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<snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_hXE5LYe">PPO (Proximal Policy Optimization) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017 that optimizes policy learning through a clipped surrogate objective function</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_AuYFhyP">The core of PPO involves a probability ratio \( r_t(\theta) \) between the new and old policies, clipped to a range defined by a hyperparameter \( \epsilon \) (typically 0.1-0.2) to prevent large policy updates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_HkWtygo">This clipping mechanism stabilizes training by ensuring the new policy does not deviate significantly from the previous policy, reducing the risk of divergent behavior</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hXE5LYe">The clipped objective is a lower bound on the unclipped objective, meaning improvements in the clipped objective correlate with improvements in the overall objective when the ratio remains within the specified bounds</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP">PPO also includes an entropy regularization term to promote action diversity and ensure sufficient exploration during training</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9Mgjk7i">The training loop involves initializing hyperparameters, collecting trajectories from parallel environments, and performing multiple update epochs based on these trajectories</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_hXE5LYe,S_z9c3Jms">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">It utilizes a clipped surrogate objective function that constrains the probability ratio between the new and old policies within a range typically set to 1 ± ε</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">This objective takes the minimum of clipped and unclipped estimates, providing a lower bound that penalizes significant deviations from 1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YKlYY4b,S_CcbSYTJ,S_9Mgjk7i">During training, the algorithm collects trajectories, computes advantage estimates (often via Generalized Advantage Estimation), and optimizes the policy with a value network loss and entropy bonus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CcbSYTJ,S_HkWtygo,S_9Mgjk7i">This allows multiple update epochs per iteration and stabilizes training by preventing excessively large policy updates</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The Trump administration imposed tariffs on $283 billion of U.S. imports in 2018, with rates ranging from 10% to 50%, targeting China with three waves totaling 25% on $34 billion and a 10% tariff on an additional $200 billion by September</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yHishm4">Countries such as China, the European Union, and Canada filed WTO cases against the U.S., imposing retaliatory tariffs on approximately $121 billion of U.S. exports, averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I1oE0tb,S_bTYtYjO">Retaliatory tariffs predominantly affected areas that supported Trump in the 2016 presidential election, revealing political targeting within the trade war response</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZSDo4iu">The Trump administration's shift towards protectionism under Trump is historically likened to late 19th-century mercantilist practices, contrasting with the U.S.'s post-1945 role as a proponent of trade liberalism</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain specific information on Fajgelbaum et al.'s "The Return to Protectionism" regarding distributional impacts or regressivity on low-income households.
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<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018-2019 Trump tariffs imposed $283 billion of US imports with rates from 10% to 50% on various goods, with China facing the most substantial tariffs totaling 25% on $50 billion of imports</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_yHishm4">retaliatory measures from trading partners including China, the European Union, and Canada targeted approximately $121 billion of US exports averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The tariffs were implemented amid a populist backlash against globalization, with retaliatory tariffs focusing on regions that supported Trump in the 2016 election rather than those backing other Republican candidates</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">none of the provided snippets contain results from Fajgelbaum et al.'s "The Return to Protectionism" paper specifically examining welfare effects, regressivity, or distributional incidence on low-income households</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The available evidence indicates that while tariffs may benefit specific industries, they are generally detrimental to both trading partners and the imposing country</snippet>. The search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum findings on how Trump tariffs affected working-class households or whether impacts were regressive as the agent requested.
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<snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">ZeRO-DP has three main optimization stages corresponding to partitioning of optimizer states, gradients, and parameters, with memory reduction factors of 4x, 8x, and linear scaling with DP degree respectively</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">total communication volume in ZeRO is 3, spread evenly across 2 all-gather and 1 reduce-scatter operations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">ZeRO++ introduces three communication optimizations including quantized weight communication (reducing parameter volume by half), hierarchical weight partitioning (reducing cross-machine all-gather via intra-machine communication), and quantized gradient communication</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BWVyprV">DeepSpeed offers incremental optimization stages (stage-1, stage-2, stage-3) for sharding optimizer state, gradients, and model parameters across data parallel ranks</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_RRxd5ah">hybrid approaches combining ZeRO with other parallelisms achieving up to 1/(N×M) of model states kept in GPU memory while balancing GPU memory usage and communication overhead</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">With all three ZeRO-DP stages enabled, training a trillion-parameter model can be achieved on 1024 NVIDIA GPUs with approximately 16GB per GPU memory consumption</snippet>, demonstrating the trade-off between memory reduction and communication overhead in distributed training frameworks.
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<snippet id=S_vOhHdDS>ZeRO-DP employs three optimization stages that partition optimizer states, gradients, and parameters, offering 4x and 8x memory reductions for the first two stages and linear memory reduction for parameter sharding at the cost of a 50% communication volume increase.</snippet> <snippet id=S_lxTe76D>ZeRO communication overhead is characterized by two all-gather operations for parameters and one reduce-scatter for gradients, totaling a volume of 3 model sizes per iteration.</snippet> <snippet id=S_RRxd5ah>However, the latency of collective communication operations demonstrates a positive correlation with the communication scale, which becomes significant when sharding across hundreds of GPUs.</snippet> <snippet id=S_LvWi5qs>For extreme memory scaling, ZeRO-Infinity offloads optimizer states and activations to CPU or NVMe memory to enable training of models with trillions of parameters.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Time-course single-cell transcriptomic analysis of human stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte-lineage-cells (hOLLCs) including iPSC-derived cells revealed substantial transcriptional heterogeneity of PDGFRα-lineage hOLLCs with sub-populations of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hOPCs)</snippet>, <snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">including a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset with candidate regulatory genes and networks defining sub-population identity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">Another study investigated the heterogeneity of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on Pdgfra+ populations</snippet>, <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">finding that while OPCs converge on similar transcriptional profiles, bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity with transcriptional similarities across brain and spinal cord regions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) revealed heterogeneity among these cells, particularly in their expression of cell-surface markers EGFR and PDGFRA</snippet>, <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">identifying four distinct immunophenotypic populations including THY1 hi EGFR + PDGFRA + pre-OPCs and THY1 hi EGFR À PDGFRA + putative OPCs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell RNA sequencing on hiPSC-derived oligodendrocyte-lineage cells in 3D neural cultures identified distinct populations including OPCs with consistent PDGFRA expression patterns</snippet>, <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">showing developmental progression from proliferating cells to mature oligodendrocytes with Monocle analysis highlighting heterogeneity</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Studies utilizing single-cell transcriptomics have identified substantial transcriptional heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells (hOLLCs), discovering sub-populations such as a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Specifically, single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity in cell-surface marker expression, categorizing cells into four distinct immunophenotypic populations including putative pre-OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes based on EGFR and PDGFRA levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell sequencing of 3D hiPSC-derived neural cultures further distinguished heterogeneity within the oligodendrocyte cluster, separating proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes, and myelinating oligodendrocytes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">Investigations employing both bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on iPSC-derived OPCs suggest that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity and intrinsic epigenetic differences between developmental cohorts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_UDpXMMR">Transcriptome analysis of Anthonomus grandis in Brazil identified contigs related to RNA interference mechanisms, including PAZ domains and SID-like sequences, though no RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene was detected</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI">RNAi effectiveness in A. grandis is hindered by barriers including dsRNA delivery, cellular uptake, and degradation by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, and AgraNuc3)</snippet>, which are primarily expressed in the posterior midgut. <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">While RNAi has shown promise against other coleopteran pests like the western corn rootworm, attempts to apply RNAi against the cotton boll weevil have not yielded similar results, despite transgenic plants being developed to express dsRNAs targeting critical genes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QESxt6r">In contrast, RNAi has been successfully applied in transgenic cotton plants expressing dsHaHR3 to control Helicoverpa armigera, inducing high larval mortality and deformities</snippet>, demonstrating the potential of plant-mediated RNAi but specifically against a different pest species. <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">Further development and extensive field testing are necessary to fully assess the effectiveness and viability of RNAi technology for plant protection, as initial tests show potential comparable to traditional insecticidal toxins</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising biotechnological approach for the cotton boll weevil, with research identifying targets like vitellogenin and chitin synthase genes for silencing</snippet>. <snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>Microinjection of dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 produced unviable eggs and malformed larvae, while vitellogenin knockdown significantly affected egg viability without altering egg laying numbers</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI>However, effective oral delivery of dsRNA via transgenic plants is limited by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, AgraNuc3) that degrade the RNA in the posterior midgut</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_fXsP2MN>While silencing these nucleases can enhance gene silencing efficiency against targets like chitin synthase II, attempts to apply RNAi against the boll weevil have not yielded results comparable to other coleopteran pests</snippet>. <snippet id=S_fXsP2MN>Although transgenic cotton plants expressing dsRNA are being developed, extensive field testing remains necessary to validate efficacy in agriculture</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_OLKZZOQ">The 1991 Kuwait oil fires exhibited significant aerosol radiative forcing effects with net heating rates reaching up to 3.9 K/h at 1-hour plume age and 2.3 K/h at 3-hour plume age</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_0LL30pj">the fires resulted in substantially increased levels of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the region around Kuwait and the GCC</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hTyNcJU">A comparably low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm was found for the plume arising from the Kuwait oil fires following the 1991 Gulf War</snippet>, indicating strong aerosol optical properties affected by combustion products. <snippet id="S_vOW7FR3">The study indicates that uncertainties in the coagulation rate caused a 20-40% uncertainty in the plume's radiative forcing</snippet>, highlighting the difficulty in quantifying these effects. <snippet id="S_vaq6doy">This research investigates the radiative forcing effects of smoke aerosols from Kuwait oil fires in 1991, focusing on uncertainties in surface and top-of-atmosphere forcing and their impacts on climate</snippet>, with black and organic carbon constituting 5-10% of total particle mass. <snippet id="S_3xcpkDw">Regional aerosol optical depths (AODs) exceeded 0.8 and a significant emission of smoke particles was observed, highlighting the impact of aerosol radiative forcing in the context of the Kuwait oil fires</snippet>.
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The 1991 Kuwait oil fires produced significant aerosol radiative forcing with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour plume age, causing temperature differences of up to 6 K at 250-400 hPa and cooling of up to -3 K at 850 hPa <snippet id=S_OLKZZOQ>. These aerosol effects substantially modified energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature/precipitation patterns in the regional climate <snippet id=S_vaq6doy>. Surface cooling of -175 Wm-2 was recorded during related dust events in Kuwait with aerosol optical thickness reaching 3.617, indicating strong boundary layer perturbations <snippet id=S_dFPlFos>. The Kuwait oil fire plumes exhibited a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, confirming highly absorbing characteristics that influence radiative heating profiles <snippet id=S_hTyNcJU>. Radiative forcing uncertainties for such plumes range 20-40% depending on dilution rates and particle mixture state <snippet id=S_vOW7FR3>. These combined effects demonstrate how war-driven aerosols can alter boundary layer stability and surface wind conditions relevant to turbine operation <snippet id=S_0LL30pj>.
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<snippet id="S_UBzqh33">StealC V2 introduces several new features compared to V1, including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, enhanced payload execution methods, and the ability to decrypt stolen data server-side</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, and now uses RC4 encryption for network communications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">C2 communication has shifted to JSON-based requests and responses with a focus on unique access tokens and error handling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">The control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_UBzqh33>StealC V2 introduces several new features including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, along with enhanced payload execution methods</snippet>, and it can decrypt stolen data server-side. The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, but has enabled RC4 encryption for network communications which was previously disabled. Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook, with C2 communication now using JSON-based requests and responses. The control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery. Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses <snippet id=S_UBzqh33>.
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<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">A cohort study using US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases examined the risk of incident diabetes in COVID-19 survivors beyond the acute phase</snippet>, <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">which found COVID-19 survivors exhibited a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">In the post-acute phase of the disease, compared with the contemporary control group, people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1⋅40, 95 % CI 1⋅36-1⋅44) and excess burden (13⋅46, 95 % CI 12⋅11-14⋅84, per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HmTazVA">Non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients had a 25% (95% CI: 21%-29%) increased risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes, which rose to 173% in hospitalized patients and 276% in ICU patients</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Altogether, there is evidence to suggest that beyond the acute phase of COVID-19, survivors might be at an increased risk of developing incident diabetes, and increased risk of incident antihyperglycemic use in the post-acute phase of the disease</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X5WNd6v">Higher risk of incident diabetes post-acute COVID-19 was observed, with a consistent increase in risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes (T2DM) compared to severity-matched flu-like illness</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study used US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases to build a cohort of US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19</snippet> with two control groups for comparison. <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">Detailed analyses showed people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes compared with the contemporary control group</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Risks and burdens of post-acute diabetes increased in a graded fashion according to the severity of the acute phase, whether patients were non-hospitalised, hospitalized, or admitted to intensive care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study authors conclude diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, and post-acute care strategies should integrate screening and management of diabetes</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was authored by Sarwant Singh and published on Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The search results only confirm the article's existence and publication details, not the requested renewable energy statistics. <snippet id="S_sN6CcFK">A PDF reference to the article is available at futureagenda.org/the-world-in-2025/</snippet>, but the actual content with renewable electricity percentages is not included in these snippets.
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<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was written by Sarwant Singh and published in Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage figure for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article exists and provide publication details, but do not include the actual renewable energy statistics from the article. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article URL is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>, but the renewable electricity percentage data is not accessible from these search results.
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<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_mBwOV4H">The 15th POMS-HK International Conference is scheduled to start on January 3, 2025</snippet> at The Chinese University of Hong Kong <snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_TUFN3jC">. The 14th POMS-HK International Conference started on January 5, 2024</snippet> at The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology <snippet id="S_jE7LWrz">. The 13th POMS-HK International Conference was held on January 7-8, 2023</snippet> at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University <snippet id="S_Br57QvT">. The 12th POMS-HK International Conference took place on January 8-9, 2022</snippet> at Lingnan University <snippet id="S_5nVopPR">. These dates indicate the POMS-HK International Conference typically occurs in early January each year</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_mBwOV4H">The POMS-HK International Conference is held annually in early January in Hong Kong, with the 15th conference scheduled for January 3-5, 2025, the 14th for January 5-6, 2024, and the 13th for January 7-8, 2023</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_jE7LWrz,S_TUFN3jC,S_DzBPmor,S_mBwOV4H,S_Br57QvT,S_ULVAUtt,S_wmyEfiy,S_5nVopPR">none of the provided search snippets contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta or its specific dates</snippet>. Therefore, I cannot definitively compare which conference starts first without additional search results about the Atlanta meeting.
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<snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse ERVs are classified into three classes based on pol sequence similarity, with class I resembling gamma- and epsilon-retroviruses and class II resembling alpha-, beta-, and delta-retroviruses</snippet>. <snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse representatives of class I include sequences similar to classical murine leukemia viruses (MLVs), while class II includes elements similar to mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTV) and the large intracisternal A-particle (IAP) superfamily with about 1000 copies/cell</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">Functional MLV elements like Emv2 in C57BL/6 mice can restore replication competence through recombination, producing infectious recombinant MLVs in immunodeficient strains and cancer cell lines</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">IAP elements are murine-specific retroviral elements that contribute to genetic variation, with domesticus subspecies showing a higher proportion of variable bases from active IAP insertions (67%) compared to castaneus and musculus (56%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">Full-length IAPs are autonomous long terminal repeat retrotransposons that can lead to aberrant splicing and disease when they insert near genes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tzG3IdJ">XPR1-dependent MLV ERVs are present in all house mouse subspecies, with six functional XPR1 variants evolving to restrict different subsets of MLVs through co-evolutionary adaptations</snippet>.
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Mouse endogenous retroviruses utilize a three-class system where MLV representatives belong to Class I (gammaretrovirus-like) and IAP elements belong to Class II (betaretrovirus-like), sharing nomenclature with human ERVs where Class I aligns with ERV1 and Class II with ERV2 <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_wHW5Oiu">. Functionally, endogenous MLVs such as Emv2 can undergo recombination to restore replication competence and produce infectious virus particles in strains like C57BL/6 mice <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. These infectious recombinant MLVs have been identified in murine cancer cell lines, where they contribute to leukemogenesis and tumor development <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. In contrast, IAP elements are autonomous long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons capable of active retrotransposition, contributing to genetic variation <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">. IAP elements are abundant, with approximately 1000 copies per cell, and specific subtypes like ID1 remain active in Mus musculus subspecies <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_VrGqnwN">. Active IAP insertions in Mus musculus domesticus account for a significant proportion of subspecies-specific polymorphisms, indicating ongoing mobilization <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">.
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<snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_jaGb9lk,S_Gj9myfY">Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has been widely studied as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs by retrieving external knowledge before generation</snippet>, <snippet id="S_HHkW9B0">which is categorized as a retrieval-augmented correction approach that uses external resources to mitigate hallucination</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6v3TJp1,S_MJvgffY">Active Retrieval-Augmented (ARA) models have been developed specifically for LVLMs, employing three key dimensions: identifying accurate retrieval targets, selecting effective retrieval methods, and timing the retrieval process</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6v3TJp1">Empirical evaluations across three LVLMs and four benchmarks indicate that ARA significantly reduces hallucinations while maintaining moderate retrieval frequency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">However, the effectiveness of RAG-based methods heavily relies on the quality of their retrieval mechanisms</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">existing RAG may suffer from a trade-off between diversity and factuality</snippet>.
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Research from 2023–2025 consistently demonstrates that Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. Multiple studies confirm that RAG enables models to generate responses conditioning on retrieved evidence from external knowledge bases, significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing factual accuracy <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY,S_PbQaaQw">. The technique works by retrieving reliable documents before generation, allowing LLMs to leverage external non-parameterized knowledge alongside internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_OARPrNN">. However, research also cautions that RAG's effectiveness heavily depends on retrieval mechanism quality, and the approach is not without limitations such as error accumulation and citation inaccuracies <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_Gj9myfY">. Several implementations, including Active Retrieval Augmentation frameworks, have empirically validated that optimal retrieval settings can significantly reduce hallucinations <snippet id="S_MJvgffY,S_6v3TJp1">.
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<snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ,S_i5aMNhp">The search results returned information on the Deepwater Horizon oil spill response, including SCAT-based shoreline cleanup assessments covering over 7,058 kilometers of shoreline</snippet>, <snippet id="S_DqGbf1z,S_deSmbWp">which documented the use of dispersants, controlled burns, skimming, siphoning, and containment booms to mitigate the spill's impact</snippet>. <snippet id="S_B84eK7e">Cleanup efforts focused on removing floating oil and bulk oil from shorelines, with modified SCAT terminology used to categorize oiling characteristics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe,S_Hub9Tvk,S_n6iBrLE">However, these snippets do not contain any information about the Hebei Spirit (2007) oil spill in Korea, nor do they reference ITOPF, IOPC Funds, or Korean government reports</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ys41PcL">The results instead provide general overview of oil spill cleanup techniques including containment and recovery methods, bioremediation, and shoreline clean-up approaches</snippet>. <answer>
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<snippet id="">No relevant information about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill was found in the search results.</snippet> The provided snippets all concern the Deepwater Horizon (2010, Gulf of Mexico) spill or general response capabilities in other regions like the Chinese Bohai Sea. Specifically, they discuss Deepwater Horizon shoreline oiling, SCAT surveys, dispersant use, boom and skimmer deployment, and cleanup worker participation. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ">Deepwater Horizon oil stranded on 1,773 km of shoreline with 660 km receiving authorized cleanup</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_i5aMNhp">18 SCAT teams surveyed over 7,058 kilometers of shoreline</snippet>. The Boi Sea snippets discuss mechanical facility storage quantities for skimmers and booms. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">The Bohai Sea survey found 133,420 m of floating booms, 9,632 kL/h for skimmers, and 100 vessels available</snippet>. No Hebei Spirit case history from ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean authorities was included in these results.
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<snippet id="S_QMZd9uN,S_NFdiZQm,S_7ms3BbK">Vertical eDNA distribution in lakes is strongly influenced by thermal stratification, with warm-water fish eDNA concentrated above the thermocline and cold-water stenotherms primarily detected at deeper, bottom layers during summer stratification</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eR9pNyf,S_nblzMDI">Thermocline depths in small temperate lakes range from 0.75 to 3.2 m, with sampling locations in littoral zones (20 m offshore) showing distinct vertical distribution patterns compared to pelagic zones</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DCoNvvE,S_qZTbA6e">eDNA becomes homogeneously mixed during lake turnover in monomictic lakes or winter in dimictic lakes, while in summer stratified conditions, distinct community assemblages are detected above and below the thermocline</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Cx6Mojy,S_7ms3BbK">During turnover, eDNA detection becomes more uniform across depths with cold-water species appearing at shallower levels and minnows present at deeper depths, indicating that stratification and mixing influence eDNA detection in littoral and pelagic zones</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nblzMDI">The thermocline was confirmed between 4.60-6.60 m from the surface, with eDNA sampling occurring during stratification and turnover within isothermal or near-isothermal conditions</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_qZTbA6e,S_7ms3BbK>Stratification leads to distinct microhabitat isolation where cold-water stenotherms are detectable only in midwater and deep habitats while warm-water minnows are abundant at the surface</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_QMZd9uN,S_7ms3BbK>community detection becomes more uniform across depths during autumn turnover when water column mixing occurs</snippet>. <snippet id=S_eR9pNyf,S_nblzMDI>Thermocline depths vary significantly between lakes, ranging from 0.75 to 3.2 m in some cases to 4.60 to 6.60 m in others</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DCoNvvE,S_qZTbA6e>Patchy distribution necessitates multiple sampling points across depths rather than single samples to capture community heterogeneity</snippet>.
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<snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil is listed among West Bank Premier League clubs, with Hebron as one of the cities represented</snippet>, but the search results do not contain specific information about a club that has won the Palestinian FA Cup multiple times or plays in a nearby municipality. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-1>Al-Bireh Institute and other clubs are listed but without details on their cup victories or stadium locations</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-6>Several clubs are mentioned as being located in the West Bank, but none specifically from Southern West Bank cities with multiple national cup wins are identified</snippet>. The available search results do not contain sufficient evidence to identify the specific club the agent is seeking.
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<answer>
Based on the search results, the major cities in the Southern West Bank include Hebron (Khalil), which has professional clubs like <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil</snippet>. The club Shabab Al-Dhahiriya from the city of Ad-Dhahiriya is also located in the Southern West Bank <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>. However, the search results do not contain sufficient information about which specific club has won the Palestinian Cup multiple times and plays in a nearby municipality rather than its home city. Additional research is needed to determine the exact club meeting all criteria mentioned in the query.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_Ex1kQjb">The search results show Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates with data through 3 months at 4.03%</snippet>, <snippet id="S_Ex1kQjb">1 year at 3.61%</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_Ex1kQjb">2 year rates at 3.57%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LNwC0St">Official Treasury data is available at home.treasury.gov/resource-center/data-chart-center/interest-rates/TextView</snippet>, which provides daily Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates. <snippet id="S_9NRdU6Z">U.S. Department of the Treasury's interest rate statistics page includes Daily Treasury Bill Rates</snippet> as indicative closing market bid quotations. <snippet id="S_pwGFHPE">The Treasury's official yield curve uses a par yield curve derived from bid-side market price quotations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_2WbtkJ5">A Treasury Daily Interest Rate XML Feed is available for programmatic access to daily interest rate data</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_Ex1kQjb>As of September 18, 2025, the 3-month Treasury rate was 4.03%</snippet>. The Treasury provides official yield curve data through its Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates page <snippet id=S_LNwC0St,S_9NRdU6Z,S_Ex1kQjb>. The 10-year rate is available through the same data source, though the snippet cuts off after showing rates for maturities up to 3 years. The Treasury's yield curve methodology uses indicative, bid-side market price quotations to derive par yields <snippet id=S_pwGFHPE,S_AsPkpls>. Official rates can also be accessed via the Treasury's daily interest rate XML feed or API documentation <snippet id=S_2WbtkJ5,S_4AaXlpd>.
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<snippet id="S_hAqLMYW,S_VSuv8i0">Recent research on catastrophic climate change scenarios suggests that warming above 5 °C is considered "beyond catastrophic" while above 6 °C is deemed an "indisputable global catastrophe," though the term "catastrophic climate change" remains undefined in scientific literature</snippet>. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">A research agenda for catastrophic climate change focuses on four key strands: understanding extreme climate change dynamics, exploring climate-triggered pathways to mass morbidity and mortality, investigating social fragility and risk cascades, and synthesizing findings into integrated catastrophe assessments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">Tipping point assessments show effects ranging from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon up to an eightfold increase in the optimal carbon price, with welfare estimates depending on fat tail risks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">Global catastrophic risks (GCRs) related to food systems are defined as events that could threaten human well-being on a global scale, with abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios representing a specific category of these risks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">The document emphasizes that while climate change is often labeled as an "existential threat," clear definitions are lacking, and further research is necessary to refine thresholds for catastrophic and decimation risks</snippet>.
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<answer>
The recent search returned primarily climate-focused catastrophic risk literature, with "Climate Endgame" studies emerging as key references defining catastrophe thresholds. Warming above 5°C is categorized as "beyond catastrophic," while warming above 6°C constitutes an "indisputable global catastrophe," with 3°C by century's end marking extreme climate change <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">temperature thresholds for catastrophic outcomes are now being clarified</snippet>. Tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon to an eightfold increase in optimal carbon pricing <snippet id="S_60jj79u">tipping point probabilities demonstrate fat tail risk characteristics</snippet>. However, bad-to-worst-case climate scenarios remain poorly understood despite reasons to suspect they could drive worldwide societal collapse or eventual human extinction <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">catastrophic climate scenarios are underexplored yet critically important</snippet>. Food system risks include abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios that could trigger multiple bread-basket failures and global-scale well-being threats <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">global catastrophic food system risks are identified as existential threats</snippet>. Sea level rise research similarly defines "Extremely high risk" as exceeding socioecological coping capacity and possibly leading to existential or catastrophic outcomes <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">coastal settlement risks reach existential catastrophe thresholds at very high sea level rise</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY,S_bChTerS">Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to factors like dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW,S_St3cdIq">Challenges include low bioavailability and toxicity, which may be partially overcome with nanoparticle delivery mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_giUXm46">Preclinical studies have examined combinational phytochemical-chemotherapeutic drug approaches to enhance therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RE7a53S">Pomegranate peel polyphenols have been studied in cervical cancer contexts with antioxidant properties</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RulQFFI,S_NnCE1hw">Recent literature reviews have focused on natural products and their mechanisms in cervical cancer, including interactions with inflammatory pathways and HPV-related mechanisms</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">more clinical studies with different phytochemicals are needed to fully assess safety and efficacy</snippet>.
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<answer>
Recent reviews have synthesized therapeutic effects of natural products on cervical cancer through inflammatory pathways, highlighting compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, curcumin, and paclitaxel with data primarily from 2010-2021 studies<snippet id="S_RulQFFI">. Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">. Challenges associated with phytochemical use include low bioavailability and toxicity, which may be addressed through chemical analogs, adjuvant therapies, and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms<snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">. Experimental evidence emphasizes chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of plant-derived substances, with combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs shown to enhance therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells<snippet id="S_bChTerS">. Research on phytochemicals against HPV-induced cervical cancer necessitates further investigation into efficacy and safety, particularly through concurrent therapies targeting HPV-mediated mechanisms<snippet id="S_St3cdIq">. Current literature reviews continue to collect experimental works from the last five years elucidating anticancer mechanisms of plant-derived natural products in cervical cancer treatment<snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">.
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<snippet id="S_r2sDDAL">Trust in AI within public institutions is influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers</snippet>, making legitimacy foundational to public authority in AI adoption <snippet id="S_R1PS8iU">. </snippet>Trust in government significantly influences user experiences with AI-based self-service technology in public service delivery, highlighting trust as a key challenge in implementing AI in public governance <snippet id="S_PgHhtbO">. </snippet>Trust in AI in the public sector is influenced by the area of enquiry and the communicated purposes for introducing the technology, with initial public trust levels varying compared to trust in human administrators <snippet id="S_VLrq6kV">. </snippet>Trust levels increase when AI adds perceived value and if humans remain involved, while transparency about AI use is essential for tracking trust changes <snippet id="S_F456mxb">. </snippet>Public perception of AI adoption is shaped by control of AI and ethics in AI dimensions, along with concerns about privacy invasion and lower trust in government deploying AI <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">. </snippet>Trust determinants include reliability, transparency, and human oversight, as these factors predict cognitive trust in AI systems <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">. </snippet>Trust perceptions vary across domains, with AI systems' abilities evaluated higher than benevolence, though knowledge and technological competence influence trust in AI capabilities <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">. </snippet>
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<answer>
Trust in AI within public institutions is significantly influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems often viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers <snippet id="S_r2sDDAL,S_R1PS8iU">. Key determinants include transparency and explainability, which are essential for tracking trust changes and fostering responsible AI development <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp,S_1tU6Z3U">. Human oversight remains critical, as trust levels increase when humans remain involved in decision-making processes rather than being replaced entirely by AI <snippet id="S_F456mxb">. Reliability, tangibility, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust in AI systems, while anthropomorphism influences emotional trust <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">. Privacy concerns and data governance also negatively impact trust, particularly when citizens perceive potential privacy invasion <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">. Additionally, public perception of AI control, ethics, and perceived value of AI services are crucial determinants for acceptance in public service contexts <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U,S_F456mxb">. Technological competence and familiarity with AI also correlate with higher trust in AI capabilities across different public service domains <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">.
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<answer>
<snippet id=b99d28d7-0, b99d28d7-9>Clean is available to stream on AMC+</snippet>, along with Disney+, Hulu, Sundance Now, Philo, The Roku Channel, Fandango at Home, Prime Video, and Apple TV <snippet id=b99d28d7-0>on your Roku device</snippet>. The film is also available on <snippet id=b99d28d7-1>Hulu</snippet>, <snippet id=b99d28d7-2>Amazon Prime Video</snippet>, <snippet id=b99d28d7-3>Tubi</snippet>, and <snippet id=b99d28d7-4>Pluto TV</snippet> with ads. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5>Philo</snippet> offers the movie with a free trial option. <snippet id=b99d28d7-8>Decider confirms Clean (2022) streams on AMC+</snippet> alongside Tubi TV and Hulu.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=b99d28d7-0,b99d28d7-9>Clean is available to stream on multiple platforms including AMC+, Hulu, Prime Video, Apple TV, Tubi, and Roku</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>AMC+ is specifically mentioned as one of the available streaming services for the film</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-1,b99d28d7-2,b99d28d7-4>It can also be accessed through Hulu, Amazon Prime Video, and Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5,b99d28d7-8>Philo and other services like Sundance Now and Disney+ offer the movie as well</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG,S_db6DLhs,S_ssr4mB9">The search results do not contain specific empirical data on negotiated assessment or student co-creation of assessment criteria in higher education</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">One snippet mentions peer assessment studies but notes that reliability and validity are often underreported as outcome measures, with beliefs and perceptions more frequently treated as variables than actual performance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yevXI89">A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on e-mental health interventions provides academic performance outcomes but does not address negotiated assessment design</snippet>. <snippet id="S_G7aERKv,S_10M2Vpc">Teacher effectiveness reviews focus on inputs, processes, and outcomes but do not specifically evaluate student involvement in assessment design</snippet>. <snippet id="S_r34NY6x">The ChatGPT assessment integrity discussion highlights verification challenges but does not address negotiated assessment or co-creation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YVMqQJL">Research on Research-Practice Partnerships notes limitations in measuring partnership effectiveness beyond standard student outcome metrics</snippet>. Overall, the current search results lack the specific quantitative effects or empirical evaluations needed to assess negotiated assessment or student co-creation of assessment criteria in higher education.
</answer>

<answer>
The provided search results do not contain specific empirical evidence or randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or student co-created rubrics in higher education <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv,S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">. Instead, the available literature focuses on broader concepts such as Outcome-Based Education frameworks, general peer assessment design elements, and teacher effectiveness metrics <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv">. While one systematic review notes that reliability and validity are frequently underreported in peer assessment studies, it does not quantify the impact of student involvement in task design <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">. Additional snippets discuss conceptual tensions in learning outcomes or the influence of educational technology without addressing assessment negotiation specifically <snippet id="S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_wzDgj5A">Endocytosis maintains lysosomal fitness by delivering enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_gCWDTWV">lysosomal membrane proteins are delivered to lysosomes in a M6P receptor-independent manner through vesicle fusion with plasma membrane followed by endocytosis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EhS0ch1">Lysosomal exocytosis stimulation may have beneficial effects on the accumulation of unprocessed aggregates in lysosomal storage disorders, leading to their extracellular elimination</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_pfxfGLI">a general downregulation of endocytosis during aging or senescence has been observed</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_BXMwwcV">endocytosed nanoparticles can impair lysosomal function and endocytosis, potentially due to alterations in lysosomal pH</snippet>. The available evidence does not provide direct experimental proof that enhancing endocytosis specifically protects against lysosomal dysfunction, though it supports endocytosis as a maintenance pathway for lysosomal protein delivery.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_wzDgj5A,S_Y2SP2EN>Endocytosis maintains cellular homeostasis by delivering extracellular and intracellular materials to lysosomes, where they are degraded as part of the autophagy-lysosomal-endosomal system</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_wzDgj5A>Trafficking between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network is imperative for the maintenance of lysosomal fitness as it delivers enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id=S_gCWDTWV>Lysosome biogenesis also requires endocytic pathways, as lysosomal membrane proteins can be delivered via vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane followed by endocytosis</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC,S_Ykw4nQx">Calendar aging is primarily driven by temperature-dependent side reactions, with the Arrhenius equation and Eyring models used to describe its temperature dependence</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">cycle aging at low temperatures is significantly accelerated by lithium plating and SEI film growth during fast charging</snippet>, causing dramatic reductions in cycle life as temperature decreases from 20°C to 10°C and 5°C. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">Studies by Keil et al. (2016) and Geisbauer et al. (2021) found that elevated temperatures and high SOC levels significantly increase capacity degradation and internal resistance</snippet>, indicating that calendar aging is exacerbated by heat while cycling degradation at low T is driven by plating mechanisms. <snippet id="S_RHMJrIs,S_zb2LhNK">SEI layer formation is a major contributor to cyclable lithium loss, with aged anodes exhibiting decreased intercalated lithium and increased internal resistance</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">a high power graphite/NMC battery's cycle life falls from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C</snippet>, demonstrating the dual temperature effects on calendar versus cycling aging pathways.
</answer>

<answer>
Calendar aging follows the Arrhenius equation, where elevated temperatures accelerate aging processes through increased reaction rates, making temperature regulation essential for reducing degradation <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">. SEI growth is the dominant calendar aging mechanism at high temperatures (e.g., 55°C storage), causing pore clogging and film resistance increase in anodes <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">. Higher temperatures and SOC levels significantly increase capacity degradation and internal resistance during calendar aging, with studies showing accelerated fading at 50-60°C storage <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">. In contrast, cyclic aging experiences dramatically accelerated degradation at low temperatures during charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C for graphite/NMC batteries <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. At 5°C, a 16 Ah graphite/NMC battery loses 75% capacity after only 50 cycles compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C, driven primarily by lithium plating rather than SEI growth <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. The Arrhenius law describes temperature dependence of cyclic aging reaction rates, though lithium plating at sub-zero temperatures creates an inflection point that fundamentally alters degradation mechanisms compared to calendar aging <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_maWNX2u">The provided search results discuss China's influence on global science and research evaluation, including metrics like SCI publications and co-authorship data</snippet>, but <snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_NyxI5ht,S_RTxg6u0,S_PnWYPRp,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u,S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t">none of the snippets contain the specific threshold value for rC,ave or ΔGave mentioned in the agent's query</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PtOIRGk">The search results focus on general trends in China's research evaluation reform and internationalization</snippet>, without providing the detailed statistical thresholds needed for the agent's specific query. <snippet id="S_maWNX2u">One snippet notes Chinese scholars led 49% of the most cited papers in US co-authorship from 2014 to 2018</snippet>, but this is not the rC,ave/ΔGave threshold value. The search did not surface the target Scientific Reports article with the exact threshold data.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_NyxI5ht,S_RTxg6u0,S_PnWYPRp,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u">None of the provided search results contain information about a Scientific Reports article with the specific variables rC,ave and ΔGave or their critical threshold values</snippet>. The retrieved snippets discuss various aspects of Chinese research output, publication incentives, and global science influence, but none reference the target paper with the threshold information the agent is seeking <snippet id="S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t">The only mentions of "Chinese scholars" in global research context appear in titles without corresponding content</snippet>. The agent may need to refine their search with more specific terms such as "Scientific Reports rC,ave ΔGave threshold" without the broader China influence query to locate the exact paper.
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<answer>
<snippet id="22895,68190,89881">Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) was an 18th-century Swedish naturalist who formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy</snippet>. <snippet id="22895,68190,89881">He introduced the two-part Latin species name (genus + specific epithet) and established hierarchical ranks including kingdom, class, order, genus, and species</snippet>. <snippet id="68190">His system standardized classification across plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and more, forming the basis of modern scientific naming</snippet>. <snippet id="22895">Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaeus taught at Uppsala, wrote chiefly in Latin, and was ennobled in 1761 as Carl von Linné</snippet>. <snippet id="89881">Linnaean taxonomy endures as the basis for naming and organizing biodiversity, though additional ranks and evolutionary concepts were later added</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), an 18th-century Swedish naturalist, formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy <snippet id="22895, 68190">. He introduced a two-part Latin naming system (genus + specific epithet), such as Homo sapiens, through his publication of Systema Naturae (first edition 1735) <snippet id="22895, 89881">. Linnaeus also established hierarchical classification ranks including kingdom, class, order, genus, and species <snippet id="22895, 89881">. His system standardized biological classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming <snippet id="68190">. Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaean taxonomy continues to serve as the foundation for organizing biodiversity <snippet id="22895, 89881">.
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<answer>
<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before," written by Pulitzer Prize-winning author of "Confederates in the Attic" who retraces the voyages of Captain James Cook</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>Tony Horwitz discusses the journeys he took retracing Cook's voyages across the Pacific, and this work followed a specific route retracing the voyages across the Pacific of the British explorer</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-3>Tony Horwitz is a prize-winning journalist at Harvard's Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-8>Another relevant work is "The Wide Wide Sea" by Hampton Sides, which offers a fuller picture of the British explorer's final voyage to the Pacific islands</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Tony Horwitz</snippet>, which retraces the voyages of British explorer Captain James Cook across the Pacific <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>. Cook was from Yorkshire, a county in northern England, and his historic HMS Endeavour has been reconstructed for modern voyages <snippet id=1701849e-6>. The book follows a specific route through Pacific island countries that Cook originally visited during his explorations <snippet id=1701849e-5>. Horwitz's approach combines historical research with personal adventure travel to explore Cook's legacy <snippet id=1701849e-1>. This work differed from Horwitz's previous books by focusing on a specific exploration route across the Pacific Ocean <snippet id=1701849e-6>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH">The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms for remote work and online training</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_rm0f44F">remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sFMyq5N,S_3pi5rBi">The pandemic challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention from the scientific community</snippet> to understand its impacts on organizations. <snippet id="S_hGtii0p">A study of 208 supervisory respondents revealed challenges in teamwork and productivity among HRD professionals</snippet>, highlighting the need for sustainable HRD principles to enhance employee engagement and adaptability. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">HRM was at the heart of these global transformations, helping organizations navigate the crisis while managing people and ensuring work-life balance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nIz8sUp">Research examined economic-financial impacts and psychological drivers for employees during remote working and digital transformation</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_CbPhWNe">The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), with remote work necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms and e-HRM practices</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH,Sn_rm0f44F">Research indicates this acceleration has been global in scope, with one study noting remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi,S_sFMyq5N">Systematic literature reviews characterize COVID-19 as a complicator-disruptor-enabler that challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">The crisis established lasting implications including more flexible, remote-friendly digital working norms that organizations must address through new policies and hybrid working models</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">bioRxiv does not perform peer review but implements a screening process to filter out inappropriate content and enhance submission utility</snippet>, with staff conducting internal checks including automated plagiarism detection and manual reviews for spam or inappropriate content <snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">, followed by a group of experienced scientists known as bioRxiv Affiliates who further review submissions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lUJRGnM">Thirty-three preprint platforms were examined, with 75% providing details about their screening processes</snippet>, while some platforms like FocUS Archive and SocArxiv mentioned checks without specifics <snippet id="S_lUJRGnM">. ArXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>, which raises potential issues since it includes quantitative biology <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">. Preprints, while lacking formal peer review, undergo various quality control measures on platforms like arXiv</snippet>, including author registration, endorsement, completeness, relevance, plagiarism, language appropriateness, and compliance with ethical and legal standards <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">. Each preprint includes a warning indicating the lack of peer review, and MedRxiv specifically advises against relying on these preliminary reports for health-related decisions</snippet> <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">. Despite the absence of peer review, preprints are still valuable to the research community, though they do not guarantee external quality control</snippet> <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">. Some platforms, such as bioRxiv and medRxiv, specifically reject submissions that could pose health or biosecurity risks</snippet> <snippet id="S_lUJRGnM">. Only three platforms (Research Square, bioRxiv, medRxiv) specifically check for unfounded medical claims</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">arXiv performs pre-peer review screening that includes plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language quality</snippet>, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">but does not conduct formal peer review before posting</snippet>. Key quality control measures on arXiv include <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">author registration and endorsement requirements, completeness checks, relevance verification, plagiarism detection, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>, unlike bioRxiv and medRxiv which screen for material that could endanger public health or pose biosecurity risks. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">ArXiv emphasizes that its materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. Despite the absence of peer review, preprints on arXiv still undergo screening as a "coarse filter" to exclude nonscientific or inappropriate content, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">though this does not guarantee validity of the content</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: Perceptive (focusing on letters and words), Selective (assessing recognition through tasks like multiple choice), Interactive (involving engagement with longer texts), and Extensive (encompassing longer readings such as articles and books)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments including Cloze tasks, Impromptu reading with comprehension questions, Short answer tasks, Editing longer texts, Scanning for specific information, Ordering tasks, and Information transfer</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kOME3NW">The interactive reading task is a framework for AIG and automatic scoring of reading comprehension passages with questions associated with the passage, requiring test takers to sequentially interact with the text</snippet>. <snippet id="S_n6aoW4b">Reading is defined as an interactive process involving both lower-level (bottom-up) and higher-level (top-down) processes, with bottom-up process including recognizing written words and grammatical information essential for creating meaning</snippet>. Note: The search results do not contain specific information distinguishing "intensive" reading from "extensive" reading categories, as the available snippets focus on the four types (perceptive, selective, interactive, extensive) rather than a separate intensive category.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books.</snippet> <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores for automatic medical fact-checking</snippet>, demonstrating that domain-specific models outperform general BERT on health fact-checking benchmarks. <snippet id="S_wkwj2K0">When fine-tuned on the PUBHEALTH dataset, SCIBERT and BIOBERT versions showed improved performance compared to original BERT for fact-checking label prediction</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">BIOBERT demonstrates higher accuracies than BERT for biomedical domain tasks including named entity recognition and question answering</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">SCIBERT outperforms BERT in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HA4fMd9">Datasets such as COVIDFact, HealthVer, and SCIFACT verify COVID-19 claims against scientific literature, providing testbeds for comparing domain-specific models</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RXgSB12">Training deep learning-based fact-checking models on real-world and in-domain claims substantially improves performance compared to training on synthetic and open-domain claims</snippet>.
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<answer>
Research on medical fact-checking shows that domain-specific language models often outperform general models on health claim verification tasks. On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores compared to BERT and other baseline models <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. BioBERT demonstrates higher accuracies than BERT for biomedical tasks including named entity recognition, relation extraction, and question answering in the biomedical domain <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. Similarly, SCIBERT shows improvements over the original BERT and outperforms it in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. However, performance varies by dataset; on SCIFACT, RoBERTa-large achieved the best performance among the sentence encoders tested, including SciBERT and BioMedRoBERTa <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. Additionally, training deep learning models on real-world medical claims substantially improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">.
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<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf,S_u8WEXgX">The waterfall model is a traditional, linear, and sequential software development approach where progress flows downward through distinct phases such as requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance</snippet>, <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf,S_u8WEXgX">each phase must be completed before the next begins, with outputs of one phase serving as inputs for subsequent phases</snippet>, <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ">substantial changes in requirements typically cannot be accommodated without significant disruption</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">In contrast, the iterative model allows for initial simplified implementations that evolve through multiple iterations</snippet>, <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">emphasizing incremental changes where projects are divided into smaller parts that undergo repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation</snippet>, <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">each iteration enhances the previous work, allowing for more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to the waterfall model</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX">A hybrid Waterfall-Iterative approach, also noted as "Waterative," integrates Waterfall's structured phases with iterative execution, including requirement analysis for each iteration and feedback loops</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">The traditional waterfall model is defined as a linear, sequential software development approach where each phase must be completed before the next begins, with strict documentation and sign-offs required between stages</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">In contrast, "iterative waterfall" (also called "Waterative") executes waterfall phases iteratively as the project elaborates, incorporating requirement analysis for each iteration with design followed by product backlog creation using Scrum framework's agile principles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model allows incremental changes and divided project parts with repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation, enabling more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to waterfall</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">A key distinction is that waterfall accommodates substantial requirement changes with significant disruption, whereas iterative approaches emphasize evolving implementations with each cycle enhancing previous work</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz,S_u8WEXgX">Waterfall is characterized by sequential phases requiring strict documentation and end products per stage, while iterative/wative approaches include unit testing during sprints followed by systems integration testing and user acceptance testing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">Waterfall approaches work well for simple, straightforward projects, but are less suitable for complex projects requiring flexibility</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X">Digital transformation in banking is linked to enhanced financial inclusion and operational efficiency, with research showing digital payments have a strong relationship with both financial inclusion and operational efficiency of financial institutions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IbmwH6I,S_kq45sEh">Digital banking has enhanced financial inclusion by offering accessible and affordable services, particularly through mobile banking and digital wallets that serve underserved populations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AlV0rKF">Empirical studies in Sub-Saharan Africa found that digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability and negatively correlates with non-performing loans</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cecyK56">The economic impact of financial inclusion varies by region, with digital financial inclusion being more significant in low-income countries due to inefficiencies in traditional banking</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ipBYA4S">However, research on Fintech's impact on financial inclusion is limited, particularly regarding effects across different demographics and regions, and traditional financial inclusion metrics often fail to adequately measure digital financial inclusion</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gkl8lvJ">Mobile banking and e-payments have increased financial inclusion among developing countries, though challenges remain including consumer protection, data inequality, and regulatory arbitrage</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Q1OC4lz">Digitalisation of business processes can promote financial inclusion and positively impact economic growth, though there is uncertainty regarding whether digital financial services are genuinely inclusive for women and underprivileged communities</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X>S digital transformation in banking is defined as the application of innovative technologies, particularly digital payments, to enhance financial inclusion and operational efficiency</snippet>, with research showing it <snippet id=S_4uYEvn0>S diminishes the impact of income levels on financial service access</snippet> while enhancing account ownership and savings. <snippet id=S_cecyK56>S Economic impact varies by income level: in low-income countries, digital financial inclusion is more significant than traditional finance due to banking inefficiencies</snippet>, whereas in middle-income countries both forms complement each other. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability (z-score) and negatively with non-performing loans</snippet>, though increased bank competition negatively affects stability according to the competition-fragility hypothesis. <snippet id=S_kq45sEh>S Challenges include data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy</snippet>, with findings from Sub-Saharan Africa, ASEAN, and EU contexts; <snippet id=S_cecyK56,S_Q1OC4lz>Yemen-specific evidence is sparse and limited by fragile state conditions</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Policy recommendations emphasize promoting digital financial literacy, regulatory frameworks treating digital and traditional finance as complementary</snippet>, and strategic measures to maintain bank stability alongside inclusion initiatives.
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<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Never Look Back (1952) is a British courtroom melodrama produced by Exclusive Films and Hammer Film Productions</snippet>, <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">distributed by Exclusive Films with a UK release on 26 May 1952</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The cast includes Hugh Sinclair, who appears as the fiancé of the lead character</snippet>, while <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett has a brief appearance as a policeman</snippet>. <snippet id="55190">The film was directed by Francis Searle and runs 73 minutes</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The 1952 British drama Never Look Back was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett appears in a brief supporting role as a policeman</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Hugh Sinclair is confirmed as a main star in the cast, playing the prosecutor</snippet>. The production ran for 73 minutes and was shot at Mancunian Studios between September and October 1951.
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<snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_0G85ZD2">The disposition index is a validated measure of beta-cell function that integrates insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion, calculated as the product of insulinogenic index and insulin sensitivity indices such as Matsuda or Gutt</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">this index has been applied in adult studies to assess beta-cell function in relation to visceral adipose tissue and insulin response during glucose challenges</snippet>. <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2">Adipose tissue insulin resistance, assessed through plasma free fatty acid turnover and fasting insulin, has been incorporated into disposition index calculations to improve the assessment of beta-cell function in obese adults</snippet>, with strong correlations found between adipose insulin resistance and both first and second phases of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. <snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">These studies demonstrate that beta-cell function metrics including early-phase insulin secretion and disposition index can be characterized across different insulin resistance compartments in adult populations</snippet>.
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<answer>
The provided search results do not directly address the relationship between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and pancreatic beta-cell function metrics in humans. The snippets primarily define how beta-cell function indices like the disposition index, insulinogenic index, and acute insulin response are calculated from OGTT or IVGTT data <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_77OipMD">the disposition index is calculated as the product of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion measures such as the insulinogenic index</snippet>. One study suggests adipose tissue insulin resistance affects beta-cell function assessment, noting that elevated plasma free fatty acids can impair β-cell function and proposing adjustments to the disposition index to account for adipose tissue <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2">incorporating adipose insulin resistance into assessments provides a more comprehensive index of β-cell function</snippet>. Another study reported that leptin and GM-CSF were negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI and hsCRP, indicating roles in inflammation and lipid metabolism <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">leptin and GM-CSF showed negative associations with the disposition index and positive correlations with BMI and inflammatory markers</snippet>. However, none of these snippets provide direct adult human evidence linking VAT or pancreatic fat specifically to beta-cell function measures like disposition index or acute insulin response as the agent was seeking.
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<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources by one-third did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>, though it did increase exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduce uncivil language. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">Research on social media feed designs compared chronological and engagement-based feeds, finding that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans</snippet>, but may increase perceived threats to free speech. <snippet id="S_mUfOdDp">A 2020 study by Guess et al. found no significant long-term effects of Facebook and Instagram's algorithms on users' affective polarization over a three-month period</snippet>, suggesting the impact of social media algorithms on long-term beliefs is complex. <snippet id="S_sJfbnsu">The U.S. 2020 Facebook and Instagram Election Study provided the largest-scale evidence available to date on the effect of Facebook and Instagram access on political knowledge, attitudes, and behavior in a presidential election season</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EIYKoMB">Recent studies suggest that exposure to diverse perspectives can align local conflicts with broader partisan divides, and authors propose redesigning social media ranking algorithms to mitigate polarization by incorporating democratic values into their structure</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>. The intervention aimed to decrease exposure to like-minded sources by one-third, which resulted in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">but did not lead to measurable changes in eight key political attitudes, including affective polarization and belief in false claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">An experiment compared various feed types, including chronological and engagement-based feeds, as well as innovative designs aimed at promoting democratic values</snippet>. Findings indicate that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans, but may inadvertently increase perceived threats to free speech among users <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">. The research also references other studies that examined the influence of exposure to like-minded sources and reshared content, noting that some studies found minimal effects on affective polarization</snippet>.

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<answer>
<snippet id="S_StdTMvV">The CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions at 0.1° resolution using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level based on International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship data</snippet>, but this does not specifically document FUND/PAGE IAM integration. <snippet id="S_IAQSdJr">Synthetic tropical cyclone time series (1,000 years) improve flood predictions accuracy compared to historical IBTrACS data (71 years), with risk assessments showing increases in protected area, population, and monetary values</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VGFFWS5">The HWCM approach enhances tropical cyclone risk assessments by simulating high-resolution wind and rain fields to evaluate storm flood damages in vulnerable communities</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_kiLBoza,S_BQsrZW1,S_pppTd3w,S_GAsmDEl,S_93wqG64">none of the provided search results contain specific documentation on how canonical IAMs (FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE) integrate tropical cyclone or flood damage functions</snippet>. The search results focus on hazard modeling and impact assessments rather than IAM-specific damage function formulations.
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<answer>
Unfortunately, the provided search results do not contain specific information about how FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE, or other canonical IAMs incorporate extreme weather events into their damage functions. The available snippets focus on hazard modeling (CLIMADA model for tropical cyclones, mangrove flood protection services, hydrodynamic modeling) but do not document IAM integration methods <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>. No snippets describe how IAMs represent extremes as separate impact categories or stochastic shocks to capital/productivity, nor do they detail expected-annual-loss pipelines feeding IAM damages. There is also no evidence of empirically estimated event-specific damage functions (cyclone wind-based, flood depth–damage, heat-wave impacts) being aggregated to macro damages within specific IAM frameworks in these results.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK,S_4kyiDLH">HPV entry begins with the L1 protein binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) or Heparan Sulfate Syndecan (Sdc) proteoglycans (HPSG), specifically Sdc2 and Sdc4, on the cell membrane</snippet>, <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK,S_4kyiDLH">which triggers conformational changes in L1 that expose the N-terminus of the L2 protein</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_qd5yqrp">The exposed L2 N-terminus is then cleaved by the cellular protease furin, reducing L1's affinity for HSPGs</snippet>, <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_qd5yqrp">and this process facilitates internalization through clathrin-independent endocytosis, similar to micropinocytosis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_06dh88l">Virus access to the basal layer of epithelium requires disruption of the epidermal architecture such as wounds, abrasions or microlesions</snippet>, <snippet id="S_06dh88l,S_sYaeZRH">where attachment receptors including laminin-332, heparan sulfate proteoglycans, and tetraspanins CD151 along with integrins α3β1 and α6β4 are involved in the entry process</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_qd5yqrp">Following endocytosis, the virus reaches the nucleus within approximately 24 hours via post-endocytic trafficking through endosomes, the Golgi network, and the endoplasmic reticulum</snippet>, <snippet id="S_6cL8am9">where L2 protein interacts with γ-secretase protease and p120-catenin to maintain episome integrity during retrograde trafficking to the Trans Golgi Network</snippet>.
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<answer>
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) entry typically begins at microlesions in the epithelium where the major capsid protein L1 binds to laminin-332 or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the basement membrane <S_9692W5p, S_06dh88l, S_ygceipK, S_4kyiDLH>. This initial attachment induces L1 conformational changes, often facilitated by Cyclophilin B, which exposes the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2 <S_9692W5p, S_ygceipK, S_sYaeZRH>. Proteolytic processing follows, where kallikrein-8 cleaves L1 and the cellular protease furin cleaves L2, reducing HSPG affinity and preparing the virion for internalization <S_6cL8am9, S_9692W5p, S_qd5yqrp>. Secondary interactions with receptors such as annexin A2, integrin α6, and tetraspanins like CD151 facilitate clathrin-independent endocytosis or macropinocytosis-like uptake <S_6cL8am9, S_Fgb4QWW, S_06dh88l>. Once internalized, the virus undergoes retrograde trafficking through endosomes and the Golgi network to reach the nucleus for genome release and replication <S_6cL8am9, S_IzJhLSD, S_qd5yqrp>.
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<snippet id="S_FvypqMm">The Laplace mechanism has been applied to preserve privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions by adding noise to numeric query results</snippet>, ensuring the output remains unaffected by the addition or removal of a single record. <snippet id="S_u2uIkcN">This mechanism ensures differential privacy for numerical data with calibrated Laplace noise, enabling privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gaV539r">Dwork et al. [28] proposed the Laplace mechanism for scientific data analysis that takes a database, function f, and privacy parameter ε as inputs, returning the true output plus Laplacian noise</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5htVDhJ">The Laplace mechanism is considered one of the most generic mechanisms to achieve differential privacy, with Laplace noise added to function outputs to produce differentially private results</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain explicit information about these applications being published in the specific high-impact journals mentioned (IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, Nature Scientific Data, PNAS, Management Science, Operations Research, Information Systems Research), or details on how the Laplace mechanism was specifically applied to financial data in those journals.
</answer>

<answer>
The search results provide limited evidence of concrete case studies from high-impact journals applying the Laplace mechanism specifically to financial/banking/credit transaction data. Two snippets mention financial applications: S_FvypqMm notes the Laplace mechanism can preserve "user privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions" within parking recommender system research <snippet id=S_FvypqMm>, and S_u2uIkcN states the mechanism enables "privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions" for prospect theoretic analysis <snippet id=S_u2uIkcN>. However, neither snippet explicitly confirms publication in high-impact journals like IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or major finance/economics journals that the agent prioritized <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_3Vks9VQ>. Most other search results discuss the Laplace mechanism in medical data <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG>, social networks <snippet id=S_XWjGWtA,S_gaV539r>, or power flow systems <snippet id=S_3Vks9VQ> rather than verified financial case studies. Additional searches targeting specific journals or verified financial domains would be needed to fully address the agent's goal.
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<snippet id="21438">Jitendra Narayan (20 Dec 1886–20 Dec 1922) was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar</snippet>, and <snippet id="21438">he founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet>. <snippet id="21438">As "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar" he played one first‑class cricket match (Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI v Lord Willingdon's XI) on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs in total</snippet>. <snippet id="21438">There is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>. <snippet id="57275">Details regarding a namesake Nripendra Narayan Academy and links to cricketing activity with a Prince of Wales's XI remain unconfirmed in available sources</snippet>. <snippet id="71327">Claims about founding a Nripendra Narayan Academy or first-class cricket/Prince of Wales XI involvement are unverified/conflicting with the provided content</snippet>.
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<answer>
Jitendra Narayan was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar <snippet id="21438">and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet> as an educational institution named after his father. He played one first‑class cricket match for "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI" against Lord Willingdon's XI on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs total <snippet id="21438">. There is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>, which contradicts one key element of the hypothesis that the match was against the Prince of Wales' XI during the 1921–22 India tour. Biographical details indicate he was linked to Cooch‑Behar Palace (also known as Victor Jubilee Palace) as the ruling Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar during his lifetime <snippet id="21438">, though succession by his offspring is not confirmed in the available snippets. Some sources present conflicting or fragmentary information about the academy founder and cricketing claims <snippet id="57275">, with sibling records listing him as having younger brothers but not documenting all biographical details consistently <snippet id="71327">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_gnrEepM">Studies on monoclonal antibody quantification in plasma indicate that using two stable signature peptides (SPs) is important for reliability, with protein-level and hybrid calibrations achieving good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results between SPs (deviations < 15%)</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_gnrEepM">peptide-level calibration showed significant negative biases (−23 to −62%) and discordant results between SPs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BFG6czq">For antibody-drug conjugates, two peptides from the tryptic digest containing a portion of the CDR were identified and used as signature peptides, with extended stable isotope labeled (SIL) signature peptides used as internal standards</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kjDg3lX">Bottom-up LC-MS/MS assays for monoclonal antibodies typically focus on surrogate peptides from Fab or Fc regions, with concentrations determined using multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides relative to standards</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XWxG38W">A high-throughput strategy was developed to select and validate surrogate peptides for quantifying protein expression levels, using a minimum of three light and two heavy peptide fragments to enhance reproducibility</snippet>. Overall, the evidence suggests that while single signature peptides can be used in specific cases, <snippet id="S_gnrEepM">using two SPs is emphasized for reliability</snippet> in therapeutic protein LC-MS/MS quantification.
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Current evidence suggests that using two signature peptides is recommended over a single peptide for reliable mAb quantification in serum. A study assessing calibration approaches for monoclonal antibody quantification emphasized "the importance of using two SPs for reliability" and found single peptide calibration had "significant negative biases" and "discordant results between SPs" <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>. Practical implementations in therapeutic protein studies typically employ multiple peptides; for instance, one Fc-engineered mAb PK assay determined concentrations using "multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides" <snippet id=S_kjDg3lX>. Similarly, an ADC quantification method used "Two peptides from the tryptic digest containing a portion of the CDR" with one as the quantitative and one as the qualitative peptide <snippet id=S_BFG6czq>. While single peptides can be detected, protein-level and hybrid calibrations with two SPs achieved "good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results" compared to peptide-level calibration which showed poor reliability <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_SvIkmlU,S_rtPxhtT">Umbrella reviews indicate that the time of day for resistance training does not significantly affect increases in muscle strength and mass, as both morning and evening training yield similar hypertrophy adaptations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JKFS2Wu">However, one 24-week study found that evening resistance training resulted in a larger muscle cross-sectional area in men, though Sedliak et al.'s similar trends were statistically insignificant</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HhyT8Rz">Research suggests that the time of day for strength training can influence performance particularly in relation to an individual's chronotype, with morning training tending to reduce diurnal variation in performance while evening training enhances it</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gRYJWoz">Time-of-day exercise has profound impacts on cardiometabolic and body composition outcomes that differentially manifest in women and men, with morning exercise in women enhancing fat loss and evening exercise in men lowering blood pressure</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU,S_rtPxhtT">Overall, the current evidence suggests that personal preference should guide training timing, with more research needed to verify if differences exist between training in the morning versus evening hours</snippet>.
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<answer>
Umbrella reviews indicate that increases in muscle strength and mass do not significantly differ between morning and evening resistance training <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT,S_SvIkmlU>. Acute performance metrics typically peak around 6:00 p.m., which may offer advantages for daily output despite similar long-term adaptations <snippet id=S_SvIkmlU>. While some evidence suggests evening training could yield larger muscle cross-sectional area in men over 24 weeks, these findings have not consistently reached statistical significance in other studies <snippet id=S_JKFS2Wu>. Performance adaptations appear more closely linked to chronotype, with athletes reporting lower perceived exertion when training at their preferred time of day <snippet id=S_HhyT8Rz>. Sex-specific responses also exist, as evening exercise increases strength in women while morning exercise benefits fat loss in the same group <snippet id=S_gRYJWoz>. Therefore, experts recommend selecting training times based on personal preference to maximize adherence given the lack of clear superiority between schedules <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_krnNJsl">Digital health equity training is recognized as essential for healthcare professionals, particularly in telehealth and telerehabilitation contexts, to address socioeconomic gaps and barriers related to cultural, social, and digital literacy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rBaa6iD">Research indicates that health providers may lack training and competencies in consideration of digital health equity, along with cultural humility to understand how patients and communities experience technology</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TwqA5Qh">While standardized telehealth competencies for advanced practice nursing are currently missing, frameworks like the Four P's of Telehealth (planning, preparing, providing, and performance evaluation) have been developed to guide competency-based education</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrMxYXW">Studies highlight the importance of structured, evidence-based training for healthcare professionals to ensure competency in delivering telehealth services, with recommendations for integrating digital health training into pre-registration qualifications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DUMUv4Q">Digital navigators—individuals trained to assist healthcare teams with digital health technology implementation—require specific competencies and a proposed 10-hour training and certification process addresses this gap</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ow0RlxD">Telehealth has the potential to reduce healthcare access gaps for isolated and rural populations, but it may inadvertently exacerbate disparities for disadvantaged groups who lack resources such as broadband internet access and digital literacy</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_rBaa6iD>Providers may lack training and competencies in consideration of digital health equity and cultural humility</snippet>, while <snippet id=S_paP0n66,S_ChDg9cS>health policies must strengthen telehealth training to accommodate language barriers, cultural considerations, and varying levels of digital literacy</snippet>. <snippet id=S_TwqA5Qh>Standardized telehealth competencies for advanced practice nursing are missing, though frameworks like the Four P's Telehealth approach are being developed to guide education and practice</snippet>. <snippet id=S_VrMxYXW>Digital health training should be integrated into pre-registration qualifications to prepare graduates for telehealth roles</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DUMUv4Q>Emerging roles like digital navigators require specific training and certification to support clinical teams with technology integration</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">Mepiquat chloride (MC) has been applied to cotton seeds at five different doses (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 g kg-1 seed) in greenhouse experiments to study its effects on initial plant growth</snippet>, <snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">but the application decreased shoot length while having no significant effect on dry matter production, root length, shoot:root ratio, or leaf area:root length ratio</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hyBY58K">MC is effective in controlling excessive cotton growth, significantly reducing plant height and node number in relation to application rate up to 45 g ha-1</snippet>, <snippet id="S_hyBY58K">with leaf area growth rate, total node number, and plant height decreasing linearly from 0 to 30 µg g-1 concentrations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7sCukyL">MC is commonly used in China's cotton belt and worldwide to improve fiber quality and seed yields</snippet>, <snippet id="S_7sCukyL">increasing leaf thickness, reducing leaf area, and shortening internodes to create a more dense plant architecture</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hyBY58K">Multiple applications are commonly employed to manage cotton growth, starting when the first bud reaches a diameter of 3 mm, typically 6 to 10 days after bud formation begins</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hyBY58K">Efficacy is highly dependent on environmental factors, particularly temperature, with optimal response at 30 ºC during the day and 20 ºC at night</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">Mepiquat chloride (MC) has been studied as a cotton seed treatment, with greenhouse experiments applying doses of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 g kg -1 seed</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">The application of MC to cotton seeds decreased shoot length but had no significant effect on dry matter production, root length, shoot:root ratio or leaf area: root length ratio</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">Thus, the application of MC to cotton seeds is not expected to have a deleterious effect on plant water acquisition</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7sCukyL">MC is commonly used worldwide as a growth regulator to improve fiber quality and seed yields</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hyBY58K">For foliar applications, MC is effective at reducing plant height up to 45 g ha −1</snippet>, though seed treatment studies used much lower rates (up to 12 g per kg seed). <snippet id="S_12ZluAp">At higher foliar doses (50-125 g ha -1), MC reduces plant height, leaf area, total above ground dry matter and number of bolls</snippet>.
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