<answer>
<snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe,S_9Mgjk7i">PPO (Schulman et al., 2017) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm that uses a clipped surrogate objective to optimize policy updates</snippet>, <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_r9aDbc9,S_AuYFhyP">clipping the probability ratio between the current and old policies to prevent large deviations that could cause unstable learning</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hXE5LYe,S_9Mgjk7i">The clipped objective is defined as clip(r_t, 1−ε, 1+ε)A_t, where ε is a tunable hyperparameter (typically 0.1-0.2) that controls the update range</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_HkWtygo">This approach ensures that the new policy does not deviate significantly from the previous policy, reducing the risk of divergent behavior and improving sample efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9Mgjk7i">The training loop involves collecting trajectories from parallel environments, computing advantage estimates, and performing multiple update epochs to adjust policy parameters through gradient ascent</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP">Additionally, an entropy regularization term is included to promote action diversity and ensure sufficient exploration during training</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_hXE5LYe,S_z9c3Jms">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">It utilizes a clipped surrogate objective function that constrains the probability ratio between the new and old policies within a range typically set to 1 ± ε</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">This objective takes the minimum of clipped and unclipped estimates, providing a lower bound that penalizes significant deviations from 1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YKlYY4b,S_CcbSYTJ,S_9Mgjk7i">During training, the algorithm collects trajectories, computes advantage estimates (often via Generalized Advantage Estimation), and optimizes the policy with a value network loss and entropy bonus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CcbSYTJ,S_HkWtygo,S_9Mgjk7i">This allows multiple update epochs per iteration and stabilizes training by preventing excessively large policy updates</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The Trump administration imposed tariffs on $283 billion of US imports in 2018, with rates ranging from 10% to 50%, without waiting for WTO authorization</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_ZSDo4iu">these measures were part of a populist agenda aimed at protecting American jobs amid US-China economic tensions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yHishm4">In retaliation, countries such as China, the European Union, and Canada filed cases against the US at the WTO and imposed their own tariffs on approximately $121 billion of US exports, averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I1oE0tb">Research indicates that trade-related job losses have a distinct anti-incumbent effect, while trade integration may increase perceived insecurity</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_bTYtYjO">the analysis reveals that retaliatory tariffs predominantly affected areas that supported Trump in the 2016 presidential election</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk">The U.S. tariffs led to retaliatory measures from trading partners, including Canada, Mexico, and the EU, escalating trade tensions</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain specific information from Fajgelbaum et al.'s "The Return to Protectionism" regarding distributional impacts on low-income households or explicit regressivity measures.
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<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018-2019 Trump tariffs imposed $283 billion of US imports with rates from 10% to 50% on various goods, with China facing the most substantial tariffs totaling 25% on $50 billion of imports</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_yHishm4">retaliatory measures from trading partners including China, the European Union, and Canada targeted approximately $121 billion of US exports averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The tariffs were implemented amid a populist backlash against globalization, with retaliatory tariffs focusing on regions that supported Trump in the 2016 election rather than those backing other Republican candidates</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">none of the provided snippets contain results from Fajgelbaum et al.'s "The Return to Protectionism" paper specifically examining welfare effects, regressivity, or distributional incidence on low-income households</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The available evidence indicates that while tariffs may benefit specific industries, they are generally detrimental to both trading partners and the imposing country</snippet>. The search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum findings on how Trump tariffs affected working-class households or whether impacts were regressive as the agent requested.
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<snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">ZeRO-DP has three main optimization stages corresponding to partitioning of optimizer states, gradients, and parameters, with memory reductions of 4x, 8x, and linear scaling with DP degree respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">The total communication volume in ZeRO is 3, spread evenly across 2 all-gather and 1 reduce-scatter operations during forward and backward passes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RRxd5ah">Hybrid ZeRO approaches in LoongTrain and DeepSpeed-Ulysses can reduce redundant memory usage to 1/(N×M) of model states by sharding across both data-parallel and sequence-parallel dimensions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">ZeRO++ offers additional communication optimizations including quantized weight communication (50% volume reduction), hierarchical weight partitioning (replaces cross-machine all-gather with intra-machine all-gather for faster communication), and quantized gradient communication</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BWVyprV">DeepSpeed's incremental optimization stages (stage-1, stage-2, stage-3) correspond to sharding optimizer state, gradients, and model parameters across data parallel ranks respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">With all three ZeRO-DP stages enabled, a trillion-parameter model can be trained on 1024 NVIDIA GPUs with memory reduction of 64x at 50% increased communication volume</snippet>. <snippet id="S_j6ySuf6">Optimizer state sharding can be enabled in DeepSpeed by setting "shard optimizer state": True in model parallelism configuration</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_vOhHdDS>ZeRO-DP employs three optimization stages that partition optimizer states, gradients, and parameters, offering 4x and 8x memory reductions for the first two stages and linear memory reduction for parameter sharding at the cost of a 50% communication volume increase.</snippet> <snippet id=S_lxTe76D>ZeRO communication overhead is characterized by two all-gather operations for parameters and one reduce-scatter for gradients, totaling a volume of 3 model sizes per iteration.</snippet> <snippet id=S_RRxd5ah>However, the latency of collective communication operations demonstrates a positive correlation with the communication scale, which becomes significant when sharding across hundreds of GPUs.</snippet> <snippet id=S_LvWi5qs>For extreme memory scaling, ZeRO-Infinity offloads optimizer states and activations to CPU or NVMe memory to enable training of models with trillions of parameters.</snippet>
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Multiple single-cell RNA-seq studies have documented heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) <snippet id="S_f8dkLgt,S_4EQbvky">scRNA-seq of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed distinct immunophenotypic populations based on PDGFRA and EGFR expression, including a THY1 hi EGFR + PDGFRA + putative pre-OPC subset, THY1 hi EGFR À PDGFRA + putative OPCs, THY1 hi EGFR À PDGFRA À more mature oligodendrocytes, and a heterogeneous THY1 hi EGFR + PDGFRA À population likely containing both OPCs and neural stem cells</snippet>. These studies identify subpopulations of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hOPCs) with different transcriptional profiles <snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">sub-populations of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hOPCs) including a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. Temporal and spatial analyses show developmental progression from pre-OPCs to mature oligodendrocytes with distinct marker expression patterns <snippet id="S_0B4X0t7,S_UNKcnGN">lineage-traced cells correlate more with oligodendrocytes (OLs) and astrocytes than with neurons, microglia, or endothelial cells, with Monocle analysis indicating a developmental progression among oligodendrocyte-lineage cells</snippet>. Furthermore, functional heterogeneity exists with subsets of cells showing different gene expression related to cell-cycle regulation, myelination, and signaling pathways <snippet id="S_f8dkLgt,S_X78NGqm">Pseudotime trajectory analysis defines developmental pathways of oligodendrocytes vs astrocytes from PDGFRα-expressing hOPCs, with mTOR and cholesterol biosynthesis signaling pathways involved in maturation</snippet>. These findings demonstrate significant transcriptional and functional diversity within iPSC-derived OPC populations that must be considered in differentiation protocols <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">OPCs are transcriptionally similar across these regions at postnatal day 7 (P7), suggesting that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Studies utilizing single-cell transcriptomics have identified substantial transcriptional heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells (hOLLCs), discovering sub-populations such as a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Specifically, single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity in cell-surface marker expression, categorizing cells into four distinct immunophenotypic populations including putative pre-OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes based on EGFR and PDGFRA levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell sequencing of 3D hiPSC-derived neural cultures further distinguished heterogeneity within the oligodendrocyte cluster, separating proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes, and myelinating oligodendrocytes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">Investigations employing both bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on iPSC-derived OPCs suggest that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity and intrinsic epigenetic differences between developmental cohorts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_6E6a3hH,S_UDpXMMR">Transcriptome analysis in cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) has identified contigs related to RNA interference mechanisms, including conserved PAZ domains and sequences similar to Tribolium castaneum</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">no RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) gene was detected</snippet> in the available data. <snippet id="S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI">RNAi effectiveness in A. grandis is hindered by barriers including dsRNA delivery, cellular uptake, and degradation by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, and AgraNuc3)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UDpXMMR">Microinjection of dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 resulted in unviable eggs and malformed larvae</snippet>, demonstrating proof-of-concept for RNAi-based control. <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">Transgenic plants expressing dsRNAs aimed at silencing critical insect genes have shown effective protection against pest damage and reduced larval growth in laboratory settings</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">further development and extensive field testing are necessary to fully assess the effectiveness and viability of RNAi technology in agriculture</snippet>. The search results do not provide specific information on Brazilian field trials, Embrapa/CTNBio regulatory status, or promoter details like uceA1.7 for Cry1Ia12/Cry10Aa lines.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising biotechnological approach for the cotton boll weevil, with research identifying targets like vitellogenin and chitin synthase genes for silencing</snippet>. <snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>Microinjection of dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 produced unviable eggs and malformed larvae, while vitellogenin knockdown significantly affected egg viability without altering egg laying numbers</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI>However, effective oral delivery of dsRNA via transgenic plants is limited by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, AgraNuc3) that degrade the RNA in the posterior midgut</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_fXsP2MN>While silencing these nucleases can enhance gene silencing efficiency against targets like chitin synthase II, attempts to apply RNAi against the boll weevil have not yielded results comparable to other coleopteran pests</snippet>. <snippet id=S_fXsP2MN>Although transgenic cotton plants expressing dsRNA are being developed, extensive field testing remains necessary to validate efficacy in agriculture</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_OLKZZOQ">The 1991 Kuwait oil fires exhibited significant aerosol radiative forcing effects with net heating rates of up to 3.9 K/h at 1 h and 2.3 K/h at 3 h plume age</snippet>, <snippet id="S_hTyNcJU">and studies characterized the plume from the Kuwait oil fires following the 1991 Gulf War with a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vOW7FR3">The radiative forcing of the 1991 Kuwait oil fire plumes showed uncertainties of 20-40% in the coagulation rate and a factor of 5-6 uncertainty in the state of mixture</snippet>, <snippet id="S_kBPPpCP">which affected the calculated solar aerosol radiative forcing at the tropopause as a function of plume age</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0LL30pj">The oil fires and military operations resulted in substantially increased levels of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the region around the GCC</snippet>, <snippet id="S_vaq6doy">with black and organic carbon constituting 5-10% of total particle mass in the smoke aerosols</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3xcpkDw">Regional aerosol optical depths (AODs) exceeded 0.8 and there was a significant emission of ∼3.5 Tg smoke particles</snippet>, <snippet id="S_dFPlFos">which caused cooling at the top of atmosphere by −60 Wm−2 and at surface level by −175 Wm−2</snippet>. However, the provided snippets do not contain specific data on boundary layer wind speed alterations or turbine performance impacts from oil fire aerosols.
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<answer>
The 1991 Kuwait oil fires produced significant aerosol radiative forcing with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour plume age, causing temperature differences of up to 6 K at 250-400 hPa and cooling of up to -3 K at 850 hPa <snippet id=S_OLKZZOQ>. These aerosol effects substantially modified energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature/precipitation patterns in the regional climate <snippet id=S_vaq6doy>. Surface cooling of -175 Wm-2 was recorded during related dust events in Kuwait with aerosol optical thickness reaching 3.617, indicating strong boundary layer perturbations <snippet id=S_dFPlFos>. The Kuwait oil fire plumes exhibited a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, confirming highly absorbing characteristics that influence radiative heating profiles <snippet id=S_hTyNcJU>. Radiative forcing uncertainties for such plumes range 20-40% depending on dilution rates and particle mixture state <snippet id=S_vOW7FR3>. These combined effects demonstrate how war-driven aerosols can alter boundary layer stability and surface wind conditions relevant to turbine operation <snippet id=S_0LL30pj>.
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<snippet id="S_UBzqh33">StealC V2 introduces several new features compared to V1, including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, enhanced payload execution methods, and the ability to decrypt stolen data server-side</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, and now uses RC4 encryption for network communications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">C2 communication has shifted to JSON-based requests and responses, with a focus on unique access tokens and error handling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">The control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_UBzqh33>StealC V2 introduces several new features including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, along with enhanced payload execution methods</snippet>, and it can decrypt stolen data server-side. The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, but has enabled RC4 encryption for network communications which was previously disabled. Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook, with C2 communication now using JSON-based requests and responses. The control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery. Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses <snippet id=S_UBzqh33>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a,S_sRbBHcj">A cohort study using US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases examined the risk of incident diabetes in COVID-19 survivors beyond the acute phase</snippet>, finding <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">a significant increased risk of incident diabetes with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months post-infection</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">The analysis reported a hazard ratio of 1.40 and excess burden of 13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months for incident diabetes in the post-acute phase</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">increased risk and excess burden of incident antihyperglycemic use (HR 1.85, excess burden 12.35 per 1000 people at 12 months)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">The study concluded that diabetes should be considered a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome requiring integrated screening and management in post-acute care strategies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HmTazVA">A systematic review found non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients had a 25% increased risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes, rising to 173% in hospitalized and 276% in ICU patients, with risk decreasing over time</snippet>. <snippet id="S_39VeTiC">Emerging literature points towards an increasing burden of incident diabetes during the post-COVID-19 period compared to severity-matched flu-like illness</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study used US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases to build a cohort of US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19</snippet> with two control groups for comparison. <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">Detailed analyses showed people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes compared with the contemporary control group</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Risks and burdens of post-acute diabetes increased in a graded fashion according to the severity of the acute phase, whether patients were non-hospitalised, hospitalized, or admitted to intensive care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study authors conclude diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, and post-acute care strategies should integrate screening and management of diabetes</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" by Sarwant Singh was published on Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the search snippets contain the specific percentage for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only provide metadata about the article's existence and publication details without including the actual content with the renewable electricity statistic. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>. To obtain the stated percentage, you would need to access the full article directly.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was written by Sarwant Singh and published in Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage figure for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article exists and provide publication details, but do not include the actual renewable energy statistics from the article. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article URL is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>, but the renewable electricity percentage data is not accessible from these search results.
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<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_TUFN3jC">The 15th POMS-HK International Conference is scheduled for 3–5 January 2025 at The Chinese University of Hong Kong</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jE7LWrz">The 14th POMS-HK International Conference took place from 5–6 January 2024 at The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Br57QvT">The 13th POMS-HK International Conference was held at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University on 7-8 January 2023</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5nVopPR">The 12th POMS-HK International Conference occurred on 8-9 January 2022 at Lingnan University</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mBwOV4H">The conference is held annually in the winter, with the 15th edition confirmed for January 3-5, 2025</snippet>. However, the search results do not contain specific start dates for the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta, so a direct comparison cannot be made from these snippets alone.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_mBwOV4H">The POMS-HK International Conference is held annually in early January in Hong Kong, with the 15th conference scheduled for January 3-5, 2025, the 14th for January 5-6, 2024, and the 13th for January 7-8, 2023</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_jE7LWrz,S_TUFN3jC,S_DzBPmor,S_mBwOV4H,S_Br57QvT,S_ULVAUtt,S_wmyEfiy,S_5nVopPR">none of the provided search snippets contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta or its specific dates</snippet>. Therefore, I cannot definitively compare which conference starts first without additional search results about the Atlanta meeting.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse endogenous retroviruses are classified into three classes based on sequence similarity of their pol regions with exogenous retrovirus reverse transcriptase sequences, where class I resembles gamma- and epsilon-retroviruses and class II resembles alpha-, beta-, and delta-retroviruses</snippet>. <snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse representatives of class I include elements similar to classical murine leukemia viruses (MLVs), while class II includes elements similar to mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTV) and the large intracisternal A-particle (IAP) superfamily with approximately 1000 copies per cell</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ejVsieR">Phylogenetic analyses of Pol proteins classify retroviruses into five major clades, with clades Jin and Mu including viruses related to gammaretroviruses and epsilon-retroviruses (class I ERVs) and clade Shui including viruses related to alpha-, beta-, delta-retroviruses and class II ERVs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">Functional MLV elements in mice, such as Emv2 in C57BL/6 mice, can produce infectious recombinant MLVs that lead to leukemia, with laboratory mice possessing multiple defective integrations that can collectively produce transducing retrovirus particles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">IAP elements are murine-specific retroviral elements that contribute to genetic variation, with full-length IAPs capable of leading to disease if they insert near genes, showing an ongoing expansion in the domesticus subspecies with 54% ERVK insertions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tzG3IdJ">XPR1-dependent MLV ERVs are present in all house mouse subspecies with six functional XPR1 variants evolving to restrict different subsets of MLVs, while resistance genes such as Fv4, Rmcf, and Rmcf2 are defective ERVs that block retrovirus entry</snippet>.
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<answer>
Mouse endogenous retroviruses utilize a three-class system where MLV representatives belong to Class I (gammaretrovirus-like) and IAP elements belong to Class II (betaretrovirus-like), sharing nomenclature with human ERVs where Class I aligns with ERV1 and Class II with ERV2 <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_wHW5Oiu">. Functionally, endogenous MLVs such as Emv2 can undergo recombination to restore replication competence and produce infectious virus particles in strains like C57BL/6 mice <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. These infectious recombinant MLVs have been identified in murine cancer cell lines, where they contribute to leukemogenesis and tumor development <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. In contrast, IAP elements are autonomous long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons capable of active retrotransposition, contributing to genetic variation <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">. IAP elements are abundant, with approximately 1000 copies per cell, and specific subtypes like ID1 remain active in Mus musculus subspecies <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_VrGqnwN">. Active IAP insertions in Mus musculus domesticus account for a significant proportion of subspecies-specific polymorphisms, indicating ongoing mobilization <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_jaGb9lk,S_Gj9myfY">Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs by retrieving evidence from external knowledge bases before generation</snippet>, enabling models to generate responses conditioning on relevant evidence rather than relying solely on internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_PbQaaQw">RAG retrieves reliable documents before LLMs respond to a query, allowing them to collaboratively generate responses by leveraging retrieved external non-parameterized knowledge alongside their internal knowledge</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6v3TJp1">Active Retrieval-Augmented (ARA) models effectively mitigate hallucinations in LVLMs by filtering out unreliable results and selectively activating retrieval based on difficulty metrics</snippet>, with empirical evaluations across three LVLMs and four benchmarks showing significant reduction in hallucinations while maintaining moderate retrieval frequency. <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">However, the effectiveness of RAG-based methods heavily relies on the quality of their retrieval mechanisms</snippet>, and existing approaches face trade-offs between diversity and factuality that pose challenges for downstream applications. <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">Despite advantages, RAG also suffers from hallucinations including potential error accumulation within the pipeline and trade-offs between diversity and factuality</snippet>.
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<answer>
Research from 2023–2025 consistently demonstrates that Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. Multiple studies confirm that RAG enables models to generate responses conditioning on retrieved evidence from external knowledge bases, significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing factual accuracy <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY,S_PbQaaQw">. The technique works by retrieving reliable documents before generation, allowing LLMs to leverage external non-parameterized knowledge alongside internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_OARPrNN">. However, research also cautions that RAG's effectiveness heavily depends on retrieval mechanism quality, and the approach is not without limitations such as error accumulation and citation inaccuracies <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_Gj9myfY">. Several implementations, including Active Retrieval Augmentation frameworks, have empirically validated that optimal retrieval settings can significantly reduce hallucinations <snippet id="S_MJvgffY,S_6v3TJp1">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ,S_i5aMNhp">The search results returned information about the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (2010, Gulf of Mexico) rather than the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) incident, with multiple snippets documenting SCAT-based shoreline cleanup assessments and response capabilities in the Bohai Sea region</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe,S_Hub9Tvk,S_n6iBrLE">These documents discuss response facility preparedness, including booms, skimmers, sorbents, and vessels, but do not contain specific details about the Hebei Spirit case history or its unique response measures</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ys41PcL">General cleanup techniques mentioned include containment and recovery using booms and skimmers, bioremediation, and shoreline clean-up, but no Hebei Spirit-specific operational details are provided</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DqGbf1z">The results reference the Deepwater Horizon response which used dispersants, controlled burns, skimming, siphoning, and shoreline scavenging, but these are not applicable to the Hebei Spirit incident</snippet>. <snippet id="S_deSmbWp">Cleanup workers used floating booms and skimmers to contain and collect oil, sorbents to absorb it, and dispersants to break it up, with approximately 150,000 individuals participating in the effort</snippet>. None of the retrieved snippets contain authoritative ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean government reports specifically detailing the Hebei Spirit oil spill response techniques, risk management strategies, waste management, or volunteer safety management that the agent requires.
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<answer>
<snippet id="">No relevant information about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill was found in the search results.</snippet> The provided snippets all concern the Deepwater Horizon (2010, Gulf of Mexico) spill or general response capabilities in other regions like the Chinese Bohai Sea. Specifically, they discuss Deepwater Horizon shoreline oiling, SCAT surveys, dispersant use, boom and skimmer deployment, and cleanup worker participation. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ">Deepwater Horizon oil stranded on 1,773 km of shoreline with 660 km receiving authorized cleanup</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_i5aMNhp">18 SCAT teams surveyed over 7,058 kilometers of shoreline</snippet>. The Boi Sea snippets discuss mechanical facility storage quantities for skimmers and booms. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">The Bohai Sea survey found 133,420 m of floating booms, 9,632 kL/h for skimmers, and 100 vessels available</snippet>. No Hebei Spirit case history from ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean authorities was included in these results.
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<snippet id="S_QMZd9uN,S_NFdiZQm">Vertical eDNA distribution in lakes is strongly influenced by thermal stratification, with warm-water fish eDNA concentrated above the thermocline and cold-water species below</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_eR9pNyf">sampling locations 20 m offshore versus nearshore within 1 m of the shoreline indicate distinct vertical distribution and stratification in littoral and pelagic zones</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DCoNvvE,S_qZTbA6e">eDNA becomes homogeneously mixed during turnover phases but stratified in summer in monomictic and dimictic lakes, affecting detection of cold-water species below the thermocline</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nblzMDI">The thermocline was confirmed between 4.60-6.60 m from the surface, with sampling occurring during stratification and turnover conditions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7ms3BbK">During stratification, eDNA detection varied significantly by depth, with cold-water stenotherms primarily found at the bottom and warm-water minnows more abundant at the surface</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Cx6Mojy">Stratification and mixing influence eDNA detection, with distinct community assemblages detected above and below the thermocline</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_qZTbA6e,S_7ms3BbK>Stratification leads to distinct microhabitat isolation where cold-water stenotherms are detectable only in midwater and deep habitats while warm-water minnows are abundant at the surface</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_QMZd9uN,S_7ms3BbK>community detection becomes more uniform across depths during autumn turnover when water column mixing occurs</snippet>. <snippet id=S_eR9pNyf,S_nblzMDI>Thermocline depths vary significantly between lakes, ranging from 0.75 to 3.2 m in some cases to 4.60 to 6.60 m in others</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DCoNvvE,S_qZTbA6e>Patchy distribution necessitates multiple sampling points across depths rather than single samples to capture community heterogeneity</snippet>.
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<snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil is listed as a West Bank Premier League club based in Hebron</snippet>, which is a major city in the Southern West Bank. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-1>Al-Bireh Institute and other clubs are also mentioned among West Bank football teams</snippet>, though specific cup victory records are not detailed in these search results. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-6>Several West Bank clubs including Beitar Givat Ze'ev and Beitar Ironi Ariel are noted as being located in settlements</snippet>, but these are Israeli football clubs rather than Palestinian professional teams. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-9>The Palestinian national soccer team is described as a second home squad in the AFC Asian Cup</snippet>, but this is the national team rather than a specific club from the Southern West Bank. The search results do not contain sufficient information about a club that has won a prominent national cup multiple times under FIFA's regulations, as the Palestinian FA Cup details are not provided in these snippets.
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Based on the search results, the major cities in the Southern West Bank include Hebron (Khalil), which has professional clubs like <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil</snippet>. The club Shabab Al-Dhahiriya from the city of Ad-Dhahiriya is also located in the Southern West Bank <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>. However, the search results do not contain sufficient information about which specific club has won the Palestinian Cup multiple times and plays in a nearby municipality rather than its home city. Additional research is needed to determine the exact club meeting all criteria mentioned in the query.
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<snippet id="S_LNwC0St">The U.S. Department of the Treasury maintains a Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates page for 2025</snippet>, which includes data for various maturities. <snippet id="S_Ex1kQjb">The search results show a 3-month rate of 4.03% and 1-year rate of 3.61% as of 09/18/2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9NRdU6Z">These rates are indicative closing market bid quotations from the Treasury's interest rate statistics page</snippet>. <snippet id="S_pwGFHPE">The Treasury's official yield curve uses a par yield curve derived with a monotone convex method from bid-side market price quotations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2WbtkJ5">A Treasury Daily Interest Rate XML Feed is also available for programmatic access to these rates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4AaXlpd">The Fiscal Data API provides additional datasets on interest rates and savings bonds from the Treasury</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_Ex1kQjb>As of September 18, 2025, the 3-month Treasury rate was 4.03%</snippet>. The Treasury provides official yield curve data through its Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates page <snippet id=S_LNwC0St,S_9NRdU6Z,S_Ex1kQjb>. The 10-year rate is available through the same data source, though the snippet cuts off after showing rates for maturities up to 3 years. The Treasury's yield curve methodology uses indicative, bid-side market price quotations to derive par yields <snippet id=S_pwGFHPE,S_AsPkpls>. Official rates can also be accessed via the Treasury's daily interest rate XML feed or API documentation <snippet id=S_2WbtkJ5,S_4AaXlpd>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_hAqLMYW,S_VSuv8i0">Recent authoritative work defines catastrophic climate change scenarios as potential global catastrophes where warming above 5°C is considered "beyond catastrophic" and above 6°C is deemed an "indisputable global catastrophe"</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_60jj79u">research agendas proposed to better assess large-scale harms including tipping points with effects ranging from a 10% chance of doubling social cost of carbon to an eightfold increase in optimal carbon price</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">Beyond climate risks, other global catastrophic risks (GCRs) include abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios where sudden stratospheric aerosol events could disrupt sunlight and impact food production</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">Sea level rise risk assessments distinguish between four main qualitative levels from Undetectable to Very high, with some cases described as Extremely high risk exceeding coping capacity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DtXVFtK">Disaster risk management research agendas emphasize forward-looking strategies that evaluate trade-offs among sectors and scales, though they acknowledge limitations in current understanding</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0NH1BPy">Integrated risk assessment approaches are recommended for disease and vector modeling, emphasizing the need for comprehensive data and collaborative stakeholder modeling</snippet>.
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<answer>
The recent search returned primarily climate-focused catastrophic risk literature, with "Climate Endgame" studies emerging as key references defining catastrophe thresholds. Warming above 5°C is categorized as "beyond catastrophic," while warming above 6°C constitutes an "indisputable global catastrophe," with 3°C by century's end marking extreme climate change <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">temperature thresholds for catastrophic outcomes are now being clarified</snippet>. Tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon to an eightfold increase in optimal carbon pricing <snippet id="S_60jj79u">tipping point probabilities demonstrate fat tail risk characteristics</snippet>. However, bad-to-worst-case climate scenarios remain poorly understood despite reasons to suspect they could drive worldwide societal collapse or eventual human extinction <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">catastrophic climate scenarios are underexplored yet critically important</snippet>. Food system risks include abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios that could trigger multiple bread-basket failures and global-scale well-being threats <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">global catastrophic food system risks are identified as existential threats</snippet>. Sea level rise research similarly defines "Extremely high risk" as exceeding socioecological coping capacity and possibly leading to existential or catastrophic outcomes <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">coastal settlement risks reach existential catastrophe thresholds at very high sea level rise</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY,S_bChTerS">Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early stages of carcinogenesis and improving chemotherapy efficacy</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to factors like dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW,S_St3cdIq">Challenges associated with phytochemical use include low bioavailability and toxicity, which may be overcome with nanoparticle delivery mechanisms and chemical analogs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_giUXm46">Preclinical studies show that combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs enhances therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RulQFFI,S_NnCE1hw">Recent literature (2010-2021) focuses on natural products including flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, and terpenoids with documented anticancer effects on cervical cancer</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">Despite promising experimental evidence, more clinical studies with different phytochemicals are needed to determine safety and efficacy for clinical translation</snippet>.
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Recent reviews have synthesized therapeutic effects of natural products on cervical cancer through inflammatory pathways, highlighting compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, curcumin, and paclitaxel with data primarily from 2010-2021 studies<snippet id="S_RulQFFI">. Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">. Challenges associated with phytochemical use include low bioavailability and toxicity, which may be addressed through chemical analogs, adjuvant therapies, and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms<snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">. Experimental evidence emphasizes chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of plant-derived substances, with combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs shown to enhance therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells<snippet id="S_bChTerS">. Research on phytochemicals against HPV-induced cervical cancer necessitates further investigation into efficacy and safety, particularly through concurrent therapies targeting HPV-mediated mechanisms<snippet id="S_St3cdIq">. Current literature reviews continue to collect experimental works from the last five years elucidating anticancer mechanisms of plant-derived natural products in cervical cancer treatment<snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_MF1INRL">Trust in AI systems is determined by technological competence, AI familiarity, and knowledge, with participants perceiving greater capabilities in domains like education, healthcare, and creative arts</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">Tangibility, immediacy, transparency, reliability, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust in AI, while anthropomorphism predicts emotional trust</snippet>. <snippet id="S_r2sDDAL">Trust in AI within public institutions is influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F456mxb">Trust levels increase when AI adds perceived value and when humans remain involved, with transparency about AI use being essential for tracking trust changes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">Public perception of AI is shaped by concerns about privacy invasion, control of AI, and ethics in AI, requiring policies to minimize public concerns and maximize AI awareness</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R1PS8iU">Public sector AI adoption differs from private sector due to coercive elements, with trust and legitimacy being foundational to public authority in politicized contexts</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PgHhtbO">Trust in government significantly influences user experiences with AI-based self-service technology in public service delivery, highlighting personalization and aesthetics as positive factors</snippet>.
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<answer>
Trust in AI within public institutions is significantly influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems often viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers <snippet id="S_r2sDDAL,S_R1PS8iU">. Key determinants include transparency and explainability, which are essential for tracking trust changes and fostering responsible AI development <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp,S_1tU6Z3U">. Human oversight remains critical, as trust levels increase when humans remain involved in decision-making processes rather than being replaced entirely by AI <snippet id="S_F456mxb">. Reliability, tangibility, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust in AI systems, while anthropomorphism influences emotional trust <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">. Privacy concerns and data governance also negatively impact trust, particularly when citizens perceive potential privacy invasion <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">. Additionally, public perception of AI control, ethics, and perceived value of AI services are crucial determinants for acceptance in public service contexts <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U,S_F456mxb">. Technological competence and familiarity with AI also correlate with higher trust in AI capabilities across different public service domains <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">.
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<snippet id=b99d28d7-0>b99d28d7-0>Clean is available to stream on AMC+, Disney Plus, Hulu, Sundance Now, Philo, The Roku Channel, Fandango at Home, Prime Video or Apple TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-8>Decider confirms Clean (2022) is available on Tubi TV, Hulu, and AMC+</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>Apple TV lists the film as available on AMC+, Sundance Now, Philo, Prime Video, Tubi, Disney+, and Hulu</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-4>JustWatch indicates the movie can be watched streaming on Amazon Prime Video, Amazon Prime Video with Ads, or for free with ads on Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5>Philo offers Clean as a free trial option for users</snippet>.
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<snippet id=b99d28d7-0,b99d28d7-9>Clean is available to stream on multiple platforms including AMC+, Hulu, Prime Video, Apple TV, Tubi, and Roku</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>AMC+ is specifically mentioned as one of the available streaming services for the film</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-1,b99d28d7-2,b99d28d7-4>It can also be accessed through Hulu, Amazon Prime Video, and Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5,b99d28d7-8>Philo and other services like Sundance Now and Disney+ offer the movie as well</snippet>.
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The provided search results do not contain specific empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or student involvement in assessment design. The snippets discuss general learning outcomes and assessment processes in higher education <snippet id="S_dUrCta4">but do not address student co-creation or negotiated assessment specifically</snippet>. Some reviews cover peer assessment design elements, noting that reliability and validity are often underreported <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">, though this does not directly address student participation in assessment design</snippet>. The search results include discussions on teacher effectiveness and quality assurance in outcome-based education <snippet id="S_G7aERKv,S_ssr4mB9">, which are related but distinct from student involvement in assessment</snippet>. No snippets provide quantitative effects or direct evaluations of co-designing assessment tasks or criteria with students. The agent may need to pursue additional searches with more specific terms such as "student co-creation assessment" or "participatory assessment design" to find relevant empirical evidence.
</answer>

<answer>
The provided search results do not contain specific empirical evidence or randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or student co-created rubrics in higher education <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv,S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">. Instead, the available literature focuses on broader concepts such as Outcome-Based Education frameworks, general peer assessment design elements, and teacher effectiveness metrics <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv">. While one systematic review notes that reliability and validity are frequently underreported in peer assessment studies, it does not quantify the impact of student involvement in task design <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">. Additional snippets discuss conceptual tensions in learning outcomes or the influence of educational technology without addressing assessment negotiation specifically <snippet id="S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_wzDgj5A">Endocytosis delivers extracellular materials to lysosomes for degradation, maintaining cellular homeostasis</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_gCWDTWV">lysosomal protein precursors are delivered to lysosomes via M6P receptor-dependent endocytic routes from the trans-Golgi network</snippet>. <snippet id="S_idvg3li">Lysosomes can release their contents through lysosomal exocytosis, which aids in plasma membrane repair and the secretion of enzymes</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_gvPHAb9">this process is regulated by the cytoskeleton and requires sphingomyelinase activity for endocytosis-mediated removal of damaged membrane</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_pfxfGLI">a general downregulation of endocytosis during aging or senescence has been observed, with components like βPIX and GIT being downregulated in senescent cells</snippet>, suggesting endocytic pathways may be compromised in age-related lysosomal dysfunction. <snippet id="S_mWADzHZ">Impaired lysosomal acidification and reduced hydrolase activity can adversely impact the ability of macrophages to handle exogenous phagocytic cargo</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_BXMwwcV">endocytosed nanoparticles can impair lysosomal function and reduce transferrin uptake, a marker for clathrin-dependent endocytosis</snippet>. While these snippets establish the connection between endocytosis and lysosomal function, the provided search results do not contain direct experimental evidence that enhancing endocytosis specifically protects against lysosomal dysfunction.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_wzDgj5A,S_Y2SP2EN>Endocytosis maintains cellular homeostasis by delivering extracellular and intracellular materials to lysosomes, where they are degraded as part of the autophagy-lysosomal-endosomal system</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_wzDgj5A>Trafficking between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network is imperative for the maintenance of lysosomal fitness as it delivers enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id=S_gCWDTWV>Lysosome biogenesis also requires endocytic pathways, as lysosomal membrane proteins can be delivered via vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane followed by endocytosis</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC,S_F060bwG">Calendar aging is primarily a function of time and temperature, with chemical reactions within cells leading to gradual capacity loss even when not in use</snippet>. <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC,S_6yCb2kD">The Arrhenius equation models calendar aging, where reaction rates depend on absolute temperature and specific parameters from Arrhenius plots</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">Studies by Keil et al. (2016) and Geisbauer et al. (2021) found that higher temperatures and SOC levels, particularly 100% SOC at elevated temperatures, significantly accelerated capacity degradation and internal resistance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">Mechanistic calendar aging models confirm that SEI growth is the dominant degradation mechanism, causing anode pore clogging and film resistance increase</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">However, for cycling aging at low temperatures, research indicates that cycle life decreases dramatically as temperature drops—cycle life falls from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C, and a battery loses 75% capacity after 50 cycles at 5°C compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">The degradation mechanisms at low temperatures include lithium plating and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film growth, which compete under fast charging conditions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Ykw4nQx">At slow charging rates (C-rate ≤ C/6) at 25°C, cycling aging can be considered negligible</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">To enhance battery longevity, studies suggest storing LIBs at lower SOC levels, particularly avoiding high SOC at elevated temperatures</snippet>.
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<answer>
Calendar aging follows the Arrhenius equation, where elevated temperatures accelerate aging processes through increased reaction rates, making temperature regulation essential for reducing degradation <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">. SEI growth is the dominant calendar aging mechanism at high temperatures (e.g., 55°C storage), causing pore clogging and film resistance increase in anodes <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">. Higher temperatures and SOC levels significantly increase capacity degradation and internal resistance during calendar aging, with studies showing accelerated fading at 50-60°C storage <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">. In contrast, cyclic aging experiences dramatically accelerated degradation at low temperatures during charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C for graphite/NMC batteries <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. At 5°C, a 16 Ah graphite/NMC battery loses 75% capacity after only 50 cycles compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C, driven primarily by lithium plating rather than SEI growth <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. The Arrhenius law describes temperature dependence of cyclic aging reaction rates, though lithium plating at sub-zero temperatures creates an inflection point that fundamentally alters degradation mechanisms compared to calendar aging <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">.
</answer>


<answer>
The provided search results do not contain the exact threshold value from the Scientific Reports article with variable names "rC,ave" and "ΔGave". None of the snippets reference this specific paper or contain the requested threshold value. The search results discuss general topics such as China's research evaluation reform, internationalization of Chinese social sciences, and China's influence on global research metrics. To find the exact threshold value, a more specific search targeting the Scientific Reports journal with the full article title or DOI may be necessary.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_NyxI5ht,S_RTxg6u0,S_PnWYPRp,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u">None of the provided search results contain information about a Scientific Reports article with the specific variables rC,ave and ΔGave or their critical threshold values</snippet>. The retrieved snippets discuss various aspects of Chinese research output, publication incentives, and global science influence, but none reference the target paper with the threshold information the agent is seeking <snippet id="S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t">The only mentions of "Chinese scholars" in global research context appear in titles without corresponding content</snippet>. The agent may need to refine their search with more specific terms such as "Scientific Reports rC,ave ΔGave threshold" without the broader China influence query to locate the exact paper.
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<answer>
<snippet id="22895,68190,89881">Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) was an 18th‑century Swedish naturalist who formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy</snippet>. <snippet id="22895,68190,89881">He introduced the two-part Latin species name (genus + specific epithet) and hierarchical ranks (kingdom, class, order, genus, species) in Systema Naturae (first ed. 1735)</snippet>. <snippet id="68190">His system standardized classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming</snippet>. <snippet id="22895">Linnaeus taught at Uppsala, wrote chiefly in Latin, and was ennobled in 1761 as Carl von Linné</snippet>. <snippet id="89881">His botanical classification system, which classified plants by stamens and pistils, remained popular and influential</snippet>. <snippet id="89881">Linnaean taxonomy endures as the basis for naming and organizing biodiversity, though additional ranks and evolutionary concepts were later added</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), an 18th-century Swedish naturalist, formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy <snippet id="22895, 68190">. He introduced a two-part Latin naming system (genus + specific epithet), such as Homo sapiens, through his publication of Systema Naturae (first edition 1735) <snippet id="22895, 89881">. Linnaeus also established hierarchical classification ranks including kingdom, class, order, genus, and species <snippet id="22895, 89881">. His system standardized biological classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming <snippet id="68190">. Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaean taxonomy continues to serve as the foundation for organizing biodiversity <snippet id="22895, 89881">.
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<answer>
<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning author of "Confederates in the Attic" who retraced the voyages of Captain James Cook</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>However, the search results indicate this work retraced Cook's voyages across the Pacific rather than the specific British explorer mentioned</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-8>Another book, "The Wide Wide Sea" by Hampton Sides, offers a fuller picture of a British explorer's final voyage to the Pacific islands</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-9>The White Darkness by David Grann is about British explorer Henry Worsley, but this is a different work</snippet>. The search results do not clearly identify a Pulitzer-winning journalist retracing a specific British explorer's voyages matching all the described locations.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Tony Horwitz</snippet>, which retraces the voyages of British explorer Captain James Cook across the Pacific <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>. Cook was from Yorkshire, a county in northern England, and his historic HMS Endeavour has been reconstructed for modern voyages <snippet id=1701849e-6>. The book follows a specific route through Pacific island countries that Cook originally visited during his explorations <snippet id=1701849e-5>. Horwitz's approach combines historical research with personal adventure travel to explore Cook's legacy <snippet id=1701849e-1>. This work differed from Horwitz's previous books by focusing on a specific exploration route across the Pacific Ocean <snippet id=1701849e-6>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH">The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM) by necessitating remote work and digitalization of HR practices</snippet>, with studies showing remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce <snippet id="S_rm0f44F">. </snippet> Organizations were forced to change and digitally transform their practices, including HR practices, to navigate the crisis <snippet id="S_EFHhJY4">. </snippet> This acceleration impacted employee adaptability and work-life balance while highlighting the critical role of HRM in managing people during the crisis <snippet id="S_NBYIjl3">. </snippet> Literature reviews indicate that the pandemic challenged the maintenance of conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention from the scientific community <snippet id="S_sFMyq5N">. </snippet> The shift also necessitated online training and highlighted challenges in teamwork and productivity among HRD professionals <snippet id="S_hGtii0p">. </snippet> Future research should address the unequal work experiences that were exacerbated by the current pandemic <snippet id="S_sFMyq5N">. </snippet>
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_CbPhWNe">The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), with remote work necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms and e-HRM practices</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH,Sn_rm0f44F">Research indicates this acceleration has been global in scope, with one study noting remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi,S_sFMyq5N">Systematic literature reviews characterize COVID-19 as a complicator-disruptor-enabler that challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">The crisis established lasting implications including more flexible, remote-friendly digital working norms that organizations must address through new policies and hybrid working models</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">bioRxiv does not perform peer review but implements a screening process to filter out inappropriate content and enhance the utility of submissions</snippet>, conducted in two stages including automated plagiarism detection and manual reviews for spam or inappropriate content, with a group of experienced scientists (bioRxiv Affiliates) further reviewing submissions <snippet id="S_lUJRGnM">seventy-five percent of preprint platforms examined provided details about their screening, with some, like FocUS Archive and SocArxiv, mentioning checks without specifics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">Preprints on arXiv and other servers are emphasized to be not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>, with each preprint including a warning indicating the lack of peer review <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">arXiv and ChemRxiv have enhanced scrutiny for COVID-19 related articles, while bioRxiv has ceased accepting certain predictive studies related to COVID-19 treatments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lUJRGnM">Fourteen platforms involve researchers with content expertise in screening, focusing on article scope, plagiarism, and legal/ethical issues</snippet>, though the screening is described as a coarse filter that <snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">does not guarantee the validity of the content</snippet>. <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">MedRxiv screens submissions for material that could endanger public health, including dual-use research, and has historically declined studies involving pathogens of pandemic potential</snippet>, while arXiv's moderation process <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">The pre-peer review screening process includes checks such as plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language and quality of expression</snippet>, which can vary significantly among different publications.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">arXiv performs pre-peer review screening that includes plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language quality</snippet>, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">but does not conduct formal peer review before posting</snippet>. Key quality control measures on arXiv include <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">author registration and endorsement requirements, completeness checks, relevance verification, plagiarism detection, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>, unlike bioRxiv and medRxiv which screen for material that could endanger public health or pose biosecurity risks. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">ArXiv emphasizes that its materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. Despite the absence of peer review, preprints on arXiv still undergo screening as a "coarse filter" to exclude nonscientific or inappropriate content, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">though this does not guarantee validity of the content</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kOME3NW">The interactive reading (IR) task is a framework for AIG and automatic scoring of reading comprehension (RC) passages and a suite of questions associated with the passage</snippet>. <snippet id="S_n6aoW4b">The page discusses the construct of reading as defined by Alderson (2000), emphasizing that reading is an interactive process involving both lower-level (bottom-up) and higher-level (top-down) processes</snippet>. Note that the search results do not explicitly define "intensive" reading or provide a direct contrast to extensive reading; the user's reference to "intensive" likely stems from the framework where extensive is the primary category for longer texts, with intensive being the contrasting mode for detailed analysis of shorter texts.
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<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books.</snippet> <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores, and fact-checking explanation model fine-tuned on the PUBHEALTH dataset achieved promising performance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">BIOBERT is trained on abstracts from PubMed and full article texts from PubMed Central, and SCIBERT is trained on 1.14M Semantic Scholar articles relating to computer science and biomedical sciences, both showing improvements over original BERT for in-domain tasks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HA4fMd9">Datasets such as COVIDFact, HealthVer, and SCIFACT have been released to verify claims against scientific literature, with HealthVer specifically designed for evidence-based fact-checking of health-related claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RXgSB12">Experiments show that training deep learning-based fact-checking models on real-world and in-domain claims substantially improves performance compared to training on synthetic and open-domain claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_wkwj2K0">Two versions of BIOBERT were employed (v1.0 trained for 470K steps on PubMed abstracts and v1.1 trained for 1M steps on PubMed abstracts), with both versions showing higher accuracies compared to BERT for biomedical domain tasks</snippet>.
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Research on medical fact-checking shows that domain-specific language models often outperform general models on health claim verification tasks. On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores compared to BERT and other baseline models <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. BioBERT demonstrates higher accuracies than BERT for biomedical tasks including named entity recognition, relation extraction, and question answering in the biomedical domain <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. Similarly, SCIBERT shows improvements over the original BERT and outperforms it in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. However, performance varies by dataset; on SCIFACT, RoBERTa-large achieved the best performance among the sentence encoders tested, including SciBERT and BioMedRoBERTa <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. Additionally, training deep learning models on real-world medical claims substantially improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">.
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<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf,S_gcq6e9k">The waterfall model is a linear and sequential software development approach where progress flows downward through distinct phases such as requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance</snippet>, with each phase requiring completion before the next begins <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX">and the approach is also noted as "Waterative" when integrated with iterative methods</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model, part of the SDLC, allows for initial simplified implementations that evolve through multiple iterations with emphasis on incremental changes</snippet>, enabling more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to the traditional waterfall model. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX">In the Waterfall-Iterative approach, requirement analysis and design phases are executed iteratively as the project elaborates</snippet>, with each iteration enhancing previous work through repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model is increasingly favored in industries like finance as it allows for more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to the waterfall model's rigidity</snippet>. However, the search results do not provide comprehensive definitions of Agile methodology or the Agile Manifesto, which will require additional queries to address the full comparison.
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<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">The traditional waterfall model is defined as a linear, sequential software development approach where each phase must be completed before the next begins, with strict documentation and sign-offs required between stages</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">In contrast, "iterative waterfall" (also called "Waterative") executes waterfall phases iteratively as the project elaborates, incorporating requirement analysis for each iteration with design followed by product backlog creation using Scrum framework's agile principles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model allows incremental changes and divided project parts with repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation, enabling more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to waterfall</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">A key distinction is that waterfall accommodates substantial requirement changes with significant disruption, whereas iterative approaches emphasize evolving implementations with each cycle enhancing previous work</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz,S_u8WEXgX">Waterfall is characterized by sequential phases requiring strict documentation and end products per stage, while iterative/wative approaches include unit testing during sprints followed by systems integration testing and user acceptance testing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">Waterfall approaches work well for simple, straightforward projects, but are less suitable for complex projects requiring flexibility</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X">Digital transformation in banking is linked to enhanced financial inclusion and operational efficiency, with research showing a significant increase in digital payment intensity in recent years, particularly in the EU and Baltic countries</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IbmwH6I,S_ipBYA4S">Digital banking has enhanced financial inclusion by offering accessible and affordable services, though success varies by economic development and regulatory environments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cecyK56">The economic impact of financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa varies between traditional and digital finance, with digital financial inclusion being more significant in low-income countries due to inefficiencies in traditional banking</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4uYEvn0">Digital transformation diminishes the impact of income levels on financial service access, with digital payments enhancing account ownership and savings</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AlV0rKF">Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability and negatively correlates with non-performing loans, supporting the competition-fragility hypothesis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kq45sEh">Challenges remain including data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy, with the COVID-19 pandemic revealing vulnerabilities in financial systems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gkl8lvJ">Mobile banking and e-payments have increased financial inclusion among developing countries, with China's digital financial inclusion accelerating household consumption through online shopping and digital payments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Q1OC4lz">Digitalisation of business processes can promote financial inclusion and positively impact economic growth, though there is uncertainty regarding whether digital financial services are genuinely inclusive for women and underprivileged communities</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X>S digital transformation in banking is defined as the application of innovative technologies, particularly digital payments, to enhance financial inclusion and operational efficiency</snippet>, with research showing it <snippet id=S_4uYEvn0>S diminishes the impact of income levels on financial service access</snippet> while enhancing account ownership and savings. <snippet id=S_cecyK56>S Economic impact varies by income level: in low-income countries, digital financial inclusion is more significant than traditional finance due to banking inefficiencies</snippet>, whereas in middle-income countries both forms complement each other. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability (z-score) and negatively with non-performing loans</snippet>, though increased bank competition negatively affects stability according to the competition-fragility hypothesis. <snippet id=S_kq45sEh>S Challenges include data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy</snippet>, with findings from Sub-Saharan Africa, ASEAN, and EU contexts; <snippet id=S_cecyK56,S_Q1OC4lz>Yemen-specific evidence is sparse and limited by fragile state conditions</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Policy recommendations emphasize promoting digital financial literacy, regulatory frameworks treating digital and traditional finance as complementary</snippet>, and strategic measures to maintain bank stability alongside inclusion initiatives.
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<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Never Look Back (1952) is a British courtroom drama produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>, <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">with a UK release date of 26 May 1952</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett appears briefly as a policeman in the film</snippet>, and <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Hugh Sinclair is listed as a cast member</snippet>. <snippet id="55190">The film was directed by Francis Searle and runs 73 minutes</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776">The plot centers on a newly appointed KC who must defend an ex-lover accused of murder</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The 1952 British drama Never Look Back was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett appears in a brief supporting role as a policeman</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Hugh Sinclair is confirmed as a main star in the cast, playing the prosecutor</snippet>. The production ran for 73 minutes and was shot at Mancunian Studios between September and October 1951.
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<snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_2GRyVKu,S_C7yV87e">The disposition index, calculated as the product of insulinogenic index and insulin sensitivity indices, is a validated measure of beta-cell function that incorporates visceral adipose tissue insulin resistance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">Studies in obese adults have derived the disposition index relative to adipose tissue insulin resistance to characterize beta-cell function in relation to visceral adipose tissue</snippet>. <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi">Elevated plasma free fatty acids, secreted by adipose tissue, impair beta-cell function and show strong correlations with the disposition index for both the first and second phases of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0G85ZD2">The traditional disposition index using IVGTT-derived acute insulin response does not account for hepatic and adipose insulin sensitivity, which are crucial for understanding insulin secretion dynamics in obese adults</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">Multi-omics analysis revealed that leptin and GM-CSF were strongly negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI and inflammation markers, indicating their roles in energy homeostasis and lipid metabolism</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_2GRyVKu,S_C7yV87e,S_UBkWxKP">none of the provided snippets explicitly report visceral adipose tissue accumulation as the direct cause of beta-cell dysfunction, though they establish the relationship between adipose insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion metrics</snippet>.
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<answer>
The provided search results do not directly address the relationship between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and pancreatic beta-cell function metrics in humans. The snippets primarily define how beta-cell function indices like the disposition index, insulinogenic index, and acute insulin response are calculated from OGTT or IVGTT data <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_77OipMD">the disposition index is calculated as the product of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion measures such as the insulinogenic index</snippet>. One study suggests adipose tissue insulin resistance affects beta-cell function assessment, noting that elevated plasma free fatty acids can impair β-cell function and proposing adjustments to the disposition index to account for adipose tissue <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2">incorporating adipose insulin resistance into assessments provides a more comprehensive index of β-cell function</snippet>. Another study reported that leptin and GM-CSF were negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI and hsCRP, indicating roles in inflammation and lipid metabolism <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">leptin and GM-CSF showed negative associations with the disposition index and positive correlations with BMI and inflammatory markers</snippet>. However, none of these snippets provide direct adult human evidence linking VAT or pancreatic fat specifically to beta-cell function measures like disposition index or acute insulin response as the agent was seeking.
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<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources by one-third did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>, though it did result in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">Research compared various feed types, including chronological and engagement-based feeds, and found that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans</snippet>, but may inadvertently increase perceived threats to free speech. <snippet id="S_mUfOdDp">Users exposed to algorithmically selected tweets reported more positive feelings toward their in-group and more negative feelings toward their out-group compared to those viewing a chronological timeline</snippet>, though a 2020 study by Guess et al. found no significant long-term effects of Facebook and Instagram's algorithms on users' affective polarization over a three-month period. <snippet id="S_EIYKoMB">Recent studies suggest that exposure to diverse perspectives can also align local conflicts with broader partisan divides</snippet>, and authors propose redesigning social media ranking algorithms to mitigate polarization by incorporating democratic values into their structure.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>. The intervention aimed to decrease exposure to like-minded sources by one-third, which resulted in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">but did not lead to measurable changes in eight key political attitudes, including affective polarization and belief in false claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">An experiment compared various feed types, including chronological and engagement-based feeds, as well as innovative designs aimed at promoting democratic values</snippet>. Findings indicate that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans, but may inadvertently increase perceived threats to free speech among users <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">. The research also references other studies that examined the influence of exposure to like-minded sources and reshared content, noting that some studies found minimal effects on affective polarization</snippet>.

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<answer>
<snippet id="S_StdTMvV">The CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions at 0.1° resolution using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level based on International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship data</snippet>, though this is not an IAM but rather a damage model used in risk assessment. <snippet id="S_VGFFWS5">The HWCM approach enhances tropical cyclone risk assessments by simulating high-resolution wind and rain fields, allowing for better representation of interactions with topography and improving understanding of decay rates and rainfall distributions, which are crucial for evaluating storm flood damages</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IAQSdJr">Longer time series of storms (1,000 years of synthetic tropical cyclones) results in better accuracy in flood predictions than shorter time series (71 years of historical IBTrACS dataset)</snippet>, indicating the importance of high-quality storm data for damage estimation. However, <snippet id="S_kiLBoza,S_BQsrZW1,S_93wqG64">none of the returned snippets specifically document how canonical IAMs (FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE) integrate tropical cyclone and flood damages into their economic damage functions</snippet>. The search results focus on hazard modeling and risk assessment rather than IAM-specific damage function formulations or stochastic shock representations.
</answer>

<answer>
Unfortunately, the provided search results do not contain specific information about how FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE, or other canonical IAMs incorporate extreme weather events into their damage functions. The available snippets focus on hazard modeling (CLIMADA model for tropical cyclones, mangrove flood protection services, hydrodynamic modeling) but do not document IAM integration methods <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>. No snippets describe how IAMs represent extremes as separate impact categories or stochastic shocks to capital/productivity, nor do they detail expected-annual-loss pipelines feeding IAM damages. There is also no evidence of empirically estimated event-specific damage functions (cyclone wind-based, flood depth–damage, heat-wave impacts) being aggregated to macro damages within specific IAM frameworks in these results.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK,S_4kyiDLH">HPV entry begins when the virus binds to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) or Heparan Sulfate Syndecan (Sdc) proteoglycans on the cell membrane, with L1 protein containing multiple HSPG-specific binding sites essential for productive infection</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK,S_4kyiDLH">This initial attachment triggers conformational changes in the L1 protein that expose the N-terminus of the L2 protein</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK,S_4kyiDLH">The exposed L2 N-terminus is then cleaved by the cellular protease furin, which reduces L1's affinity for HSPGs and prepares the viral particle for entry</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_qd5yqrp">Following furin cleavage, L2 binds to secondary receptors including the S100A10 subunit of annexin A2, facilitating clathrin-independent endocytosis of HPV into the cell</snippet>. <snippet id="S_06dh88l,S_qd5yqrp">The virus enters through micro-abrasions or wounds, where it interacts with attachment receptors such as laminin-332 and HSPGs, triggering conformational changes and proteolytic processing of L1 and L2 proteins</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_qd5yqrp">After internalization, L2 protein is inserted into the endocytic membrane, allowing the viral DNA to be released and transported to the nucleus for replication</snippet>.
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<answer>
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) entry typically begins at microlesions in the epithelium where the major capsid protein L1 binds to laminin-332 or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the basement membrane <S_9692W5p, S_06dh88l, S_ygceipK, S_4kyiDLH>. This initial attachment induces L1 conformational changes, often facilitated by Cyclophilin B, which exposes the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2 <S_9692W5p, S_ygceipK, S_sYaeZRH>. Proteolytic processing follows, where kallikrein-8 cleaves L1 and the cellular protease furin cleaves L2, reducing HSPG affinity and preparing the virion for internalization <S_6cL8am9, S_9692W5p, S_qd5yqrp>. Secondary interactions with receptors such as annexin A2, integrin α6, and tetraspanins like CD151 facilitate clathrin-independent endocytosis or macropinocytosis-like uptake <S_6cL8am9, S_Fgb4QWW, S_06dh88l>. Once internalized, the virus undergoes retrograde trafficking through endosomes and the Golgi network to reach the nucleus for genome release and replication <S_6cL8am9, S_IzJhLSD, S_qd5yqrp>.
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<snippet id="S_FvypqMm">The Laplace mechanism has been applied to preserve privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions by adding noise to numeric query results</snippet>, ensuring that the output remains unaffected by the addition or removal of a single record <snippet id="S_kR7QkfG">. The mechanism works by adding random noise obeying the Laplace distribution to precise query results to achieve differential privacy protection that satisfies the privacy budget of ε</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u2uIkcN">For numerical data, the Laplace mechanism ensures differential privacy by adding noise from a Laplace distribution calibrated with a standard deviation of √2b based on the function's sensitivity</snippet>, enabling privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions. <snippet id="S_5htVDhJ">The scale of the Laplacian noise is equal to ∆f / ε in the local differentially private setting, where ∆f denotes the sensitivity of the function f</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not explicitly identify specific case studies published in high-impact journals like IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or Nature Scientific Data, so further targeted searches are needed to confirm publication venues and specific financial data applications.
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<answer>
The search results provide limited evidence of concrete case studies from high-impact journals applying the Laplace mechanism specifically to financial/banking/credit transaction data. Two snippets mention financial applications: S_FvypqMm notes the Laplace mechanism can preserve "user privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions" within parking recommender system research <snippet id=S_FvypqMm>, and S_u2uIkcN states the mechanism enables "privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions" for prospect theoretic analysis <snippet id=S_u2uIkcN>. However, neither snippet explicitly confirms publication in high-impact journals like IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or major finance/economics journals that the agent prioritized <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_3Vks9VQ>. Most other search results discuss the Laplace mechanism in medical data <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG>, social networks <snippet id=S_XWjGWtA,S_gaV539r>, or power flow systems <snippet id=S_3Vks9VQ> rather than verified financial case studies. Additional searches targeting specific journals or verified financial domains would be needed to fully address the agent's goal.
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<answer>
<snippet id="21438">Jitendra Narayan (20 Dec 1886–20 Dec 1922) was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar</snippet> and <snippet id="21438">founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet>. <snippet id="21438">As "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar" he played one first‑class cricket match (Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI v Lord Willingdon's XI) on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs in total</snippet>. <snippet id="21438">However, there is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>. <snippet id="57275">Sources indicate an association with a namesake Nripendra Narayan Academy and links to cricketing activity with a Prince of Wales's XI, but details and attributions are inconsistent or missing</snippet>. <snippet id="71327">The claims about founding a Nripendra Narayan Academy or first-class cricket/Prince of Wales XI involvement are unverified/conflicting with the provided content</snippet>. The search results do not confirm succession by offspring or linkage to Cooch Behar Palace.
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<answer>
Jitendra Narayan was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar <snippet id="21438">and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet> as an educational institution named after his father. He played one first‑class cricket match for "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI" against Lord Willingdon's XI on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs total <snippet id="21438">. There is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>, which contradicts one key element of the hypothesis that the match was against the Prince of Wales' XI during the 1921–22 India tour. Biographical details indicate he was linked to Cooch‑Behar Palace (also known as Victor Jubilee Palace) as the ruling Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar during his lifetime <snippet id="21438">, though succession by his offspring is not confirmed in the available snippets. Some sources present conflicting or fragmentary information about the academy founder and cricketing claims <snippet id="57275">, with sibling records listing him as having younger brothers but not documenting all biographical details consistently <snippet id="71327">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_gnrEepM">A study on LC–MS targeted quantification of therapeutic proteins found that using two stable signature peptides (SPs) was necessary for acceptable accuracy, with protein-level and hybrid calibrations achieving good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results between SPs (deviations < 15%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gnrEepM">Peptide-level calibration showed significant negative biases (−23 to −62%) and discordant results between SPs</snippet>, while extended-peptide calibration showed improvements but still lacked acceptable accuracy. <snippet id="S_1t8pQcf">The surrogate peptide method for quantifying total antibodies in ADCs typically uses stable isotopically labeled internal standards (SIL-IS) to enhance quantification accuracy</snippet>, though their addition before immuno-capture requires careful consideration to avoid competitive binding issues. <snippet id="S_kjDg3lX">Some LC-MS/MS methods for mAb quantification in plasma/serum have used two unique surrogate peptides for quantification</snippet>, though the specific number of signature peptides required depends on the matrix and analyte complexity. <snippet id="S_XWxG38W">An optimized workflow for selecting surrogate peptides for human drug disposition proteins used a minimum of three light and two heavy peptide fragments to enhance reproducibility</snippet>. Overall, the evidence suggests that for reliable therapeutic protein quantification, using multiple signature peptides with stable isotopic labeling provides better accuracy than single-peptide approaches.
</answer>

<answer>
Current evidence suggests that using two signature peptides is recommended over a single peptide for reliable mAb quantification in serum. A study assessing calibration approaches for monoclonal antibody quantification emphasized "the importance of using two SPs for reliability" and found single peptide calibration had "significant negative biases" and "discordant results between SPs" <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>. Practical implementations in therapeutic protein studies typically employ multiple peptides; for instance, one Fc-engineered mAb PK assay determined concentrations using "multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides" <snippet id=S_kjDg3lX>. Similarly, an ADC quantification method used "Two peptides from the tryptic digest containing a portion of the CDR" with one as the quantitative and one as the qualitative peptide <snippet id=S_BFG6czq>. While single peptides can be detected, protein-level and hybrid calibrations with two SPs achieved "good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results" compared to peptide-level calibration which showed poor reliability <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_SvIkmlU,S_rtPxhtT">Umbrella reviews indicate that the time of day for resistance training (morning vs. evening) does not significantly affect increases in muscle strength and mass, with both timings yielding similar hypertrophy adaptations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU,S_HhyT8Rz">However, research suggests that training time can influence performance based on an individual's chronotype, with morning training reducing diurnal variation and evening training enhancing it</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gRYJWoz">Studies show sex-specific effects where morning exercise in women enhances abdominal fat loss and increases lower body muscle power, while evening exercise in men lowers blood pressure and stimulates fat oxidation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JKFS2Wu">A 24-week study found that evening resistance training resulted in a larger muscle cross-sectional area in men, though Sedliak et al.'s similar findings were statistically insignificant</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU">The mechanisms behind these time-of-day effects remain unclear, but animal studies suggest that early active phases (akin to evening for humans) show more significant benefits for muscle atrophy prevention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU,S_rtPxhtT">Overall, the evidence suggests that personal preference should guide training timing, though more research is needed to verify if differences exist between morning versus evening training</snippet>.
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<answer>
Umbrella reviews indicate that increases in muscle strength and mass do not significantly differ between morning and evening resistance training <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT,S_SvIkmlU>. Acute performance metrics typically peak around 6:00 p.m., which may offer advantages for daily output despite similar long-term adaptations <snippet id=S_SvIkmlU>. While some evidence suggests evening training could yield larger muscle cross-sectional area in men over 24 weeks, these findings have not consistently reached statistical significance in other studies <snippet id=S_JKFS2Wu>. Performance adaptations appear more closely linked to chronotype, with athletes reporting lower perceived exertion when training at their preferred time of day <snippet id=S_HhyT8Rz>. Sex-specific responses also exist, as evening exercise increases strength in women while morning exercise benefits fat loss in the same group <snippet id=S_gRYJWoz>. Therefore, experts recommend selecting training times based on personal preference to maximize adherence given the lack of clear superiority between schedules <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT>.
</answer>