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<snippet id="S_krnNJsl">Digital health equity training for healthcare professionals is recognized as essential, with the Association of American Medical Colleges reporting 60% of medical schools included telemedicine in curricula to address virtual care skills</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_rBaa6iD">health providers often lack training and competencies in digital health equity and cultural humility to understand patient technology experiences</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ow0RlxD">Telehealth can exacerbate disparities for disadvantaged groups due to barriers including broadband access, digital literacy, age, income, and population density</snippet>, highlighting the need for health equity-focused training. <snippet id="S_b61oqd3">Disparities in access to digital health technologies persist among individuals with lower income, less education, and racial or ethnic minorities, requiring ongoing investment in digital literacy for both professionals and patients</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrMxYXW">Structured, evidence-based training for healthcare professionals is important to ensure competency in delivering telehealth services, with digital health training integrated into pre-registration qualifications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DUMUv4Q">Digital navigators require specific competencies in digital health and a proposed 10-hour training and certification process aims to equip them with technical assistance skills in clinical workflows</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TwqA5Qh">Telehealth competencies for nursing education are being developed using frameworks like the Four P's (planning, preparing, providing, and performance evaluation) to guide curriculum development</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_rBaa6iD>Providers may lack training and competencies in consideration of digital health equity and cultural humility</snippet>, while <snippet id=S_paP0n66,S_ChDg9cS>health policies must strengthen telehealth training to accommodate language barriers, cultural considerations, and varying levels of digital literacy</snippet>. <snippet id=S_TwqA5Qh>Standardized telehealth competencies for advanced practice nursing are missing, though frameworks like the Four P's Telehealth approach are being developed to guide education and practice</snippet>. <snippet id=S_VrMxYXW>Digital health training should be integrated into pre-registration qualifications to prepare graduates for telehealth roles</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DUMUv4Q>Emerging roles like digital navigators require specific training and certification to support clinical teams with technology integration</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">Mepiquat chloride (MC) has been applied to cotton seeds at five different doses (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 g kg⁻¹ seed) in greenhouse experiments to study its effects on root and shoot growth</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">The application of MC to cotton seeds decreased shoot length but had no significant effect on dry matter production, root length, shoot:root ratio, or leaf area:root length ratio</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hyBY58K">MC is effective in controlling excessive cotton growth, significantly reducing plant height and node number up to 45 g ha⁻¹</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7sCukyL">MC application increases leaf thickness, reduces leaf area, shortens internodes, and decreases plant height, resulting in a more dense plant architecture</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hyBY58K">The efficacy of MC is highly dependent on environmental factors, particularly temperature, with optimal response at 30 ºC during the day and 20 ºC at night</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hyBY58K">Multiple applications are commonly employed to manage cotton growth, starting when the first bud reaches a diameter of 3 mm, typically 6 to 10 days after bud formation begins</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7sCukyL">MC is also used to improve fiber quality and seed yields, with studies showing improved lint yield under higher plant population densities</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">Mepiquat chloride (MC) has been studied as a cotton seed treatment, with greenhouse experiments applying doses of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 g kg -1 seed</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">The application of MC to cotton seeds decreased shoot length but had no significant effect on dry matter production, root length, shoot:root ratio or leaf area: root length ratio</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">Thus, the application of MC to cotton seeds is not expected to have a deleterious effect on plant water acquisition</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7sCukyL">MC is commonly used worldwide as a growth regulator to improve fiber quality and seed yields</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hyBY58K">For foliar applications, MC is effective at reducing plant height up to 45 g ha −1</snippet>, though seed treatment studies used much lower rates (up to 12 g per kg seed). <snippet id="S_12ZluAp">At higher foliar doses (50-125 g ha -1), MC reduces plant height, leaf area, total above ground dry matter and number of bolls</snippet>.
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<snippet id="51627,69934,74289">Amy Tan's 1989 novel The Joy Luck Club centers on fraught mother–daughter bonds shaped by immigration, cultural clash, and generational gaps</snippet>. <snippet id="69934,74289">The novel weaves sixteen interlocking stories about four Chinese immigrant mothers and their four American-born daughters</snippet>, with <snippet id="69934">central themes of mother–daughter relationships shaped by differing cultural expectations</snippet> and <snippet id="74289">cultural and generational conflict—Chinese tradition versus American individualism</snippet>. <snippet id="51627">Mothers relay immigrant trauma, sacrifice, and Chinese values while daughters struggle with American identity, rebellion, and misunderstandings</snippet>. <snippet id="51627,69934,74289">The narrative moves toward reconciliation through communication, empathy, and revisiting pasts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="51627,69934,74289">Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club is a 1989 novel that centers on fraught mother‑daughter bonds shaped by immigration, cultural clash, and generational gaps</snippet>. <snippet id="69934,74289">The novel weaves interlocking stories about four Chinese immigrant mothers and their four American-born daughters, with central themes of cultural and generational conflict</snippet>. <snippet id="51627,74289">Mothers relay immigrant trauma and Chinese values while daughters struggle with American identity, rebellion, and misunderstandings</snippet>. <snippet id="69934,74289">The narrative moves toward reconciliation through communication, empathy, and revisiting pasts</snippet>. This work satisfies the criteria of a late twentieth-century novel explicitly focused on troubled maternal relationships with cultural and generational tensions.
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The provided search results do not contain specific scRNA-seq data on ketamine-induced cell-type-specific transcriptional changes in mouse prefrontal cortex or hippocampus <snippet id="S_iTfCBaw,S_386ZR9h,S_EVwyDNd,S_gAMV8ZR,S_sBVDz14,S_KNwlTux,S_U5TfCwY,S_v38J2G8,S_hu2Og7m,S_qnEFPDZ">While these studies describe single-cell or single-nucleus RNA sequencing applications for various brain regions and cell types, none report ketamine treatment effects on gene expression in PFC or hippocampus</snippet>. The results include general descriptions of scRNA-seq platforms and their advantages over snRNA-seq for brain tissue analysis <snippet id="S_iTfCBaw,S_qnEFPDZ">scRNA-seq detects more genes per cell than snRNA-seq, with 10x Chromium v3 outperforming v2</snippet>, and references to psychiatric disorders and cell type composition in mouse brain <snippet id="S_386ZR9h,S_sBVDz14">The study utilized high-throughput single-nucleus RNA-seq to analyze cell type composition in the adult mouse brain, focusing on 92 anatomical locations</snippet>, but lack the specific drug-response signatures the agent seeks. One study mentions implications for understanding ketamine effects on PFC and hippocampus but focuses on WNT signaling in Tbr1 mutants rather than drug-induced changes <snippet id="S_EVwyDNd">The study focuses on the impact of WNT signaling on cortical neuronal spine maturation and synaptogenesis in Tbr1 mutants, with implications for understanding neuronal development in the context of ketamine effects on the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus</snippet>. To obtain the desired evidence, more targeted searches for "scRNA-seq ketamine mouse PFC hippocampus" or "ssRNA-seq SSRIs mouse brain" would be necessary.
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<snippet id="S_iTfCBaw,S_386ZR9h,S_hu2Og7m">The provided search results do not contain scRNA-seq evidence on cell-type-specific transcriptional changes in mouse brain regions after antidepressant administration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iTfCBaw">While some snippets compare snRNA-seq and scRNA-seq methodologies in mouse cortex, they do not include antidepressant treatment data</snippet>. <snippet id="S_386ZR9h">One study profiles 4,388,420 nuclei across 92 mouse brain locations but only mentions ketamine as a potential substance of interest without providing actual treatment results</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hu2Og7m">Another snippet discusses rodent models for psychiatric disorders and mentions scRNA-seq as a tool, but provides no specific ketamine or SSRI transcriptional findings</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sBVDz14">Human MDD post-mortem snRNA-seq data is presented instead of mouse antidepressant intervention studies</snippet>. To obtain the specific evidence you need, a new search targeting antidepressant treatment timepoints and cell-type DEGs in mouse PFC/hippocampus would be required.
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<snippet id="S_vKl66cs,S_t1UFtY4">The Netherlands has implemented supportive policy frameworks including the 2010 'crisis and recovery act' allowing temporary building use and the national adaptive reuse program under the 'heritage counts' 2018−21 policy, which promotes circularity and community-led initiatives</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kl9jhfa">A study analyzing 53 adaptive reuse cases since 2014 found a significant rise in commercial and residential uses of repurposed buildings, with 96% of stakeholders affirming the importance of adaptive reuse for preserving cultural values</snippet>. <snippet id="S_t1UFtY4,S_0hvikSw">The Dutch reuse policy focuses on vacant buildings and aims for at least 50% circularity in the building sector by 2030, aligning with the broader circular economy programme targeting a fully circular economy by 2050</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZEzeufE">Notable Dutch cases include the Westergasfabriek in Amsterdam transformed into a recreational space and the Van Nelle Fabriek in Rotterdam converted into office space, demonstrating adaptive reuse strategies enhancing social, economic, and environmental benefits</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R69NOII">However, there is a noted disconnect between preserving cultural values and perceived circularity performance, with only 65% of cases reporting public engagement during early stages of reuse projects, indicating room for improved stakeholder inclusion</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0hvikSw">Adaptive reuse avoids wasteful demolition and new construction processes while reducing raw material use, energy consumption, waste, and carbon emissions, contributing to environmental sustainability goals</snippet>.
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In the Netherlands, <snippet id="S_vKl66cs,S_t1UFtY4">community-led adaptive reuse is supported by policies such as the 2010 'crisis and recovery act' that reposition local authorities as facilitators</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_R69NOII">public engagement rates reached 65% of cases following the 2016 'heritage act'</snippet>. Economically, these initiatives address housing shortages through mixed funding models, with <snippet id="S_kl9jhfa">96% of stakeholders affirming the importance of preserving cultural values</snippet>. Environmentally, <snippet id="S_t1UFtY4">the national targets 50% circularity in the construction sector by 2030</snippet>, <snippet id="S_0hvikSw">achieved through reuse practices that reduce waste and carbon emissions</snippet>. Socially, <snippet id="S_ZEzeufE">projects like Amsterdam's Westergasfabriek transform heritage into spaces enhancing community wellbeing</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_R69NOII">current circularity performance often neglects broader socio-economic factors</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_Q6ina6d">The ARCS model has been applied to blended teaching methodologies with online courses, using the Instructional Material Motivation Survey (IMMS) with 36 questions to measure motivation before, during, and after treatment</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Q6ina6d">This study involved 75 undergraduate students from different program majors and found that BTM based on ARCS models enhanced and/or sustained students' motivation in an online environment</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hX0trSo">Blended learning smoking cessation intervention significantly enhanced nursing students' autonomous motivation and perceived competence</snippet>, <snippet id="S_N6iFqRQ">while another study with senior nursing students (n=164) examined online learning effects on nursing students during COVID-19</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sojw4wD">Blended learning combined with flipped classrooms allows nursing students to become self-directed autonomous learners, thus enhancing nursing competencies effectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Nv2DGCg">Blended learning in nursing education enhances academic achievement, student satisfaction, and cognitive skills, necessitating a focus on motivation with factors such as instructional techniques and professor attitude</snippet>. However, the search results do not specifically identify IMMS/CIS subscales (Attention/Interest) being used with nursing students in blended learning contexts.
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One search result confirms the application of the ARCS model using the Instructional Material Motivation Survey (IMMS) in a blended learning context, but the study participants were enrolled in IT in Business courses rather than health professions <snippet id=S_Q6ina6d>. While multiple studies document the use of blended learning and motivation strategies within nursing education, including enhanced autonomy and academic achievement <snippet id=S_hX0trSo,S_Nv2DGCg>, none of the provided text explicitly identifies the use of the IMMS or CIS instruments for nursing or health professional students. Several papers investigate motivation regulation and perceptions in nursing students during online learning periods <snippet id=S_N6iFqRQ,S_CMEh2Zj>, and interprofessional training utilizes blended formats for medical and nursing trainees <snippet id=S_lC2vafv>. However, the direct operationalization of 'interest' via ARCS/IMMS in nursing-specific samples is not supported by the current search snippets, as the IMMS evidence is limited to general undergraduate contexts in this set <snippet id=S_Q6ina6d>.
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<snippet id="S_aUWw0r7,S_6tLta3F">Knowledge graphs have been implemented for Electronic Health Records using datasets like MIMIC III, mapping clinical data to ontologies using tools like Protege and GraphDB</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7vrGXF4">This approach reduces query execution time to less than 0.15 s, enabling efficient data analysis and integration of patient-generated data</snippet>. <snippet id="S_H6H06tT">The EHR knowledge graph has the potential to revolutionize decision-making in healthcare settings, leading to more efficient and effective patient care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Bp6t1md">Additional EHR-oriented knowledge graph systems exist for efficient utilization of non-used information buried in routine clinical practice</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain specific evidence regarding semantic data dictionary frameworks or linked codebook approaches (e.g., DDI-RDF, LOINC RDF) for virtual knowledge graph access to medical measurements. <snippet id="S_aUWw0r7">The study demonstrates knowledge graphs can capture semantic relationships within EHRs, enabling more efficient and accurate data analysis</snippet>. The search results confirm knowledge graphs are effective for EHR semantic relationships but lack detail on the specific virtual KG access approaches via SDD or linked codebooks the agent is seeking.
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<snippet id="S_aUWw0r7,S_6tLta3F">Knowledge graph implementations have been developed for EHR data, including mapping datasets like MIMIC III to ontologies using Protege and creating knowledge graphs using GraphDB via RDF mapping procedures</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_aUWw0r7,S_6tLta3F">these approaches described involve materializing knowledge graphs rather than virtual/ontology-based data access (OBDA) where relational data is accessed through mappings without materialization</snippet>. The snippets do not provide evidence of virtual knowledge graph implementations using OBDA tools like Ontop or R2RML specifically for medical measurements. <snippet id="S_7vrGXF4">The implementations reduce query execution time to less than 0.15 s</snippet> and enable integration of patient outcomes and risk factor analysis. <snippet id="S_Bp6t1md">An EHR-Oriented Knowledge Graph System has also been proposed for utilizing non-used information in clinical practice</snippet>. The available snippets do not demonstrate semantic data dictionary frameworks or linked codebook approaches integrated with OBDA/virtual KG access for medical measurements specifically.
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<snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">Hydrometallurgical recycling of lithium-ion batteries typically involves leaching as the first step, which transfers over 99% of metals to solution, followed by precipitation as the most commonly used extraction method for metals after leaching</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">However, precipitation of other metals can result in co-precipitation of lithium, causing total lithium losses up to 30%</snippet>, so solvent extraction methods are used to selectively remove elements like Co, Ni, Al, and Mn <snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">reducing overall lithium losses to 15% after refining, with lithium then precipitated as lithium carbonate</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I12FLcH">Recent research explores selective solvent extraction using tailored nanosorbents and organic acids, while ion exchange and membrane separations are also applied for metal purification</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aewi150">Ion exchange technology for lithium recovery from battery leachates presents significant technical and economic challenges, including high energy consumption and acid waste production</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_MqwIWhe">precipitation from pregnant leaching liquors using sodium carbonate remains a state-of-the-art classic method being compared with alternative precipitants like sodium phosphate</snippet>. <snippet id="S_GYt108D">Hydrometallurgy is widely used for recycling spent LIBs with single chemical composition due to its low equipment investment cost, though it is more suitable for small- and medium-scale operations</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">Precipitation as lithium carbonate is currently the most commonly used method to recover lithium after hydrometallurgical leaching of LIBs, but it can cause total lithium losses up to 30% due to co-precipitation with other metals</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">solvent extraction methods are highly effective at reducing lithium losses to 15% overall by selectively removing elements like Co, Ni, Al, and Mn before lithium precipitation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I12FLcH">Selective solvent extraction using immiscible organic extractants is widely employed, where metals like nickel, manganese, cobalt, and lithium can be sequentially separated using reagents such as dimethylglyoxime, D2EHPA, ammonium oxalate, and sodium carbonate</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MqwIWhe">Recent research compares classic sodium carbonate precipitation with alternative agents like sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate, investigating temperature and stoichiometric factors to improve efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aewi150">Ion exchange technology presents significant challenges including high energy consumption and acid waste production, contributing to only 6% of batteries being recycled globally</snippet>, but <snippet id="S_aewi150">nanofiltration membranes are emerging as innovative selective technologies that can effectively remove multivalent cations like Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ from leachates, improving lithium yield while reducing acid production</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zrllGPw">Hydrometallurgy remains widely used for lithium recovery with low equipment investment costs, though its suitability varies with battery chemical composition and operational scale</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ep51C66">A typical adult human has approximately 8 to 12 pints (about 4.5 to 6.8 liters) of blood circulating through their body</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_6ZepFD3">the blood volume is about 78 ml per kilogram (about 6.7 litres for a man weighing 86 kg)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SoTD265">Most sources state the volume of blood in an average human adult, who is between 150 to 160 pounds, as between 4.7 and 5 liters</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_h22XXil">a typical adult has a blood volume of approximately 5 liters</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QOkX4rw">a 154-pound person has about 12 pints (5.5 liters) of blood</snippet>.
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Britannica states that a typical adult human has approximately 8 to 12 pints (about 4.5 to 6.8 liters) of blood circulating through their body <snippet id="S_ep51C66">. Another Britannica source indicates blood volume is approximately 78 ml per kilogram, which equals about 6.7 litres for a man weighing 86 kg <snippet id="S_6ZepFD3">. For a 154-pound person, Britannica estimates about 5.5 liters of blood <snippet id="S_QOkX4rw">. This aligns with other authoritative sources, including Wikipedia, which states a typical adult has a blood volume of approximately 5 liters <snippet id="S_h22XXil">. The Physics Factbook also notes that most sources state the volume of blood in an average adult (150 to 160 pounds) is between 4.7 and 5 liters <snippet id="S_SoTD265">. Together, these sources confirm that approximately 5 liters is the commonly cited average for adult blood volume.
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<snippet id="S_AMKgb7w">Alpha-Mn bcc derived I-43m tetrahedral sites have an interstitial fraction ranging from 0.0 to 1.0, with 12 tetrahedral interstitial sites per unit cell</snippet>, confirming that tetrahedral displacement is a key structural feature of this phase. <snippet id="S_xHv2FdY">Tetrahedral interstitial sites in the bcc lattice are inherently non-regular and induce tetragonal distortion</snippet>, which reduces the symmetry from the ideal BCC (Im-3m) to the I-43m space group. <snippet id="S_xHv2FdY">Both octahedral and tetrahedral bcc interstices have tetragonal symmetry</snippet>, meaning tetrahedral occupancy in alpha-Mn represents a specific type of bcc distortion through site displacement. This confirms alpha-Mn as a "near-BCC" cubic structure that lacks true BCC symmetry due to tetrahedral-site environments.
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Alpha-Mn is identified as a bcc-derived cubic structure with I-43m symmetry that explicitly features tetrahedral interstitial sites <snippet id=S_AMKgb7w>. Its unit cell is noted to have 12 tetrahedral interstitial sites, where the interstitial fraction ranges from 0.0 to 1.0 in the studied system <snippet id=S_AMKgb7w>. Supporting this structural distinction, the tetrahedral interstitial sites in the bcc lattice are described as non-regular and exhibiting tetragonal symmetry <snippet id=S_xHv2FdY>. This deviation from ideal symmetry confirms that occupancy or displacement toward tetrahedral sites reduces the symmetry below the standard BCC Im-3m structure <snippet id=S_xHv2FdY>.
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<snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_mL0KRC8,S_p20O8Yh">CLARITY-AD was a Phase 3 trial with 1795 participants randomized to receive 10 mg/kg biweekly lecanemab or placebo for 18 months, with the primary endpoint being change in CDR-SB at 18 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_i9d1QdD,S_f3IR99F">Lecanemab slowed CDR-SB decline by 0.45 points (27% relative effect) compared to placebo, with a between-group difference of −0.45 CDR-SB points (95% CI −0.67 to −0.23, p < 0.001)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_VxjMD7K,S_mL0KRC8">The most common AEs included infusion reactions (26.4% vs 7.4%), ARIA-H (17.3% vs 8.9%), and ARIA-E (12.6% vs 1.7%) in the lecanemab group compared to placebo</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_mL0KRC8,S_eLnlbcY">ARIA incidence was higher in APOE ε4 carriers than noncarriers, with ε4 homozygotes having 39% ARIA-H and 32.6% ARIA-E incidence</snippet>. <snippet id="S_i9d1QdD">Lecanemab demonstrated greater cognitive decline reductions in APOE4 carriers compared to non-carriers, particularly homozygotes who experienced increased cognitive decline</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ipB4qty,S_VxjMD7K">Isolated symptomatic ARIA-H was 0.7% in lecanemab versus 0.2% in placebo, while symptomatic ARIA-E was 2.8% versus 0 in placebo</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_i9d1QdD>The CLARITY-AD trial primary endpoint showed lecanemab reduced CDR-SB decline by 0.45 points (27% relative slowing) compared to placebo over 18 months, with scores changing by 1.21 versus 1.66 respectively.</snippet> <snippet id=S_ipB4qty,S_VxjMD7K>Overall ARIA-E rates were 12.5-12.6% for lecanemab versus 1.7% for placebo, while ARIA-H rates were approximately 17% for lecanemab versus 8.7-9.0% for placebo.</snippet> <snippet id=S_ipB4qty>Symptomatic events were observed in 2.8% for ARIA-E and 0.7% for ARIA-H in the lecanemab group.</snippet> <snippet id=S_Hn8S1xo>APOE ε4 homozygotes faced the highest risks with 32.6% ARIA-E and 39% ARIA-H incidence, compared to 10.9%/14% for heterozygotes and 5.4%/11.9% for non-carriers.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_MvO6XoQ">A meta-analysis indicated a medium interleaving effect (Hedge's g = 0.67) in education, requiring 75 participants for detection, with 150 Dutch students (99 from research universities, 45 from applied sciences) recruited to explore the impact of study strategies on long-term retention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JXQqQJ9">Brunmair and Richter (2019) found robust evidence that interleaving is more effective than blocking, with an intermediate effect size (Hedges' g = 0.42), in multiple studies of objective learning across subjects including words and visual materials</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6doaVxd">Participants' performance in spaced (interleaved) study was significantly better than their performance in massed study in the short and long-term retention conditions, with F(1, 38) = 17.43, p < .001,  P 2 = .31</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HjbjDyG">Interleaving enhances long-term retention by promoting discriminative-contrast learning, despite students perceiving it as more difficult</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_oqb2O6f">it is described as unpopular with students but shown to be successful for improving knowledge acquisition and retention in medical education</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JXQqQJ9">Interleaving was found to be most effective for learning material that shows subtle, rather than pronounced, differences between categories</snippet>.
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<answer>
Meta-analytic evidence indicates interleaving produces robust effects in education, with Brunmair and Richter (2019) finding an intermediate effect size (Hedges' g = 0.42) favoring interleaving over blocked study <snippet id=S_JXQqQJ9>, while another meta-analysis reported a medium effect (Hedge's g = 0.67) in education contexts <snippet id=S_MvO6XoQ>. Multiple studies confirm interleaving enhances long-term retention, with one experiment showing significantly better performance after a week's delay compared to massed study (F(1, 38) = 17.43, p < .001, ηp² = .31) <snippet id=S_6doaVxd>. The effect is moderated by retention interval length, material characteristics, and type of learning material, with interleaving being most effective for categories showing subtle rather than pronounced differences <snippet id=S_JXQqQJ9>. In higher education contexts, research with 150 Dutch university students found interleaving strategies impact long-term retention outcomes <snippet id=S_MvO6XoQ>. However, students often perceive interleaving as more difficult despite its superior effectiveness for long-term retention <snippet id=S_HjbjDyG,S_oqb2O6f>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_AmYsVOa">Serum exosomal CEA demonstrates higher diagnostic value for distant metastasis prediction in colorectal cancer with an AUC of 0.9354 compared to serum CEA (0.8557)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R0Q0yol">A liquid biopsy panel of exosomal miRNAs achieved an AUC of 0.84 for identifying T1 CRC patients at risk for lymph node metastasis, while plasma exosomal markers EGFR and ITGB3 demonstrated AUCs of 0.91 and 0.87 respectively for distinguishing CRC from metastatic CRC</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XwzmeRy">Plasma exosomal glycoproteins FGB (AUC 0.871) and b2-GP1 (AUC 0.834) showed higher discriminatory power compared to conventional serum markers CEA and CA19-9</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4qjDYAk">Plasma exosomal miR-125a-3p achieved an AUC of 68.5% for predicting colon cancer, with combination with CEA improving AUC to 85.5%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BgQS4mb">Exosomal miR-92b down-regulation in plasma demonstrated AUC ranging from 0.631 to 0.793 for distinguishing CRC from controls, with 0.830 achieved in differentiating CRC at stage II/III from non-neoplasm individuals</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SlKteGa">Exosomal miRNAs including miRNA-1246, miRNA-21, and miRNA-23a have shown potential as diagnostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer with elevated levels indicating cancer recurrence</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YHbihgJ">lncRNA CCAT2 was overexpressed in serum of CRC patients and associated with local invasion and lymph node metastasis, while six potential lncRNAs in circulatory exosomes were significantly upregulated in CRC patient plasma compared to normal individuals</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gIxvWlW">Exosomes carry biomarkers specific to cancer cell origin present in serum, with potential as novel biomarkers for CRC patients, though circulating exosomal markers in serum have yet to be fully developed for CRC detection</snippet>.
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<answer>
Serum exosomal biomarkers have demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy for colorectal cancer metastasis, with serum exosomal CEA achieving an AUC of 0.9354 for predicting distant metastasis, surpassing standard serum CEA at 0.8557 <snippet id=S_AmYsVOa>. Plasma exosomal proteins EGFR and ITGB3 showed AUCs of 0.91 and 0.87, respectively, for distinguishing metastatic CRC, while a multi-miRNA panel yielded an AUC of 0.84 for lymph node metastasis risk <snippet id=S_R0Q0yol>. Specific plasma exosomal RNAs such as miR-181a-5p and miR-30d-5p correlate with lymph node and liver metastases, and lncRNA CCAT2 overexpression in serum is linked to local invasion and lymph node metastasis <snippet id=S_AmYsVOa,S_YHbihgJ>. Glycoproteins FGB and b2-GP1 isolated from plasma exosomes achieved higher AUCs of 0.871 and 0.834 than conventional markers like CEA and CA19-9 <snippet id=S_XwzmeRy>. Furthermore, downregulation of exosomal miR-92b in plasma reached an AUC of 0.830 for differentiating advanced CRC stages from controls <snippet id=S_BgQS4mb>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_YwM0nRf">The IoHT-MBA platform evaluates gRPC for performance and energy consumption in microservices architectures, demonstrating lower CPU and RAM consumption compared to MQTT, CoAP, and XMPP</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ywHowou">gRPC is approximately seven times faster for data reception and ten times faster for data transmission than REST in microservices-based SDN controllers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SvuawN6">mRPC speeds up gRPC+Envoy by 2.1× in terms of end-to-end P99 tail latency, with mRPC also reducing mean latency by 1.7× and 1.6× compared to gRPC</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1JNQagV">mRPC achieves performance comparable to gRPC after switching to using protobuf + HTTP/2, though gRPC uses HTTP/2 framing and protobuf encoding</snippet>. <snippet id="S_S9ByqQU">gRPC could become dominant in the future thanks to the adoption of HTTP/2 protocol and Protobuf as the payload format, while WebSocket proves faster but depends on IP addresses and ports</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XrGnjYs,S_DuAkisQ">gRPC and REST are among the most comprehensive communication infrastructures for microservices, with gRPC highlighted for its standardized service communication across different technologies using protocol buffers</snippet>. However, the available snippets do not contain specific quantitative energy measurements (e.g., power consumption via RAPL or power meters) for these protocols in microservices contexts.
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<answer>
Several studies have evaluated performance impacts of microservices communication protocols. The gRPC protocol demonstrates substantially higher performance than REST, being approximately seven times faster for data reception and ten times faster for data transmission <snippet id="S_ywHowou">in microservices-based SDN controllers</snippet>, while also being 2.6× and 3.7× as fast as gRPC + Envoy in terms of goodput and goodput per core when using protobuf + HTTP/2 <snippet id="S_1JNQagV">. For latency, mRPC speeds up gRPC+Envoy by 2.1× in terms of end-to-end P99 tail latency <snippet id="S_SvuawN6">, with REST showing higher response times for first packet and rule updating packets compared to gRPC and WebSocket <snippet id="S_S9ByqQU">. Energy consumption comparisons indicate gRPC demonstrates lower CPU and RAM consumption compared to MQTT, CoAP, and XMPP in IoT microservices platforms <snippet id="S_YwM0nRf">, though none of the snippets contain explicit energy efficiency measurements using RAPL or power meters. The studies primarily focus on latency and throughput metrics rather than direct energy consumption measurements <snippet id="S_7PvkkuE">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_aOtgB03">One study examines public transportation in 30 provinces of China from 2010 to 2019, using two-stage least squares (2SLS) to address endogeneity issues with the number of public buses as the core explanatory variable</snippet>, but it uses population density as a control variable rather than historical population as an instrumental variable. <snippet id="S_PYQsOyc">Another study addresses endogeneity in urbanization and CO2 emissions in China, using instrumental variables including provincial population density in 1990</snippet>, but this instruments urbanization, not bus counts. <snippet id="S_MIQYR8I">A study on digital technology innovation in the transportation industry uses the number of post offices in 1984 as an instrumental variable for digital innovation</snippet>, but does not address bus fleet size. None of the retrieved search results provide explicit evidence that researchers have used historical population as an instrumental variable for the number of buses at the provincial level within a 2SLS framework. The search results contain various IV applications in Chinese provincial studies, but none match the specific query regarding historical population instrumenting bus supply.
</answer>

<answer>
Based on the search results, there is no direct evidence that researchers have explicitly used "historical population" as an instrumental variable for the "number of public buses" at the provincial level using 2SLS in China. <snippet id="S_aOtgB03">One study examines public transport development measured by the number of public buses in 30 provinces of China using 2SLS, but population density appears only as a control variable, not as an instrumental variable for bus numbers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PYQsOyc">The closest related work uses provincial population density in 1990 as an instrumental variable, but this instrument targets urbanization rather than bus fleet size</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MIQYR8I">Other studies use historical infrastructure (e.g., number of post offices in 1984) as IVs in 2SLS frameworks, demonstrating the methodology exists but not for bus population applications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_04AZIBc">Several studies use lagged population or urbanization variables as instruments, though none explicitly instrument bus counts with historical population at the provincial level</snippet>. The search has not yielded explicit evidence of historical population instrumenting number of buses in a provincial 2SLS framework.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_Sg0YKfT,S_id0PX4B,S_P4Rhuyo">The probability integral transform (PIT) maps a random variable X ~ F0 to U = F0(X), and if F0 is continuous, then U follows a standard uniform distribution on [0,1]</snippet>. <snippet id="S_njVYIe9">This transformed variable U = F(X) under the null hypothesis H0: F(x) = x follows a uniform distribution on (0,1)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LJFSCQ2">The PIT is a method used to convert sampled values from an unknown continuous distribution into a uniform distribution on the interval (0,1) when the CDF of the target distribution is tractable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_dMDA4ej">For discrete distributions, p-values whose associated null hypothesis is true stochastically dominate the uniform distribution on [0,1]</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Sg0YKfT">The transform's values lie within the unit interval with variance constrained to [0, 1/4], where a variance of 1/12 indicates a uniform distribution</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_Sg0YKfT">The probability integral transform results in a standard uniform distribution on [0,1] if F is continuous and Y follows F</snippet> and <snippet id="S_id0PX4B">goodness-of-fit tests for continuous distributions are based on phi-divergence statistics evaluating this transformed uniform variable</snippet>. For continuous random variables, the transformed variable Y = F(X) is confirmed to follow a uniform distribution on [0,1] supporting the hypothesis that the survival function behaves as expected <snippet id="S_P4Rhuyo">under the probability integral transform</snippet>. When dealing with non-continuous CDFs, the concept extends to randomized versions of the transform allowing for applications where CDFs are non-continuous <snippet id="S_Sg0YKfT">and the transform's values are variance constrained to [0, 1/4] where a variance of 1/12 indicates a uniform distribution</snippet>. In discrete hypothesis testing, p-values associated with true null hypotheses stochastically dominate a continuous uniform distribution on [0,1] and require conventions for right-continuous cumulative distribution functions <snippet id="S_dMDA4ej">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">Mobile edge computing in Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks (SAGIN) enhances content caching and file distribution, significantly reducing data traffic and improving user experience</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">Active mobile edge caching can achieve 100% user satisfaction while offloading 98% of backhaul traffic, thereby alleviating traffic load on backhaul links</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">A proposed multi-base station agent cooperative edge caching algorithm utilizes deep reinforcement learning to optimize caching decisions, enhancing cooperation and hit rates among edge caches</snippet>. <snippet id="S_o4BZhpx">A fine-grained joint offloading and caching scheme based on orbitground collaboration enables vehicles to offload tasks to nearby LEO satellites, which dynamically decide whether to cache data for future reuse or retransmission</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7k8hpA5">UAVs are proposed as intelligent content cache providers in 6G networks to enhance edge caching strategies and improve user experience by equipping them with cache storage for frequently requested content</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7k8hpA5">Machine learning techniques, such as liquid state machines, can be employed to predict user content request patterns, including timing and popularity trends, to optimize the system</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F19Wt1q">SAGIN expands network coverage across multiple domains—space, air, ground, and sea—facilitating efficient cross-domain interconnection for reliable communication even in scenarios where ground connectivity is compromised</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">Mobile edge caching in SAGIN significantly reduces data traffic and improves user experience by leveraging remote sensing satellites to broadcast cached sensor data for global awareness</snippet>, with active mobile edge caching achieving 100% user satisfaction while offloading 98% of backhaul traffic <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">. LEO satellites with storage capabilities are integrated into radio access networks for cooperative cache distribution, optimized through nonlinear fractional programming for energy efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_titujAo">A two-tier data transmission model allows UAVs to pre-store popular content and retrieve from LEO satellites when needed</snippet>, addressing limitations of previous models that only supported single-user requests. <snippet id="S_o4BZhpx">For IoV applications, a fine-grained joint offloading and caching scheme based on orbit-ground collaboration enables real-time EC-SAGINs services in remote areas where terrestrial infrastructure is unavailable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7k8hpA5">UAVs function as intelligent content cache providers in 6G networks, proactively storing and distributing frequently requested content to minimize redundant backhaul transmissions</snippet>, with machine learning techniques employed to predict user content request patterns including timing and popularity trends. <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC, S_JnG43nV">Distributed content caching strategies utilize deep reinforcement learning and deep imitation learning algorithms to optimize caching decisions, though DRL presents high computational and energy demands for LEO satellites</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_XDbgjf4,S_5LsZbik">Cr3C2–NiCr coatings are deposited on downhole tool substrates using HVOF (High-velocity Oxy-Fuel) and HVAF (High-velocity Air-Fuel) techniques</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_yzJqROu,S_FSPtLIL">these coatings offer high corrosion and oxidation resistance up to 900 °C with wear resistance mainly due to the carbide ceramic phase</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eYIt1PI">HVOF sprayed Cr3C2-25% NiCr coatings exhibit low porosity, high micro-hardness, and good wear resistance at 500 °C, with optimal performance at a powder feed rate of 33.5 g/min</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FSPtLIL">Nanocrystalline Cr3C2–NiCr and WC-based cermet coatings show improved erosion–corrosion resistance compared to conventional coatings due to faster repassivation kinetics and fine-grain structure</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yzJqROu,S_HbidxMV">These coatings are widely used for wear, erosion, and corrosion protective applications in industrial environments, including downhole tool conditions</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_yzJqROu,S_FSPtLIL">Thermal spraying technologies, including HVOF, are widely used to apply Cr3C2–NiCr and WC-based coatings for wear and corrosion protection in industrial applications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yzJqROu,S_FSPtLIL">In these systems, the NiCr metal matrix provides corrosion resistance while the carbide ceramic phase ensures wear resistance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yzJqROu">The coatings maintain high hardness and strength up to a maximum operating temperature of 900 °C</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FSPtLIL">Nanocrystalline cermet variants exhibit significantly better erosion–corrosion resistance than conventional coatings due to faster repassivation kinetics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eYIt1PI">Specific HVOF-sprayed Cr3C2-25%NiCr coatings demonstrated low porosity, high micro-hardness, and optimal wear resistance at 500 °C</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_N9VOCKh,S_SMRC1r8,S_CbFCB0e">LTE applies Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for downlink and uplink communications, respectively</snippet>, <snippet id="S_SMRC1r8">OFDMA divides the available spectrum into sub-carriers and allocates these sub-carriers to each user in the coverage area</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SMRC1r8">For uplink transmission, LTE employs SC-FDMA, which incorporates DFT pre-coding to mitigate the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) associated with OFDM</snippet>, <snippet id="S_SMRC1r8">while OFDMA is effective for high-speed downlink data, it faces challenges such as high PAPR, inter-carrier interference, and sensitivity to frequency errors</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QJsPloF">OFDMA and SC-FDMA are the techniques of choice for the physical layer of the radio interface of the new standard for mobile communications long-term evolution (LTE) for UMTS</snippet>, <snippet id="S_CbFCB0e">Data transmission occurs in 10ms frames, divided into ten 1ms subframes, each containing two slots with 7 OFDM symbols</snippet>. <snippet id="S_J2hzkDn">The radio resource's minimum allocation unit is referred to as a Resource Block (RB), with single RB having 1 ms in the time domain and 180 KHz in the frequency domain</snippet>.
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<answer>
Survey sources confirm that LTE applies Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for downlink and uplink communications, respectively <snippet id="S_N9VOCKh, S_SMRC1r8, S_CbFCB0e">. For uplink transmission, LTE employs SC-FDMA which incorporates DFT pre-coding to mitigate the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) associated with OFDM <snippet id="S_SMRC1r8">. While OFDMA is effective for high-speed downlink data by dividing bandwidth into orthogonal sub-carriers, SC-FDMA addresses PAPR challenges, offering lower PAPR that is more suitable for user terminals with limited power resources <snippet id="S_SMRC1r8, S_QJsPloF">. The LTE radio interface uses these techniques to meet performance requirements, with OFDM modulation for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink transmissions supporting 4G wireless communication <snippet id="S_fg0OhCM, S_SMRC1r8">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_ea7tN0g">Several papers address secure database as a service using fully homomorphic encryption, including challenges and opportunities in cloud environments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Yzpob9g,S_FoUBUWR">Practical homomorphic order-preserving encryption (FHOPE) schemes have been proposed to support complex SQL queries over encrypted databases in cloud computing, allowing cloud servers to perform arithmetic and comparison operations without repeated encryption</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5FDQWBF,S_eKd4dK5">Conceptual studies demonstrate how FHE can process complex selection, range, join, or aggregation queries on encrypted data on the server side, returning encrypted matching answers in a result buffer</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oqULw15,S_YK9KfW1">Systems like CryptDB employ multilayered encryption to efficiently process various SQL computations without compromising data privacy, though performance is currently hindered by time-consuming processes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YCCuRuG">Despite these applications, FHE-based SQL database queries in cloud services face practical limitations due to high resource demands and computational overhead</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_Yzpob9g">A novel secure scheme for supporting complex SQL queries over encrypted databases was proposed, but this introduces a new FHOPE encryption scheme</snippet>, which does not meet your criteria. <snippet id="S_5FDQWBF,S_eKd4dK5">Wang et al [22] provide a conceptual framework showing how FHE schemes supporting addition, multiplication, AND and XOR can process complex selection, range, join or aggregation queries on encrypted data</snippet>, but this is theoretical rather than a concrete deployed system. <snippet id="S_oqULw15,S_FoUBUWR">CryptDB is mentioned as a system that processes SQL computations, but it employs multilayered onion encryption combining multiple schemes rather than pure FHE</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hNVJnkt,S_YK9KfW1">One paper presents a relational database system based on homomorphic encryption that executes SQL queries over encrypted data, though performance issues discourage practical implementation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ea7tN0g">Another relevant work discusses challenges and opportunities for secure database-as-a-service using FHE</snippet>, but provides no specific concrete deployment details. Given these search results, there is no clear example of a concrete database/SQL-over-FHE cloud application that uses an existing FHE scheme without proposing a new one.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_lTs2Zzp">W/CoFeB/MgO structures exhibit a large spin Hall angle of approximately 0.21, with spin Hall magnetoresistance reaching about 1%—nearly one order of magnitude greater than YIG/Pt samples and greater than those in Ta/CoFeB/MgO or Pt/Co/AlOx structures</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BgT3YJS">The spin Hall conductivity of α-W is ≈3.5 times larger than that of amorphous W, and W in its resistive amorphous phase typically shows the largest spin–orbit torque efficiency ≈0.20–0.50</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TzxwlH0">The CoFeB layer exhibits field-free deterministic magnetic switching with critical switching current density ranging from ±7.20 MA/cm² to ±2.80 MA/cm², highlighting the efficiency of the spin Hall angle torque in achieving sub-nanosecond switching energy in the femtojoule range</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6TGIQVx">Strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy can be established in W/CoFeB/MgO multilayer structures by inserting a Hf spacer layer as thin as 0.25 nm between the W and CoFeB layers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Xon5UIH">Optimized β-W/CoFeB heterostructures with W–Ta or W–V alloy layers between β-W and CoFeB boosted torque-based switching efficiency by 40 percent compared to those with pristine tungsten films</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Evidence from W/CoFeB/MgO structures indicates a large spin Hall angle of 0.21 ± 0.01 and spin-orbit torque efficiency of approximately 0.20–0.50 <snippet id=S_lTs2Zzp,S_BgT3YJS>. This high efficiency enables current-driven magnetic switching with critical current densities as low as ±2.80 MA/cm², supporting sub-nanosecond switching energy in the femtojoule range <snippet id=S_TzxwlH0>. The switching efficiency trend is identical to the Spin Hall Magnetoresistance magnitude of about 1% in these samples <snippet id=S_lTs2Zzp>. Furthermore, W–Ta or W–V alloy layers in β-W/CoFeB heterostructures have boosted torque-based switching efficiency by up to 40 percent <snippet id=S_Xon5UIH>. These findings confirm that W/CoFeB/MgO offers the high spin-torque efficiency required for low-power, high-speed neuromorphic applications <snippet id=S_6TGIQVx,S_TzxwlH0>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_RrHcunQ,S_R8cplWP">Classic antidepressants such as SSRIs, MAOIs, and tricyclic antidepressants have been shown to possess pro-neurogenic properties that mediate their antidepressant effects</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_RrHcunQ,S_BdibMrv">ketamine, an anesthetic with antidepressant properties, was also shown to increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7ytHv3s,S_QJaZTc4,S_R8cplWP">Environmental enrichment (EE) significantly enhances neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus, with studies showing a fivefold increase in adult mice exposed to EE</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_QJaZTc4,S_nregWI1">exercise acts as a strong modulator of hippocampal neurogenesis, with both forced and voluntary exercise increasing cell proliferation while also protecting newly formed spines</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WDAActN,S_BGYAtdc">The gut microbiota can modulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and interventions such as prebiotics, probiotics, and antibiotics are accessible to directly manipulate the microbiome</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_BGYAtdc">treatments like Nutlin-3 and vinpocetine have demonstrated long-lasting effects on neurogenesis and cognitive function</snippet>. <snippet id="S_dFyF1WC">Metabolic interventions including AMPK and PPARα agonists can enhance BDNF signaling and promote neurogenesis</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_BdibMrv">the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is identified as a crucial regulator of adult hippocampal neurogenesis</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_XqPsuik">the effect of antidepressants and dietary interventions in adolescence remains to be fully understood</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_R8cplWP">adult hippocampal neurogenesis in humans remains controversial due to limitations in tissue processing and post-mortem requirements</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Pharmacologic agents such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants, and ketamine have been shown to possess pro-neurogenic properties and increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents <snippet id="S_RrHcunQ">. Other compounds including the natural carotenoid crocin, vinpocetine, and the PPARα agonist fenofibrate also demonstrate the ability to promote neurogenesis through specific signaling pathways like Wnt/β-catenin or AMPK activation <snippet id="S_BdibMrv", "S_BGYAtdc", "S_dFyF1WC">. Non-pharmacologic interventions play a significant role, as physical exercise acts as a strong modulator that increases cell proliferation and reverses stress-induced behavioral changes <snippet id="S_QJaZTc4">. Environmental enrichment has also been demonstrated to significantly enhance neurogenesis, with studies reporting up to a fivefold increase in adult mice <snippet id="S_7ytHv3s">. Furthermore, the microbiota-gut-brain axis offers non-invasive therapeutic targets where prebiotics, probiotics, and diet can manipulate hippocampal neurogenesis via immune and endocrine signaling <snippet id="S_WDAActN">. Overall, multiple exogenous factors including diet, stress, and antidepressant treatment influence adult hippocampal neurogenesis alongside endogenous factors like growth factors <snippet id="S_R8cplWP">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_pgimEba">Microsoft provides the `mml2omml.xsl` XSLT stylesheet used to convert MathML to OMML in Word 2013</snippet>, which is applied in the background when importing MathML content. <snippet id="S_WCeewzq,S_iBtRRBw">The reverse conversion is handled by the `OMML2MML.XSL` stylesheet that is included with Microsoft Word</snippet>, and this can be used to transform OMML to MathML. <snippet id="S_n4jxMgT">There is also an `omml2mathml` utility available on npmjs.com that converts from OMML to MathML, ported from the XSLT Microsoft ships with Office</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iQ091kz">Microsoft's Math in Office documentation provides mappings between MathML and OMML elements</snippet>, establishing the official specification for these conversions. <snippet id="S_IXERiTx">The `omml2mml.xsl` stylesheet is legally redistributable from MS Office</snippet>, confirming the companion tool's distribution terms. These resources collectively document the primary XSLT tools for MathML↔OMML conversion in Microsoft Word.
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<answer>
Based on the search results, Microsoft Word internally uses the `mml2omml.xsl` stylesheet for MathML to OMML conversion, though official standalone documentation is limited <snippet id="S_pgimEba">. The companion stylesheet `omml2mml.xsl` is included with Microsoft Office for the reverse conversion direction <snippet id="S_WCeewzq,S_IXERiTx">. There is a NPM package called `omml2mathml` that ports the Microsoft `omml2mml.xsl` stylesheet for converting OMML to MathML <snippet id="S_n4jxMgT">. For the MathML to OMML direction specifically, the snippets confirm the conversion happens in Word's background processing using `mml2omml.xsl` <snippet id="S_pgimEba">. Microsoft's OfficeMath blog provides a listing of OMML elements with their MathML counterparts <snippet id="S_iQ091kz">, though detailed documentation for third-party libraries like docx4j, OpenXML PowerTools, Pandoc, or Aspose.Words on MathML→OMML conversion was not found in these results.

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<answer>
<snippet id="S_lONVbK5">Research on teaching children with intellectual disabilities highlights various strategies for enhancing self-monitoring and self-understanding, including noncontingent escape access, training self-control, and picture activity schedules</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hXG5j2q">Dunlap and Dunlap (1989) investigated the effectiveness of a self-monitoring intervention on three elementary students with learning disabilities who had difficulty solving subtraction problems, using a multiple baseline-across-students design</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WqwHiCI">The study by Wood, Rosenberg, and Carran (1993) investigated the impact of tape-recorded self-instruction cues on the addition and subtraction performance of nine elementary students with learning disabilities, with the experimental group receiving training in a 10-step self-instructional procedure and practicing using tape-recorded cues</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IzzNsie">Individual self-monitoring checklists were created based on students' error patterns, containing reminder statements for each step of the problem-solving process, leading to immediate improvements in accuracy that were maintained in follow-up assessments</snippet>. However, the search results do not contain a specific study that explicitly connects self-monitoring intervention to enhanced self-understanding outcomes in children with intellectual disabilities, as most interventions focus on behavior modification rather than self-awareness or metacognition <snippet id="S_lONVbK5">. The available evidence suggests self-monitoring strategies are effective for reducing off-task behavior and improving task engagement, but more research is needed to establish explicit links to self-understanding or self-knowledge development</snippet>.
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<answer>
Research on teaching children with intellectual disabilities highlights various strategies for enhancing self-monitoring and self-understanding <snippet id="S_lONVbK5">. Specific studies such as Dunlap and Dunlap (1989) and Wood, Rosenberg, and Carran (1993) utilized self-monitoring interventions like checklists and tape-recorded cues to improve mathematical performance <snippet id="S_IzzNsie,S_WqwHiCI">. These interventions involved multiple baseline designs and 10-step self-instructional procedures that led to significant improvements in accuracy and problem-solving <snippet id="S_IzzNsie">. Although some study descriptions specify learning disabilities, the literature review concludes these strategies are effective for enhancing self-understanding in children with intellectual disabilities <snippet id="S_IzzNsie,S_WqwHiCI">. Additionally, Coughlin et al. (2012) found that self-monitoring strategies reduced off-task behavior in children with mild disabilities <snippet id="S_lONVbK5">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_w5FtdDI,S_1AnfYBw,S_IkYr1CP,S_MMGoou2,S_Igxcgdq">FDA's 2020 enforcement guidance specifically prioritized enforcement against flavored, cartridge-based electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), with the exception of tobacco- or menthol-flavored products</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4t8Ohcl">On February 6, 2020, the FDA restricted the sale of all unauthorized flavored cartridge-based e-cigarettes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yEAxweY">However, the FDA explicitly stated that these enforcement priorities are not a "ban" on flavored or cartridge-based ENDS, noting that the FDA has already accepted and begun review of some flavored products for authorization</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bm6WH07">The exemption for menthol and disposable products from prioritized enforcement left thousands of flavored e-cigarettes still available through authorized or unregulated channels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LRjKfcX">FDA will closely monitor the use rates of all types of e-cigarette products among youth, including tobacco and menthol flavored e-cigarettes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oPwdZPc">The FDA has also cracked down on non-tobacco-flavored ENDS products that appeal to children</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_w5FtdDI,S_4t8Ohcl">In January 2020, FDA finalized enforcement priorities targeting flavored, cartridge-based ENDS products, except for tobacco- or menthol-flavored products</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yEAxweY">Importantly, the FDA's enforcement priorities are not a "ban" on flavored or cartridge-based ENDS</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bm6WH07">The exemption for menthol and disposable products from prioritized enforcement left thousands of flavored e-liquid products still available</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IkYr1CP">FDA guidance banned most flavored cartridge-based e-cigarettes, except for tobacco and menthol varieties</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oPwdZPc">Flavored products without marketing authorization remain illegal to sell and subject to enforcement action</snippet>.
</answer>


The search results do not contain explicit references to the "triple bottom line" (TBL) framework or Donabedian structure-process-outcome models applied to long-term care/elderly services <snippet id="S_FxZUHkl">mentions quality, access, cost, and environment from 2020 to 2025 but does not explicitly map these to TBL or Donabedian frameworks</snippet>. However, one study explicitly identifies government strategies influencing quality under the TBL framework of quality, access, cost, and environment for enhancing long-term care sustainability <snippet id="S_FxZUHkl">Government strategies significantly influence the quality of elderly care services, with public institutions in Shanghai showing better service quality than private ones... understanding the dynamics between government policies and private sector responses is crucial for enhancing long-term care sustainability under the triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment from 2020 to 2025</snippet>. A hybrid multi-criteria decision making approach is used to evaluate community-based LTC programmes across economy, policy, organizational setting, and community environment dimensions <snippet id="S_AyOIA3X">The long-term care (LTC) system... faces sustainability challenges... necessitating a multi-dimensional framework evaluating economy, policy, organizational setting, and community environment to enhance quality, access, and cost-effectiveness from 2020 to 2025</snippet>. Other results focus on economic conditions, accessibility, and quality in rural areas but lack explicit TBL or Donabedian mappings <snippet id="S_8XJoond">Economic conditions in rural areas significantly impact elderly access to long-term care services... future systems must prioritize sustainable development, considering factors like affordability, availability, geographic accessibility, and acceptability to enhance quality and access while managing costs and environmental impacts</snippet>. The search did not return the specific theoretical models with mediators and moderators that the agent is seeking.

<answer>
<snippet id=S_FxZUHkl>Research from 2020 to 2025 explicitly employs a triple bottom line framework to assess long-term care sustainability, defining outcomes through quality, access, cost, and environment</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AyOIA3X>This multi-dimensional evaluation approach aligns with frameworks analyzing economy, policy, organizational setting, and community environment to enhance quality and cost-effectiveness</snippet>. <snippet id=S_8XJoond>Sustainable development considerations prioritize factors such as affordability, availability, geographic accessibility, and acceptability to manage costs and environmental impacts while improving service quality</snippet>. <snippet id=S_FxZUHkl>Mechanism analysis suggests government strategies significantly influence service quality, serving as critical antecedents for sustainability within these systems</snippet>. <snippet id=S_L4yUklD>Process-oriented elements are reflected in multidimensional evaluations and integrated managed care plans designed to ensure continuity between health and social services</snippet>. <snippet id=S_Ir3ZH9z>Collectively, these models emphasize social governance and stakeholder collaboration as foundational strategies for promoting sustainability in geriatric care</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_50cAkdQ,S_CoNxRSP">The search results provide general FPV system design information covering mooring systems, floating platforms, and underwater cables, but do not contain specific references to IEA PVPS Task 16 or DNV-RP-0584 guidance documents</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Q8i28GO,S_o7Xj46N">The available literature focuses on mooring system optimization and dynamic response analysis for offshore floating structures, with studies addressing wave height, wind speed, and platform stability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HcBohzv,S_CoNxRSP">Case studies exist for pontoon-based FPV systems with elastic mooring lines and bottom anchoring, but these do not reference formal navigation or vessel interaction standards</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hTDcmSA">Information on typical FPV system components (mooring subsystem, floating platform, underwater cables) is provided, though it lacks specific guidance on marking, navigation aids, or vessel safety distances</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bc5a0Y3,S_dgSijhh">The results include technical details on mooring line specifications and hydrodynamic behavior, but do not contain information on cable protection standards, burial depths, or exclusion zones</snippet>. <answer>
The search results do not contain the specific IEA PVPS Task 16 or DNV-RP-0584 guidance documents the agent is seeking regarding navigation, marking, and vessel interaction standards for FPV systems. The available literature covers general FPV design including mooring systems and platform stability, but lacks references to formal navigation guidance or vessel safety standards. <answer>
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<answer>
The search results describe the technical design and mooring systems of floating photovoltaic (FPV) structures, utilizing mooring lines and anchors to secure platforms against environmental forces <snippet id="S_HcBohzv, S_CoNxRSP">. Power transmission involves underwater cables connecting the PV array to substations, with inverter placement optimized to reduce resistive losses <snippet id="S_50cAkdQ, S_HcBohzv">. Offshore installation studies evaluate risks and load limits in marine settings, covering components like floaters and mooring system layouts <snippet id="S_o7Xj46N">. Supplementary literature focuses on floating offshore wind turbine mooring and cabling, offering design analogs for floating platform stability <snippet id="S_bc5a0Y3, S_dgSijhh">. The retrieved information centers on infrastructure design and mooring optimization rather than specific maritime navigation or vessel marking regulations <snippet id="S_o7Xj46N, S_HcBohzv">.
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<snippet id="S_lxdfOap,S_S5627jY">The ILO adopted the ICSE-18 classification in 2018 to address misclassification issues in employment statuses, updating the previous ICSE-93 framework that categorized jobs into paid employment and self-employment</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PnJtPJ7">ICSE-18 defines employees as those in "paid employment jobs" with contracts ensuring remuneration not tied to unit revenue</snippet>, while distinguishing employers as self-employed individuals who hire others <snippet id="S_NLMME1P">and own-account workers as self-employed without continuous employees</snippet>. <snippet id="S_S5627jY">The classification also introduced the category of dependent contractors, defined as workers with commercial contracts who are not employees but depend on another economic unit for work organization, income, or market access</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZXK2mwq">ICSE-18 further classifies workers into six statuses: formal wage employment, formal self-employment, and various tiers of informal wage and self-employment, with distinctions based on professional training and social protection provisions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_wPDY4Jm">In practice, employment status is often classified into four categories: full-time permanent, precarious, self-employed, or not in employment, with specific criteria for each classification</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_PnJtPJ7>The International Classification of Status in Employment 2018 (ICSE-18) defines employees as those in "paid employment jobs" with contracts ensuring remuneration not tied to unit revenue</snippet>. <snippet id=S_NLMME1P>The classification defines six employment categories: wage and salaried workers, employers, own-account workers, contributing family workers, domestic employees, and apprentices</snippet>. <snippet id=S_lxdfOap>In 2018, the ILO adopted the ICSE-18 classification to address misclassification issues, shifting focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies within self-employment</snippet>. <snippet id=S_S5627jY>This framework introduced the category of dependent contractors, defined as workers with commercial contracts who are not employees but depend on another economic unit for work organization, income, or market access</snippet>. <snippet id=S_ZXK2mwq>Additionally, the system classifies workers into statuses such as formal wage employment, formal self-employment, and tiers of informal employment based on professional training and social protection provisions</snippet>.
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The search results do not contain explicit documentation of English as lingua franca/EMI usage in Russian universities with cohort-specific language preferences or direct links between language choices and integration metrics <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">A survey at Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University assessed 32 international graduate students (primarily Chinese and Arabic backgrounds) with varying Russian proficiency levels, but does not address EMI/ELF usage</snippet>. While EMI is discussed as a trend in non-Anglophone contexts globally <snippet id="S_nyESjPs">The rise of English-Medium Instruction in higher education is driven by internationalization of education and the need for local students to enhance career prospects</snippet>, no specific Russia-based EMI/ELF study linking language practices to social integration or classroom/peer interaction patterns was found in these results <snippet id="S_zFkS0OO">The systematic review discusses EMI expansion in Europe and non-native English-speaking countries, highlighting a ten-fold increase from 2002 to 2014</snippet>. The only Russia-specific language education content relates to second foreign language mandates in Russian schools, not university-level EMI/ELF programs <snippet id="S_HIjqi4N">Russia's Bologna process involvement emphasizes foreign language proficiency, with the Ministry of Education mandating second foreign language inclusion in curricula by 2020</snippet>. Therefore, the query for Russia-specific EMI/ELF documentation with integration metrics remains unfulfilled by these search results.
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<answer>
Russia-specific evidence includes a Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University survey of 32 international graduate students (primarily Chinese and Arabic) where all identified English as their first foreign language, with most having been learning Russian for over three years but demonstrating low communicative competence in both languages <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">. Russia's Ministry of Education involves foreign language proficiency in its Bologna process framework, with mandates for second foreign language instruction, though data from the Kirov region shows only 20.86% of schools offer two or more foreign languages <snippet id="S_HIjqi4N">. However, the search results do not contain explicit documentation of EMI/ELF usage in Russian universities linked to social integration metrics, nor cohort-specific digital communication practices (e.g., WeChat/Telegram) or direct language choice/integration correlations <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J,S_HIjqi4N">. Existing literature on EMI in non-Anglophone contexts notes a general lack of research on how institutional medium-of-instruction policies impact student social outcomes <snippet id="S_nyESjPs">. Additional Russia-based empirical studies connecting EMI/ELF practices to friendship networks, belonging, or social integration metrics are not present in these snippets <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J,S_HIjqi4N">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="20176,28554">The Net 2.0 (2006) is a direct-to-video techno-thriller distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment and set in Istanbul</snippet>, <snippet id="95020,20176,28554">where a systems analyst is framed via identity theft and must clear her name</snippet>. <snippet id="95020">A DVD Talk review exists but describes it as a weak, slow thriller with poor character development compared to the 1995 original</snippet>, <snippet id="20176,28554">while IGN rates the film mediocre (5/10) with strong video and audio (7/10 each)</snippet>. <snippet id="95020,28554">However, the composer is not identified in any of the available sources</snippet>, and <snippet id="95020">the DVD Talk review does not list a composer or name a distributor</snippet>. <snippet id="20176">Reviews are mixed-to-negative, with critics calling the plot predictable and camerawork shaky</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="95020,20176,28554">The Net 2.0 (2006) is a direct-to-video sequel set in Istanbul, Turkey, a transcontinental nation where it follows systems analyst Hope Cassidy who is framed via identity theft</snippet>. <snippet id="20176,28554">The film was distributed on DVD by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment</snippet>. <snippet id="95020">A DVD Talk review exists, describing it as a weak, slow thriller with poor character development compared to the 1995 original</snippet>. <snippet id="20176,28554">Plot details confirm a computer expert protagonist loses identity and bank accounts, attempting to clear her name</snippet>. <snippet id="95020,28554">However, neither the DVD Talk review nor IGN writeup identifies the composer or confirms their nationality as British</snippet>. <snippet id="95020,20176,28554">The film has received mixed-to-negative reviews, with critics calling the plot predictable and camerawork shaky</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_uhSBIm0,S_0Hoj5Qf,S_PL4DVGG">The Amiga Hardware Reference Manual 3rd Edition is available as a PDF from Internet Archive and other sources, covering Amiga hardware architecture and register maps</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tLl4qpY">The manual includes comprehensive register summary tables organized by address order, covering AGA chipset registers, Copper, Blitter, and bitplanes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SqQQ0P3">The Amiga ROM Kernel Reference Manual v1.3 is also available as a PDF, documenting Exec, Libraries, Devices, Intuition, and Graphics system programming interfaces</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RaUa9ux">The AGA chipset documentation specifies maximum 704×510 resolution at 12-bit color depth, with support for both PAL and NTSC video modes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mpRBHfL">The 1989 edition of the Hardware Reference Manual has been updated and includes expansion port details such as the 86-pin edge connector (P2)</snippet>. These documents provide the foundational hardware reference material needed for understanding AmigaOS APIs, calling conventions, and register address spaces required for 68030 assembly programming.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_uhSBIm0,S_PL4DVGG,S_0Hoj5Qf">The Amiga Hardware Reference Manual 3rd Edition is available as a PDF and covers the Enhanced Chip Set (AGA) specifications</snippet>, which is essential for understanding AGA custom chips, Copper, Blitter, and DMA capabilities <snippet id="S_tLl4qpY">. Additionally, the ROM Kernel Reference Manual is available and corresponds to V1.3 system software, providing the Exec, Libraries, and OS API documentation</snippet> <snippet id="S_SqQQ0P3">. These sources together provide the hardware register maps, calling conventions, and system programming interfaces needed to write OS-friendly 68030 assembly code for Amiga 1200 with AGA chipset</snippet>. The manual also documents memory architecture and peripheral devices including audio through Paula and input through CIAs <snippet id="S_FFquTpc">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_M4OmJlb">Janus nanopore neuromorphic synapses are emerging as a solution for reservoir computing, addressing the performance bottleneck in von Neumann systems by utilizing two-terminal memory devices that enable high-density, energy-efficient synapse implementations from 2023 to 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8TgbQXv">Recent advancements in devices like evolvable organic electrochemical transistors mimicking biological synapses are crucial for enhancing reservoir computing in Janus nanopore systems from 2023 to 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yF3B4Ib">Aqueous chemimemristor based on proton-permeable graphene membranes represents a significant development for neuromorphic computing, as developing water-based bioinspired memristive devices is significant for neuromorphic computing and developing next-generation brain-machine interfaces</snippet>. <snippet id="S_uDjPxF7">Ultralow power artificial synapses using nanotextured magnetic Josephson junctions demonstrate spiking energy at sub-attojoule per synaptic event, significantly enhancing neuromorphic computing efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YkA1LR2">Recent advancements in digital neuromorphic hardware emphasize the need for efficient synapse memory, with SRAM crossbar arrays preferred for higher throughput while analog systems may leverage next-generation memory like ReRAM and memristors for enhanced synaptic weight management in reservoir computing applications from 2023 to 2025</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_M4OmJlb>Janus nanopore neuromorphic synapses are emerging as a solution for reservoir computing from 2023 to 2025</snippet>, addressing performance bottlenecks by utilizing two-terminal memory devices for high-density, energy-efficient synapse implementations <snippet id=S_M4OmJlb>crucial for applications requiring massive parallelism and error tolerance</snippet>. <snippet id=S_8TgbQXv>Recent advancements in devices like evolvable organic electrochemical transistors mimicking biological synapses are crucial for enhancing reservoir computing in Janus nanopore systems from 2023 to 2025</snippet>. However, specific performance metrics (energy/event, speed, endurance) and detailed modified nanopore strategies (Janus/asymmetric pores, functionalized surfaces, 2D-material nanopores) are not elaborated in available search results <snippet id=S_yF3B4Ib>nanofluidic devices have been reported in which solvated ion transport exhibits memristive behavior</snippet>, though this general description lacks Janus-specific details <snippet id=S_fZKPKhH>iontronic, biocompatible tools such as memcapacitors show potential for energy-efficient temporal data processing in reservoir computing</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="27111,18506">Raising Sand is the first collaborative studio album by Robert Plant and Alison Krauss, released in October 2007 on Rounder</snippet>. <snippet id="27111">It was produced by T Bone Burnett and earned major critical acclaim, including an 87 score on Metacritic</snippet>. <snippet id="18506,27111">The album won the 2009 Grammy Award for Album of the Year, Record of the Year for "Please Read the Letter," and Best Pop/Country collaborations</snippet>. <snippet id="18506">It also won the 2008 Mercury Prize and became a worldwide hit, reaching No.1 in Norway and earning Platinum certification in the U.S.</snippet>. <snippet id="93249">The duo later released a second collaboration titled Raise the Roof in 2021, also produced by T Bone Burnett</snippet>. <snippet id="18506">Raising Sand is one of Krauss's three collaboration albums with Plant</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="27111,18506">Raising Sand is the first collaborative studio album by Robert Plant and Alison Krauss, produced by T Bone Burnett and released in October 2007 on Rounder</snippet>, and <snippet id="18506">it is one of Krauss's three collaboration albums</snippet>. The album debuted at No.2 on the Billboard 200, was certified Platinum in the U.S., and won the <snippet id="27111,18506">2009 Grammy Award for Album of the Year</snippet>. It also earned multiple other Grammys including Record of the Year for "Please Read the Letter" <snippet id="27111">and Best Pop/Country Collaboration</snippet>, as well as a <snippet id="27111">2008 Mercury Prize nomination</snippet>. Later, the duo released a second collaboration album called "Raise the Roof" in 2021 <snippet id="93249">, also produced by T Bone Burnett</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_ju8QCeq">A double-blind, counterbalanced trial using the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) and repeated sprint ability (RSA) tests found no significant differences in average or fastest sprint times between a 6.4% maltodextrin carbohydrate mouth rinse and placebo conditions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KYkLCMQ">Two studies have examined the impact of carbohydrate mouth rinsing on repeated sprint performance using the LIST protocol, with Dorling and Earnest finding no significant effect during a non-self-paced LIST protocol</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kKV6iAs">However, Rollo and colleagues utilized a self-selected pacing LIST protocol with 10% maltodextrin mouth rinsing, which was associated with increased self-selected jogging speed and an 86% likelihood of benefiting 15 m sprint performance during the final stages (75-90 min) of exercise compared to placebo</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R70LZbT">Most studies indicate that carbohydrate ingestion (typically 30–60 g/h from a 6%–7% solution) enhances intermittent high-intensity exercise capacity, though results regarding its effects on sprinting and other skills are mixed</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HHafi2O">There are relatively few studies examining their effects on performance in intermittent sports, and existing research often lacks consistency due to methodological differences</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_ju8QCeq">In a study using the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) and repeated sprint ability (RSA) tests, carbohydrate mouth rinsing (6.4% Maltodextrin) showed no significant difference in average or fastest sprint times compared to placebo</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KYkLCMQ">However, Rollo and colleagues employed a self-paced LIST protocol with 10% maltodextrin and found increased self-selected jogging speed plus an 86% likelihood of benefiting 15 m sprint performance during the final stages (75-90 min) of exercise</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kKV6iAs">This difference may be because the self-selected pacing protocol provides a more sensitive measure to detect potential benefits of carbohydrate mouth rinsing compared to the non-self-paced version</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R70LZbT">Reviews of carbohydrate supplementation in intermittent sports indicate that results regarding sprinting effects are mixed, with the most significant benefits shown in conditions of fatigue or low blood sugar</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HHafi2O">The evidence for carbohydrate mouth rinsing in intermittent sports is limited with existing research showing inconsistencies due to methodological differences</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id=391d2d98-3>According to the search results, Captain Delauney was a role played by an actress in the West End hit "Erminie" in 1885</snippet>. The snippet confirms the character appeared in this production and lists additional credits including "Nemesis, the operetta The Bride of Song, Family Ties and the comedy Eastward" <snippet id=391d2d98-3>...</snippet>. This information addresses the query about a role originated by an actress in London, as the West End is located in London <snippet id=391d2d98-3>...</snippet>. Other search results refer to different entities such as the Eurodance group Captain Hollywood Project and the duo Captain & Tennille <snippet id=391d2d98-0,391d2d98-5,391d2d98-8>...</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=391d2d98-3>Kate Everleigh was a celebrated 19th-century English performer who played Captain Delaunay in the West End hit Erminie in 1885</snippet>. Erminie was an operetta, which is a form of musical theatre <snippet id=391d2d98-3>Further credits included Nemesis, the operetta The Bride of Song, Family Ties and the comedy Eastward</snippet>. This confirms that Captain Delaunay was indeed a role originated by an actress (Kate Everleigh) in London (West End).
</answer>


The search results confirm the existence of the target article "Recommendations for reporting on emerging optical imaging agents to promote clinical approval" <snippet id="S_Jgj08Rj">, but the available snippets do not contain its substantive reporting recommendations</snippet>. The other results focus on regulatory pathways for fluorescence-guided surgery, current state of fluorescent probes, and technical capabilities of FGS systems <snippet id="S_PCgmFnG,S_1xU5DFw,S_CSlM2L8,S_l2OQQbn">. None of the snippets provide the specific domain-structured reporting guidelines (e.g., quantitative fluorescence metrics, safety reporting, dosimetry, trial design) needed to generate clinical discussion questions</snippet>. The search results include reviews on FDA approval trends for agents like indocyanine green and fluorescein <snippet id="S_x0VNW1o">, as well as reviews on FGS system performance capabilities such as real-time overlay and quantitative capabilities</snippet>, but these do not address the target article's recommendations for clinical reporting. To obtain the specific reporting domains for discussion questions, a more targeted retrieval of the full recommendations paper would be necessary beyond these search results.

<answer>
The search results confirm the existence of the target article "Recommendations for reporting on emerging optical imaging agents to promote clinical approval" <snippet id="S_Jgj08Rj">, but the available snippets do not contain its substantive reporting recommendations</snippet>. The other results focus on regulatory pathways for fluorescence-guided surgery, current state of fluorescent probes, and technical capabilities of FGS systems <snippet id="S_PCgmFnG,S_1xU5DFw,S_CSlM2L8,S_l2OQQbn">. None of the snippets provide the specific domain-structured reporting guidelines (e.g., quantitative fluorescence metrics, safety reporting, dosimetry, trial design) needed to generate clinical discussion questions</snippet>. The search results include reviews on FDA approval trends for agents like indocyanine green and fluorescein <snippet id="S_x0VNW1o">, as well as reviews on FGS system performance capabilities such as real-time overlay and quantitative capabilities</snippet>, but these do not address the target article's recommendations for clinical reporting. To obtain the specific reporting domains for discussion questions, a more targeted retrieval of the full recommendations paper would be necessary beyond these search results.
</answer>

<snippet id="S_Jgj08Rj">The retrieved snippet for "Recommendations for reporting on emerging optical imaging agents to promote clinical approval" contains only the title without substantive text</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1xU5DFw">Other relevant results indicate that clinical adoption of fluorescent probes is hindered by regulatory challenges and the need for further safety assessments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CSlM2L8">Historical FDA approval milestones reveal that agents like indocyanine green (1959) and fluorescein (1972) were initially vascular flow agents before expanding to surgery</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PCgmFnG">Regulatory pathway reviews emphasize that strategic decisions based on existing optical fluorescent agents facilitate future device clearances and new drug approvals</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1xU5DFw">Essential characteristics for clinical utility include specific binding to disease biomarkers, high signal-to-background ratios, and rapid clearance from non-target tissues</snippet>.


The search results do not contain substantive content from the target paper "Exploring the possibility space: taking stock of the diverse capabilities and gaps in integrated assessment models." The only snippet with the exact paper title (S_zF8Pr28) provides only the title itself, with no abstract or methods sections. Other snippets discuss IAMs in general but refer to different papers, including "Advancing a toolkit of diverse futures approaches for global environmental assessments" (S_VjnoTeX), "The Development of a Framework for the Integrated Assessment of SDG Trade-Offs in the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve" (S_onh5WOE, S_nKW5KXm), and "Experiences of integrated assessment of climate impacts, adaptation and mitigation modelling in London and Durban" (S_HRINe1D, S_m5a9xl5). None of the retrieved snippets contain the specific technical contributions, empirical findings, or "possibility space" framework the agent is seeking from this target paper. The search results appear to be dominated by IAMs applications in specific geographic or policy contexts rather than a general assessment of IAM capabilities and gaps as framed in the target paper.

<answer>
The search results do not contain substantive content from the target paper "Exploring the possibility space: taking stock of the diverse capabilities and gaps in integrated assessment models" <snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">The search results only show the paper title without abstract, methods, results, or discussion content</snippet>. The available snippets discuss IAMs in general terms from other papers but do not provide evidence about what "possibility space" means in the target paper's framing <snippet id="S_u8Vhij6">IAMs are mostly used for sustainable transformation and development pathway analysis and exploring climate policy and technology options</snippet> <snippet id="S_CoFf8GZ">they face challenges such as high uncertainty and dependency on the quality of underlying assumptions, highlighting both their capabilities and gaps</snippet>. No empirical intercomparison or mapping results from the target paper are present in the retrieved snippets <snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">Only title information is available from the target paper</snippet>. To properly answer the agent's query, additional searches must retrieve the actual paper text with abstract, methods, results, or discussion paragraphs.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_NIP4aKy,S_L5NhumS">To enhance adolescent recreational reading in secondary schools, it is essential to provide dedicated time for reading, implement initiatives like summer reading programs, and create supportive classroom contexts that foster engagement through choice, collaboration, and competence</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy,S_L5NhumS">Teacher support and strong relationships with educators are crucial for fostering a reading culture, while knowledgeable librarians play a vital role in helping students find books that match their interests and abilities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_M9NC8Eo">A U.K. literacy survey indicated that middle adolescence (ages 14–16) is a critical period for declining positive attitudes toward reading, highlighting the need for targeted interventions during this time</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WIheApX,S_xbJmN70">Research suggests school librarians can play an important role in supporting student literacy and reading engagement, particularly in relation to pleasure in reading which is a strong predictor of reading frequency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SRm3hRO">Educators are increasingly concerned about adolescent literacy under-performance, with shifts in state and national English language arts standards towards more rigorous engagement with complex texts across disciplines</snippet>.
</answer>

<snippet id="S_WIheApX,S_HOSScoU">School librarians are identified as key figures in fostering reading engagement and literacy attainment in secondary education, a finding supported by research citing Merga (2019a, 2019b)</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_xbJmN70">pleasure in reading is a strong predictor of reading frequency which leads to growth in literacy skills</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Schools should provide dedicated time for reading and implement initiatives like summer reading programs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Unlike primary schools, high schools often do not actively encourage book reading</snippet>. <snippet id="S_L5NhumS">Effective practices involve creating supportive contexts that foster collaboration, competence, and positive teacher behaviors, and reading interventions integrating motivational principles alongside cognitive skills show positive effects</snippet>.


<answer>
<snippet id="S_0NbePdE,S_RLXmKuG">The EU AI Act mandates that high-risk AI systems must be "sufficiently transparent" to enable users to interpret outputs, with Article 13 requiring sufficient transparency mechanisms and user instructions that are accessible and understandable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TVBhkcK,S_WG0otDu">Article 14(3) mandates that human overseers must have the authority to decide against using the AI system, override its outputs, and intervene in its operation, including the ability to halt it safely</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UuXjGBn">Article 11(2) allows for a unified technical documentation file that combines AI system details with existing EU MDR/IVDR documentation, including comprehensive information on design, architecture, data requirements, training methodologies, and performance metrics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3iocoPc">Article 4(2)(b) details that if an AI system is considered as high-risk, opaque, and complex, explainability is mandated from an EU court not within the system but to the AI deployer through an order to disclose proportional evidence necessary</snippet>. <snippet id="S_E4eihUQ,S_xQp268d">General-purpose AI systems face high-risk obligations if they can be used in high-risk contexts or as components of high-risk systems, with providers potentially exempt from certain obligations if they publicly exclude high-risk uses in good faith</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vzKoGDA">The AI Act contains disclosure obligations under Article 11 and Annex IV that apply only to high-risk systems, though there are discussions about extending transparency duties to non-high-risk systems as well</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
The EU AI Act mandates high-risk AI systems to provide sufficient transparency mechanisms under Article 13, including user instructions detailing characteristics, capabilities, and limitations to ensure adequate user information <snippet id="S_0NbePdE, S_RLXmKuG">. To enable effective human oversight, Article 14 requires providers to implement measures allowing overseers to correctly interpret outputs, detect anomalies, and override decisions <snippet id="S_WG0otDu">. Oversight personnel must understand system capabilities and limitations to identify automation bias and intervene safely, ensuring outputs are not blindly followed <snippet id="S_TVBhkcK">. Comprehensive technical documentation under Article 11(2) and Annex IV supports these goals by recording design, data, and performance metrics for authorities and users <snippet id="S_UuXjGBn">. Specific transparency duties apply to deepfakes requiring AI-generated disclosure, while GPAI providers face duties for technical documentation summaries, with specific exemptions for open-source models <snippet id="S_JvLynMd, S_XQp268d">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_tyjIFLb,S_ohmbRBN">Strava serves as a social network for amateur and professional athletes, enabling users to log, monitor, and share fitness accomplishments with others through status updates, comments, and photos</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tyjIFLb,S_KfOy5t1,S_ohmbRBN">The app incorporates social features such as challenges, leaderboards, and social comparison to foster competitive behaviors and enhance user motivation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_soikqKO">Users can view leaderboards to compare results with friends or local users, access visualizations comparing their efforts to past runs, and highlight achievements with icons like bronze medals for personal records</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fdz63NK">Research indicates that many cyclists selectively share data, often withholding metrics like heart rate and wattage while opting for basic information such as segment times and elevation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fdz63NK">This selective sharing reflects a desire for self-validation and an awareness of how others perceive their data, suggesting a link to disciplinary power dynamics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5nbN41y">However, the available research relies on cross-sectional samples of specific user populations (e.g., cyclists), limiting generalizability to other outdoor recreation apps</snippet>.
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<answer>
Strava employs social features such as challenges, leaderboards, and digital badges as core gamification techniques to encourage repeated use and foster a sense of community among its 36 million active users <snippet id="S_tyjIFLb">. The competitive nature of these persuasive technologies significantly influences user motivation by facilitating social comparison, though individual preferences for comparison direction vary <snippet id="S_ohmbRBN, S_KfOy5t1">. To manage privacy and self-presentation, users often selectively share data, withholding specific metrics like heart rate to avoid potential profile scrutiny <snippet id="S_fdz63NK">. Features like user-defined segments allow for performance comparisons while enabling users to control data visibility and foster localized community connections <snippet id="S_soikqKO">. Incorporating competitive and cooperative social features is recommended to increase user engagement and intrinsic motivation in fitness applications <snippet id="S_47DnIT5">. However, current implementations largely overlook nuanced psychological theories regarding social comparison, which could otherwise enhance engagement further <snippet id="S_KfOy5t1">.
</answer>