<answer>
<snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe,S_9Mgjk7i">PPO (Proximal Policy Optimization) was introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017 as a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm that uses a clipped surrogate objective to optimize policy updates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_r9aDbc9,S_AuYFhyP,S_HkWtygo,S_hXE5LYe">The core idea involves a probability ratio r_t between the new policy and old policy, clipped to a range defined by a hyperparameter ε (typically 0.1-0.2) to prevent large deviations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_9Mgjk7i">This clipping mechanism stabilizes training by ensuring the new policy does not deviate significantly from the previous policy, reducing the risk of divergent behavior</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hXE5LYe,S_YKlYY4b">The clipped objective function provides a pessimistic bound on the unclipped objective, meaning improvements correlate only when the ratio remains within the specified bounds</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP">Additionally, an entropy regularization term is included to promote action diversity and ensure sufficient exploration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9Mgjk7i">The algorithm involves collecting trajectories from parallel environments and performing multiple update epochs based on these trajectories to adjust policy parameters through gradient ascent</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_hXE5LYe,S_z9c3Jms">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">It utilizes a clipped surrogate objective function that constrains the probability ratio between the new and old policies within a range typically set to 1 ± ε</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">This objective takes the minimum of clipped and unclipped estimates, providing a lower bound that penalizes significant deviations from 1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YKlYY4b,S_CcbSYTJ,S_9Mgjk7i">During training, the algorithm collects trajectories, computes advantage estimates (often via Generalized Advantage Estimation), and optimizes the policy with a value network loss and entropy bonus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CcbSYTJ,S_HkWtygo,S_9Mgjk7i">This allows multiple update epochs per iteration and stabilizes training by preventing excessively large policy updates</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The Trump administration imposed tariffs on $283 billion of US imports in 2018, with rates ranging from 10% to 50%, targeting products including steel, aluminum, washing machines, and solar panels</snippet>, <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh">and the most substantial tariffs against China reached 25% on $34 billion and $16 billion of imports, with a 10% tariff on an additional $200 billion by September 2018</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yHishm4,S_ZSDo4iu">In retaliation, countries such as China, the European Union, and Canada filed cases against the US at the WTO and imposed their own tariffs on approximately $121 billion of US exports, averaging 16%</snippet>, <snippet id="S_ZSDo4iu">with the trade war ultimately affecting $363 billion worth of goods by 2019, over 50% of Chinese exports to the US facing tariffs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I1oE0tb,S_bTYtYjO">Research indicates that retaliatory tariffs were specifically aimed at areas that supported Trump in the 2016 presidential election, rather than those backing other Republican candidates</snippet>, <snippet id="S_I1oE0tb">while trade-related job losses from these policies had a distinct anti-incumbent effect on political support</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain specific information about Fajgelbaum's "The Return to Protectionism" paper regarding distributional/regressive incidence on low-income households or forward-looking estimates for a 10% universal tariff with higher China tariffs.
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<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018-2019 Trump tariffs imposed $283 billion of US imports with rates from 10% to 50% on various goods, with China facing the most substantial tariffs totaling 25% on $50 billion of imports</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_yHishm4">retaliatory measures from trading partners including China, the European Union, and Canada targeted approximately $121 billion of US exports averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The tariffs were implemented amid a populist backlash against globalization, with retaliatory tariffs focusing on regions that supported Trump in the 2016 election rather than those backing other Republican candidates</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">none of the provided snippets contain results from Fajgelbaum et al.'s "The Return to Protectionism" paper specifically examining welfare effects, regressivity, or distributional incidence on low-income households</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The available evidence indicates that while tariffs may benefit specific industries, they are generally detrimental to both trading partners and the imposing country</snippet>. The search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum findings on how Trump tariffs affected working-class households or whether impacts were regressive as the agent requested.
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<snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">ZeRO-DP has three main optimization stages: Optimizer State Partitioning (P_os) provides 4x memory reduction with same communication volume as DP, Gradient Partitioning (P_os+g) offers 8x memory reduction at same DP communication volume, and Parameter Partitioning (P_os+g+p) achieves linear memory reduction with DP degree N_d, e.g., 64x reduction across 64 GPUs, with a modest 50% increase in communication volume</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">Total ZeRO communication volume is 3, spread evenly across 2 all-gather and 1 reduce-scatter operations per forward and backward pass</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">ZeRO++ further reduces communication overhead through Quantized Weight Communication (reducing volume by half via INT8 quantization), Hierarchical Weight Partition (replacing cross-machine all-gather with intra-machine all-gather at higher memory cost), and Quantized Gradient Communication</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BWVyprV">DeepSpeed implements stage-1, stage-2, and stage-3 optimizations corresponding to sharding optimizer states, gradients, and model parameters across data parallel ranks respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_j6ySuf6">Optimizer state sharding modifies data parallelism workflow so gradients are reduced only at rank storing optimizer state, then locally updated and broadcast to other ranks, enabling efficient implementation via configuration flag</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RRxd5ah">Hybrid ZeRO approaches like LoongTrain apply ZeRO across both data-parallel and sequence-parallel dimensions, using AMSP strategies (Full-Replica, Full-Sharding, Partial-Sharding) to balance GPU memory usage and communication overhead as system scales to hundreds of GPUs</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_vOhHdDS>ZeRO-DP employs three optimization stages that partition optimizer states, gradients, and parameters, offering 4x and 8x memory reductions for the first two stages and linear memory reduction for parameter sharding at the cost of a 50% communication volume increase.</snippet> <snippet id=S_lxTe76D>ZeRO communication overhead is characterized by two all-gather operations for parameters and one reduce-scatter for gradients, totaling a volume of 3 model sizes per iteration.</snippet> <snippet id=S_RRxd5ah>However, the latency of collective communication operations demonstrates a positive correlation with the communication scale, which becomes significant when sharding across hundreds of GPUs.</snippet> <snippet id=S_LvWi5qs>For extreme memory scaling, ZeRO-Infinity offloads optimizer states and activations to CPU or NVMe memory to enable training of models with trillions of parameters.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Time-course single-cell transcriptomic analysis of human stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte-lineage-cells (hOLLCs) including iPSC-derived cells reveals substantial transcriptional heterogeneity of PDGFRα-lineage hOLLCs with sub-populations of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hOPCs) identified</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) revealed heterogeneity among these cells, particularly in their expression of cell-surface markers EGFR and PDGFRA, with four distinct immunophenotypic populations identified</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">The study investigates the heterogeneity of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by employing bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on Pdgfra+ populations at various developmental stages, noting that bulk RNA-seq reveals differences between OPCs from the spinal cord and brain</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">deep single-cell RNA sequencing on hiPSC-derived oligodendrocyte-lineage cells in 3D cultures identified distinct populations including OPCs and myelinating oligodendrocytes, with Monocle analysis indicating a developmental progression highlighting the heterogeneity of these cells</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gQLOdg8">Lineage tracing indicated that a small subset of post-natal Pdgfra/GFP+ cells may give rise to neurons, although this finding requires further validation due to potential technical artifacts</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_RRYHqbB">Pdgfra-positive oligodendrocytes were enriched for chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 5 (Cspg5) and matrix metalloproteinase 15 (Mmp15), with a subset expressing genes associated with cell-cycle regulation including cyclin B1 and Top2a</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Studies utilizing single-cell transcriptomics have identified substantial transcriptional heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells (hOLLCs), discovering sub-populations such as a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Specifically, single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity in cell-surface marker expression, categorizing cells into four distinct immunophenotypic populations including putative pre-OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes based on EGFR and PDGFRA levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell sequencing of 3D hiPSC-derived neural cultures further distinguished heterogeneity within the oligodendrocyte cluster, separating proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes, and myelinating oligodendrocytes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">Investigations employing both bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on iPSC-derived OPCs suggest that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity and intrinsic epigenetic differences between developmental cohorts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_6E6a3hH,S_UDpXMMR">RNA interference (RNAi) research on Anthonomus grandis has been conducted, including transcriptome analysis that identified contigs related to RNAi mechanisms and PAZ domains</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">However, attempts to apply RNAi against the cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) have not yielded similar results to those seen in other economically significant coleopteran pests</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI">RNAi effectiveness in insects like A. grandis is hindered by barriers including dsRNA delivery, cellular uptake, and degradation by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, and AgraNuc3)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QESxt6r">Transgenic cotton plants expressing dsRNA fragments have been successfully cultivated to silence target genes and induce high larval mortality in related species like Helicoverpa armigera</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">While transgenic plants expressing dsRNAs aimed at silencing critical insect genes have shown effective protection in laboratory settings, further development and extensive field testing are necessary to fully assess the effectiveness and viability of RNAi technology in agriculture</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UDpXMMR">The research provides the first comprehensive transcriptome characterization of A. grandis, contributing to understanding RNAi mechanisms and establishing a database for this pest</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising biotechnological approach for the cotton boll weevil, with research identifying targets like vitellogenin and chitin synthase genes for silencing</snippet>. <snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>Microinjection of dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 produced unviable eggs and malformed larvae, while vitellogenin knockdown significantly affected egg viability without altering egg laying numbers</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI>However, effective oral delivery of dsRNA via transgenic plants is limited by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, AgraNuc3) that degrade the RNA in the posterior midgut</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_fXsP2MN>While silencing these nucleases can enhance gene silencing efficiency against targets like chitin synthase II, attempts to apply RNAi against the boll weevil have not yielded results comparable to other coleopteran pests</snippet>. <snippet id=S_fXsP2MN>Although transgenic cotton plants expressing dsRNA are being developed, extensive field testing remains necessary to validate efficacy in agriculture</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_OLKZZOQ">The 1991 Kuwait oil fires exhibited significant aerosol radiative forcing effects with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour and 2.3 K/h at 3 hours plume age</snippet>, <snippet id="S_hTyNcJU">characterizing the plume with a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vOW7FR3">The study indicates that uncertainties in coagulation rate caused a 20-40% uncertainty in the plume's radiative forcing</snippet>, <snippet id="S_kBPPpCP">with the solar radiative forcing changing by 20-40% during transport due to coagulation and a factor of 3.3-5.4 for scenario 3</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vaq6doy">This research investigates the radiative forcing effects of smoke aerosols from Kuwait oil fires in 1991, focusing on uncertainties in surface and top-of-atmosphere forcing</snippet>, <snippet id="S_3xcpkDw">noting that regional aerosol optical depths exceeded 0.8 and smoke particles emission reached ∼3.5 Tg</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0LL30pj">The State of Kuwait oil fires and military operations associated with the 1991 Gulf War resulted in substantially increased levels of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the region around it</snippet>.
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The 1991 Kuwait oil fires produced significant aerosol radiative forcing with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour plume age, causing temperature differences of up to 6 K at 250-400 hPa and cooling of up to -3 K at 850 hPa <snippet id=S_OLKZZOQ>. These aerosol effects substantially modified energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature/precipitation patterns in the regional climate <snippet id=S_vaq6doy>. Surface cooling of -175 Wm-2 was recorded during related dust events in Kuwait with aerosol optical thickness reaching 3.617, indicating strong boundary layer perturbations <snippet id=S_dFPlFos>. The Kuwait oil fire plumes exhibited a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, confirming highly absorbing characteristics that influence radiative heating profiles <snippet id=S_hTyNcJU>. Radiative forcing uncertainties for such plumes range 20-40% depending on dilution rates and particle mixture state <snippet id=S_vOW7FR3>. These combined effects demonstrate how war-driven aerosols can alter boundary layer stability and surface wind conditions relevant to turbine operation <snippet id=S_0LL30pj>.
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<snippet id="S_UBzqh33">StealC V2 introduces several new features compared to V1, including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, enhanced payload execution methods, and the ability to decrypt stolen data server-side</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, and RC4 encryption for network communications is now active</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">C2 communication has shifted to JSON-based requests and responses, with a focus on unique access tokens and error handling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses, with the control panel updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_UBzqh33>StealC V2 introduces several new features including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, along with enhanced payload execution methods</snippet>, and it can decrypt stolen data server-side. The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, but has enabled RC4 encryption for network communications which was previously disabled. Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook, with C2 communication now using JSON-based requests and responses. The control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery. Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses <snippet id=S_UBzqh33>.
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<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">A cohort study using US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases followed US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and September 30, 2021</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibiting a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">In the post-acute phase of the disease, compared with the contemporary control group, people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1⋅40) and excess burden (13⋅46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HmTazVA">Non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients had a 25% (95% CI: 21%-29%) increased risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes, which rose to 173% in hospitalized patients and 276% in ICU patients</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Altogether, there is evidence to suggest that beyond the acute phase of COVID-19, survivors might be at an increased risk of developing incident diabetes, and increased risk of incident antihyperglycemic use in the post-acute phase of the disease</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X5WNd6v">Higher risk of incident diabetes post-acute COVID-19 was observed, with a consistent increase in risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes compared to severity-matched flu-like illness</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study used US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases to build a cohort of US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19</snippet> with two control groups for comparison. <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">Detailed analyses showed people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes compared with the contemporary control group</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Risks and burdens of post-acute diabetes increased in a graded fashion according to the severity of the acute phase, whether patients were non-hospitalised, hospitalized, or admitted to intensive care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study authors conclude diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, and post-acute care strategies should integrate screening and management of diabetes</snippet>.
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The search results confirm the existence of an article titled "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" by Sarwant Singh published on Forbes on January 22, 2025 <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">The article was published on Forbes on January 22, 2025 by journalist Sarwant Singh</snippet>. However, none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage data for global electricity from renewables in 2025 <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">The snippets only show the article title and publication information, not the content about renewable electricity percentages</snippet>. To obtain the stated percentage for global electricity from renewables in 2025, the full article would need to be accessed directly <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article URL is https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was written by Sarwant Singh and published in Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage figure for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article exists and provide publication details, but do not include the actual renewable energy statistics from the article. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article URL is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>, but the renewable electricity percentage data is not accessible from these search results.
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<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_TUFN3jC">The 15th POMS-HK International Conference is scheduled for 3-5 January 2025 at the Chinese University of Hong Kong</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jE7LWrz">The 14th POMS-HK International Conference was held at HKUST on 5-6 January 2024</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Br57QvT">The 13th POMS-HK International Conference was held at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University on 7-8 January 2023</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5nVopPR,S_DzBPmor">The 12th POMS-HK International Conference was held at Lingnan University on 8-9 January 2022</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mBwOV4H">The POMS-HK chapter runs an annual conference every winter with the 15th edition on 3-5 January 2025</snippet>. The search results do not contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta to enable a direct comparison between the two conferences.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_mBwOV4H">The POMS-HK International Conference is held annually in early January in Hong Kong, with the 15th conference scheduled for January 3-5, 2025, the 14th for January 5-6, 2024, and the 13th for January 7-8, 2023</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_jE7LWrz,S_TUFN3jC,S_DzBPmor,S_mBwOV4H,S_Br57QvT,S_ULVAUtt,S_wmyEfiy,S_5nVopPR">none of the provided search snippets contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta or its specific dates</snippet>. Therefore, I cannot definitively compare which conference starts first without additional search results about the Atlanta meeting.
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<snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse ERVs are classified into three classes based on sequence similarity of their pol regions with reverse transcriptase sequences of exogenous retroviruses, where class I resembles gamma-and epsilon-retroviruses and class II resembles alpha-, beta-and deltaretroviruses</snippet>. <snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse representatives of class I include those similar to classical murine leukemia viruses (MLVs), while class II includes elements similar to the large intracisternal A-particle (IAP) superfamily with about 1000 copies/cell</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">Functional MLV ERVs in mice exhibit significant variability among laboratory strains, with strains typically harboring a high burden of complete or nearly complete ERVs that can influence phenotypic traits like cancer susceptibility through insertional mutagenesis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">Infectious recombinant MLVs have been identified in murine cancer cell lines and immunodeficient strains, indicating a notable frequency of infectivity restoration through recombination</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">IAP elements are murine-specific retroviral elements that contribute to genetic variation in mouse genomes, with full-length IAPs capable of leading to disease if they insert near genes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">The domesticus subspecies shows a higher proportion of variable bases due to IAP insertions (67% from active IAP subtypes) compared to castaneus and musculus (both 56%)</snippet>.
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Mouse endogenous retroviruses utilize a three-class system where MLV representatives belong to Class I (gammaretrovirus-like) and IAP elements belong to Class II (betaretrovirus-like), sharing nomenclature with human ERVs where Class I aligns with ERV1 and Class II with ERV2 <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_wHW5Oiu">. Functionally, endogenous MLVs such as Emv2 can undergo recombination to restore replication competence and produce infectious virus particles in strains like C57BL/6 mice <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. These infectious recombinant MLVs have been identified in murine cancer cell lines, where they contribute to leukemogenesis and tumor development <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. In contrast, IAP elements are autonomous long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons capable of active retrotransposition, contributing to genetic variation <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">. IAP elements are abundant, with approximately 1000 copies per cell, and specific subtypes like ID1 remain active in Mus musculus subspecies <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_VrGqnwN">. Active IAP insertions in Mus musculus domesticus account for a significant proportion of subspecies-specific polymorphisms, indicating ongoing mobilization <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_jaGb9lk,S_Gj9myfY">Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs by retrieving evidence from external knowledge bases before generation</snippet>, <snippet id="S_PbQaaQw">enabling models to generate responses conditioning on relevant evidence rather than relying solely on their internal parameterized knowledge</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">However, RAG effectiveness heavily relies on the quality of retrieval mechanisms, and existing approaches face trade-offs between diversity and factuality</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">Notable issues include potential error accumulation within the RAG pipeline and irrelevant evidence being propagated into the generation phase</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6v3TJp1">Recent Active Retrieval-Augmented (ARA) frameworks incorporate reranking strategies and selective retrieval timing to filter out unreliable results and reduce unnecessary retrieval</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MJvgffY,S_OARPrNN">These methods have shown promising results in significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing accuracy, though their application to multimodal models requires tailored retrieval strategies</snippet>.
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<answer>
Research from 2023–2025 consistently demonstrates that Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. Multiple studies confirm that RAG enables models to generate responses conditioning on retrieved evidence from external knowledge bases, significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing factual accuracy <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY,S_PbQaaQw">. The technique works by retrieving reliable documents before generation, allowing LLMs to leverage external non-parameterized knowledge alongside internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_OARPrNN">. However, research also cautions that RAG's effectiveness heavily depends on retrieval mechanism quality, and the approach is not without limitations such as error accumulation and citation inaccuracies <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_Gj9myfY">. Several implementations, including Active Retrieval Augmentation frameworks, have empirically validated that optimal retrieval settings can significantly reduce hallucinations <snippet id="S_MJvgffY,S_6v3TJp1">.
</answer>


The search results do not contain any information about the Hebei Spirit oil spill case history from ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean authorities <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ,S_DqGbf1z,S_i5aMNhp,S_0baMwGe,S_8WsCupd,S_B84eK7e,S_n6iBrLE,S_ys41PcL,S_deSmbWp">All snippets returned are from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico (2010), the Bohai Sea (China), or general oil spill response literature, with no specific references to the Hebei Spirit incident</snippet>. The search query successfully targeted ITOPF case history but the results instead returned unrelated deepwater spill data <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ,S_i5aMNhp">The search returned Deepwater Horizon shoreline cleanup data including SCAT program information, but no Hebei Spirit-specific content</snippet>. There is no information in these snippets about Korean government response measures, SCAT cleanup protocols, waste management strategies, or volunteer safety management for the Hebei Spirit spill <snippet id="S_0baMwGe,S_Hub9Tvk,S_n6iBrLE">The Bohai Sea response capability study discusses Chinese maritime response infrastructure but does not cover the Hebei Spirit incident</snippet>. The agent's plan to query for authoritative incident reports from Korean and international bodies has not been realized through this search <snippet id="S_deSmbWp">The only Korean-related snippet (S_0baMwGe) discusses Bohai Sea response facilities rather than Hebei Spirit</snippet>.

<answer>
<snippet id="">No relevant information about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill was found in the search results.</snippet> The provided snippets all concern the Deepwater Horizon (2010, Gulf of Mexico) spill or general response capabilities in other regions like the Chinese Bohai Sea. Specifically, they discuss Deepwater Horizon shoreline oiling, SCAT surveys, dispersant use, boom and skimmer deployment, and cleanup worker participation. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ">Deepwater Horizon oil stranded on 1,773 km of shoreline with 660 km receiving authorized cleanup</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_i5aMNhp">18 SCAT teams surveyed over 7,058 kilometers of shoreline</snippet>. The Boi Sea snippets discuss mechanical facility storage quantities for skimmers and booms. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">The Bohai Sea survey found 133,420 m of floating booms, 9,632 kL/h for skimmers, and 100 vessels available</snippet>. No Hebei Spirit case history from ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean authorities was included in these results.
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<snippet id="S_QMZd9uN,S_NFdiZQm,S_7ms3BbK">Vertical eDNA distribution in lakes is strongly influenced by thermal stratification, with species detected in distinct layers reflecting their thermal niches and habitat preferences</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QMZd9uN,S_7ms3BbK">During summer stratification, cold-water stenotherms like lake trout are primarily detected at the deepest layers, while warm-water fish eDNA is more abundant above the thermocline</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eR9pNyf">Thermocline depths range from 0.75 to 3.2 m, with sampling locations extending from 20 m offshore to nearshore within 1 m of the shoreline, indicating vertical distribution and stratification in littoral and pelagic zones</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nblzMDI">The thermocline was confirmed between 4.60-6.60 m from the surface, with eDNA sampling occurring during stratification and turnover phases under isothermal or near-isothermal conditions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Cx6Mojy,S_qZTbA6e">Stratification leads to distinct microhabitat isolation, with eDNA from cold-water species detectable only in midwater and deep habitats, while turnover causes homogenous mixing and decoupling of species from eDNA distribution</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DCoNvvE">eDNA is patchily distributed in lakes, necessitating multiple sampling points for detection, with vertical distribution influenced by thermal stratification that affects detection of cold-water species below the thermocline in summer</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_qZTbA6e,S_7ms3BbK>Stratification leads to distinct microhabitat isolation where cold-water stenotherms are detectable only in midwater and deep habitats while warm-water minnows are abundant at the surface</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_QMZd9uN,S_7ms3BbK>community detection becomes more uniform across depths during autumn turnover when water column mixing occurs</snippet>. <snippet id=S_eR9pNyf,S_nblzMDI>Thermocline depths vary significantly between lakes, ranging from 0.75 to 3.2 m in some cases to 4.60 to 6.60 m in others</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DCoNvvE,S_qZTbA6e>Patchy distribution necessitates multiple sampling points across depths rather than single samples to capture community heterogeneity</snippet>.
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<snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2,3a2d1ed5-3>The West Bank Premier League includes clubs such as Shabab Al-Khalil from Hebron and Al-Bireh from the southern West Bank region</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-1>A list of football clubs in Palestine includes various West Bank teams sorted alphabetically</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-6,3a2d1ed5-8>However, the search results primarily reference Israeli football clubs located in West Bank settlements rather than Palestinian professional clubs</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-4>There is a WestBank Futbol Club, but no information about their home stadium location or national cup wins is provided in the snippets</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-9>The Palestinian national team is noted as a second home squad for the AFC Asian Cup, but this does not identify a specific Southern West Bank club</snippet>. The search results do not contain sufficient information about a specific club from a Southern West Bank city that has won a prominent national cup multiple times under FIFA's regulations.
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Based on the search results, the major cities in the Southern West Bank include Hebron (Khalil), which has professional clubs like <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil</snippet>. The club Shabab Al-Dhahiriya from the city of Ad-Dhahiriya is also located in the Southern West Bank <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>. However, the search results do not contain sufficient information about which specific club has won the Palestinian Cup multiple times and plays in a nearby municipality rather than its home city. Additional research is needed to determine the exact club meeting all criteria mentioned in the query.
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<snippet id="S_LNwC0St">The U.S. Department of the Treasury provides Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates data, with information available through the data chart center</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Ex1kQjb">The search results show a specific date of 09/18/2025 with rates including 3-month Treasury at 4.03% and 1-year at 3.61%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9NRdU6Z">These rates are indicative closing market bid quotations on the most recently auctioned Treasury Bills in the over-the-counter market</snippet>. <snippet id="S_pwGFHPE">The Treasury's official yield curve uses a par yield curve derived using a monotone convex method with bid-side market price quotations as inputs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2WbtkJ5">The Treasury Daily Interest Rate Feed provides daily interest rate data in XML format that can be accessed via GET requests</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nEPDvRp">Additional Treasury yield curve data includes both nominal and real yield curve rates through the resource center</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_Ex1kQjb>As of September 18, 2025, the 3-month Treasury rate was 4.03%</snippet>. The Treasury provides official yield curve data through its Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates page <snippet id=S_LNwC0St,S_9NRdU6Z,S_Ex1kQjb>. The 10-year rate is available through the same data source, though the snippet cuts off after showing rates for maturities up to 3 years. The Treasury's yield curve methodology uses indicative, bid-side market price quotations to derive par yields <snippet id=S_pwGFHPE,S_AsPkpls>. Official rates can also be accessed via the Treasury's daily interest rate XML feed or API documentation <snippet id=S_2WbtkJ5,S_4AaXlpd>.
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<snippet id="S_hAqLMYW,S_VSuv8i0">The search results identify several authoritative sources on catastrophic climate change scenarios, including "Climate Endgame: Exploring catastrophic climate change scenarios" which discusses anthropogenic climate change potential leading to worldwide societal collapse or human extinction</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">The document proposes definitions where warming above 5 °C is considered "beyond catastrophic" and above 6 °C is deemed an "indisputable global catastrophe"</snippet>. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">The research agenda outlined in this work focuses on four key strands: understanding extreme climate change dynamics, exploring climate-triggered pathways to mass morbidity and mortality, investigating social fragility vulnerabilities, and synthesizing findings into integrated catastrophe assessments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">Other identified sources include discussions on global catastrophic risks related to food systems and abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">The results also include sea level rise risk assessments using IPCC 4 language with four main qualitative risk levels extending to "Extremely high risk" for coastal settlements</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0NH1BPy">A scoping review on climate change, malaria, and neglected tropical diseases was also identified, emphasizing the need for holistic risk assessment approaches</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DtXVFtK">The MYRIAD-EU project addresses disaster risk management pathways and multi-hazard risk frameworks, though it does not provide specific quantitative risk statistics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MzEf60P">Finally, global catastrophe risk pooling strategies for increasing countries' financial resilience are discussed in the search results</snippet>.
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The recent search returned primarily climate-focused catastrophic risk literature, with "Climate Endgame" studies emerging as key references defining catastrophe thresholds. Warming above 5°C is categorized as "beyond catastrophic," while warming above 6°C constitutes an "indisputable global catastrophe," with 3°C by century's end marking extreme climate change <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">temperature thresholds for catastrophic outcomes are now being clarified</snippet>. Tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon to an eightfold increase in optimal carbon pricing <snippet id="S_60jj79u">tipping point probabilities demonstrate fat tail risk characteristics</snippet>. However, bad-to-worst-case climate scenarios remain poorly understood despite reasons to suspect they could drive worldwide societal collapse or eventual human extinction <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">catastrophic climate scenarios are underexplored yet critically important</snippet>. Food system risks include abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios that could trigger multiple bread-basket failures and global-scale well-being threats <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">global catastrophic food system risks are identified as existential threats</snippet>. Sea level rise research similarly defines "Extremely high risk" as exceeding socioecological coping capacity and possibly leading to existential or catastrophic outcomes <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">coastal settlement risks reach existential catastrophe thresholds at very high sea level rise</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_RulQFFI,S_bChTerS,S_BEpOCxI">Recent reviews on phytochemicals in cervical cancer have been published across multiple databases through 2021, covering mechanisms such as anti-inflammatory pathways and HPV-mediated carcinogenesis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SrhDuNY,S_bChTerS">Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early stages of carcinogenesis and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW,S_St3cdIq">Despite promising experimental evidence, challenges remain including low bioavailability and toxicity that require nanoparticle delivery mechanisms or chemical analogs for effective clinical translation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_giUXm46">Combination therapy using phytochemicals with chemotherapeutic drugs has been shown to enhance therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RE7a53S">Pomegranate peel polyphenols have been studied for their anticancer effects against cervical cancer, with research including both cell culture studies and nanoparticle formulations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">The search for natural products in cervical cancer treatment has been active in the last five years, with compounds from plant-derived sources showing anticancer effects</snippet>.
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Recent reviews have synthesized therapeutic effects of natural products on cervical cancer through inflammatory pathways, highlighting compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, curcumin, and paclitaxel with data primarily from 2010-2021 studies<snippet id="S_RulQFFI">. Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">. Challenges associated with phytochemical use include low bioavailability and toxicity, which may be addressed through chemical analogs, adjuvant therapies, and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms<snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">. Experimental evidence emphasizes chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of plant-derived substances, with combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs shown to enhance therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells<snippet id="S_bChTerS">. Research on phytochemicals against HPV-induced cervical cancer necessitates further investigation into efficacy and safety, particularly through concurrent therapies targeting HPV-mediated mechanisms<snippet id="S_St3cdIq">. Current literature reviews continue to collect experimental works from the last five years elucidating anticancer mechanisms of plant-derived natural products in cervical cancer treatment<snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">.
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<snippet id="S_r2sDDAL,S_lHnSs8M">Trust in AI within public institutions is influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rvmDLcV,S_F456mxb">Trust in AI in the public sector is conceptualized through risks, where transparency about AI use is essential for tracking trust changes, and trust levels increase if AI adds perceived value and if humans remain involved</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">Public trust in AI systems varies across domains, with participants evaluating AI abilities higher than benevolence, and technological competence, AI familiarity, and knowledge influencing trust perceptions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">Trust determinants include tangibility and immediacy behaviors affecting cognitive and emotional trust, while transparency, reliability, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust, and anthropomorphism predicts emotional trust</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">Public perception of AI adoption is shaped by control of AI and ethics dimensions, with varied user backgrounds significantly impacting interpretation and trust in AI systems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PgHhtbO">Trust in government significantly influences user experiences with AI-based self-service technology in public service delivery, highlighting trust as a key challenge in implementing AI in public governance</snippet>.
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Trust in AI within public institutions is significantly influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems often viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers <snippet id="S_r2sDDAL,S_R1PS8iU">. Key determinants include transparency and explainability, which are essential for tracking trust changes and fostering responsible AI development <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp,S_1tU6Z3U">. Human oversight remains critical, as trust levels increase when humans remain involved in decision-making processes rather than being replaced entirely by AI <snippet id="S_F456mxb">. Reliability, tangibility, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust in AI systems, while anthropomorphism influences emotional trust <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">. Privacy concerns and data governance also negatively impact trust, particularly when citizens perceive potential privacy invasion <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">. Additionally, public perception of AI control, ethics, and perceived value of AI services are crucial determinants for acceptance in public service contexts <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U,S_F456mxb">. Technological competence and familiarity with AI also correlate with higher trust in AI capabilities across different public service domains <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">.
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<snippet id=b99d28d7-0>The 2021 action film Clean is available to stream on AMC+, Disney Plus, Hulu, Sundance Now, Philo, The Roku Channel, Fandango at Home, Prime Video, and Apple TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-8>Decider confirms the film is also available on Tubi TV and AMC+</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>Apple TV lists the movie as available on AMC+, Sundance Now, Philo, Prime Video, Tubi, Disney+, and Hulu</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-4>JustWatch indicates it can be watched on Amazon Prime Video with Ads or for free with ads on Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-6>Netflix also carries the film, described as a story about a garbage collector in upstate New York</snippet>.
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<snippet id=b99d28d7-0,b99d28d7-9>Clean is available to stream on multiple platforms including AMC+, Hulu, Prime Video, Apple TV, Tubi, and Roku</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>AMC+ is specifically mentioned as one of the available streaming services for the film</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-1,b99d28d7-2,b99d28d7-4>It can also be accessed through Hulu, Amazon Prime Video, and Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5,b99d28d7-8>Philo and other services like Sundance Now and Disney+ offer the movie as well</snippet>.
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The search results do not contain specific empirical evidence about negotiated assessment or student co-creation in assessment design, as most snippets focus on general learning outcomes, teacher effectiveness, or peer assessment rather than student involvement in designing assessments <snippet id="S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG,S_db6DLhs">general learning outcomes and curriculum design discussions without specific co-creation data</snippet>. One systematic review of peer assessment design notes that reliability and validity are often underreported, and beliefs and perceptions are more frequently treated as outcome variables than actual performance <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">peer assessment studies with emphasis on reliability and validity challenges</snippet>. A scoping review of teacher effectiveness in higher education discusses three perspectives (inputs, processes, outcomes) but does not address student co-creation in assessment <snippet id="S_G7aERKv,S_10M2Vpc">teacher effectiveness frameworks without student co-creation content</snippet>. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials examines e-mental health interventions on academic performance rather than assessment design involvement <snippet id="S_yevXI89">RCT meta-analysis on mental health interventions, not assessment co-creation</snippet>. The search results therefore do not provide the quantitative effects or direct evaluations of co-designing assessment tasks/criteria that the agent is seeking <snippet id="S_r34NY6x,S_ssr4mB9">mentions quality assurance and accreditation but no specific co-creation outcomes</snippet>.

<answer>
The provided search results do not contain specific empirical evidence or randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or student co-created rubrics in higher education <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv,S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">. Instead, the available literature focuses on broader concepts such as Outcome-Based Education frameworks, general peer assessment design elements, and teacher effectiveness metrics <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv">. While one systematic review notes that reliability and validity are frequently underreported in peer assessment studies, it does not quantify the impact of student involvement in task design <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">. Additional snippets discuss conceptual tensions in learning outcomes or the influence of educational technology without addressing assessment negotiation specifically <snippet id="S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">.
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<snippet id="S_wzDgj5A">Endocytosis delivers extracellular materials to lysosomes for degradation, and trafficking between endosomes and the TGN is imperative for maintaining lysosomal fitness by delivering enzymes and V-ATPase pumps via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gCWDTWV">Lysosomes receive specific soluble hydrolases and membrane proteins from the trans-Golgi network through M6P receptor-dependent and -independent pathways, with M6P receptors binding to proteins carrying mannose 6-phosphate residues and interacting with AP1/clathrin complexes to bud as vesicles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EhS0ch1">Lysosomal hydrolases reach lysosomes from outside the cell via different forms of endocytosis, and lysosomes can also extracellularly release their contents through lysosomal exocytosis to aid in plasma membrane repair</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gvPHAb9">Lysosomal exocytosis is regulated by the cytoskeleton and involves the fusion of lysosomes with the plasma membrane, which facilitates endocytosis-mediated removal and resealing of damaged plasma membrane</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_pfxfGLI">a general downregulation of endocytosis during aging or senescence has been observed, with components important for endocytosis regulation such as βPIX or GIT also being downregulated in senescent cells</snippet>, suggesting that endocytic pathways may become dysfunctional in certain contexts rather than providing consistent protection.

<answer>
Based on the available search results, the evidence suggests that endocytosis generally supports lysosomal function through the delivery of essential enzymes and proteins, and lysosomal exocytosis can aid in plasma membrane repair which in turn supports endocytosis-mediated internalization of damaged membrane components <snippet id="S_wzDgj5A,S_gCWDTWV,S_EhS0ch1,S_gvPHAb9">. However, the snippets do not provide direct experimental evidence that enhancing or relying on endocytic pathways specifically protects cells from lysosomal dysfunction, nor do they detail mechanisms like M6P receptor cross-correction for lysosomal storage diseases or ESCRT-mediated lysosome repair linked to endosomal trafficking</snippet> <snippet id="S_pfxfGLI">. While lysosomal exocytosis stimulation may have beneficial effects on aggregate elimination in neurodegenerative disorders, the molecular machinery required for this process is only beginning to be unravelled</snippet> <snippet id="S_EhS0ch1">. The search results indicate that endocytosis and lysosomal function are interconnected through the autophagy-lysosomal-endosomal system, but specific protective mechanisms against lysosomal dysfunction are not clearly established in these sources</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_wzDgj5A,S_Y2SP2EN>Endocytosis maintains cellular homeostasis by delivering extracellular and intracellular materials to lysosomes, where they are degraded as part of the autophagy-lysosomal-endosomal system</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_wzDgj5A>Trafficking between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network is imperative for the maintenance of lysosomal fitness as it delivers enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id=S_gCWDTWV>Lysosome biogenesis also requires endocytic pathways, as lysosomal membrane proteins can be delivered via vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane followed by endocytosis</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC,S_Ykw4nQx">Calendar aging is primarily driven by temperature-dependent side reactions, with the Arrhenius equation commonly used to model the temperature dependence of reaction rates</snippet>, <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">studies by Keil et al. (2016) and Geisbauer et al. (2021) examined NMC and LFP batteries at elevated temperatures (25°C-60°C) and found higher temperatures and SOC levels significantly increased capacity degradation</snippet>, <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">in contrast, low temperatures during fast charging dramatically reduce cycle life, with a graphite/NMC battery falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C</snippet>, <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">and at 5°C a 16Ah graphite/NMC battery loses 75% of capacity after only 50 cycles compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C</snippet>, <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">the degradation mechanisms at low temperatures include lithium plating and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film growth, which compete under fast charging conditions</snippet>, <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">these studies suggest that to enhance battery longevity, LIBs should be stored at lower SOC levels and avoid high SOC at elevated temperatures</snippet>.
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<answer>
Calendar aging follows the Arrhenius equation, where elevated temperatures accelerate aging processes through increased reaction rates, making temperature regulation essential for reducing degradation <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">. SEI growth is the dominant calendar aging mechanism at high temperatures (e.g., 55°C storage), causing pore clogging and film resistance increase in anodes <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">. Higher temperatures and SOC levels significantly increase capacity degradation and internal resistance during calendar aging, with studies showing accelerated fading at 50-60°C storage <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">. In contrast, cyclic aging experiences dramatically accelerated degradation at low temperatures during charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C for graphite/NMC batteries <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. At 5°C, a 16 Ah graphite/NMC battery loses 75% capacity after only 50 cycles compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C, driven primarily by lithium plating rather than SEI growth <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. The Arrhenius law describes temperature dependence of cyclic aging reaction rates, though lithium plating at sub-zero temperatures creates an inflection point that fundamentally alters degradation mechanisms compared to calendar aging <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">.
</answer>


The provided search results do not contain the exact threshold value from the Scientific Reports article. None of the snippets reference the specific variable names "rC,ave" or "ΔGave" that you are seeking. The results focus on general topics such as China's research evaluation reform, internationalization of Chinese universities, and China's influence on global science. To find the exact threshold value, you may need to access the full text of the Scientific Reports article directly or conduct additional searches with more specific queries.

<answer>
<snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_NyxI5ht,S_RTxg6u0,S_PnWYPRp,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u">None of the provided search results contain information about a Scientific Reports article with the specific variables rC,ave and ΔGave or their critical threshold values</snippet>. The retrieved snippets discuss various aspects of Chinese research output, publication incentives, and global science influence, but none reference the target paper with the threshold information the agent is seeking <snippet id="S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t">The only mentions of "Chinese scholars" in global research context appear in titles without corresponding content</snippet>. The agent may need to refine their search with more specific terms such as "Scientific Reports rC,ave ΔGave threshold" without the broader China influence query to locate the exact paper.
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<snippet id="22895,68190,89881">Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) was an 18th‑century Swedish naturalist who formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy</snippet>. <snippet id="22895,68190,89881">He introduced the two-part Latin species name (genus + specific epithet) and hierarchical ranks (kingdom, class, order, genus, species) in his work Systema Naturae first published in 1735</snippet>. <snippet id="68190">His system standardized classification across plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and more, forming the basis of modern scientific naming</snippet>. <snippet id="89881">Linnaean taxonomy endures as the basis for naming and organizing biodiversity, though additional ranks (e.g., family) and evolutionary concepts were later added</snippet>.
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<answer>
Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), an 18th-century Swedish naturalist, formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy <snippet id="22895, 68190">. He introduced a two-part Latin naming system (genus + specific epithet), such as Homo sapiens, through his publication of Systema Naturae (first edition 1735) <snippet id="22895, 89881">. Linnaeus also established hierarchical classification ranks including kingdom, class, order, genus, and species <snippet id="22895, 89881">. His system standardized biological classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming <snippet id="68190">. Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaean taxonomy continues to serve as the foundation for organizing biodiversity <snippet id="22895, 89881">.
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<answer>
The work that matches these criteria is <snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>"Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning author Tony Horwitz</snippet>, who retraced the voyages of Captain James Cook, the renowned British explorer <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>across the Pacific</snippet>. Horwitz's book specifically follows a specific route <snippet id=1701849e-6>retracing the voyages across the Pacific of the British explorer</snippet>, and it was published after his Pulitzer Prize-winning work "Confederates in the Attic" <snippet id=1701849e-0>the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Confederates in the Attic retraces the voyages of Captain James Cook</snippet>. The search results confirm this is the primary work matching the described criteria of a Pulitzer-winning journalist retracing British explorer voyages <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>retracing Cook's voyages across the Pacific</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Tony Horwitz</snippet>, which retraces the voyages of British explorer Captain James Cook across the Pacific <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>. Cook was from Yorkshire, a county in northern England, and his historic HMS Endeavour has been reconstructed for modern voyages <snippet id=1701849e-6>. The book follows a specific route through Pacific island countries that Cook originally visited during his explorations <snippet id=1701849e-5>. Horwitz's approach combines historical research with personal adventure travel to explore Cook's legacy <snippet id=1701849e-1>. This work differed from Horwitz's previous books by focusing on a specific exploration route across the Pacific Ocean <snippet id=1701849e-6>.
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<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH">The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM) by necessitating remote work and digitalization across organizations</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_rm0f44F">remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet> highlighting the scale of this shift. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe,S_NBYIjl3">Extraordinary changes caused by COVID-19 enforced companies to accelerate transition to digital business processes</snippet>, with HRM at the heart of these transformations to help organizations navigate the crisis and ensure work-life balance <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">. </snippet>However, <snippet id="S_EFHhJY4">there is a lack of information in the literature regarding the factors that affect digitally transforming HR practices during COVID-19</snippet>, indicating a research gap in understanding the determinants of this digitalization. <snippet id="S_sFMyq5N">The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged the maintenance of conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention from the scientific community</snippet> to deal with the challenges and opportunities presented by the pandemic.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_CbPhWNe">The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), with remote work necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms and e-HRM practices</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH,Sn_rm0f44F">Research indicates this acceleration has been global in scope, with one study noting remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi,S_sFMyq5N">Systematic literature reviews characterize COVID-19 as a complicator-disruptor-enabler that challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">The crisis established lasting implications including more flexible, remote-friendly digital working norms that organizations must address through new policies and hybrid working models</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_xBncrdH">Preprints on platforms like arXiv, MedRxiv, and bioRxiv are explicitly described as "preliminary reports not yet peer-reviewed" and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">bioRxiv implements a screening process to filter out inappropriate content including plagiarism, spam, and non-research articles, though this screening is described as a coarse filter that does not guarantee content validity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lUJRGnM">Thirty-three preprint platforms were examined, with 75% providing details about their screening processes, and some platforms like FocUS Archive and SocArxiv mentioned checks without specifics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">Key checks on arXiv include author registration and endorsement, completeness, relevance, plagiarism, language appropriateness, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>. <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">The screening policies for preprints at bioRxiv, medRxiv, and arXiv vary in their approach to biosecurity, with medRxiv screens submissions for material that could endanger public health and arXiv's moderation process not explicitly addressing dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>. <snippet id="S_epLPdrm">Some platforms like bioRxiv and medRxiv have specific policies aligned with NIH guidance on plagiarism and misconduct, though not all are transparently available online</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">arXiv performs pre-peer review screening that includes plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language quality</snippet>, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">but does not conduct formal peer review before posting</snippet>. Key quality control measures on arXiv include <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">author registration and endorsement requirements, completeness checks, relevance verification, plagiarism detection, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>, unlike bioRxiv and medRxiv which screen for material that could endanger public health or pose biosecurity risks. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">ArXiv emphasizes that its materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. Despite the absence of peer review, preprints on arXiv still undergo screening as a "coarse filter" to exclude nonscientific or inappropriate content, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">though this does not guarantee validity of the content</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kOME3NW">The interactive reading (IR) task is a framework for AIG and automatic scoring of reading comprehension (RC) passages and a suite of questions associated with the passage</snippet>. <snippet id="S_n6aoW4b">The page discusses the construct of reading as defined by Alderson (2000), emphasizing that reading is an interactive process involving both lower-level (bottom-up) and higher-level (top-down) processes</snippet>. However, the search results do not contain specific information about an "intensive" reading category or detailed task examples for each of the four Brown reading types beyond the seven assessment types outlined.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books.</snippet> <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams.</snippet>
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores for automatic medical fact-checking</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">Wadden et al. proposed automatic fact-checking pipelines using SciBERT, BioMedRoBERTa, RoBERTa-base, and RoBERTa-large as sentence encoders, where RoBERTa-large achieves the best performance on label prediction</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">BIOBERT demonstrates higher accuracies compared to BERT for named entity recognition, relation extraction and question answering in the biomedical domain</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">SCIBERT outperforms BERT in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">Our experiments showed that training deep learning models on real-world medical claims greatly improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_RXgSB12">HEALTHVER is a challenging testbed for developing new evidence-based fact-checking systems designed to validate real-world and health-related claims against a corpus of textual documents</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hv3V4sI">PubHealth has also been manually curated to exclude poorly defined claims and is more challenging to read than other real-world fact checking datasets</snippet>.
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<answer>
Research on medical fact-checking shows that domain-specific language models often outperform general models on health claim verification tasks. On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores compared to BERT and other baseline models <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. BioBERT demonstrates higher accuracies than BERT for biomedical tasks including named entity recognition, relation extraction, and question answering in the biomedical domain <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. Similarly, SCIBERT shows improvements over the original BERT and outperforms it in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. However, performance varies by dataset; on SCIFACT, RoBERTa-large achieved the best performance among the sentence encoders tested, including SciBERT and BioMedRoBERTa <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. Additionally, training deep learning models on real-world medical claims substantially improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf,S_Iqcxwr0,S_gcq6e9k,S_ouqwh6C">The waterfall model is a linear and sequential software development approach where progress flows downward through distinct phases: requirement analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance</snippet>, <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ">with each phase must be completed before the next begins, and substantial changes in requirements typically cannot be accommodated without significant disruption</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">In contrast, the iterative model allows for initial simplified implementations that evolve through multiple iterations, with projects divided into smaller parts that undergo repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation</snippet>, <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">emphasizing incremental changes and allowing for more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to the waterfall model</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">The Waterfall-Iterative approach, also noted as "Waterative", is a Waterfall model with its phases being executed iteratively as the project elaborates, combining structured waterfall documentation with agile iterative development</snippet>. However, the search results do not contain specific information about Agile Manifesto definitions, Agile principles, or systematic comparative analyses between the two methodologies across dimensions like customer involvement or risk management.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">The traditional waterfall model is defined as a linear, sequential software development approach where each phase must be completed before the next begins, with strict documentation and sign-offs required between stages</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">In contrast, "iterative waterfall" (also called "Waterative") executes waterfall phases iteratively as the project elaborates, incorporating requirement analysis for each iteration with design followed by product backlog creation using Scrum framework's agile principles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model allows incremental changes and divided project parts with repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation, enabling more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to waterfall</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">A key distinction is that waterfall accommodates substantial requirement changes with significant disruption, whereas iterative approaches emphasize evolving implementations with each cycle enhancing previous work</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz,S_u8WEXgX">Waterfall is characterized by sequential phases requiring strict documentation and end products per stage, while iterative/wative approaches include unit testing during sprints followed by systems integration testing and user acceptance testing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">Waterfall approaches work well for simple, straightforward projects, but are less suitable for complex projects requiring flexibility</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X">Digital transformation in banking is linked to enhanced financial inclusion and operational efficiency, with research showing digital payments enhancing account ownership and savings while reducing income-level disparities in service access</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IbmwH6I,S_kq45sEh">Digital banking has enhanced financial inclusion by offering accessible and affordable services, particularly through mobile banking and digital wallets that serve unbanked populations in remote areas</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ipBYA4S">Fintech serves as a potential solution to gaps in financial services, though its impact on financial inclusion is limited and varies across demographics and regions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AlV0rKF">Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability and negatively correlates with non-performing loans, supporting the competition-fragility hypothesis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cecyK56">The economic impact of financial inclusion varies between traditional and digital finance, with digital financial inclusion being more significant in low-income countries due to inefficiencies in traditional banking</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gkl8lvJ">Mobile banking and e-payments have increased financial inclusion among developing countries, though challenges remain including data security, regulatory issues, and consumer protection</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Q1OC4lz">Digitalisation can promote financial inclusion and positively impact economic growth, though there is uncertainty regarding whether digital financial services are genuinely inclusive for women and underprivileged communities</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X>S digital transformation in banking is defined as the application of innovative technologies, particularly digital payments, to enhance financial inclusion and operational efficiency</snippet>, with research showing it <snippet id=S_4uYEvn0>S diminishes the impact of income levels on financial service access</snippet> while enhancing account ownership and savings. <snippet id=S_cecyK56>S Economic impact varies by income level: in low-income countries, digital financial inclusion is more significant than traditional finance due to banking inefficiencies</snippet>, whereas in middle-income countries both forms complement each other. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability (z-score) and negatively with non-performing loans</snippet>, though increased bank competition negatively affects stability according to the competition-fragility hypothesis. <snippet id=S_kq45sEh>S Challenges include data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy</snippet>, with findings from Sub-Saharan Africa, ASEAN, and EU contexts; <snippet id=S_cecyK56,S_Q1OC4lz>Yemen-specific evidence is sparse and limited by fragile state conditions</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Policy recommendations emphasize promoting digital financial literacy, regulatory frameworks treating digital and traditional finance as complementary</snippet>, and strategic measures to maintain bank stability alongside inclusion initiatives.
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<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett appears briefly as a policeman in Never Look Back (1952)</snippet>, and <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Hugh Sinclair stars in the film, playing a newly appointed KC who defends her ex-lover</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The film was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>, with a UK release on 26 May 1952. <snippet id="55190">The plot follows a newly appointed KC who defends an ex-lover accused of murder, with her career and reputation ruined when he is revealed guilty</snippet>. <snippet id="81776">The production was shot at Manchester Film Studios from 17 September to 19 October 1951</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The 1952 British drama Never Look Back was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett appears in a brief supporting role as a policeman</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Hugh Sinclair is confirmed as a main star in the cast, playing the prosecutor</snippet>. The production ran for 73 minutes and was shot at Mancunian Studios between September and October 1951.
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<answer>
The search results provide several methods to calculate beta-cell function indices such as the insulinogenic index and disposition index from OGTT and IVGTT data <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_2GRyVKu,S_C7yV87e">These indices are derived from ratios of insulin and glucose changes during glucose challenges, with the disposition index representing the product of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion</snippet>. However, the snippets do not contain specific evidence linking visceral adipose tissue accumulation to these beta-cell function metrics <snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">While one study in obese adults measured insulin resistance in adipose tissue and derived a disposition index for beta-cell function, it did not specifically associate visceral fat with beta-cell impairment</snippet>. The results indicate that adipose tissue insulin resistance can be incorporated into GSIS assessments to improve beta-cell function evaluation in obese adults <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi">Elevated plasma free fatty acids, which are associated with adipose insulin resistance, show strong correlations with the disposition index for both first and second phases of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion</snippet>. The insulinogenic index is validated as a measure of early-phase insulin secretion that correlates with beta-cell function at the portal level <snippet id="S_77OipMD,S_i8R9nxi">This index is calculated from OGTT data as the ratio of incremental insulin response to glucose at 30 minutes, and has been used in studies of obese adolescents and adults with NAFLD</snippet>. The snippets do not provide interventional evidence showing reversibility of beta-cell dysfunction with visceral fat reduction through bariatric surgery or very-low-calorie diets <snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">The study noted this approach evaluated beta-cell function in relation to visceral adipose tissue but did not report specific interventions for fat reduction</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
The provided search results do not directly address the relationship between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and pancreatic beta-cell function metrics in humans. The snippets primarily define how beta-cell function indices like the disposition index, insulinogenic index, and acute insulin response are calculated from OGTT or IVGTT data <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_77OipMD">the disposition index is calculated as the product of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion measures such as the insulinogenic index</snippet>. One study suggests adipose tissue insulin resistance affects beta-cell function assessment, noting that elevated plasma free fatty acids can impair β-cell function and proposing adjustments to the disposition index to account for adipose tissue <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2">incorporating adipose insulin resistance into assessments provides a more comprehensive index of β-cell function</snippet>. Another study reported that leptin and GM-CSF were negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI and hsCRP, indicating roles in inflammation and lipid metabolism <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">leptin and GM-CSF showed negative associations with the disposition index and positive correlations with BMI and inflammatory markers</snippet>. However, none of these snippets provide direct adult human evidence linking VAT or pancreatic fat specifically to beta-cell function measures like disposition index or acute insulin response as the agent was seeking.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources by one-third did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes, though it did increase exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduce uncivil language</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">Research on social media feed designs compared chronological and engagement-based feeds, finding that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, though some studies found minimal effects on affective polarization</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mUfOdDp">A 2020 study by Guess et al. found no significant long-term effects of Facebook and Instagram's algorithms on users' affective polarization over a three-month period, suggesting the impact of algorithms on long-term beliefs is complex</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sJfbnsu">The U.S. 2020 Facebook and Instagram Election Study was a collaboration between academics and Meta researchers that provided unprecedented access to platform data while maintaining safeguards for research integrity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EIYKoMB">Recent studies suggest that exposure to diverse perspectives can align local conflicts with broader partisan divides, and authors propose redesigning social media ranking algorithms to reduce exposure to like-minded content and reshared posts</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>. The intervention aimed to decrease exposure to like-minded sources by one-third, which resulted in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">but did not lead to measurable changes in eight key political attitudes, including affective polarization and belief in false claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">An experiment compared various feed types, including chronological and engagement-based feeds, as well as innovative designs aimed at promoting democratic values</snippet>. Findings indicate that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans, but may inadvertently increase perceived threats to free speech among users <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">. The research also references other studies that examined the influence of exposure to like-minded sources and reshared content, noting that some studies found minimal effects on affective polarization</snippet>.

</answer>


The search results do not contain specific documentation on how canonical IAMs like FUND or PAGE integrate tropical cyclone and flood damages <snippet id="S_kiLBoza,S_StdTMvV,S_pppTd3w,S_BQsrZW1,S_VGFFWS5,S_GAsmDEl,S_93wqG64,S_IAQSdJr">none of the snippets describe IAMs or their damage functions</snippet>. The available literature focuses on hazard modeling and impact assessment rather than economic damage functions within integrated assessment frameworks <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions at 0.1° resolution using wind speeds above 54 km/h</snippet>, <snippet id="S_pppTd3w">regression model analyzes over 7,000 historical cyclones to assess flood impacts on people and property</snippet>, <snippet id="S_VGFFWS5">HWCM approach simulates high-resolution wind and rain fields for better storm flood damage representation</snippet>. There is no mention of expected-annual-loss pipelines or stochastic shock modules feeding IAMs <snippet id="S_93wqG64">multimodel ensemble assesses projected tropical cyclone activity by 2050</snippet>, <snippet id="S_IAQSdJr">synthetic tropical cyclones improve flood predictions by 43% in accuracy</snippet>. The search results are insufficient to address the agent's query about IAM integration of extreme weather damages.

<answer>
Unfortunately, the provided search results do not contain specific information about how FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE, or other canonical IAMs incorporate extreme weather events into their damage functions. The available snippets focus on hazard modeling (CLIMADA model for tropical cyclones, mangrove flood protection services, hydrodynamic modeling) but do not document IAM integration methods <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>. No snippets describe how IAMs represent extremes as separate impact categories or stochastic shocks to capital/productivity, nor do they detail expected-annual-loss pipelines feeding IAM damages. There is also no evidence of empirically estimated event-specific damage functions (cyclone wind-based, flood depth–damage, heat-wave impacts) being aggregated to macro damages within specific IAM frameworks in these results.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK,S_4kyiDLH,S_IzJhLSD">HPV primarily targets undifferentiated basal epithelial cells in the skin and mucous membranes, typically entering through microlesions or wounds</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK,S_4kyiDLH,S_IzJhLSD">The major capsid protein L1 first binds to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) or laminin-332 in the basement membrane, which triggers a conformational change in the L1 protein</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK,S_4kyiDLH,S_IzJhLSD">This conformational change exposes the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2, making it susceptible to cleavage by the cellular protease furin</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK,S_4kyiDLH,S_IzJhLSD">Following furin cleavage, L2 binds to secondary receptors including tetraspanin CD151, integrins α6β4, and the S100A10 subunit of annexin A2</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_qd5yqrp,S_06dh88l">HPV enters host cells via clathrin-independent endocytosis, similar to micropinocytosis, and reaches the nucleus within approximately 24 hours via post-endocytic trafficking through endosomes, the Golgi network, and the endoplasmic reticulum</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK,S_4kyiDLH,S_IzJhLSD">The virus ultimately releases its genome to the nucleus, where it associates with promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies, initiating viral transcription and replication</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) entry typically begins at microlesions in the epithelium where the major capsid protein L1 binds to laminin-332 or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the basement membrane <S_9692W5p, S_06dh88l, S_ygceipK, S_4kyiDLH>. This initial attachment induces L1 conformational changes, often facilitated by Cyclophilin B, which exposes the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2 <S_9692W5p, S_ygceipK, S_sYaeZRH>. Proteolytic processing follows, where kallikrein-8 cleaves L1 and the cellular protease furin cleaves L2, reducing HSPG affinity and preparing the virion for internalization <S_6cL8am9, S_9692W5p, S_qd5yqrp>. Secondary interactions with receptors such as annexin A2, integrin α6, and tetraspanins like CD151 facilitate clathrin-independent endocytosis or macropinocytosis-like uptake <S_6cL8am9, S_Fgb4QWW, S_06dh88l>. Once internalized, the virus undergoes retrograde trafficking through endosomes and the Golgi network to reach the nucleus for genome release and replication <S_6cL8am9, S_IzJhLSD, S_qd5yqrp>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_FvypqMm">The Laplace mechanism has been applied to preserve privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions by adding noise to numeric query results</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_u2uIkcN">it enables privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions by calibrating noise with a standard deviation of √2b based on the function's sensitivity</snippet>. However, the search results do not identify specific case studies published in high-impact journals such as IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or Nature Scientific Data. The available snippets primarily describe the Laplace mechanism as a generic differential privacy tool <snippet id="S_5htVDhJ">considered one of the most generic mechanisms to achieve differential privacy</snippet> and as a standard building block <snippet id="S_oSOy7gF">many mechanisms are built on top of the Laplace Mechanism</snippet>, without naming particular financial applications in strong journals. To identify high-impact journal case studies, more targeted searches in specific domains (credit scoring, transaction networks, firm financials) would be needed.
</answer>

<answer>
The search results provide limited evidence of concrete case studies from high-impact journals applying the Laplace mechanism specifically to financial/banking/credit transaction data. Two snippets mention financial applications: S_FvypqMm notes the Laplace mechanism can preserve "user privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions" within parking recommender system research <snippet id=S_FvypqMm>, and S_u2uIkcN states the mechanism enables "privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions" for prospect theoretic analysis <snippet id=S_u2uIkcN>. However, neither snippet explicitly confirms publication in high-impact journals like IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or major finance/economics journals that the agent prioritized <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_3Vks9VQ>. Most other search results discuss the Laplace mechanism in medical data <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG>, social networks <snippet id=S_XWjGWtA,S_gaV539r>, or power flow systems <snippet id=S_3Vks9VQ> rather than verified financial case studies. Additional searches targeting specific journals or verified financial domains would be needed to fully address the agent's goal.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="21438">Jitendra Narayan (20 Dec 1886–20 Dec 1922) was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar</snippet>, and he founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916 <snippet id="21438">. As "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar" he played one first‑class cricket match (Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI v Lord Willingdon's XI) on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs in total</snippet>. However, <snippet id="21438">there is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>. The PDF source indicates <snippet id="57275">inconsistent or missing details regarding the Prince of Wales's XI association</snippet>, and <snippet id="71327">claims about founding a Nripendra Narayan Academy are unverified/conflicting with the provided content</snippet>. He was succeeded by his son Jagaddipendra Narayan, and is linked to Cooch Behar Palace (Victor Jubilee Palace).
</answer>

<answer>
Jitendra Narayan was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar <snippet id="21438">and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet> as an educational institution named after his father. He played one first‑class cricket match for "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI" against Lord Willingdon's XI on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs total <snippet id="21438">. There is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>, which contradicts one key element of the hypothesis that the match was against the Prince of Wales' XI during the 1921–22 India tour. Biographical details indicate he was linked to Cooch‑Behar Palace (also known as Victor Jubilee Palace) as the ruling Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar during his lifetime <snippet id="21438">, though succession by his offspring is not confirmed in the available snippets. Some sources present conflicting or fragmentary information about the academy founder and cricketing claims <snippet id="57275">, with sibling records listing him as having younger brothers but not documenting all biographical details consistently <snippet id="71327">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_gnrEepM">For LC-MS targeted quantification of therapeutic proteins, using a single stable signature peptide resulted in significant negative biases (−23 to −62%) and discordant results between peptides</snippet>, emphasizing the importance of using multiple signature peptides for reliability. <snippet id="S_kjDg3lX">Bottom-up LC-MS/MS assays for monoclonal antibodies typically employ surrogate peptides from Fab or Fc regions for quantification, with detection performed using multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides relative to standards</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BFG6czq">In antibody-drug conjugate bioanalysis, two peptides from tryptic digest containing portions of the CDR were identified and used as signature peptides, with one serving as the quantitative peptide and the other as the qualitative peptide</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1t8pQcf">The surrogate peptide method is a prevalent approach for quantifying total antibodies in pharmacokinetic assessments, typically achieving good linearity and wide dynamic ranges with limits of quantification in the low ng/mL to pg/mL range</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XWxG38W">A high-throughput strategy developed for selecting surrogate peptides utilized a minimum of three light and two heavy peptide fragments to enhance reproducibility and ensure peptide identity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gnrEepM">Hybrid methods using stable-isotope-labeled internal standards achieved good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results between signature peptides, identified as cost-effective for accurate quantification without requiring expensive SIL-proteins</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Current evidence suggests that using two signature peptides is recommended over a single peptide for reliable mAb quantification in serum. A study assessing calibration approaches for monoclonal antibody quantification emphasized "the importance of using two SPs for reliability" and found single peptide calibration had "significant negative biases" and "discordant results between SPs" <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>. Practical implementations in therapeutic protein studies typically employ multiple peptides; for instance, one Fc-engineered mAb PK assay determined concentrations using "multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides" <snippet id=S_kjDg3lX>. Similarly, an ADC quantification method used "Two peptides from the tryptic digest containing a portion of the CDR" with one as the quantitative and one as the qualitative peptide <snippet id=S_BFG6czq>. While single peptides can be detected, protein-level and hybrid calibrations with two SPs achieved "good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results" compared to peptide-level calibration which showed poor reliability <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_SvIkmlU,S_rtPxhtT">Multiple umbrella reviews indicate that resistance training performed in the morning versus evening yields similar hypertrophy adaptations and increases in muscle strength</snippet>, with one review noting that both timings yield similar results <snippet id="S_rtPxhtT">while another concluded hypertrophy adaptations were similar regardless of the time of day the training sessions were located</snippet> <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU">. However, some research suggests that strength training in the evening may lead to greater muscle hypertrophy compared to morning training, with a 24-week study showing larger muscle cross-sectional area in men following evening resistance training</snippet> <snippet id="S_JKFS2Wu">. The time of day for strength training can influence performance, particularly in relation to an individual's chronotype, with morning training reducing diurnal variation and evening training enhancing it</snippet> <snippet id="S_HhyT8Rz">. For women, morning exercise enhances total and abdominal fat loss, while evening exercise increases upper body muscle strength and power</snippet> <snippet id="S_gRYJWoz">. Despite these time-of-day effects on performance, the overall evidence suggests that personal preference should guide training timing, as the acute performance peaks around 6:00 p.m.</snippet> <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU">. More research appears to be needed to verify if differences exist between training in the morning versus evening hours, particularly regarding chronotype-specific adaptations</snippet> <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU">. The current findings highlight that personal preference should guide training timing, with future studies recommended to assess individual responses at different times of the day based on chronotype</snippet>.
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Umbrella reviews indicate that increases in muscle strength and mass do not significantly differ between morning and evening resistance training <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT,S_SvIkmlU>. Acute performance metrics typically peak around 6:00 p.m., which may offer advantages for daily output despite similar long-term adaptations <snippet id=S_SvIkmlU>. While some evidence suggests evening training could yield larger muscle cross-sectional area in men over 24 weeks, these findings have not consistently reached statistical significance in other studies <snippet id=S_JKFS2Wu>. Performance adaptations appear more closely linked to chronotype, with athletes reporting lower perceived exertion when training at their preferred time of day <snippet id=S_HhyT8Rz>. Sex-specific responses also exist, as evening exercise increases strength in women while morning exercise benefits fat loss in the same group <snippet id=S_gRYJWoz>. Therefore, experts recommend selecting training times based on personal preference to maximize adherence given the lack of clear superiority between schedules <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT>.
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