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<snippet id="S_tyjIFLb,S_soikqKO">Strava incorporates social features such as status updates, comments, photos, challenges, leaderboards, and segments to enhance user engagement and foster a sense of community</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ohmbRBN,S_47DnIT5">The app operates as a persuasive technology designed to motivate users through tracking routes, providing performance feedback, and incorporating competitive elements that can significantly influence motivation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KfOy5t1">Social comparison is identified as a key psychological driver for boosting user engagement and motivation through social features, though current digital interventions often overlook individual preferences for upward or downward comparison</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fdz63NK">Users engage in selective data sharing, often withholding metrics like heart rate and wattage while opting for basic information such as segment times and elevation, reflecting a desire for self-validation and awareness of how others perceive their data</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5nbN41y">However, the existing research relies on cross-sectional samples of specific populations (e.g., cyclists), limiting generalizability to other outdoor recreation users</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sMJ3vVm">Privacy and security concerns remain important barriers to engagement, with users requiring control over data visibility and perceived security of shared information</snippet>.
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Strava employs social features such as challenges, leaderboards, and digital badges as core gamification techniques to encourage repeated use and foster a sense of community among its 36 million active users <snippet id="S_tyjIFLb">. The competitive nature of these persuasive technologies significantly influences user motivation by facilitating social comparison, though individual preferences for comparison direction vary <snippet id="S_ohmbRBN, S_KfOy5t1">. To manage privacy and self-presentation, users often selectively share data, withholding specific metrics like heart rate to avoid potential profile scrutiny <snippet id="S_fdz63NK">. Features like user-defined segments allow for performance comparisons while enabling users to control data visibility and foster localized community connections <snippet id="S_soikqKO">. Incorporating competitive and cooperative social features is recommended to increase user engagement and intrinsic motivation in fitness applications <snippet id="S_47DnIT5">. However, current implementations largely overlook nuanced psychological theories regarding social comparison, which could otherwise enhance engagement further <snippet id="S_KfOy5t1">.
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<snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The White House fact sheet announces 25% additional tariffs on imports from Canada and Mexico, and a 10% additional tariff on imports from China</snippet>, with energy resources from Canada subject to a lower 10% tariff rate. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">These measures are implemented under the authority of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) due to an extraordinary threat from illegal aliens and drugs, including fentanyl</snippet>, which the administration characterizes as a national emergency. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The tariffs are intended to leverage U.S. economic position to secure borders against illegal migration and combat fentanyl trafficking</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The fact sheet notes that previous administrations failed to fully leverage trade policy for national security purposes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">While trade accounts for significant portions of Canada's and Mexico's GDP, it only accounts for 24% of U.S. GDP</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The announcement specifies that the tariff on Canada and Mexico will remain in effect until fentanyl and illegal aliens stop entering the country</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The fact sheet references a Presidential Memorandum on American First Trade Policy from November, which promised 25% tariffs on Mexico and Canada</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">This action follows prior tariff threats on Mexico that helped secure the border, and similar measures against China for intellectual property theft and forced technology transfer</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The document does not provide specific trade value numbers, consumer cost estimates, or GDP impact projections, only announcing the tariff rates and effective dates</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The White House fact sheet specifies a 25% additional tariff on imports from Canada and Mexico, with energy resources from Canada receiving a lower 10% tariff, while China faces a 10% additional tariff</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The fact sheet notes that in 2023 the U.S. trade deficit in goods was the world's largest at over $1 trillion</snippet>, and that trade accounts for 67% of Canada's GDP, 73% of Mexico's GDP, and 37% of China's GDP. However, <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">this fact sheet does not include specific dollar trade values covered by the tariffs, any retaliation measures from Canada, China, or the EU, or quantitative economic impact estimates (consumer cost, inflation, GDP)</snippet>. The tariff announcement is dated February 2025 and cites the International Emergency Economic Powers Act as the legal basis. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The tariffs remain in effect "until such time as Drugs, in particular Fentanyl, and all Illegal Aliens stop this Invasion of our Country"</snippet> as per the presidential directive.
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<snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The page discusses the interpretation of metaphors, particularly focusing on the slogans from George Orwell's "Nineteen Eighty-Four": "War is Peace," "Freedom is Slavery," and "Ignorance is Strength."</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">It highlights the challenges in quantifying the frequency of these slogans in media, noting that a significant portion of references (73%) are secondary uses rather than original.</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The text emphasizes the concept of 'discursive drift,' which refers to the shifts in meaning and stance associated with metaphors over time, contrasting it with 'semantic drift.'</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">This analysis suggests that the slogans can evolve in their interpretation and application within public discourse, reflecting changing societal attitudes and contexts.</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lgOMCo4">The text addresses lexical creativity, citing Margaret Atwood's exploration of freedom and unfreedom.</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_lgOMCo4">The term "unfreedom" is noted as a rare but legitimate formation, while "doubleplus unfree," derived from Orwell's Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-Four, exemplifies the intensifying use of language.</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The slogans from Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four—"War is Peace," "Freedom is Slavery," and "Ignorance is Strength"—are analyzed as metaphors that undergo discursive drift, where meaning and stance shift over time</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_iDUQY7x">slogans function as thought-terminating clichés that discourage critical thought by offering seemingly simple answers to complex questions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_15dkzZt">These phrases operate as brief, striking terms that act as emotional appeals and may include labeling and stereotyping</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lgOMCo4">Orwell's Newspeak language engineering is exemplified by terms like "doubleplus unfree," which demonstrates the intensifying use of language for ideological control</snippet>. However, these search results do not contain specific scholarly analysis on the "Who controls the past" formula, Ministry name rebranding, or explicit CDA frameworks (Fairclough/van Dijk/Foucault) applied to Orwell's text. <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">A significant portion of references to these slogans in media are secondary uses (73%), indicating their evolution as discursive artifacts rather than original texts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_gsbJVy0,S_5VWgqHF">Eric A. Stach from the University of Pennsylvania will serve as MRS Vice President beginning January 1, 2024</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0">He will lead the Board of Directors as MRS President in 2025</snippet>, which confirms his concurrent status as President-Elect. <snippet id="S_ZPx3NY5">The 2024 election results show Takao Someya (2024) in the position of vice president/president-elect</snippet>, though this appears to be for a different year. <snippet id="S_Mcho4xl">The MRS officially announced the Vice President/President Elect and new Board Members for 2025</snippet> in September 2024. Based on the available information, Eric A. Stach is the most clearly documented individual serving as both Vice President and President-Elect for 2024.
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Eric A. Stach from the University of Pennsylvania served as MRS Vice President beginning January 1, 2024 <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0, S_5VWgqHF">. He will lead the Board of Directors as MRS President in 2025, following the standard VP/President-Elect transition <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0, S_5VWgqHF">. This confirms that Eric A. Stach was the 2024 Vice President and President-Elect who was scheduled to assume the Presidency in 2025 <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0">.
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<snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_Xa6M06B">OASIS STIX 2.1 is a machine-readable, semi-structured framework for structuring and exchanging cyber threat intelligence (CTI) data, primarily using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) instead of XML</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_3JECVB5">The standard defines 12 STIX Domain Objects (SDOs), including 'indicator', 'malware', 'report', and 'vulnerability', each with specific attributes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS">STIX 2.0 includes two STIX Relationship Objects (SROs) that enable the linking of multiple SDOs, facilitating both simple and complex representations of CTI</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lIvobvB">For the malware SDO specifically, the pattern property is filled with the CSI value (cyber observable), while modified and created properties are filled with the system's current time</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3M0PARM">In practice, STIX bundles from real-world sources contain numerous malware entities (75% of bundles include malware) linked through relationships to threat actors and vulnerabilities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3TK690R">STIX uses a combination of observed data structures, indicator patterns, and relationship objects that require UUIDs to establish connections between different objects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_pKQ0ahU">The STIX 2.1 Committee Specification Draft also includes an Opinion SDO to capture perceptions by CTI consumers about the correctness of STIX objects on a Likert-type scale</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_Xa6M06B">The OASIS CTI technical committee maintains STIX 2.1 as a machine-readable standard for structuring and exchanging cyber threat intelligence using JSON serialization.</snippet> <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_06F1WZp">The framework defines STIX Domain Objects (SDOs), including specific types such as 'malware' and 'indicator', to describe characteristics of incidents and threat indicators.</snippet> <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_lIvobvB">The 'indicator' SDO includes a 'pattern' property for detailing malware indicators, while data quality metrics can assess the connectedness of these objects.</snippet> <snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_06F1WZp">STIX uses STIX Relationship Objects (SROs) to link SDOs, enabling representations such as a malware exploiting a vulnerability or an indicator referencing a threat actor.</snippet> <snippet id="S_Xa6M06B">Integration of CybOX into STIX 2.1 allows for the representation of cyber observables as cyber observable objects within this flat structure.</snippet>
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The search results do not contain specific information about newly formed counties in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during the 2020-2024 period. <snippet id=3d29ab62-0>General information about the province is available, confirming it is one of Iran's 31 provinces in the southwest</snippet>, but no details about new county formations are provided. <snippet id=3d29ab62-1>Only existing administrative units like Kohgiluyeh County are mentioned, with its capital being Dehdasht</snippet>. <snippet id=3d29ab62-5>A 2024 FAO report references newly formed local and province level governments but does not list specific county names</snippet>. <snippet id=3d29ab62-6,3d29ab62-7>Recent studies from 2024 discuss agricultural productivity and health incidence in the province but do not mention new county establishment</snippet>. The search results do not appear to contain the specific information needed about newly formed counties in this region.
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<snippet id=3d29ab62-5>The FAO report mentions "newly formed local and province level governments" in a general context, but does not specify particular counties formed in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during 2020-2024</snippet>. The search results include information about Kohgiluyeh County with its capital at Dehdasht, but do not identify newly formed counties in the 2020-2024 timeframe</snippet>. No specific administrative changes or county formations in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during this period are clearly documented in the available snippets</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">For the Trusted Computing Environment & Platform area, the School of Computer Science at Beihang University won the National Science and Technology Progress Award Second Class (二等奖) for establishing CROWN, a high-trust software development environment.</snippet> <snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">In the Virtual Reality & Digital Media category, the lab developed real-time 3D graphics platform BH-GRAPH and distributed interactive simulation support platform BH_RTI, obtaining both the National Science and Technology Progress Award First Class (一等奖) and Second Class (二等奖), with some tools listed as model components.</snippet> <snippet id="S_hR66r0h">These research directions are part of Beihang University's key strategic layout in big data, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and trusted computing systems.</snippet>
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针对虚拟现实与数字媒体方向，北京航空航天大学计算机学院研制了实时三维图形平台BH-GRAPH、分布交互仿真运行支撑平台BH_RTI及分布式虚拟环境DVENET，这些成果获得国家科技进步一等奖和二等奖<snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">。在可信计算环境与平台方面，学院建立的CROWN高可信软件开发环境、Web服务中间件平台及网络环境运行平台，荣获国家科技进步二等奖<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">。这些研究面向国家战略规划及航空航天行业应用需求展开<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl,S_UoGmAYk">。
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<snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Research indicates that demographic factors such as being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment are associated with higher risks of problem gambling among university students in Nigeria</snippet>. <snippet id="S_C7vME7Z">An urban school-based cross-sectional survey involving 507 students in Nigeria found a lifetime gambling prevalence of 57.2%, with 77.6% having gambled in the previous 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sAPmmcf">Among respondents reporting sports betting, those who reported past-30-day sports betting were more likely to have a history of indebtedness (11 vs. 6%, p = 0.04) and had higher levels of gambling problems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rqYsRo2">Financial literacy studies among university students in Ghana suggest links between financial behavior and gambling prevalence that may relate to the Nigerian student context</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zEaN2n7">Regular participation in sports betting and fantasy sports betting among adolescents was associated with a higher risk of gambling problems, with males participating more frequently than females</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">The impact of sports betting advertising and the emergence of fantasy sports have also been noted as contributing factors to increased gambling behaviors among university students in Nigeria</snippet>. <snippet id="S_d3zPQEk">However, specific data on esports betting determinants among Nigerian university students is limited, with most available evidence coming from broader emerging adult populations in Great Britain</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_C7vME7Z">An urban school-based survey of 507 Nigerian students found a lifetime gambling prevalence of 57.2%, with 77.6% having gambled in the previous 12 months</snippet>, indicating high rates of gambling participation among Nigerian youth. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Sports betting has gained popularity among university students in Nigeria, with demographic factors including being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment associated with higher risks of problem gambling</snippet>. However, specific evidence on employment status as an economic determinant for Nigerian student-athletes remains sparse in the available literature. <snippet id="S_sAPmmcf">Among recent sports bettors, those active in work or studies showed lower percentages (68% for online casino, 59% for horse betting) compared to non-gamblers, while past-30-day sports bettors had higher history of indebtedness (11% vs 6%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iL4llG9">Research on emerging adults shows students comprised 59% of esports bettors in a Great Britain sample, with bettors more likely to live in deprived areas</snippet>, suggesting economic strain may be a relevant pathway. Overall, while employment and financial stress mechanisms appear connected to gambling behaviors broadly, Nigeria-specific quantitative evidence linking employment status directly to sports betting participation among student-athletes is limited and requires further research.
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<snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">The official Chatbot Arena Leaderboard is available at https://lmarena.ai/</snippet>, which has collected over 3.5M votes. <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE">The leaderboard uses an Elo rating system based on anonymous voting data collected over time</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hhzNfal">A multimodal leaderboard was introduced in June 2024, computed from battles containing images</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_831cvJ0">the current top model entry is not visible in the provided search snippets</snippet>. The search results show historical updates but do not contain the current ranking or specific model name with its Elo rating.
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The official Chatbot Arena Leaderboard is hosted at https://lmarena.ai/ <snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">where over 3.5M votes have been collected for model rankings. The leaderboard uses an Elo rating system based on anonymous voting data <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE">to rank large language models. A snapshot of the leaderboard is also available on Hugging Face at https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmarena-ai/lmarena-leaderboard <snippet id="S_831cvJ0">. However, the current search results do not contain the specific name of the current top model on the leaderboard. A direct visit to the official lmarena.ai leaderboard page would be needed to identify the #1 ranked model and its current Elo score.
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<snippet id="S_gu69vHf,S_Cn1GhvJ,S_p938Lo0">DESI observations indicate that dark energy has an equation of state w(z) crossing the phantom barrier (w < -1) at high redshifts, with DESI DR2 BAO data suggesting a ~3σ deviation from ΛCDM and a potential crossing at z_c ~ 0.45</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZCPd5ub">Recent DESI DR2 findings favor a dynamical dark energy characterized by a phantom crossing feature, implying a lower Hubble constant that exacerbates the Hubble tension</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZIWoomJ">The original DESI paper favored phantom behavior (w < -1) over a significant redshift range using a w0wa parametrization, though this is a phenomenological ansatz that allows unphysical regimes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_otM3Qb8">While DESI measurements suggest dark energy may be evolving into the phantom regime with w(z) < -1, current data remains inconclusive regarding the existence of a phantom crossing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_p938Lo0">Many studies have explored how dynamical dark energy scenarios can incorporate phantom crossings and negative dark energy densities at high redshifts as potential avenues for alleviating key cosmological tensions</snippet>.
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DESI results indicate a preference for phantom behaviour (w < -1) over a significant redshift range, with a crossing to the non-phantom region at lower redshift <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. DESI DR2 data suggests a potential phantom crossing at z_c ≃ 0.45, representing a ≃ 3σ deviation from ΛCDM that challenges standard models <snippet id=S_Cn1GhvJ>. The phantom regime w < -1 is considered unphysical in general relativity, motivating alternative theoretical frameworks <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. Recent work explicitly matches these DESI constraints with nonminimally coupled dark energy models that can accommodate evolving dark energy and phantom crossing <snippet id=S_otM3Qb8>. Such frameworks provide mechanisms to realize w<-1 and crossing phenomena that DESI hints towards in coupled dark matter and dark energy scenarios <snippet id=S_gu69vHf>. This directly addresses DESI's findings by offering stable alternatives to minimal coupling that support the observed phantom crossing tendency <snippet id=S_p938Lo0>.
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<snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_8bzg1KA,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">In pharmacology, margin of safety is defined as the ratio between the amount of drug that is lethal to 1% of the population and effective in 99% of the population (LD1/ED99)</snippet>, <snippet id="S_KtkXCqd">or alternatively as a function of cube root of ratio between LT50 and LD50 and one-hundredth of ED</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ITpLCrH,S_PNN5Uwr">This is also referred to as the therapeutic index when calculated as LD50/ED50</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_JksBSVp">the provided search results do not explicitly discuss when this margin of safety cannot be calculated or is considered undefined</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4mMdKmh">The definition requires both LD1 and ED99 values to be observable from dose–response quantile data</snippet>, which would be uncomputable if those specific population response points are not measurable in practice.
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<snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">The margin of safety in pharmacology is defined as the ratio of LD1 (lethal dose to 1% of population) to ED99 (effective dose to 99% of population)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8bzg1KA">This measure is also referred to as the Certain Safety Factor</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain information about conditions under which margin of safety "fails to appear" or cannot be calculated <snippet id="S_KtkXCqd">, and no snippet addresses when this definition is undefined or inapplicable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ITpLCrH,S_gWkoXUl,S_PNN5Uwr">Alternative measures such as the therapeutic index using LD50/ED50 are also mentioned</snippet>. <answer>
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The search results do not contain explicit evidence of group polarization or risky shift effects in avatar-mediated immersive VR environments. <snippet id="S_snWHiX5">While avatars are used in risk prevention education, no discussion of group discussion or attitude extremity is provided</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JIjtTEQ,S_XSKnvh7">Studies used avatars in virtual reality scenarios but explicitly state that findings related to "risky shift" were not detailed in the provided text</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa,S_HKqSHCf">One study found that abstract avatars (robots) led to increased risky behaviors compared to self-representations, but this did not involve group settings or discussion</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Ic4WSGm">Research on motion artifacts and self-agency in avatar control does not address group polarization or social influence</snippet>. The current search results focus on individual avatar control and embodiment rather than multi-user group dynamics or post-discussion attitude changes.
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<snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa, S_HKqSHCf">The search results indicate that abstract avatars (such as robots) can lead to increased risky behaviors compared to self-representations that foster cautious behavior</snippet>, which relates to the Proteus Effect where avatar appearance influences user conduct <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa">. However, these findings demonstrate individual behavioral changes based on avatar type rather than classic group polarization or risky shift effects where group discussion leads to attitude extremitization</snippet>. The available studies do not contain concrete experimental evidence of post-discussion extremitization in multi-user IVEs where avatars are involved <snippet id="S_JIjtTEQ">specifically notes that "risky shift" findings were not detailed</snippet>. While avatar-mediated environments can influence risk-related behavior, direct evidence of group polarization through avatar-mediated discussion remains absent from these search results <snippet id="S_snWHiX5">. The research focuses more on how visual fidelity and avatar similarity affect embodiment and individual actions rather than group dynamics leading to polarization</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz,S_CBhXwnS,S_L4MYIrf">Nikola Tesla's Electric Arc Lamp patent was US 335,786, issued on February 9, 1886</snippet>, confirming it came after the Commutator for Dynamo-Electric Machines (US 334,823) issued on January 26, 1886 <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. The arc lamp patent (US 335,786) was granted on 02/09/1886, following the commutator patent (US 334,823) issued on 01/26/1886</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ktaELRS">This is corroborated by the Wikipedia list of Tesla patents showing U.S. patent 335,787 for Electric arc lamp dated 1886 February 9</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7dWRH62">The patent involved improved control of the feed of carbon rods using electromagnets and lever mechanisms</snippet>.
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Nikola Tesla's Electric Arc Lamp patent, US 335,786, was granted on February 9, 1886 <snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz,S_L4MYIrf">. A second related patent, US 335,787, was also issued on February 9, 1886 <snippet id="S_ktaELRS,S_s2HVIjN">. The "Commutator for Dynamo-Electric Machines" was issued on January 26, 1886 <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. Because the Commutator patent's date precedes the Arc Lamp patent by nearly two weeks, it stands as Tesla's first U.S. patent by issue date <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. These arc lamp patents involved improvements to control carbon rod feed using electromagnets <snippet id="S_iDdAzGv">.
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<snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode is titled "Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD" and is part of Season 3, Episode 2 of the podcast "Stories from the World of Medicine"</snippet>, <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">with a publication date of February 18, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI">The guest is Otolaryngologist Tina Munjal, MD</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_NZ9gUn7">the episode features her storytelling about learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI">The official episode page is available at https://thenocturnists.org/podcast/rhino-rocket</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_IhbWqXF">it is also listed on the podcast's main catalog at https://thenocturnists.org/storiesfromtheworldofmedicine</snippet>. <snippet id="S_C2IKgBh">The episode is also available through the Nocturnists Libsyn feed</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode "Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD" is Season 3, Episode 2 of Stories from the World of Medicine podcast by The Nocturnists, released on February 18, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The guest is Tina Munjal, MD, an Otolaryngologist who shares her medical story</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NZ9gUn7,S_arbvh0R">The story is about learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode page is available at thenocturnists.org/podcast/rhino-rocket with illustrations by Lindsay Mound</snippet>. Runtime information is not available in the search results.
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<snippet id="S_btUw1xy">The provided search results do not contain explicit "de-extinction" terminology; instead, the concept appears only in a discussion of genomic modifications and gene drives for enhancing species resilience</snippet>, with the text addressing the controversial concept of de-extinction for species driven to extinction by humans <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">suggesting that functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aQHGJDJ,S_BVGS7oK,S_yJ0bKZt">Several reviews discuss evolutionary potential (EP) as a proxy for extinction risk, noting that extinction-risk estimates could be biased high if EP is disregarded</snippet>. <snippet id="S_160DJq3,S_kpUOwfs">Other works examine late-Quaternary megafauna extinctions and their ecological consequences, particularly through the concept of trophic rewilding</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zN6EiNI">The field of conservation paleobiology focuses on utilizing geohistorical records for biodiversity conservation, though it does not explicitly address de-extinction</snippet>. <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">The review highlights opportunities for enhancing community cohesion and fostering collaborations within conservation science</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aQHGJDJ,S_BVGS7oK,S_yJ0bKZt">These sources discuss the integration of EP into extinction-risk assessments and the challenges of conservation prioritization</snippet>. <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">The text addresses the scarcity of chromosome-level reference genomes and the potential for cloning techniques like SCNT to enable de-extinction of recently extinct mammals</snippet>.
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Based on the search results, explicit "de‑extinction" research from 2022‑2025 is limited in the provided snippets. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>The controversial concept of de‑extinction, particularly for species driven to extinction by humans, suggests that functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>Cloning techniques like somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) could enable the de‑extinction of recently extinct mammals with preserved tissues</snippet>. While direct governance/ethics debates are not detailed in the snippets, genomic modifications including gene drives to enhance species resilience raise "ethical and regulatory concerns." <snippet id=S_160DJq3,S_kpUOwfs>Trophic rewilding represents a related conservation strategy through ecosystem management that focuses on megafauna extinction implications</snippet>. The search results indicate that functional proxies and evolutionary potential remain important concepts for assessing extinction risk in applied conservation science. <snippet id=S_aQHGJDJ,S_yJ0bKZT>Integration of proxies into conservation decision‑making remains an important area for innovation in applied conservation science</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_4iZB0OB">The central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star at zero temperature is predicted to be 1319 MeV</snippet>, which is below the limits set by perturbative quantum chromodynamics. <snippet id="S_exyOPhA">The neutron critical chemical potential, which indicates the transition to a quark phase, is model-dependent and defined where the quark chemical potential equals the baryon chemical potential at the same pressure, with current models suggesting values between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature</snippet>. <snippet id="S_dKTw9kz">The baryon chemical potential in neutron stars is expected to be in the GeV range</snippet>, with specific numerical values not provided in many sources. <snippet id="S_jARyMl0">The baryon chemical potential in neutron stars is typically in the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV</snippet>, reflecting the extreme conditions present in such dense astrophysical objects. <snippet id="S_WRBepHG">In beta equilibrium, the chemical potentials of baryons must satisfy specific relations, particularly when neutrinos are not trapped</snippet>, though explicit quantitative values for the baryon chemical potential as a function of density are not tabulated in these snippets.
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At zero temperature, the central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star is predicted to be 1319 MeV <snippet id="S_4iZB0OB">. Models of the hadron-quark phase transition indicate the critical neutron chemical potential lies between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature <snippet id="S_exyOPhA">. In the context of beta equilibrium, baryon chemical potential values typically fall within the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV <snippet id="S_BQ1tanr">. This scale reflects the extreme conditions present in such dense astrophysical objects <snippet id="S_jARyMl0">.
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<snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie,S_37bk94m">Bond et al. (2012) conducted a large-scale experiment involving 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 U.S. Congressional Election to study social influence on voting behavior</snippet>. <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc">The study found that Facebook social messages increased turnout by close to 340,000 votes</snippet>, with participants seeing messages that displayed images of friends who had already voted. <snippet id="S_mXK3pZh,S_8SBonkH">The 2012 replication experiment found a significant increase in voting among close friends of those who received the message, with total effects reaching 270,000 and 280,000 additional votes respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">The authors acknowledged very small effects from the information treatment, which they attributed to the study's large sample size</snippet>. <snippet id="S_37bk94m">The manipulation exploited human heuristics by using "social proof" to encourage users to imitate their friends' voting behavior rather than relying on direct algorithmic recommendations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa">The results demonstrated that treatment effects spread through the network, causing an additional 180,000 close friends of the treated to vote in the 2012 election</snippet>.
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The Bond et al. 2012 study conducted a large-scale experiment involving 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 U.S. Congressional Election, where users were shown messages with images of friends who had already voted <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie,S_37bk94m">to assess social influence on voting behavior</snippet>. The results demonstrated that this social messaging approach increased turnout, with approximately 60,000 additional votes directly attributed to the message in 2010 <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_mXK3pZh">and effects replicated in the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election with about 90,000 directly mobilized voters</snippet> <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_8SBonkH">. Social influence spread through the network as friends of treated users were also indirectly influenced, adding approximately 180,000-280,000 additional votes in total across both elections</snippet> <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_mXK3pZh,S_37bk94m">. However, some researchers note that while the effect sizes were statistically significant, they were relatively small relative to the massive sample size <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">. Despite this limitation, the study remains widely cited as evidence that online social networks can impact offline political behavior through interpersonal influence mechanisms</snippet> <snippet id="S_8SBonkH,S_I0UxhZS">.
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<snippet id="S_4LDk9pb">IGN explicitly confirmed the launch date as November 23, 2004 for North America, Australia, and New Zealand</snippet>, providing the fourth independent outlet needed for confirmation. <snippet id="S_mhE8bKy">GamesIndustry.biz independently corroborated the same date of November 23, 2004 for the North American launch</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe">Wikipedia states the game was released on November 23, 2004 to mark the 10th anniversary of the Warcraft franchise</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6wNkGtZ">Activision's official investor press release confirmed the debut date as November 23, 2004</snippet>. Multiple sources now consistently confirm this release date.
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<snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt">World of Warcraft was officially released on November 23, 2004</snippet>, with the launch date confirmed for North America, Australia, and New Zealand <snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_mhE8bKy">simultaneously across these regions</snippet>. IGN explicitly reported that November 23, 2004 was the launch date in multiple articles from late 2004 <snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt">. This date is further corroborated by Wikipedia, which states the game was released on November 23, 2004</snippet> <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe, S_K0CkkAv>, and by Blizzard's own press announcements</snippet> <snippet id="S_6wNkGtZ, S_mn2djgd>. The release marked the 10th anniversary of the Warcraft franchise</snippet> <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe>.
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Cytokinin (CK) promotes axillary bud outgrowth by counteracting auxin and strigolactone (SL) signals through the BRC1 transcription factor pathway <snippet id="S_jYWskoE,S_q2ORi2Q">CK is known to be a powerful repressor of expression, where a decrease in the CK level elevates BRC1/TB1/FC1 expression and inhibits bud outgrowth</snippet>. Auxin acts as an inhibitor of bud outgrowth by reducing CK levels and enhancing SL biosynthesis, which in turn upregulates BRC1 expression to suppress branching <snippet id="S_jLTk85S,S_gqi212y">Auxin inhibits cytokinin biosynthesis through an AXR1-dependent pathway, suppressing axillary bud outgrowth</snippet>. In this regulatory network, auxin and SL act as inducers of BRC1 while CK acts as a repressor, creating a balance that fine-tunes lateral bud growth <snippet id="S_gqi212y,S_nFj5ih3">Auxin-mediated BRC1 regulation through the control of two antagonistic factors, CK and SL, fine-tunes BRC1 expression inside buds</snippet>. BRC1 is a key regulatory hub that integrates hormonal signals from CK, SL, and auxin to determine branching patterns in plants <snippet id="S_Uuo070s,S_NtlEzla">BRANCHED1 (BRC1) is identified as a key integrator of pathways that suppress bud outgrowth, including those mediated by SL, auxin, cytokinin, and sugar</snippet>. This hormonal crosstalk is essential for controlling shoot architecture and has implications for agricultural practices aimed at improving crop yield <snippet id="S_q2ORi2Q">This mechanism is crucial for understanding shoot architecture in various plant species, including Arabidopsis</snippet>.
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Cytokinin (CK), strigolactone (SL), and auxin form a regulatory network where auxin inhibits axillary bud outgrowth by suppressing CK levels and enhancing SL biosynthesis <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_q2ORi2Q>. Auxin promotes the transcription of SL biosynthesis genes, including MAX3/MAX4 (orthologs CCD7/CCD8), to synthesize SLs that suppress branching <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_nFj5ih3>. These hormones converge on BRANCHED1 (BRC1), a transcriptional hub where SL upregulates BRC1 expression to inhibit growth, while CK represses BRC1 to promote outgrowth <snippet id=S_gqi212y,S_gLbtlMj>. Consequently, auxin indirectly regulates BRC1 through these antagonistic factors rather than direct transport into the bud <snippet id=S_gqi212y>. BRC1 integrates these signals to suppress bud outgrowth, with mutants like amp1 showing enhanced branching due to altered CK levels and reduced BRC1 <snippet id=S_Uuo070s,S_gLbtlMj>.
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<snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">Perplexity AI offers three pricing tiers for its AI Copilot services: Free, Pro, and Enterprise Pro</snippet>, with the <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">Pro version costing $20/month or $200 annually</snippet> and including features like <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w">access to advanced AI models (e.g., GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet), 300 daily searches, file analysis for PDFs and images, and image generation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5WLXO2p">The Pro plan includes unlimited Copilot queries, real-time web access for research, and faster response times</snippet>, making it suitable for users requiring deeper insights and enhanced research capabilities. <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">The Enterprise Pro tier is priced at $40/month per seat or $400/year with 16% discount</snippet> and provides <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">unlimited queries, extensive deep research capabilities (500 per day), and enhanced collaboration features</snippet> with organizational file repositories and advanced security options. <snippet id="S_yvm9XpN">Users find the Pro subscription beneficial for research and casual searches, though it has limitations in programming support, long-form content generation, and file handling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w">The free version is designed for casual users, while the Pro version is recommended for professionals needing in-depth research and technical reasoning</snippet>.
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Perplexity AI offers three pricing tiers: Free, Pro ($20/month or $200/year), and Enterprise Pro ($40/month per seat or $400/year) with discounts for annual billing <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">. The Pro subscription includes access to advanced AI models like GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and Claude 3.7, plus unlimited Copilot queries, file upload for PDFs and images, and real-time web access <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p,S_yvm9XpN">. Pro users also receive features like multi-step reasoning searches, deep research queries (3-300 daily depending on source), and Perplexity Labs for structured outputs <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w">. However, some users report limitations in programming support, long-form content generation, and file handling compared to competitors <snippet id="S_yvm9XpN">. Enterprise Pro adds organizational file repositories, collaboration features, unlimited deep research (500 per day), and advanced security options <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">.
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