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<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">For the Trusted Computing Environment & Platform area, the School of Computer Science at Beihang University won the National Science and Technology Progress Award Second Class (二等奖)</snippet>, specifically for establishing CROWN which provides high-trust software development environment, Web service middleware platform, and network environment operation platform <snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">面向航空航天行业的可信计算环境与平台项目获国家科技进步二等奖</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">For Virtual Reality & Digital Media, the research team won both the National Science and Technology Progress Award First Class (一等奖) and Second Class (二等奖)</snippet>, with projects including real-time 3D graphics platform BH-GRAPH, distributed interactive simulation running support platform BH_RTI, and distributed virtual environment DVENET for remote异地collaboration <snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">虚拟现实与数字媒体项目获得国家科技进步一等奖和二等奖</snippet>. These awards are documented on the official School of Computer Science website at Beihang University.
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针对虚拟现实与数字媒体方向，北京航空航天大学计算机学院研制了实时三维图形平台BH-GRAPH、分布交互仿真运行支撑平台BH_RTI及分布式虚拟环境DVENET，这些成果获得国家科技进步一等奖和二等奖<snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">。在可信计算环境与平台方面，学院建立的CROWN高可信软件开发环境、Web服务中间件平台及网络环境运行平台，荣获国家科技进步二等奖<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">。这些研究面向国家战略规划及航空航天行业应用需求展开<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl,S_UoGmAYk">。
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<snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Research indicates that sports betting has gained popularity among university students in Nigeria, with demographic factors such as being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment associated with higher risks of problem gambling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Studies from various countries, including Australia and Germany, highlight that typical sports bettors tend to be male, often with lower household incomes but a strong interest in sports</snippet>. <snippet id="S_C7vME7Z">An urban school-based cross-sectional survey involving 507 students in Nigeria also found a lifetime gambling prevalence of 57.2%, out of which 77.6% had gambled in the previous 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rqYsRo2">A study of 5,000 college students from 12 universities in Ghana explored the role of financial literacy in predicting financial behavior among university students, which may relate to the prevalence of sports betting among this demographic in Nigeria</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sAPmmcf">Among respondents reporting any sports betting during the past year, those who reported past-30-day sports betting were more likely to have a history of indebtedness (11 vs. 6%, p = 0.04)</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_d3zPQEk">specific data on esports bettors and detailed economic determinants for university students in Nigeria is limited, with the available evidence primarily coming from broader gambling literature rather than athlete/student-athlete-specific Nigerian data</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_C7vME7Z">An urban school-based survey of 507 Nigerian students found a lifetime gambling prevalence of 57.2%, with 77.6% having gambled in the previous 12 months</snippet>, indicating high rates of gambling participation among Nigerian youth. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Sports betting has gained popularity among university students in Nigeria, with demographic factors including being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment associated with higher risks of problem gambling</snippet>. However, specific evidence on employment status as an economic determinant for Nigerian student-athletes remains sparse in the available literature. <snippet id="S_sAPmmcf">Among recent sports bettors, those active in work or studies showed lower percentages (68% for online casino, 59% for horse betting) compared to non-gamblers, while past-30-day sports bettors had higher history of indebtedness (11% vs 6%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iL4llG9">Research on emerging adults shows students comprised 59% of esports bettors in a Great Britain sample, with bettors more likely to live in deprived areas</snippet>, suggesting economic strain may be a relevant pathway. Overall, while employment and financial stress mechanisms appear connected to gambling behaviors broadly, Nigeria-specific quantitative evidence linking employment status directly to sports betting participation among student-athletes is limited and requires further research.
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<snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">The official Chatbot Arena Leaderboard can be accessed at lmarena.ai</snippet>, which currently has <snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">over 3.5M votes and counting</snippet> from the community. <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE">The leaderboard uses an Elo rating system based on anonymous voting data collected over time</snippet>, with the most recent major update covering data from April 24 to May 22, 2023. <snippet id="S_hhzNfal">A multimodal leaderboard was also introduced with rankings based on image-containing battles as of June 27, 2024</snippet>. However, the current top model name, specific Elo rating, and timestamp details are not provided in these search snippets.
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The official Chatbot Arena Leaderboard is hosted at https://lmarena.ai/ <snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">where over 3.5M votes have been collected for model rankings. The leaderboard uses an Elo rating system based on anonymous voting data <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE">to rank large language models. A snapshot of the leaderboard is also available on Hugging Face at https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmarena-ai/lmarena-leaderboard <snippet id="S_831cvJ0">. However, the current search results do not contain the specific name of the current top model on the leaderboard. A direct visit to the official lmarena.ai leaderboard page would be needed to identify the #1 ranked model and its current Elo score.
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DESI observations indicate a possible phantom crossing where the dark energy equation of state w(z) crosses the barrier at w = -1, with DESI DR2 BAO data showing a ≃3σ deviation from ΛCDM suggesting a potential crossing at z_c ≃0.45<snippet id="S_Cn1GhvJ">DESI+CMB data suggest a ≃ 3σ deviation from ΛCDM, indicating a potential phantom crossing at z c ≃ 0.45, where w(z) < −1</snippet>. DESI DR1 results originally favored phantom behavior (w < -1) over a significant redshift range using the w0wa parametrization, though this conclusion has been examined in light of later data releases<snippet id="S_ZIWoomJ">The original DESI paper [1] favours a phantom behaviour of dark energy (w < −1) over a significant redshift range</snippet><snippet id="S_p938Lo0">recent DESI results from the w 0 w a parametrisation... suggest a phantom regime at high redshifts</snippet>. However, current data remains somewhat inconclusive regarding the existence of a phantom crossing, with some studies indicating DESI data may not fully support resolving the H0 tension with evolving dark energy<snippet id="S_otM3Qb8">Latest DESI measurements... suggest dark energy may be evolving into the phantom regime with w(z) < -1, indicating potential deviations from the ΛCDM model, although current data remains inconclusive regarding the existence of a phantom crossing</snippet><snippet id="S_ZCPd5ub">Recent findings from DESI Data Release 2 (DR2) favor a dynamical dark energy characterized by a phantom crossing feature</snippet>. This tension highlights the need for theoretical frameworks that can accommodate phantom-like behavior without introducing ghosts, which is where non-minimal coupling becomes relevant<snippet id="S_gu69vHf">DESI findings indicate that dark energy has an equation of state w(z) crossing the phantom barrier (w < -1) for z > 1</snippet>.
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DESI results indicate a preference for phantom behaviour (w < -1) over a significant redshift range, with a crossing to the non-phantom region at lower redshift <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. DESI DR2 data suggests a potential phantom crossing at z_c ≃ 0.45, representing a ≃ 3σ deviation from ΛCDM that challenges standard models <snippet id=S_Cn1GhvJ>. The phantom regime w < -1 is considered unphysical in general relativity, motivating alternative theoretical frameworks <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. Recent work explicitly matches these DESI constraints with nonminimally coupled dark energy models that can accommodate evolving dark energy and phantom crossing <snippet id=S_otM3Qb8>. Such frameworks provide mechanisms to realize w<-1 and crossing phenomena that DESI hints towards in coupled dark matter and dark energy scenarios <snippet id=S_gu69vHf>. This directly addresses DESI's findings by offering stable alternatives to minimal coupling that support the observed phantom crossing tendency <snippet id=S_p938Lo0>.
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<snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_8bzg1KA,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">In pharmacology, margin of safety is defined as the ratio between the lethal dose to 1% of the population and the effective dose to 99% of the population (LD1/ED99)</snippet>, <snippet id="S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">where LD1 is the dose that elicits lethality in 1% of the population, and ED99 is the dose that elicits therapeutic effect in 99% of the population</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KtkXCqd">This is calculated as the cube root of the ratio between LT50 and LD50, or alternatively as LD50/ED50 for the therapeutic index</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ITpLCrH,S_gWkoXUl,S_PNN5Uwr">However, these search results do not address when margin of safety cannot be calculated or fails to appear</snippet>, <snippet id="S_JksBSVp">only that it is "another index of a drug's effectiveness and safety" without discussing undefined conditions</snippet>. <answer>
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<snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">The margin of safety in pharmacology is defined as the ratio of LD1 (lethal dose to 1% of population) to ED99 (effective dose to 99% of population)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8bzg1KA">This measure is also referred to as the Certain Safety Factor</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain information about conditions under which margin of safety "fails to appear" or cannot be calculated <snippet id="S_KtkXCqd">, and no snippet addresses when this definition is undefined or inapplicable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ITpLCrH,S_gWkoXUl,S_PNN5Uwr">Alternative measures such as the therapeutic index using LD50/ED50 are also mentioned</snippet>. <answer>
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<snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa,S_HKqSHCf">The studies examined avatar visual fidelity and its effects on behavior in immersive virtual environments, finding that abstract avatars (robots) led to increased risky behaviors while self-representations fostered a connection to the physical world and encouraged cautious behavior</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa">Participants reported having different reactions and strategies based on the avatar they controlled, with half of the panel noting altered behavior depending on the controlled character</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_JIjtTEQ,S_XSKnvh7">none of the provided search results contain explicit demonstrations of group polarization or risky shift in multi-user virtual environments with avatar-mediated social interaction</snippet>. The available evidence shows individual-level avatar effects on behavior and embodiment, but does not address classic group polarization constructs where group discussion or cues lead to increased attitude extremity in social VR settings. <snippet id="S_SCx4OjQ">Research indicates dissimilar avatars can enhance user interaction and lead to perceptual and behavioral changes, but this does not specifically demonstrate group polarization effects</snippet>. These snippets suggest avatar-based behavior modification is possible in VR, but explicit group polarization evidence remains absent from the current search results.
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<snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa, S_HKqSHCf">The search results indicate that abstract avatars (such as robots) can lead to increased risky behaviors compared to self-representations that foster cautious behavior</snippet>, which relates to the Proteus Effect where avatar appearance influences user conduct <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa">. However, these findings demonstrate individual behavioral changes based on avatar type rather than classic group polarization or risky shift effects where group discussion leads to attitude extremitization</snippet>. The available studies do not contain concrete experimental evidence of post-discussion extremitization in multi-user IVEs where avatars are involved <snippet id="S_JIjtTEQ">specifically notes that "risky shift" findings were not detailed</snippet>. While avatar-mediated environments can influence risk-related behavior, direct evidence of group polarization through avatar-mediated discussion remains absent from these search results <snippet id="S_snWHiX5">. The research focuses more on how visual fidelity and avatar similarity affect embodiment and individual actions rather than group dynamics leading to polarization</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz,S_CBhXwnS,S_L4MYIrf">Nikola Tesla's Electric Arc Lamp patent was US335786, issued on February 9, 1886</snippet>, confirming the date initially noted in the agent's reasoning. <snippet id="S_ktaELRS">This patent is listed in the Wikipedia article on Nikola Tesla patents as one of the 1886 February 9 inventions</snippet>, alongside the Commutator for Dynamo-Electric Machines issued on January 26, 1886. <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">Both patents are documented in the same chronological order: January 26, 1886 for the Commutator and February 9, 1886 for the Electric Arc Lamp</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iDdAzGv">The Electric Arc Lamp patent (335786) describes improvements using electromagnets and lever mechanisms to control carbon electrode feed</snippet>. This confirms that the Electric Arc Lamp was Tesla's second U.S. patent, following the Commutator.
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Nikola Tesla's Electric Arc Lamp patent, US 335,786, was granted on February 9, 1886 <snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz,S_L4MYIrf">. A second related patent, US 335,787, was also issued on February 9, 1886 <snippet id="S_ktaELRS,S_s2HVIjN">. The "Commutator for Dynamo-Electric Machines" was issued on January 26, 1886 <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. Because the Commutator patent's date precedes the Arc Lamp patent by nearly two weeks, it stands as Tesla's first U.S. patent by issue date <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. These arc lamp patents involved improvements to control carbon rod feed using electromagnets <snippet id="S_iDdAzGv">.
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<snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF,S_Q1JiXuV">The episode is titled "Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD" and is part of "Stories from the World of Medicine" Season 3 Episode 2, published on February 18, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_NZ9gUn7">The guest is Otolaryngologist Tina Munjal, MD</snippet>, who tells a story about <snippet id="S_NZ9gUn7">learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone</snippet> in her medical training. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI">The episode is available on The Nocturnists Podcast website</snippet> at https://thenocturnists.org/podcast/rhino-rocket, and is also listed in the <snippet id="S_IhbWqXF">Stories From The World Of Medicine</snippet> archive. <snippet id="S_C2IKgBh">The episode is sponsored by</snippet> a medical school or residency program, as indicated by the podcast's standard sponsorship model.
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<snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode "Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD" is Season 3, Episode 2 of Stories from the World of Medicine podcast by The Nocturnists, released on February 18, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The guest is Tina Munjal, MD, an Otolaryngologist who shares her medical story</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NZ9gUn7,S_arbvh0R">The story is about learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode page is available at thenocturnists.org/podcast/rhino-rocket with illustrations by Lindsay Mound</snippet>. Runtime information is not available in the search results.
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<snippet id="S_btUw1xy">The search results include a discussion of de-extinction, particularly for species driven to extinction by humans, suggesting that functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">The text also addresses the controversial concept of de-extinction, particularly for species driven to extinction by humans, suggesting that functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">Additionally, cloning techniques like somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) could enable the de-extinction of recently extinct mammals with preserved tissues</snippet>. <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">The page discusses the role of genomics in biodiversity conservation, highlighting the scarcity of chromosome-level reference genomes for non-model invertebrates, which limits conservation efforts for over 95% of animal species</snippet>. <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">It focuses on the freshwater sponge Ephydatia muelleri, which is ecologically significant and can adapt to environmental changes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">The text mentions the potential for genomic modifications, including gene drives, to enhance species resilience, although these methods raise ethical and regulatory concerns</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aQHGJDJ,S_BVGS7oK,S_yJ0bKZt">Other search results focus on evolutionary potential and extinction risk, discussing proxies for EP that can be estimated from environmental, phenotypic, and genetic data</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aQHGJDJ,S_BVGS7oK,S_yJ0bKZt">These snippets address the importance of EP in characterizing and mitigating extinction risk, with frameworks that incorporate EP into quantitative extinction-risk assessments remaining at the frontier of ecological-evolutionary research</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hlWQ6qg,S_ZV4SO7N,S_zN6EiNI,S_160DJq3,S_kpUOwfs,S_pIULMfn">The remaining search results discuss general conservation topics including biodiversity shortfalls, megafauna extinctions, and conservation paleobiology, but do not specifically focus on de-extinction terminology</snippet>.
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Based on the search results, explicit "de‑extinction" research from 2022‑2025 is limited in the provided snippets. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>The controversial concept of de‑extinction, particularly for species driven to extinction by humans, suggests that functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>Cloning techniques like somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) could enable the de‑extinction of recently extinct mammals with preserved tissues</snippet>. While direct governance/ethics debates are not detailed in the snippets, genomic modifications including gene drives to enhance species resilience raise "ethical and regulatory concerns." <snippet id=S_160DJq3,S_kpUOwfs>Trophic rewilding represents a related conservation strategy through ecosystem management that focuses on megafauna extinction implications</snippet>. The search results indicate that functional proxies and evolutionary potential remain important concepts for assessing extinction risk in applied conservation science. <snippet id=S_aQHGJDJ,S_yJ0bKZT>Integration of proxies into conservation decision‑making remains an important area for innovation in applied conservation science</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_4iZB0OB">The central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star at zero temperature is predicted to be 1319 MeV</snippet>, which is below the limits set by perturbative quantum chromodynamics. <snippet id="S_exyOPhA">The neutron critical chemical potential, indicating the transition to a quark phase, lies between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature</snippet>, where the quark chemical potential equals the baryon chemical potential at the same pressure. <snippet id="S_jARyMl0,S_BQ1tanr">The baryon chemical potential in neutron stars is typically in the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV</snippet>, reflecting the extreme conditions present in such dense astrophysical objects. <snippet id="S_dKTw9kz">The baryon chemical potential values are derived from the equation µ_B = (P_nuc + ρ_nuc)/n_B, where P_nuc is the nuclear pressure, ρ_nuc is the nuclear energy density, and n_B is the baryon number density</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WRBepHG">In beta equilibrium, the relationship µ_p = µn - µ_e holds, with additional baryons such as Λ hyperons emerging when their chemical potential condition (µΛ = µn = µp + µe) is satisfied</snippet>. However, explicit tabulated values as a function of density in GeV per n0 units are not provided in these snippets.
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<answer>
At zero temperature, the central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star is predicted to be 1319 MeV <snippet id="S_4iZB0OB">. Models of the hadron-quark phase transition indicate the critical neutron chemical potential lies between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature <snippet id="S_exyOPhA">. In the context of beta equilibrium, baryon chemical potential values typically fall within the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV <snippet id="S_BQ1tanr">. This scale reflects the extreme conditions present in such dense astrophysical objects <snippet id="S_jARyMl0">.
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<snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie,S_37bk94m">The Bond et al. (2012) experiment involved 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 U.S. Congressional Election who were shown messages indicating whether their friends had voted</snippet>, <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc">which increased turnout by approximately 60,000 votes directly</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mXK3pZh,S_8SBonkH">The study found that voting also increased significantly among the close friends of those who received the message, leading to an additional 280,000-270,000 votes indirectly</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">While the authors acknowledged very small effects from the information treatment, the paper emphasized the success of influencing voter behavior through Facebook</snippet>. <snippet id="S_37bk94m">The approach exploited human heuristics by displaying images of friends who had voted, encouraging users to imitate their behavior through social proof</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_mXK3pZh">These findings were replicated during the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election, highlighting the potential impact of social media algorithms on democratic processes</snippet>.
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The Bond et al. 2012 study conducted a large-scale experiment involving 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 U.S. Congressional Election, where users were shown messages with images of friends who had already voted <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie,S_37bk94m">to assess social influence on voting behavior</snippet>. The results demonstrated that this social messaging approach increased turnout, with approximately 60,000 additional votes directly attributed to the message in 2010 <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_mXK3pZh">and effects replicated in the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election with about 90,000 directly mobilized voters</snippet> <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_8SBonkH">. Social influence spread through the network as friends of treated users were also indirectly influenced, adding approximately 180,000-280,000 additional votes in total across both elections</snippet> <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_mXK3pZh,S_37bk94m">. However, some researchers note that while the effect sizes were statistically significant, they were relatively small relative to the massive sample size <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">. Despite this limitation, the study remains widely cited as evidence that online social networks can impact offline political behavior through interpersonal influence mechanisms</snippet> <snippet id="S_8SBonkH,S_I0UxhZS">.
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<snippet id="S_4LDk9pb">IGN confirms the launch date as November 23, 2004, for North America, Australia, and New Zealand</snippet>, providing a third independent outlet from a major game publication. <snippet id="S_mhE8bKy">GamesIndustry.biz also reports the street date as November 23, 2004, with simultaneous launches in all three regions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe">Wikipedia states the game was released on November 23, 2004, marking the 10th anniversary of the Warcraft franchise</snippet>. <snippet id="S_K0CkkAv">Wowpedia documents the release date as November 23, 2004</snippet>. Multiple authoritative sources consistently corroborate this exact date.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt">World of Warcraft was officially released on November 23, 2004</snippet>, with the launch date confirmed for North America, Australia, and New Zealand <snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_mhE8bKy">simultaneously across these regions</snippet>. IGN explicitly reported that November 23, 2004 was the launch date in multiple articles from late 2004 <snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt">. This date is further corroborated by Wikipedia, which states the game was released on November 23, 2004</snippet> <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe, S_K0CkkAv>, and by Blizzard's own press announcements</snippet> <snippet id="S_6wNkGtZ, S_mn2djgd>. The release marked the 10th anniversary of the Warcraft franchise</snippet> <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe>.
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<snippet id="S_q2ORi2Q,S_jYWskoE">Cytokinin (CK) promotes axillary bud outgrowth while auxin (AUX) and strigolactone (SL) act as inhibitors, with CK suppressing BRC1 expression to enhance branching</snippet>, whereas <snippet id="S_jYWskoE,S_gqi212y,S_nFj5ih3">auxin inhibits CK biosynthesis and promotes SL biosynthesis, which in turn upregulates BRC1 to suppress bud outgrowth</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gqi212y,S_Uuo070s">BRC1 functions as a key integrator of hormonal pathways including SL, auxin, and cytokinin to regulate axillary bud outgrowth</snippet>, with auxin-mediated effects occurring after axillary meristem initiation through inhibition of bud outgrowth <snippet id="S_jLTk85S,S_XRhJBhI">. CK acts as a repressor of BRC1/TB1/FC1 expression, where decreased CK levels elevate these expression and inhibit bud outgrowth</snippet>, while SL inhibits bud outgrowth by upregulating BRANCHED1 (BRC1) <snippet id="S_nFj5ih3,S_gLbtlMj">. This antagonistic CK-SL-auxin regulation is crucial for shoot architecture control in Arabidopsis and crops</snippet>.
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<answer>
Cytokinin (CK), strigolactone (SL), and auxin form a regulatory network where auxin inhibits axillary bud outgrowth by suppressing CK levels and enhancing SL biosynthesis <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_q2ORi2Q>. Auxin promotes the transcription of SL biosynthesis genes, including MAX3/MAX4 (orthologs CCD7/CCD8), to synthesize SLs that suppress branching <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_nFj5ih3>. These hormones converge on BRANCHED1 (BRC1), a transcriptional hub where SL upregulates BRC1 expression to inhibit growth, while CK represses BRC1 to promote outgrowth <snippet id=S_gqi212y,S_gLbtlMj>. Consequently, auxin indirectly regulates BRC1 through these antagonistic factors rather than direct transport into the bud <snippet id=S_gqi212y>. BRC1 integrates these signals to suppress bud outgrowth, with mutants like amp1 showing enhanced branching due to altered CK levels and reduced BRC1 <snippet id=S_Uuo070s,S_gLbtlMj>.
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<snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">Perplexity offers three pricing tiers for AI Copilot services: Free, Pro, and Enterprise Pro</snippet>, with the <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">Pro version priced at $20/month or $200 annually</snippet> including enhanced AI model access like GPT-4o and Claude 3.5 Sonnet, <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">file analysis for PDFs and images, and image generation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">The Enterprise Pro tier costs $40/month per seat or $400/year</snippet> with unlimited queries and extensive deep research capabilities (500 per day) plus advanced security and collaboration features. <snippet id="S_yvm9XpN">The Pro subscription provides access to Claude 3.7 Sonnet, GPT-4o, and DeepSeek R1</snippet>, though users note limitations in programming support and long-form content generation compared to competitors. <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w">The free version is designed for casual users</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_5WLXO2p">Pro is targeted at students, educators, writers, business professionals, and developers</snippet> who need deeper insights and enhanced research capabilities.
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Perplexity AI offers three pricing tiers: Free, Pro ($20/month or $200/year), and Enterprise Pro ($40/month per seat or $400/year) with discounts for annual billing <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">. The Pro subscription includes access to advanced AI models like GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and Claude 3.7, plus unlimited Copilot queries, file upload for PDFs and images, and real-time web access <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p,S_yvm9XpN">. Pro users also receive features like multi-step reasoning searches, deep research queries (3-300 daily depending on source), and Perplexity Labs for structured outputs <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w">. However, some users report limitations in programming support, long-form content generation, and file handling compared to competitors <snippet id="S_yvm9XpN">. Enterprise Pro adds organizational file repositories, collaboration features, unlimited deep research (500 per day), and advanced security options <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">.
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