes is limited and requires further research.
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<snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">The official Chatbot Arena (LMSYS) Leaderboard can be accessed at lmarena.ai</snippet>, which has collected over 3.5M votes. <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE">The leaderboard uses an Elo rating system based on anonymous voting data collected over time</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_831cvJ0">the provided search results do not contain the specific current top model name, its Elo rating, or an update timestamp</snippet>. The search results only show historical data from May 2023 and a Hugging Face snapshot page <snippet id="S_hhzNfal">without the live leaderboard rankings</snippet>. To identify the current top model, direct access to the live leaderboard page at lmarena.ai is required.
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The official Chatbot Arena Leaderboard is hosted at https://lmarena.ai/ <snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">where over 3.5M votes have been collected for model rankings. The leaderboard uses an Elo rating system based on anonymous voting data <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE">to rank large language models. A snapshot of the leaderboard is also available on Hugging Face at https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmarena-ai/lmarena-leaderboard <snippet id="S_831cvJ0">. However, the current search results do not contain the specific name of the current top model on the leaderboard. A direct visit to the official lmarena.ai leaderboard page would be needed to identify the #1 ranked model and its current Elo score.
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<snippet id="S_gu69vHf,S_Cn1GhvJ,S_p938Lo0">DESI observations indicate that dark energy has an equation of state w(z) crossing the phantom barrier (w < -1) at high redshifts, with DESI DR2 BAO data suggesting a potential phantom crossing at z_c ≃ 0.45</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_ZCPd5ub">DESI DR2 BAO measurements favor a dynamical dark energy characterized by a phantom crossing feature</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZIWoomJ">The original DESI paper favored a phantom behaviour of dark energy (w < −1) over a significant redshift range when parametrized as w(a) = w_0 + w_a (1 − a)</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_otM3Qb8">current DESI measurements suggest dark energy may be evolving into the phantom regime with w(z) < -1, indicating potential deviations from the ΛCDM model, although current data remains inconclusive regarding the existence of a phantom crossing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZCPd5ub">This result also implies a lower value of the Hubble constant, thereby intensifying the so-called Hubble tension</snippet>, which motivates exploring non-minimal coupling frameworks that can realize effective w<-1 crossing without ghosts. <snippet id="S_ZIWoomJ">However, the w_0 w_a parametrization is a phenomenological ansatz that is not based on a physical and selfconsistent model of dark energy, as there is no obstacle to the phantom regime w < -1, which is unphysical in general relativity</snippet>.
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<answer>
DESI results indicate a preference for phantom behaviour (w < -1) over a significant redshift range, with a crossing to the non-phantom region at lower redshift <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. DESI DR2 data suggests a potential phantom crossing at z_c ≃ 0.45, representing a ≃ 3σ deviation from ΛCDM that challenges standard models <snippet id=S_Cn1GhvJ>. The phantom regime w < -1 is considered unphysical in general relativity, motivating alternative theoretical frameworks <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. Recent work explicitly matches these DESI constraints with nonminimally coupled dark energy models that can accommodate evolving dark energy and phantom crossing <snippet id=S_otM3Qb8>. Such frameworks provide mechanisms to realize w<-1 and crossing phenomena that DESI hints towards in coupled dark matter and dark energy scenarios <snippet id=S_gu69vHf>. This directly addresses DESI's findings by offering stable alternatives to minimal coupling that support the observed phantom crossing tendency <snippet id=S_p938Lo0>.
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<snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_8bzg1KA,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">The margin of safety in pharmacology is defined as the ratio between the lethal dose to 1% of the population (LD1) and the effective dose to 99% of the population (ED99), or equivalently LD50/ED50</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">This represents the safety index of a drug, where a higher margin of safety indicates lower risk of toxicity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KtkXCqd">However, the search results do not address when this margin of safety cannot be calculated or is undefined</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ITpLCrH">The search results provide the standard definition but do not discuss conditions where LD1 or ED99 points are not observable or meaningful</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PNN5Uwr">The therapeutic index (LD50/ED50) is cited as a measure of drug safety, but the results do not explain when this ratio fails to appear or becomes uncomputable</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">The margin of safety in pharmacology is defined as the ratio of LD1 (lethal dose to 1% of population) to ED99 (effective dose to 99% of population)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8bzg1KA">This measure is also referred to as the Certain Safety Factor</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain information about conditions under which margin of safety "fails to appear" or cannot be calculated <snippet id="S_KtkXCqd">, and no snippet addresses when this definition is undefined or inapplicable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ITpLCrH,S_gWkoXUl,S_PNN5Uwr">Alternative measures such as the therapeutic index using LD50/ED50 are also mentioned</snippet>. <answer>
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The search results do not contain explicit demonstrations of group polarization or risky shift in avatar-mediated immersive VR environments. While several studies discuss avatar visual fidelity and embodiment effects <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa,S_HKqSHCf">abstract avatars, particularly robots, led to a disconnection from reality and increased risky behaviors, whereas self-representations fostered a connection to the physical world, promoting cautious behavior</snippet>, none document group discussion or multi-user interactions leading to attitude extremity. The available results focus on single-user avatar control in VR <snippet id="S_axZETIo,S_Ic4WSGm">participants viewed the virtual building from a first-person perspective while moving their virtual body ("avatar") through the building</snippet> or avatar applications in therapy and education <snippet id="S_snWHiX5">'Avatar coaches' have also been employed as part of an immersive virtual reality situation for treating the fear of heights</snippet>. No snippets provide evidence of classic group polarization or risky shift constructs implemented in multi-user immersive virtual environments with avatars.

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<snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa, S_HKqSHCf">The search results indicate that abstract avatars (such as robots) can lead to increased risky behaviors compared to self-representations that foster cautious behavior</snippet>, which relates to the Proteus Effect where avatar appearance influences user conduct <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa">. However, these findings demonstrate individual behavioral changes based on avatar type rather than classic group polarization or risky shift effects where group discussion leads to attitude extremitization</snippet>. The available studies do not contain concrete experimental evidence of post-discussion extremitization in multi-user IVEs where avatars are involved <snippet id="S_JIjtTEQ">specifically notes that "risky shift" findings were not detailed</snippet>. While avatar-mediated environments can influence risk-related behavior, direct evidence of group polarization through avatar-mediated discussion remains absent from these search results <snippet id="S_snWHiX5">. The research focuses more on how visual fidelity and avatar similarity affect embodiment and individual actions rather than group dynamics leading to polarization</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz,S_CBhXwnS,S_L4MYIrf">Nikola Tesla's Electric Arc Lamp patent was issued on February 9, 1886, with patent number US335,786</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ktaELRS">This patent is listed on Wikipedia as U.S. patent 335,787 - Electric arc lamp - 1886 February 9</snippet>, though there appears to be a discrepancy in the patent numbers between different sources (335,786 vs 335,787). <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">The patent was granted on February 9, 1886, the same day as Tesla's Commutator for Dynamo Electric Machines patent (US 334,823) which was issued on January 26, 1886</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iDdAzGv">The Electric Arc Lamp patent involved improvements using electromagnets and lever mechanisms to precisely separate and feed carbon electrodes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7dWRH62">Tesla's 1886 patents included improvements in the control of carbon rod feed mechanisms</snippet>.
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<answer>
Nikola Tesla's Electric Arc Lamp patent, US 335,786, was granted on February 9, 1886 <snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz,S_L4MYIrf">. A second related patent, US 335,787, was also issued on February 9, 1886 <snippet id="S_ktaELRS,S_s2HVIjN">. The "Commutator for Dynamo-Electric Machines" was issued on January 26, 1886 <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. Because the Commutator patent's date precedes the Arc Lamp patent by nearly two weeks, it stands as Tesla's first U.S. patent by issue date <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. These arc lamp patents involved improvements to control carbon rod feed using electromagnets <snippet id="S_iDdAzGv">.
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<snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF,S_Q1JiXuV">The episode is titled "Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD" from Season 3, Episode 2 of the "Stories from the World of Medicine" podcast, published on February 18, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF,S_Q1JiXuV">The guest is Otolaryngologist Tina Munjal, MD</snippet>, who tells a story about <snippet id="S_NZ9gUn7">learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI">The official episode page is available at thenocturnists.org/podcast/rhino-rocket</snippet>, and the episode is also accessible on platforms like <snippet id="S_C2IKgBh">Libsyn</snippet> and <snippet id="S_arbvh0R">WHRO</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eavn8We">A YouTube version is also available at snapjudgment.org/episode/the-medicine-game/</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode "Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD" is Season 3, Episode 2 of Stories from the World of Medicine podcast by The Nocturnists, released on February 18, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The guest is Tina Munjal, MD, an Otolaryngologist who shares her medical story</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NZ9gUn7,S_arbvh0R">The story is about learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode page is available at thenocturnists.org/podcast/rhino-rocket with illustrations by Lindsay Mound</snippet>. Runtime information is not available in the search results.
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The search results do not contain explicit "de-extinction" terminology in the 2022-2025 timeframe, with most snippets focusing on general extinction-risk assessments, evolutionary potential, and conservation biology rather than specific de-extinction technologies or case studies <snippet id="S_aQHGJDJ,S_BVGS7oK,S_yJ0bKZt">The search results focus primarily on extinction-risk assessments, evolutionary potential, and conservation biology rather than explicit de-extinction terminology</snippet>. One snippet mentions the controversial concept of de-extinction and functional proxies for species driven to extinction by humans, but this appears in a genomics conservation context rather than a dedicated de-extinction review <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">One snippet mentions the controversial concept of de-extinction and functional proxies for species driven to extinction by humans, but this appears in a genomics conservation context</snippet>. The available content addresses megafauna extinctions and ecosystem management but lacks the specific "proxy" or "functional de-extinction" terminology the agent is seeking <snippet id="S_160DJq3,S_kpUOwfs">The available content addresses megafauna extinctions and ecosystem management but lacks the specific "proxy" or "functional de-extinction" terminology</snippet>. Consequently, the search has not returned the targeted 2022-2025 reviews/perspectives with explicit de-extinction terminology that the agent requested <snippet id="S_btUw1xy,S_zN6EiNI,S_hlWQ6qg,S_ZV4SO7N">Consequently, the search has not returned the targeted 2022-2025 reviews/perspectives with explicit de-extinction terminology</snippet>.

<answer>
Based on the search results, explicit "de‑extinction" research from 2022‑2025 is limited in the provided snippets. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>The controversial concept of de‑extinction, particularly for species driven to extinction by humans, suggests that functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>Cloning techniques like somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) could enable the de‑extinction of recently extinct mammals with preserved tissues</snippet>. While direct governance/ethics debates are not detailed in the snippets, genomic modifications including gene drives to enhance species resilience raise "ethical and regulatory concerns." <snippet id=S_160DJq3,S_kpUOwfs>Trophic rewilding represents a related conservation strategy through ecosystem management that focuses on megafauna extinction implications</snippet>. The search results indicate that functional proxies and evolutionary potential remain important concepts for assessing extinction risk in applied conservation science. <snippet id=S_aQHGJDJ,S_yJ0bKZT>Integration of proxies into conservation decision‑making remains an important area for innovation in applied conservation science</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_4iZB0OB">The central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star at zero temperature is predicted to be 1319 MeV</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_exyOPhA">the critical neutron chemical potential where hadron-quark phase transition occurs lies between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature</snippet>. <snippet id="S_dKTw9kz">The baryon chemical potential in neutron stars is expected to be in the GeV range</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_jARyMl0,S_BQ1tanr">specific values for the neutron chemical potential in beta equilibrium are not provided, but they are influenced by the baryon chemical potential and interactions among quarks and leptons</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WRBepHG">In high-density environments, additional baryons such as Λ hyperons can emerge when their chemical potential condition (µΛ = µn = µp + µe) is satisfied</snippet>, indicating the scale is set by hyperon masses around 1.08–1.1 GeV as referenced in the agent's plan. <snippet id="S_in5xo5t">The density dependence of neutron and proton chemical potentials is presented in figures for models like MDI(A) and SkO</snippet>, though explicit numerical values at specific densities are not tabulated in the snippets.
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At zero temperature, the central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star is predicted to be 1319 MeV <snippet id="S_4iZB0OB">. Models of the hadron-quark phase transition indicate the critical neutron chemical potential lies between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature <snippet id="S_exyOPhA">. In the context of beta equilibrium, baryon chemical potential values typically fall within the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV <snippet id="S_BQ1tanr">. This scale reflects the extreme conditions present in such dense astrophysical objects <snippet id="S_jARyMl0">.
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<snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie,S_37bk94m">Bond et al. (2012) conducted a landmark experiment involving 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 U.S. Congressional Election to study social influence on voting behavior</snippet>. <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc">The experiment showed messages encouraging users to vote and displaying images of friends who had already voted increased turnout by approximately 340,000 votes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mXK3pZh,S_8SBonkH">Replication studies in 2012 found the effect was smaller (about 90,000 additional votes) but still significant, with total mobilization reaching 270,000 people in the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I0UxhZS,S_gGLgZLn">The study demonstrated that people who knew their Facebook friends voted were more likely to vote themselves, showing social influence through peer-verified information</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">However, the authors acknowledged very small effects from the information treatment, highlighting the challenge of measuring social influence in large-scale experiments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_37bk94m">The findings were replicated during the 2012 U.S. Presidential election, demonstrating the potential impact of social media algorithms on democratic processes through "social proof" mechanisms</snippet>.
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The Bond et al. 2012 study conducted a large-scale experiment involving 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 U.S. Congressional Election, where users were shown messages with images of friends who had already voted <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie,S_37bk94m">to assess social influence on voting behavior</snippet>. The results demonstrated that this social messaging approach increased turnout, with approximately 60,000 additional votes directly attributed to the message in 2010 <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_mXK3pZh">and effects replicated in the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election with about 90,000 directly mobilized voters</snippet> <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_8SBonkH">. Social influence spread through the network as friends of treated users were also indirectly influenced, adding approximately 180,000-280,000 additional votes in total across both elections</snippet> <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_mXK3pZh,S_37bk94m">. However, some researchers note that while the effect sizes were statistically significant, they were relatively small relative to the massive sample size <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">. Despite this limitation, the study remains widely cited as evidence that online social networks can impact offline political behavior through interpersonal influence mechanisms</snippet> <snippet id="S_8SBonkH,S_I0UxhZS">.
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<snippet id="S_4LDk9pb">IGN explicitly confirms the launch date for North America, Australia, and New Zealand as November 23, 2004</snippet>, providing a fourth independent confirmation from a major game outlet. <snippet id="S_mhE8bKy">GamesIndustry.biz also confirms the street date as November 23, 2004, with the game launching simultaneously in all three regions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe">Wikipedia states the game was released on November 23, 2004 to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the Warcraft franchise</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6wNkGtZ">Activision's investor press release confirms the debut date in North America, Australia, and New Zealand on November 23, 2004</snippet>. <snippet id="S_K0CkkAv">Wowpedia also verifies the release date as November 23, 2004</snippet>. Multiple authoritative sources consistently confirm this specific launch date across all regions.
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<snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt">World of Warcraft was officially released on November 23, 2004</snippet>, with the launch date confirmed for North America, Australia, and New Zealand <snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_mhE8bKy">simultaneously across these regions</snippet>. IGN explicitly reported that November 23, 2004 was the launch date in multiple articles from late 2004 <snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt">. This date is further corroborated by Wikipedia, which states the game was released on November 23, 2004</snippet> <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe, S_K0CkkAv>, and by Blizzard's own press announcements</snippet> <snippet id="S_6wNkGtZ, S_mn2djgd>. The release marked the 10th anniversary of the Warcraft franchise</snippet> <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe>.
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<snippet id="S_jYWskoE,S_gqi212y,S_q2ORi2Q">Cytokinin (CK) promotes axillary bud outgrowth, while auxin and strigolactone (SL) act as inhibitors by suppressing CK levels and upregulating SL biosynthesis genes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jYWskoE,S_gqi212y,S_Uuo070s,S_gLbtlMj">BRANCHED1 (BRC1) is a key transcription factor that integrates hormonal signals from CK, SL, and auxin to regulate bud outgrowth, functioning as a repressor of branching when its expression is elevated</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jLTk85S,S_nFj5ih3">Auxin inhibits CK biosynthesis through an AXR1-dependent pathway and promotes SL production, which in turn upregulates BRC1 expression to suppress axillary meristem development</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gqi212y,S_Uuo070s">In contrast, CK directly represses BRC1 expression, and this antagonistic regulation between CK and SL is essential for fine-tuning branching patterns during plant development</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XRhJBhI">The regulatory network for axillary bud outgrowth includes auxin, SL, and CKs, with auxin also inhibiting BRC1 expression to promote bud growth during dormancy release</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NtlEzla">BRC1 is a conserved TCP transcription factor that interacts with hormones, nutrients, and light to determine branching phenotypes across plant species</snippet>.
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Cytokinin (CK), strigolactone (SL), and auxin form a regulatory network where auxin inhibits axillary bud outgrowth by suppressing CK levels and enhancing SL biosynthesis <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_q2ORi2Q>. Auxin promotes the transcription of SL biosynthesis genes, including MAX3/MAX4 (orthologs CCD7/CCD8), to synthesize SLs that suppress branching <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_nFj5ih3>. These hormones converge on BRANCHED1 (BRC1), a transcriptional hub where SL upregulates BRC1 expression to inhibit growth, while CK represses BRC1 to promote outgrowth <snippet id=S_gqi212y,S_gLbtlMj>. Consequently, auxin indirectly regulates BRC1 through these antagonistic factors rather than direct transport into the bud <snippet id=S_gqi212y>. BRC1 integrates these signals to suppress bud outgrowth, with mutants like amp1 showing enhanced branching due to altered CK levels and reduced BRC1 <snippet id=S_Uuo070s,S_gLbtlMj>.
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<snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">Perplexity offers three pricing tiers for its AI Copilot services: Free, Pro, and Enterprise Pro, with the Pro version costing $20/month or $200 annually</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">The Free version allows unlimited concise searches, while the Pro version includes additional features like multi-step reasoning searches and deep research queries, limited to three per day</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">The Pro plan provides access to advanced AI models like GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and DeepSeek R1, along with file analysis for PDFs and images, image generation, and real-time web access for research</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">The Enterprise Pro tier is priced at $40/month per seat or $400/year (16% discount) and provides unlimited queries, extensive deep research capabilities (500 per day), and enhanced collaboration features with unlimited collaborators</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yvm9XpN">Users find the Pro subscription beneficial for research and casual searches, with many seeing value in the subscription for everyday use, while others highlight limitations such as restricted programming support and challenges with long-form content generation</snippet>.
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Perplexity AI offers three pricing tiers: Free, Pro ($20/month or $200/year), and Enterprise Pro ($40/month per seat or $400/year) with discounts for annual billing <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">. The Pro subscription includes access to advanced AI models like GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and Claude 3.7, plus unlimited Copilot queries, file upload for PDFs and images, and real-time web access <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p,S_yvm9XpN">. Pro users also receive features like multi-step reasoning searches, deep research queries (3-300 daily depending on source), and Perplexity Labs for structured outputs <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w">. However, some users report limitations in programming support, long-form content generation, and file handling compared to competitors <snippet id="S_yvm9XpN">. Enterprise Pro adds organizational file repositories, collaboration features, unlimited deep research (500 per day), and advanced security options <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">.
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