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<snippet id="S_SvIkmlU,S_rtPxhtT">Multiple umbrella reviews indicate that resistance training time of day (morning vs. evening) does not significantly affect increases in muscle strength or mass, with both timings yielding similar hypertrophy results</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU">Grgic et al. (2019) concluded that hypertrophy adaptations were similar regardless of the time of day the training sessions were located</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_rtPxhtT">a review of resistance exercise training prescription variables found that time of day for resistance training does not significantly affect increases in muscle strength and mass</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JKFS2Wu">However, one 24-week study showed that evening resistance training resulted in a larger muscle cross-sectional area in men</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU">these findings could be partially explained by similar levels of p70S6K phosphorylation observed after strength training performed in the morning or afternoon</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HhyT8Rz">Research indicates that the time of day for strength training can influence performance based on an individual's chronotype, with morning training reducing diurnal variation and evening training enhancing it</snippet>, suggesting that <snippet id="S_HhyT8Rz">athletes who train at their preferred time report lower perceived exertion and may achieve better training adaptations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gRYJWoz">Time of day effects appear to differentially manifest in women and men, with morning exercise in women enhancing fat loss and evening exercise in men lowering blood pressure</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SvIkmlU">Future studies should consider individual responses to resistance training at different times of the day based on chronotype and habitual sleep cycles</snippet>.
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Umbrella reviews indicate that increases in muscle strength and mass do not significantly differ between morning and evening resistance training <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT,S_SvIkmlU>. Acute performance metrics typically peak around 6:00 p.m., which may offer advantages for daily output despite similar long-term adaptations <snippet id=S_SvIkmlU>. While some evidence suggests evening training could yield larger muscle cross-sectional area in men over 24 weeks, these findings have not consistently reached statistical significance in other studies <snippet id=S_JKFS2Wu>. Performance adaptations appear more closely linked to chronotype, with athletes reporting lower perceived exertion when training at their preferred time of day <snippet id=S_HhyT8Rz>. Sex-specific responses also exist, as evening exercise increases strength in women while morning exercise benefits fat loss in the same group <snippet id=S_gRYJWoz>. Therefore, experts recommend selecting training times based on personal preference to maximize adherence given the lack of clear superiority between schedules <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT>.
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<snippet id="S_krnNJsl">Digital health equity training is recognized as essential for healthcare professionals, particularly in the context of telehealth and telerehabilitation, with a significant emphasis on addressing socioeconomic gaps and barriers related to cultural, social, and digital literacy in accessing virtual care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ow0RlxD">A narrative review highlights that telehealth has the potential to reduce healthcare access gaps for isolated and rural populations, but it may inadvertently exacerbate disparities for disadvantaged groups who lack the resources necessary for effective telemedicine use, such as broadband internet access and digital literacy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rBaa6iD">Research indicates that health providers may lack training and competencies in consideration of digital health equity as well as the cultural humility to understand how their patients and communities may experience or interact with technology</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrMxYXW">Studies emphasize the importance of structured, evidence-based training for healthcare professionals to ensure competency in delivering telehealth services, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DUMUv4Q">The emerging role of digital navigators—individuals trained to assist healthcare teams in implementing digital health technologies—requires specific competencies in digital health with proposed training and certification processes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_paP0n66">Future policies promoting the use of virtual models for routine and preventive care must consider disparities in engagement with digital care, which are often driven by ethnicity, age, and socioeconomic status, and strengthen telehealth training to accommodate for language and cultural barriers, varying levels of digital literacy, and disability</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_rBaa6iD>Providers may lack training and competencies in consideration of digital health equity and cultural humility</snippet>, while <snippet id=S_paP0n66,S_ChDg9cS>health policies must strengthen telehealth training to accommodate language barriers, cultural considerations, and varying levels of digital literacy</snippet>. <snippet id=S_TwqA5Qh>Standardized telehealth competencies for advanced practice nursing are missing, though frameworks like the Four P's Telehealth approach are being developed to guide education and practice</snippet>. <snippet id=S_VrMxYXW>Digital health training should be integrated into pre-registration qualifications to prepare graduates for telehealth roles</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DUMUv4Q>Emerging roles like digital navigators require specific training and certification to support clinical teams with technology integration</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">Mepiquat chloride (MC) application to cotton seeds has been studied in greenhouse experiments using doses of 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 g kg⁻¹ seed</snippet>, with the application <snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">decreasing shoot length but having no significant effect on dry matter production, root length, shoot:root ratio, or leaf area:root length ratio</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7sCukyL">MC is commonly used in China's cotton belt and worldwide to improve fiber quality and seed yields</snippet>, with application increasing leaf thickness, reducing leaf area, and shortening internodes. <snippet id="S_hyBY58K">MC is effective in controlling excessive cotton growth, significantly reducing plant height and node number up to 45 g ha⁻¹</snippet>, with optimal efficacy occurring at 30°C during the day and 20°C at night. <snippet id="S_12ZluAp">Split dose applications at 34, 47, and 62 days after emergence have been evaluated for effects on plant height, nodes, and bolls</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_H2pBJjb">differential cultivar sensitivity exists, with earliest cultivars being the most sensitive to MC</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">The application of MC to cotton seeds is not expected to have a deleterious effect on plant water acquisition</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">Mepiquat chloride (MC) has been studied as a cotton seed treatment, with greenhouse experiments applying doses of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 g kg -1 seed</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">The application of MC to cotton seeds decreased shoot length but had no significant effect on dry matter production, root length, shoot:root ratio or leaf area: root length ratio</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PiVm5fQ">Thus, the application of MC to cotton seeds is not expected to have a deleterious effect on plant water acquisition</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7sCukyL">MC is commonly used worldwide as a growth regulator to improve fiber quality and seed yields</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hyBY58K">For foliar applications, MC is effective at reducing plant height up to 45 g ha −1</snippet>, though seed treatment studies used much lower rates (up to 12 g per kg seed). <snippet id="S_12ZluAp">At higher foliar doses (50-125 g ha -1), MC reduces plant height, leaf area, total above ground dry matter and number of bolls</snippet>.
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<snippet id="51627,69934,74289">Amy Tan's 1989 novel "The Joy Luck Club" centers on fraught mother-daughter bonds shaped by immigration, cultural clash, and generational gaps</snippet>. <snippet id="51627,69934,74289">The narrative weaves sixteen interlocking stories about four Chinese immigrant mothers and their four American-born daughters</snippet>. <snippet id="51627,69934,74289">Central themes include mother-daughter relationships marked by differing cultural expectations and generational conflict as mothers' traditional Chinese values clash with daughters' American identities</snippet>. <snippet id="51627,69934,74289">The novel explores struggles over identity, shame, and pride while highlighting both cultural divide and the possibility of mutual understanding</snippet>. <snippet id="51627,69934,74289">Resolution comes through empathy and communication, with daughters recognizing their mothers' intentions and shared histories</snippet>.
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<snippet id="51627,69934,74289">Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club is a 1989 novel that centers on fraught mother‑daughter bonds shaped by immigration, cultural clash, and generational gaps</snippet>. <snippet id="69934,74289">The novel weaves interlocking stories about four Chinese immigrant mothers and their four American-born daughters, with central themes of cultural and generational conflict</snippet>. <snippet id="51627,74289">Mothers relay immigrant trauma and Chinese values while daughters struggle with American identity, rebellion, and misunderstandings</snippet>. <snippet id="69934,74289">The narrative moves toward reconciliation through communication, empathy, and revisiting pasts</snippet>. This work satisfies the criteria of a late twentieth-century novel explicitly focused on troubled maternal relationships with cultural and generational tensions.
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<snippet id="S_386ZR9h">A comprehensive snRNA-seq study analyzed 4,998 discrete neuronal clusters (97% of total cells) across 92 anatomical locations in the adult mouse brain, including prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, to understand cell type composition</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iTfCBaw">snRNA-seq provides less biased cellular coverage and can be applied to archived frozen specimens, with nuclear RNA representing 20-50% of total cellular mRNA in large and small pyramidal neurons respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KNwlTux">scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq are advanced techniques used to study the transcriptomic landscape of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, particularly in the context of psychiatric disorders</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sBVDz14">A study of prefrontal cortex in major depressive disorder identified cell-type-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and deep layer excitatory neurons, implicating impairments to fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling and steroid hormone receptor (SHR) cycling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EVwyDNd">scRNA-seq has been used to study the impact of WNT signaling on cortical neuronal spine maturation and synaptogenesis, with implications for understanding ketamine effects on the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus</snippet>. However, the available snippets do not contain specific quantitative findings on ketamine-induced transcriptional changes in PFC or hippocampus with timepoint (acute vs chronic) distinctions that the agent is seeking.
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<snippet id="S_iTfCBaw,S_386ZR9h,S_hu2Og7m">The provided search results do not contain scRNA-seq evidence on cell-type-specific transcriptional changes in mouse brain regions after antidepressant administration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iTfCBaw">While some snippets compare snRNA-seq and scRNA-seq methodologies in mouse cortex, they do not include antidepressant treatment data</snippet>. <snippet id="S_386ZR9h">One study profiles 4,388,420 nuclei across 92 mouse brain locations but only mentions ketamine as a potential substance of interest without providing actual treatment results</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hu2Og7m">Another snippet discusses rodent models for psychiatric disorders and mentions scRNA-seq as a tool, but provides no specific ketamine or SSRI transcriptional findings</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sBVDz14">Human MDD post-mortem snRNA-seq data is presented instead of mouse antidepressant intervention studies</snippet>. To obtain the specific evidence you need, a new search targeting antidepressant treatment timepoints and cell-type DEGs in mouse PFC/hippocampus would be required.
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<snippet id="S_vKl66cs,S_t1UFtY4">The Netherlands has implemented supportive policies for community-led adaptive reuse, including the 2010 'crisis and recovery act' allowing temporary use of buildings and a national adaptive reuse program under the 'heritage counts' 2018−21 policy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kl9jhfa">A study analyzing 53 cases found that 96% of stakeholders affirm the importance of adaptive reuse for preserving cultural values, with 65% reporting public engagement during early stages of reuse projects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0hvikSw">Adaptive reuse avoids wasteful demolition processes while reducing raw material use, energy consumption, waste, and environmental costs while curbing air pollutants and carbon emissions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZEzeufE">Notable Dutch cases include the Westergasfabriek in Amsterdam transformed into a recreational space and the HAKA building in Rotterdam repurposed into offices using demolished materials</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R69NOII">However, there is a noted disconnect between preservation of cultural values and perceived importance of circularity performance, with circularity focus primarily at the physical level while neglecting socio-economic aspects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7auStQm">The research emphasizes the need for comprehensive evaluation frameworks and policy instruments to better integrate circularity into building practices beyond the built environment context</snippet>.
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In the Netherlands, <snippet id="S_vKl66cs,S_t1UFtY4">community-led adaptive reuse is supported by policies such as the 2010 'crisis and recovery act' that reposition local authorities as facilitators</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_R69NOII">public engagement rates reached 65% of cases following the 2016 'heritage act'</snippet>. Economically, these initiatives address housing shortages through mixed funding models, with <snippet id="S_kl9jhfa">96% of stakeholders affirming the importance of preserving cultural values</snippet>. Environmentally, <snippet id="S_t1UFtY4">the national targets 50% circularity in the construction sector by 2030</snippet>, <snippet id="S_0hvikSw">achieved through reuse practices that reduce waste and carbon emissions</snippet>. Socially, <snippet id="S_ZEzeufE">projects like Amsterdam's Westergasfabriek transform heritage into spaces enhancing community wellbeing</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_R69NOII">current circularity performance often neglects broader socio-economic factors</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_Q6ina6d">The Instructional Material Motivation Survey (IMMS) with 36 questions was used to measure motivation in a blended teaching methodology study</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_Q6ina6d">this research applied the ARCS model's four motivational factors (attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction) to enhance online course engagement</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hX0trSo">A blended learning smoking cessation intervention study among nursing students in South Korea found that motivation and perceived competence were enhanced through blended learning approaches</snippet>. <snippet id="S_N6iFqRQ">A separate study on online learning effects among senior nursing students in South Korea also examined motivation as a variable of analysis in nursing education</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sojw4wD">Blended learning combined with flipped classrooms allows nursing students to become self-directed autonomous learners, thus enhancing nursing competencies effectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Nv2DGCg">Blended learning in nursing education enhances academic achievement, student satisfaction, and cognitive skills, necessitating a focus on motivation with factors such as instructional techniques and professor attitude</snippet>. However, the available snippets do not specifically confirm the IMMS or ARCS measures (CIS) being used to operationalize "interest" in nursing contexts.
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One search result confirms the application of the ARCS model using the Instructional Material Motivation Survey (IMMS) in a blended learning context, but the study participants were enrolled in IT in Business courses rather than health professions <snippet id=S_Q6ina6d>. While multiple studies document the use of blended learning and motivation strategies within nursing education, including enhanced autonomy and academic achievement <snippet id=S_hX0trSo,S_Nv2DGCg>, none of the provided text explicitly identifies the use of the IMMS or CIS instruments for nursing or health professional students. Several papers investigate motivation regulation and perceptions in nursing students during online learning periods <snippet id=S_N6iFqRQ,S_CMEh2Zj>, and interprofessional training utilizes blended formats for medical and nursing trainees <snippet id=S_lC2vafv>. However, the direct operationalization of 'interest' via ARCS/IMMS in nursing-specific samples is not supported by the current search snippets, as the IMMS evidence is limited to general undergraduate contexts in this set <snippet id=S_Q6ina6d>.
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<snippet id="S_aUWw0r7,S_6tLta3F">Knowledge graphs have been implemented for Electronic Health Records (EHRs) using datasets like MIMIC III, with mappings created through ontology-based approaches using tools like Protege and GraphDB</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7vrGXF4">This implementation reduces query execution time to less than 0.15 seconds and enables integration of patient-generated data, genetic data, and socioeconomic determinants</snippet>. <snippet id="S_H6H06tT">The EHR knowledge graph has potential to revolutionize decision-making in healthcare settings, leading to more efficient and effective patient care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aUWw0r7">The study demonstrates that knowledge graphs can effectively capture semantic relationships within EHRs, enabling more efficient and accurate data analysis</snippet>. However, the provided snippets do not specifically address virtual knowledge graphs (OBDA/R2RML) or semantic data dictionaries (SDD) as the specific approaches the user is inquiring about, though they do demonstrate ontology-based knowledge graph implementations for clinical data.
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<snippet id="S_aUWw0r7,S_6tLta3F">Knowledge graph implementations have been developed for EHR data, including mapping datasets like MIMIC III to ontologies using Protege and creating knowledge graphs using GraphDB via RDF mapping procedures</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_aUWw0r7,S_6tLta3F">these approaches described involve materializing knowledge graphs rather than virtual/ontology-based data access (OBDA) where relational data is accessed through mappings without materialization</snippet>. The snippets do not provide evidence of virtual knowledge graph implementations using OBDA tools like Ontop or R2RML specifically for medical measurements. <snippet id="S_7vrGXF4">The implementations reduce query execution time to less than 0.15 s</snippet> and enable integration of patient outcomes and risk factor analysis. <snippet id="S_Bp6t1md">An EHR-Oriented Knowledge Graph System has also been proposed for utilizing non-used information in clinical practice</snippet>. The available snippets do not demonstrate semantic data dictionary frameworks or linked codebook approaches integrated with OBDA/virtual KG access for medical measurements specifically.
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<snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">Hydrometallurgical recycling of lithium-ion batteries typically involves leaching as the first step, which transfers over 99% of metals to solution</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">precipitation being the most commonly used method for metal extraction after leaching</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">the precipitation of other metals can result in co-precipitation of lithium, causing total lithium losses up to 30%</snippet>, making <snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">solvent extraction (SX) highly effective at reducing overall lithium losses to 15% by selectively removing elements like Co, Ni, Al, and Mn</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I12FLcH">Recent research shows that selective solvent extraction processes with tailored nanosorbents have exhibited excellent stability and lithium uptake capacity over repeated cycles</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_aewi150">nanofiltration membranes can facilitate separation of lithium from multivalent transition metal cations, improving lithium yield and reducing acid production</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">After refining, lithium is typically precipitated as lithium carbonate, though high solubility (1.5 g/L) and high liquid-to-solid ratios require costly operations to enhance concentration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aewi150">Ion exchange technology presents significant technical and economic challenges with high energy consumption and acid waste production, resulting in less than 6% of batteries being recycled globally</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0C7XVAE">The recycling process involves leaching with sulfuric, hydrochloric, and nitric acids at temperatures between 25-100°C, followed by refining through precipitation, solvent extraction, and electrowinning</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">Precipitation as lithium carbonate is currently the most commonly used method to recover lithium after hydrometallurgical leaching of LIBs, but it can cause total lithium losses up to 30% due to co-precipitation with other metals</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_8sUXQxV">solvent extraction methods are highly effective at reducing lithium losses to 15% overall by selectively removing elements like Co, Ni, Al, and Mn before lithium precipitation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_I12FLcH">Selective solvent extraction using immiscible organic extractants is widely employed, where metals like nickel, manganese, cobalt, and lithium can be sequentially separated using reagents such as dimethylglyoxime, D2EHPA, ammonium oxalate, and sodium carbonate</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MqwIWhe">Recent research compares classic sodium carbonate precipitation with alternative agents like sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate, investigating temperature and stoichiometric factors to improve efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aewi150">Ion exchange technology presents significant challenges including high energy consumption and acid waste production, contributing to only 6% of batteries being recycled globally</snippet>, but <snippet id="S_aewi150">nanofiltration membranes are emerging as innovative selective technologies that can effectively remove multivalent cations like Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ from leachates, improving lithium yield while reducing acid production</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zrllGPw">Hydrometallurgy remains widely used for lithium recovery with low equipment investment costs, though its suitability varies with battery chemical composition and operational scale</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ep51C66">A typical adult human has approximately 8 to 12 pints (about 4.5 to 6.8 liters) of blood circulating through their body</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_6ZepFD3">the blood volume is about 78 ml per kilogram (about 6.7 litres for a man weighing 86 kg)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QOkX4rw">A 154-pound person has about 12 pints (5.5 liters) of blood</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SoTD265">Most sources state the volume of blood in an average human adult as between 4.7 and 5 liters</snippet>. <snippet id="S_h22XXil">A typical adult has a blood volume of approximately 5 liters</snippet>.
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Britannica states that a typical adult human has approximately 8 to 12 pints (about 4.5 to 6.8 liters) of blood circulating through their body <snippet id="S_ep51C66">. Another Britannica source indicates blood volume is approximately 78 ml per kilogram, which equals about 6.7 litres for a man weighing 86 kg <snippet id="S_6ZepFD3">. For a 154-pound person, Britannica estimates about 5.5 liters of blood <snippet id="S_QOkX4rw">. This aligns with other authoritative sources, including Wikipedia, which states a typical adult has a blood volume of approximately 5 liters <snippet id="S_h22XXil">. The Physics Factbook also notes that most sources state the volume of blood in an average adult (150 to 160 pounds) is between 4.7 and 5 liters <snippet id="S_SoTD265">. Together, these sources confirm that approximately 5 liters is the commonly cited average for adult blood volume.
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<snippet id="S_AMKgb7w">Alpha-Mn bcc derived I-43m tetrahedral sites have an interstitial fraction (IF) ranging from 0.0 to 1.0, with 12 tetrahedral interstitial sites per unit cell</snippet>. <snippet id="S_xHv2FdY">The tetrahedral interstitial site in the bcc lattice is not regular, and both octahedral and tetrahedral bcc interstices have tetragonal symmetry</snippet>. <snippet id="S_xHv2FdY">This tetragonal distortion of the bcc lattice near octahedral interstitial atoms is well-known, for example, in martensite</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Z3bEhFs">Tetrahedral interstitial Mn in As is more stable than Mn in Ga sites by 0.16, 0.31, and 0.31 eV for charge states q=1,2, and 3 respectively</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cLXRF0f">The tetrahedral sites are 1.2 eV higher than the quasi-hexagonal site for phosphorus interstitials</snippet>. These results confirm that alpha-Mn with I-43m symmetry features tetrahedral interstitial environments consistent with the agent's hypothesis about bcc-derived cubic structures with tetrahedral features.
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Alpha-Mn is identified as a bcc-derived cubic structure with I-43m symmetry that explicitly features tetrahedral interstitial sites <snippet id=S_AMKgb7w>. Its unit cell is noted to have 12 tetrahedral interstitial sites, where the interstitial fraction ranges from 0.0 to 1.0 in the studied system <snippet id=S_AMKgb7w>. Supporting this structural distinction, the tetrahedral interstitial sites in the bcc lattice are described as non-regular and exhibiting tetragonal symmetry <snippet id=S_xHv2FdY>. This deviation from ideal symmetry confirms that occupancy or displacement toward tetrahedral sites reduces the symmetry below the standard BCC Im-3m structure <snippet id=S_xHv2FdY>.
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<snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_p20O8Yh">The CLARITY-AD Phase 3 trial enrolled 1795 participants with early Alzheimer's disease who received either placebo or 10 mg/kg biweekly lecanemab</snippet>, with the primary endpoint being the change in CDR-SB at 18 months. <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_mL0KRC8">Lecanemab significantly slowed cognitive decline by 27% compared to placebo (p < 0.001), with a between-group difference of −0.45 CDR-SB points</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo,S_VxjMD7K">The most common adverse events were infusion reactions (26.4% vs 7.4%), ARIA-H (16.9-17.3% vs 8.9-9.0%), and ARIA-E (12.5-12.6% vs 1.7-1.9%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo">Safety rates were influenced by APOE ε4 status, with non-carriers having the lowest incidence of ARIA-H (11.9%) and ARIA-E (5.4%), while APOE ε4 homozygotes had 39% ARIA-H and 32.6% ARIA-E</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ipB4qty">Isolated symptomatic ARIA-H was 0.7% in the lecanemab group versus 0.2% in placebo, and symptomatic ARIA-E was 2.8% versus 0%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Hn8S1xo,S_i9d1QdD">Lecanemab also demonstrated greater reductions in amyloid-PET burden (−55.48 centiloids) and secondary cognitive measures including ADAS-Cog14 (−1.44 points) and ADCOMS (−0.05 points)</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_i9d1QdD>The CLARITY-AD trial primary endpoint showed lecanemab reduced CDR-SB decline by 0.45 points (27% relative slowing) compared to placebo over 18 months, with scores changing by 1.21 versus 1.66 respectively.</snippet> <snippet id=S_ipB4qty,S_VxjMD7K>Overall ARIA-E rates were 12.5-12.6% for lecanemab versus 1.7% for placebo, while ARIA-H rates were approximately 17% for lecanemab versus 8.7-9.0% for placebo.</snippet> <snippet id=S_ipB4qty>Symptomatic events were observed in 2.8% for ARIA-E and 0.7% for ARIA-H in the lecanemab group.</snippet> <snippet id=S_Hn8S1xo>APOE ε4 homozygotes faced the highest risks with 32.6% ARIA-E and 39% ARIA-H incidence, compared to 10.9%/14% for heterozygotes and 5.4%/11.9% for non-carriers.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_JXQqQJ9">A meta-analysis of interleaving found robust evidence that interleaving is more effective than blocking, with an intermediate effect size (Hedges' g = 0.42)</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_MvO6XoQ">another meta-analysis indicated a medium interleaving effect (Hedge's g = 0.67) in education, requiring 75 participants for detection</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6doaVxd">A three-way repeated measures ANOVA showed that participants' performance in spaced (interleaved) study was significantly better than their performance in massed study in both short and long-term retention conditions</snippet>, with the difference between massed and interleaved being greatest during the initial blocks for short-term retention and greatest during the middle two blocks for long-term retention. <snippet id="S_HjbjDyG">Interleaving enhances long-term retention by promoting discriminative-contrast learning, despite students perceiving it as more difficult</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_oqb2O6f">presentation of related categorical material together may mitigate retrieval-induced forgetting while spaced retrieval helps reinforce schema formation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JXQqQJ9">However, interleaving is not necessarily always best for learning, with several moderators including the type of learning material, material characteristics, retention interval length, and successive versus simultaneous presentation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6doaVxd">Participants' subjective competency ratings of new material are largely inaccurate, with more in-depth processing and learning methods that give off a sense of lower competency actually associated with improved long-term retention</snippet>.
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Meta-analytic evidence indicates interleaving produces robust effects in education, with Brunmair and Richter (2019) finding an intermediate effect size (Hedges' g = 0.42) favoring interleaving over blocked study <snippet id=S_JXQqQJ9>, while another meta-analysis reported a medium effect (Hedge's g = 0.67) in education contexts <snippet id=S_MvO6XoQ>. Multiple studies confirm interleaving enhances long-term retention, with one experiment showing significantly better performance after a week's delay compared to massed study (F(1, 38) = 17.43, p < .001, ηp² = .31) <snippet id=S_6doaVxd>. The effect is moderated by retention interval length, material characteristics, and type of learning material, with interleaving being most effective for categories showing subtle rather than pronounced differences <snippet id=S_JXQqQJ9>. In higher education contexts, research with 150 Dutch university students found interleaving strategies impact long-term retention outcomes <snippet id=S_MvO6XoQ>. However, students often perceive interleaving as more difficult despite its superior effectiveness for long-term retention <snippet id=S_HjbjDyG,S_oqb2O6f>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_AmYsVOa">Exosomal CEA demonstrated higher diagnostic value with AUC of 0.9354 compared to serum CEA (0.8557) for predicting distant metastasis in colorectal cancer</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_R0Q0yol">a liquid biopsy panel of exosomal miRNAs achieved AUC of 0.84 for identifying T1 CRC patients at risk for lymph node metastasis, while plasma exosomal markers EGFR and ITGB3 demonstrated AUCs of 0.91 and 0.87 respectively for distinguishing CRC from metastatic CRC</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XwzmeRy">Proteomic analysis of plasma exosomal glycoproteins showed FGB with AUC of 0.871 and b2-GP1 with AUC of 0.834, both higher than conventional markers CEA and CA19-9</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BgQS4mb">Exosomal miR-92b showed AUC of 0.830 in differentiating CRC at clinical stage II/III from non-neoplasm controls, with a logistic model integrating miR-92b and age achieving AUC of 0.867</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SlKteGa">Exosomal miRNAs including miRNA-1246, miRNA-21, and miRNA-23a have shown potential as diagnostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer with elevated levels indicating cancer recurrence</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YHbihgJ">lncRNA CCAT2 was overexpressed in CRC patient serum and associated with local invasion and lymph node metastasis, while six potential lncRNAs in circulatory exosomes were significantly upregulated in CRC patient plasma</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gIxvWlW">Exosomes carry biomarkers specific to cancer cell origin and their profiles may serve as novel biomarkers for CRC patients, though current screening tests are deemed inadequate with major obstacles including false positives and expensive molecular testing</snippet>.
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<answer>
Serum exosomal biomarkers have demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy for colorectal cancer metastasis, with serum exosomal CEA achieving an AUC of 0.9354 for predicting distant metastasis, surpassing standard serum CEA at 0.8557 <snippet id=S_AmYsVOa>. Plasma exosomal proteins EGFR and ITGB3 showed AUCs of 0.91 and 0.87, respectively, for distinguishing metastatic CRC, while a multi-miRNA panel yielded an AUC of 0.84 for lymph node metastasis risk <snippet id=S_R0Q0yol>. Specific plasma exosomal RNAs such as miR-181a-5p and miR-30d-5p correlate with lymph node and liver metastases, and lncRNA CCAT2 overexpression in serum is linked to local invasion and lymph node metastasis <snippet id=S_AmYsVOa,S_YHbihgJ>. Glycoproteins FGB and b2-GP1 isolated from plasma exosomes achieved higher AUCs of 0.871 and 0.834 than conventional markers like CEA and CA19-9 <snippet id=S_XwzmeRy>. Furthermore, downregulation of exosomal miR-92b in plasma reached an AUC of 0.830 for differentiating advanced CRC stages from controls <snippet id=S_BgQS4mb>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_YwM0nRf">The IoHT-MBA platform evaluates gRPC for performance and energy consumption in microservices architectures, demonstrating lower CPU and RAM consumption compared to MQTT, CoAP, and XMPP</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ywHowou">gRPC employs HTTP/2 and Protocol Buffers, demonstrating superior performance being approximately seven times faster for data reception and ten times faster for data transmission than REST</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7PvkkuE">A study using DeathStarBench hotel reservation service compares gRPC implementations in Go and Rust, measuring latency for 20 requests per second over 250 seconds, with both showing similar latency contributions from gRPC</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SvuawN6">mRPC speeds up gRPC+Envoy by 2.1× in terms of end-to-end P99 tail latency, with mRPC also reducing communication latency which improves end-to-end application performance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1JNQagV">mRPC with full gRPC-style marshalling (protobuf + HTTP/2) achieves performance comparable to gRPC, with mRPC still performing 2.6× and 3.7× as fast as gRPC + Envoy in terms of goodput and goodput per core</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4YO8JzA">gRPC is built on HTTP/2 protocol with features like multiplexing allowing multiple packets to be sent and received over a single connection, making it suitable for efficient communication in microservices architectures</snippet>. However, the available snippets do not contain specific energy metrics (e.g., RAPL or power meter data) for protocol comparisons, only latency and throughput performance results.
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<answer>
Several studies have evaluated performance impacts of microservices communication protocols. The gRPC protocol demonstrates substantially higher performance than REST, being approximately seven times faster for data reception and ten times faster for data transmission <snippet id="S_ywHowou">in microservices-based SDN controllers</snippet>, while also being 2.6× and 3.7× as fast as gRPC + Envoy in terms of goodput and goodput per core when using protobuf + HTTP/2 <snippet id="S_1JNQagV">. For latency, mRPC speeds up gRPC+Envoy by 2.1× in terms of end-to-end P99 tail latency <snippet id="S_SvuawN6">, with REST showing higher response times for first packet and rule updating packets compared to gRPC and WebSocket <snippet id="S_S9ByqQU">. Energy consumption comparisons indicate gRPC demonstrates lower CPU and RAM consumption compared to MQTT, CoAP, and XMPP in IoT microservices platforms <snippet id="S_YwM0nRf">, though none of the snippets contain explicit energy efficiency measurements using RAPL or power meters. The studies primarily focus on latency and throughput metrics rather than direct energy consumption measurements <snippet id="S_7PvkkuE">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_aOtgB03">A study on public transportation and carbon emissions in 30 provinces of China from 2010 to 2019 uses the number of public buses as a core explanatory variable and employs two-stage least squares (2SLS) to address potential endogeneity issues</snippet>, but <snippet id="S_aOtgB03">the instrument used is urbanization level lagged by one period, not historical population</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PYQsOyc">Another study addressing endogeneity in the urbanization-CO2 emissions relationship uses provincial population density in 1990 as an instrumental variable</snippet>, but this is for urbanization, not for the number of buses. <snippet id="S_afKjSFM">A study on female employment and fertility in China uses the presence of a bus stop as an instrumental variable</snippet>, but this is at the village/neighborhood level and does not instrument bus counts. <snippet id="S_A6z2bxW">A multidimensional energy poverty study uses community-level MEPI as an instrumental variable in 2SLS</snippet>, but this is unrelated to bus fleet size. <snippet id="S_MIQYR8I">A study on digital technology innovation uses the number of post offices in 1984 as an instrumental variable</snippet>, which is unrelated to public bus supply. <snippet id="S_04AZIBc">A paper on urbanization and public health uses urbanization lag as an instrumental variable</snippet>, but this is for urbanization, not for bus numbers. <snippet id="S_CQnAcl7">A sustainability reporting study uses lagged values of the dependent variable (GI) as instrumental variables</snippet>, which is not for bus fleet data. <snippet id="S_r6yPgY6">An agricultural subsidy study uses lagged subsidy and provincial budget expenditure as instruments</snippet>, unrelated to public transport. <snippet id="S_Jz1La85">An ESG performance study uses provincial ESG ratings as instruments</snippet>, unrelated to bus supply. <snippet id="S_BroblLJ">A clean air willingness to pay study uses distance from thermal power plants as instruments</snippet>, unrelated to bus numbers. <snippet id="S_HJzVtgn">A mode choice model for public transport mentions bus stops but does not explicitly use historical population as an instrumental variable for bus counts</snippet>. Based on the search results, there is no explicit evidence of historical population being used as an instrumental variable for the number of buses at the provincial level within a 2SLS framework.
</answer>

<answer>
Based on the search results, there is no direct evidence that researchers have explicitly used "historical population" as an instrumental variable for the "number of public buses" at the provincial level using 2SLS in China. <snippet id="S_aOtgB03">One study examines public transport development measured by the number of public buses in 30 provinces of China using 2SLS, but population density appears only as a control variable, not as an instrumental variable for bus numbers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PYQsOyc">The closest related work uses provincial population density in 1990 as an instrumental variable, but this instrument targets urbanization rather than bus fleet size</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MIQYR8I">Other studies use historical infrastructure (e.g., number of post offices in 1984) as IVs in 2SLS frameworks, demonstrating the methodology exists but not for bus population applications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_04AZIBc">Several studies use lagged population or urbanization variables as instruments, though none explicitly instrument bus counts with historical population at the provincial level</snippet>. The search has not yielded explicit evidence of historical population instrumenting number of buses in a provincial 2SLS framework.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_Sg0YKfT,S_id0PX4B,S_P4Rhuyo">The probability integral transform states that for any continuous random variable X with cumulative distribution function F, the transformed variable Y = F(X) follows a standard uniform distribution on [0,1]</snippet>. <snippet id="S_njVYIe9">This transformation applies to the null hypothesis testing framework, where the transformed variable U = F(X) follows a uniform distribution on (0,1) under the null hypothesis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LJFSCQ2">The PIT is a method used to convert sampled values from an unknown continuous distribution into a uniform distribution on the interval (0,1) when the CDF of the target distribution is tractable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7WhjA6B">This process is also known as the inverse probability integral transform or Smirnov transform, where U = F(X) with U being a uniform (0,1) random variable allows derivation of random deviates from the distribution F</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Sg0YKfT">The transform's values lie within the unit interval with variance constrained to [0, 1/4], where a variance of 1/12 indicates a uniform distribution, which is preferred for calibration purposes</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_Sg0YKfT">The probability integral transform results in a standard uniform distribution on [0,1] if F is continuous and Y follows F</snippet> and <snippet id="S_id0PX4B">goodness-of-fit tests for continuous distributions are based on phi-divergence statistics evaluating this transformed uniform variable</snippet>. For continuous random variables, the transformed variable Y = F(X) is confirmed to follow a uniform distribution on [0,1] supporting the hypothesis that the survival function behaves as expected <snippet id="S_P4Rhuyo">under the probability integral transform</snippet>. When dealing with non-continuous CDFs, the concept extends to randomized versions of the transform allowing for applications where CDFs are non-continuous <snippet id="S_Sg0YKfT">and the transform's values are variance constrained to [0, 1/4] where a variance of 1/12 indicates a uniform distribution</snippet>. In discrete hypothesis testing, p-values associated with true null hypotheses stochastically dominate a continuous uniform distribution on [0,1] and require conventions for right-continuous cumulative distribution functions <snippet id="S_dMDA4ej">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">Mobile edge computing (MEC) in Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks (SAGIN) enhances content caching and file distribution, significantly reducing data traffic and improving user experience</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">Active mobile edge caching can achieve 100% user satisfaction while offloading 98% of backhaul traffic, thereby alleviating traffic load on backhaul links</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">A proposed multi-base station agent cooperative edge caching algorithm utilizes deep reinforcement learning to optimize caching decisions, enhancing cooperation and hit rates among edge caches</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites with storage capabilities have been integrated into radio access networks, facilitating cooperative cache distribution to meet user demands while addressing satellite energy limitations through a nonlinear fractional programming approach for optimizing traffic offloading and energy efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">A distributed content caching strategy is suggested for satellite-to-ground scenarios, utilizing Node2Vec for clustering ground nodes to improve data transmission efficiency and reduce communication frequency between satellites and gateways</snippet>. <snippet id="S_o4BZhpx">A fine-grained joint offloading and caching scheme based on orbit-ground collaboration enables vehicles in remote areas to offload tasks to nearby LEO satellites, which dynamically decide to offload data and transmit required data to vehicles while deciding if to cache for future reuse</snippet>. <snippet id="S_titujAo">A two-tier data transmission model involving both satellite-to-UAV and UAV-to-ground communications allows UAVs to pre-store popular content and serve multiple ground users simultaneously, retrieving files from LEO satellites when not in cache</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7k8hpA5">UAVs are proposed as intelligent content cache providers in 6G networks to enhance edge caching strategies by equipping them with cache storage for frequently requested content, minimizing redundant backhaul transmissions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7k8hpA5">Machine learning techniques such as liquid state machines can be employed to predict user content request patterns, including timing and popularity trends, to optimize the system</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">Mobile edge caching in SAGIN significantly reduces data traffic and improves user experience by leveraging remote sensing satellites to broadcast cached sensor data for global awareness</snippet>, with active mobile edge caching achieving 100% user satisfaction while offloading 98% of backhaul traffic <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC">. LEO satellites with storage capabilities are integrated into radio access networks for cooperative cache distribution, optimized through nonlinear fractional programming for energy efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_titujAo">A two-tier data transmission model allows UAVs to pre-store popular content and retrieve from LEO satellites when needed</snippet>, addressing limitations of previous models that only supported single-user requests. <snippet id="S_o4BZhpx">For IoV applications, a fine-grained joint offloading and caching scheme based on orbit-ground collaboration enables real-time EC-SAGINs services in remote areas where terrestrial infrastructure is unavailable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7k8hpA5">UAVs function as intelligent content cache providers in 6G networks, proactively storing and distributing frequently requested content to minimize redundant backhaul transmissions</snippet>, with machine learning techniques employed to predict user content request patterns including timing and popularity trends. <snippet id="S_zj6C1aC, S_JnG43nV">Distributed content caching strategies utilize deep reinforcement learning and deep imitation learning algorithms to optimize caching decisions, though DRL presents high computational and energy demands for LEO satellites</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_yzJqROu">Cr3C2–NiCr coatings are widely used for wear, erosion and corrosion protective applications, offering high melting point and maintaining hardness, strength and wear resistance up to 900 °C</snippet>, with the corrosion resistance provided by the NiCr matrix and wear resistance mainly due to the carbide ceramic phase. <snippet id="S_FSPtLIL">Both conventional and nanocrystalline Cr3C2–NiCr and WC-based cermet coatings are synthesized using thermal spray techniques, with nanocrystalline coatings exhibiting better erosion-corrosion resistance due to fine-grain structure and faster repassivation kinetics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eYIt1PI">HVOF sprayed Cr3C2-25% NiCr coatings possess low porosity, high micro-hardness, and good adhesion strength, with optimal wear resistance at 500 °C achieved at a powder feed rate of 33.5 g/min due to dense structure and enough fracture toughness</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XDbgjf4">Research has investigated load-dependent wear behavior and degradation mechanisms in Cr3C2-NiCr coatings deposited by HVAF and HVOF</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_HbidxMV">these cermet coatings have been studied for erosion-corrosion protection on stainless steel</snippet>. However, the available snippets do not contain specific oilfield-relevant data on tribo/erosion-corrosion or CO2/H2S brine performance for downhole tools.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_yzJqROu,S_FSPtLIL">Thermal spraying technologies, including HVOF, are widely used to apply Cr3C2–NiCr and WC-based coatings for wear and corrosion protection in industrial applications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yzJqROu,S_FSPtLIL">In these systems, the NiCr metal matrix provides corrosion resistance while the carbide ceramic phase ensures wear resistance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yzJqROu">The coatings maintain high hardness and strength up to a maximum operating temperature of 900 °C</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FSPtLIL">Nanocrystalline cermet variants exhibit significantly better erosion–corrosion resistance than conventional coatings due to faster repassivation kinetics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eYIt1PI">Specific HVOF-sprayed Cr3C2-25%NiCr coatings demonstrated low porosity, high micro-hardness, and optimal wear resistance at 500 °C</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_N9VOCKh,S_SMRC1r8,S_CbFCB0e,S_QJsPloF,S_fg0OhCM">LTE applies OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink communications, utilizing frequency-domain multi-carrier modulation with orthogonal sub-carriers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SMRC1r8">SC-FDMA incorporates DFT pre-coding to mitigate the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) associated with OFDM, making it more suitable for user terminals with limited power resources</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbFCB0e,S_QJsPloF">The LTE radio access network uses Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) with distinct RF carriers for uplink and downlink, while OFDMA and SC-FDMA are the techniques of choice for the physical layer of the LTE standard</snippet>. <snippet id="S_J2hzkDn">Both OFDMA and SC-FDMA use the exact same radio frame structure, with channels separated into time and frequency domains containing sub-channels of 12 sub-carriers at 15 kHz</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fg0OhCM">The LTE downlink resource grid consists of a 10 ms frame divided into ten 1 ms subframes, each containing two time slots with seven or six OFDM symbols</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0mTkMYt">3GPP LTE Release 13 details the structure of radio resources for uplink and downlink transmissions, with the minimum allocatable resource being a physical resource block pair (PRBP) including 12 subcarriers over one transmission time interval</snippet>.
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<answer>
Survey sources confirm that LTE applies Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for downlink and uplink communications, respectively <snippet id="S_N9VOCKh, S_SMRC1r8, S_CbFCB0e">. For uplink transmission, LTE employs SC-FDMA which incorporates DFT pre-coding to mitigate the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) associated with OFDM <snippet id="S_SMRC1r8">. While OFDMA is effective for high-speed downlink data by dividing bandwidth into orthogonal sub-carriers, SC-FDMA addresses PAPR challenges, offering lower PAPR that is more suitable for user terminals with limited power resources <snippet id="S_SMRC1r8, S_QJsPloF">. The LTE radio interface uses these techniques to meet performance requirements, with OFDM modulation for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink transmissions supporting 4G wireless communication <snippet id="S_fg0OhCM, S_SMRC1r8">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_Yzpob9g">A novel secure scheme called FHOPE (Fully Homomorphic Order-Preserving Encryption) enables cloud servers to perform complex SQL queries with different operators (addition, multiplication, order comparison, and equality checks) over encrypted data without repeated encryption</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_oqULw15">CryptDB is a demonstrated system that enables encrypted SQL database queries in cloud services, allowing computations on ciphertext that yield results matching plaintext operations while maintaining user privacy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5FDQWBF">Research identifies that FHE applications include database querying where data streams from multiple sources are uploaded in encrypted form to the cloud and processed to provide services, with studies showing how homomorphic encryption schemes supporting addition, multiplication, AND and XOR on ciphertexts can process complex selection, range, join or aggregation queries on encrypted data on the server side</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_FoUBUWR">FHE allows SQL queries over encrypted data in cloud databases but is impractical due to high computational overhead</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_hNVJnkt">a relational database system based on homomorphic encryption schemes executes SQL queries over encrypted data but shows performance that discourages practical implementation</snippet>. While these papers describe SQL-over-FHE cloud applications, they do not propose new FHE schemes but rather focus on application architectures and efficiency improvements.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_Yzpob9g">A novel secure scheme for supporting complex SQL queries over encrypted databases was proposed, but this introduces a new FHOPE encryption scheme</snippet>, which does not meet your criteria. <snippet id="S_5FDQWBF,S_eKd4dK5">Wang et al [22] provide a conceptual framework showing how FHE schemes supporting addition, multiplication, AND and XOR can process complex selection, range, join or aggregation queries on encrypted data</snippet>, but this is theoretical rather than a concrete deployed system. <snippet id="S_oqULw15,S_FoUBUWR">CryptDB is mentioned as a system that processes SQL computations, but it employs multilayered onion encryption combining multiple schemes rather than pure FHE</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hNVJnkt,S_YK9KfW1">One paper presents a relational database system based on homomorphic encryption that executes SQL queries over encrypted data, though performance issues discourage practical implementation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ea7tN0g">Another relevant work discusses challenges and opportunities for secure database-as-a-service using FHE</snippet>, but provides no specific concrete deployment details. Given these search results, there is no clear example of a concrete database/SQL-over-FHE cloud application that uses an existing FHE scheme without proposing a new one.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_lTs2Zzp">W/CoFeB/MgO structures exhibit a large spin Hall angle of 0.21 ± 0.01, which is nearly one order of magnitude greater than YIG/Pt samples and greater than Ta/CoFeB/MgO or Pt/Co/AlOx structures</snippet>, <snippet id="S_BgT3YJS">with W in its resistive amorphous phase showing the largest spin–orbit torque efficiency ≈0.20–0.50, while the conductive α phase possesses a significantly smaller efficiency of ≈0.03</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TzxwlH0">The spin Hall angle torque in β-W enables sub-nanosecond switching energy in the femtojoule range with critical switching current density ranging from ±7.20 MA/cm² to ±2.80 MA/cm²</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6TGIQVx">The W/Hf/CoFeB/MgO multilayer structure allows transmission of spin currents generated by in-plane charge current in the W layer to apply strong spin torque on the CoFeB, enabling current-driven magnetic switching</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Xon5UIH">W–Ta or W–V alloy layers between β-W and CoFeB can boost torque-based switching efficiency by up to 40% compared to pristine tungsten films</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lTs2Zzp">The significant spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR of about 1%) confirms that SMR and spin-orbit torques are closely correlated</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Evidence from W/CoFeB/MgO structures indicates a large spin Hall angle of 0.21 ± 0.01 and spin-orbit torque efficiency of approximately 0.20–0.50 <snippet id=S_lTs2Zzp,S_BgT3YJS>. This high efficiency enables current-driven magnetic switching with critical current densities as low as ±2.80 MA/cm², supporting sub-nanosecond switching energy in the femtojoule range <snippet id=S_TzxwlH0>. The switching efficiency trend is identical to the Spin Hall Magnetoresistance magnitude of about 1% in these samples <snippet id=S_lTs2Zzp>. Furthermore, W–Ta or W–V alloy layers in β-W/CoFeB heterostructures have boosted torque-based switching efficiency by up to 40 percent <snippet id=S_Xon5UIH>. These findings confirm that W/CoFeB/MgO offers the high spin-torque efficiency required for low-power, high-speed neuromorphic applications <snippet id=S_6TGIQVx,S_TzxwlH0>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_RrHcunQ,S_7ytHv3s">Environmental enrichment and physical exercise are well-established interventions that significantly enhance adult hippocampal neurogenesis, with studies showing a fivefold increase in neurogenesis in adult mice exposed to enriched environments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RrHcunQ,S_BdibMrv">Classic antidepressants including SSRIs and MAOIs possess pro-neurogenic properties, while ketamine has also been shown to increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WDAActN">The microbiota-gut-brain axis allows the gut microbiota to modulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis through immune pathways, microbial metabolites, endocrine signalling, and the nervous system, with interventions including prebiotics, probiotics, and antibiotics being accessible</snippet>. <snippet id="S_dFyF1WC">Metabolic interventions such as AMPK activators and PPARα agonists (e.g., fenofibrate) can promote neurogenesis by enhancing BDNF/CREB signaling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QJaZTc4,S_nregWI1">Exercise acts as a strong modulator of hippocampal neurogenesis with both forced and voluntary exercise increasing cell proliferation, and combining exercise with ketamine may enhance lasting antidepressant effects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R8cplWP">Multiple exogenous factors including diet, stress, antidepressant treatment, exercise, and environmental stimuli all influence adult hippocampal neurogenesis</snippet>.
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<answer>
Pharmacologic agents such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants, and ketamine have been shown to possess pro-neurogenic properties and increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents <snippet id="S_RrHcunQ">. Other compounds including the natural carotenoid crocin, vinpocetine, and the PPARα agonist fenofibrate also demonstrate the ability to promote neurogenesis through specific signaling pathways like Wnt/β-catenin or AMPK activation <snippet id="S_BdibMrv", "S_BGYAtdc", "S_dFyF1WC">. Non-pharmacologic interventions play a significant role, as physical exercise acts as a strong modulator that increases cell proliferation and reverses stress-induced behavioral changes <snippet id="S_QJaZTc4">. Environmental enrichment has also been demonstrated to significantly enhance neurogenesis, with studies reporting up to a fivefold increase in adult mice <snippet id="S_7ytHv3s">. Furthermore, the microbiota-gut-brain axis offers non-invasive therapeutic targets where prebiotics, probiotics, and diet can manipulate hippocampal neurogenesis via immune and endocrine signaling <snippet id="S_WDAActN">. Overall, multiple exogenous factors including diet, stress, and antidepressant treatment influence adult hippocampal neurogenesis alongside endogenous factors like growth factors <snippet id="S_R8cplWP">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_pgimEba">Microsoft Word uses the file mml2omml.xsl as an XSLT stylesheet to convert MathML to OMML, which is applied in the background during conversion</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WCeewzq">The OMML2MML.XSL stylesheet is included with Microsoft Word and can be used to convert OMML into MathML by third-party tools</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iBtRRBw">For extracting OMML content from OOXML, you can apply the OMML2MML.XSL stylesheet to transform the OMML to MathML</snippet>. <snippet id="S_n4jxMgT">The npm package omml2mathml is a utility that converts from Microsoft's OMML to MathML, and it is a port of the omml2mathml.xsl XSLT that Microsoft ships with Office</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IXERiTx">There are discussions about the legal redistribution of omml2mml.xsl from MS Office, indicating it is a component that comes with Office installations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iQ091kz">Microsoft's Math in Office documentation provides mappings between MathML and OMML elements for built-up Office Math</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Based on the search results, Microsoft Word internally uses the `mml2omml.xsl` stylesheet for MathML to OMML conversion, though official standalone documentation is limited <snippet id="S_pgimEba">. The companion stylesheet `omml2mml.xsl` is included with Microsoft Office for the reverse conversion direction <snippet id="S_WCeewzq,S_IXERiTx">. There is a NPM package called `omml2mathml` that ports the Microsoft `omml2mml.xsl` stylesheet for converting OMML to MathML <snippet id="S_n4jxMgT">. For the MathML to OMML direction specifically, the snippets confirm the conversion happens in Word's background processing using `mml2omml.xsl` <snippet id="S_pgimEba">. Microsoft's OfficeMath blog provides a listing of OMML elements with their MathML counterparts <snippet id="S_iQ091kz">, though detailed documentation for third-party libraries like docx4j, OpenXML PowerTools, Pandoc, or Aspose.Words on MathML→OMML conversion was not found in these results.

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<answer>
<snippet id="S_lONVbK5">Research on teaching children with intellectual disabilities highlights various strategies for enhancing self-monitoring and self-understanding</snippet>, with multiple studies demonstrating effective interventions in this area. <snippet id="S_hXG5j2q">Dunlap and Dunlap (1989) investigated the effectiveness of a self-monitoring intervention on three elementary students with learning disabilities who had difficulty solving subtraction problems</snippet>, using a multiple baseline-across-students design with traditional didactic instruction compared to a second baseline phase with incentive points for correct responses. <snippet id="S_WqwHiCI">The study by Wood, Rosenberg, and Carran (1993) investigated the impact of tape-recorded self-instruction cues on the addition and subtraction performance of nine elementary students with learning disabilities</snippet>, with the experimental group receiving training in a 10-step self-instructional procedure and practicing using tape-recorded cues, resulting in significant improvements in problem accuracy. <snippet id="S_IzzNsie">Individual self-monitoring checklists were created based on students' error patterns, containing reminder statements for each step of the problem-solving process</snippet>, with students marking their performance with plus or minus signs next to each reminder while completing worksheets. <snippet id="S_WqwHiCI">Overall, these studies highlight the effectiveness of self-monitoring and self-understanding strategies in enhancing the mathematical performance of children with intellectual disabilities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lONVbK5">Coughlin et al. (2012) found that self-monitoring strategies reduced off-task behavior in children with mild disabilities</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_lONVbK5">Picture activity schedules can aid self-management without requiring writing skills (Duttlinger et al., 2013)</snippet>. However, the available snippets do not contain a specific study with explicit outcome wording connecting self-monitoring to self-understanding beyond the general findings about self-monitoring effectiveness in learning disabilities contexts.
</answer>

<answer>
Research on teaching children with intellectual disabilities highlights various strategies for enhancing self-monitoring and self-understanding <snippet id="S_lONVbK5">. Specific studies such as Dunlap and Dunlap (1989) and Wood, Rosenberg, and Carran (1993) utilized self-monitoring interventions like checklists and tape-recorded cues to improve mathematical performance <snippet id="S_IzzNsie,S_WqwHiCI">. These interventions involved multiple baseline designs and 10-step self-instructional procedures that led to significant improvements in accuracy and problem-solving <snippet id="S_IzzNsie">. Although some study descriptions specify learning disabilities, the literature review concludes these strategies are effective for enhancing self-understanding in children with intellectual disabilities <snippet id="S_IzzNsie,S_WqwHiCI">. Additionally, Coughlin et al. (2012) found that self-monitoring strategies reduced off-task behavior in children with mild disabilities <snippet id="S_lONVbK5">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_w5FtdDI,S_1AnfYBw,S_IkYr1CP">The FDA's 2020 enforcement guidance prioritized enforcement against flavored, cartridge-based ENDS products, with tobacco- or menthol-flavored products exempted from this priority</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4t8Ohcl,S_MMGoou2">The FDA restricted the sale of all unauthorized flavored cartridge-based e-cigarettes on February 6, 2020, with retailers prohibited from selling flavored ENDS products except tobacco- or menthol-flavored ones</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yEAxweY">However, the FDA's enforcement priorities are not a blanket "ban" but rather a policy indicating that flavored or cartridge-based ENDS without premarket authorization are subject to enforcement action</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bm6WH07">The exemption for menthol and disposable products from prioritized enforcement left thousands of flavored e-cigarettes still available through alternative product types</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oPwdZPc">The FDA has since cracked down on non-tobacco-flavored ENDS products, particularly targeting middle and high school students</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_w5FtdDI,S_4t8Ohcl">In January 2020, FDA finalized enforcement priorities targeting flavored, cartridge-based ENDS products, except for tobacco- or menthol-flavored products</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yEAxweY">Importantly, the FDA's enforcement priorities are not a "ban" on flavored or cartridge-based ENDS</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bm6WH07">The exemption for menthol and disposable products from prioritized enforcement left thousands of flavored e-liquid products still available</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IkYr1CP">FDA guidance banned most flavored cartridge-based e-cigarettes, except for tobacco and menthol varieties</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oPwdZPc">Flavored products without marketing authorization remain illegal to sell and subject to enforcement action</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_AyOIA3X">A multi-dimensional framework evaluating economy, policy, organizational setting, and community environment is proposed to enhance quality, access, and cost-effectiveness from 2020 to 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FxZUHkl">The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is applied to understand dynamics between government policies and private sector responses for long-term care sustainability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8XJoond">Economic conditions in rural areas significantly impact elderly access to long-term care services, with sustainability challenges highlighted by market failures and fiscal imbalances</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9PDixuh">Denmark's integrated home- and community-based systems show that growth in long-term care expenditures has leveled off after 12 years of implementation, with expenditures dropping as a percentage of GDP</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Ytpi9uV">China's government focused on sustainable community home-based elderly care services with a 5 billion yuan investment from 2016 to 2020 to reduce costs and support aging-in-place</snippet>. However, the available snippets do not contain explicit Donabedian structure-process-outcome models or detailed empirical evidence of mediation/moderation in digital/smart eldercare contexts.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_FxZUHkl>Research from 2020 to 2025 explicitly employs a triple bottom line framework to assess long-term care sustainability, defining outcomes through quality, access, cost, and environment</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AyOIA3X>This multi-dimensional evaluation approach aligns with frameworks analyzing economy, policy, organizational setting, and community environment to enhance quality and cost-effectiveness</snippet>. <snippet id=S_8XJoond>Sustainable development considerations prioritize factors such as affordability, availability, geographic accessibility, and acceptability to manage costs and environmental impacts while improving service quality</snippet>. <snippet id=S_FxZUHkl>Mechanism analysis suggests government strategies significantly influence service quality, serving as critical antecedents for sustainability within these systems</snippet>. <snippet id=S_L4yUklD>Process-oriented elements are reflected in multidimensional evaluations and integrated managed care plans designed to ensure continuity between health and social services</snippet>. <snippet id=S_Ir3ZH9z>Collectively, these models emphasize social governance and stakeholder collaboration as foundational strategies for promoting sustainability in geriatric care</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_50cAkdQ">A floating photovoltaic (FPV) system consists of a floating device, mooring system, PV modules, DC/AC cables, and connectors, with key design factors including modularity, reliability, durability, and protection</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HcBohzv,S_CoNxRSP">Mooring lines ensure the flexibility and stability of the FPV system during severe wind and waves, with elastic mooring lines used to make the structure more flexible during water level variations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_50cAkdQ,S_hTDcmSA">The mooring subsystem utilizes a mooring line that connects to an anchor on the lake floor, with typical systems comprising frame arrays or independent floatings</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Q8i28GO">Design optimization of mooring systems for offshore floating structures is complex due to numerous variables and constraints, with methodologies including genetic algorithms and multi-objective optimization methods</snippet>. <snippet id="S_o7Xj46N">Research includes developing numerical models to evaluate the dynamics and displacements of various floating platforms under different weather and sea conditions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_50cAkdQ,S_hTDcmSA">Electricity generated is usually transmitted to a substation via underground cables, with inverter stations positioned to minimize resistive losses</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain specific references to IEA PVPS Task 16 or DNV-RP-0584 for navigation and vessel guidance standards.
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<answer>
The search results describe the technical design and mooring systems of floating photovoltaic (FPV) structures, utilizing mooring lines and anchors to secure platforms against environmental forces <snippet id="S_HcBohzv, S_CoNxRSP">. Power transmission involves underwater cables connecting the PV array to substations, with inverter placement optimized to reduce resistive losses <snippet id="S_50cAkdQ, S_HcBohzv">. Offshore installation studies evaluate risks and load limits in marine settings, covering components like floaters and mooring system layouts <snippet id="S_o7Xj46N">. Supplementary literature focuses on floating offshore wind turbine mooring and cabling, offering design analogs for floating platform stability <snippet id="S_bc5a0Y3, S_dgSijhh">. The retrieved information centers on infrastructure design and mooring optimization rather than specific maritime navigation or vessel marking regulations <snippet id="S_o7Xj46N, S_HcBohzv">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_lxdfOap,S_S5627jY">The ILO adopted the ICSE-18 classification in 2018 to address misclassification issues in employment statuses, updating the previous ICSE-93 framework that categorized jobs into paid employment and self-employment</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PnJtPJ7">ICSE-18 defines employees as those in "paid employment jobs" with contracts ensuring remuneration not tied to unit revenue</snippet>, distinguishing them from employers (self-employed individuals who hire others), own-account workers (self-employed without continuous employees), and contributing family workers (assisting in family-run businesses without being considered partners) <snippet id="S_NLMME1P">. The classification includes six employment categories: wage and salaried workers, employers, own-account workers, contributing family workers, domestic employees, and apprentices</snippet>, with vulnerable employment encompassing the last four categories characterized by lack of formal contracts and low remuneration <snippet id="S_ZXK2mwq">. ICSE-18 further classifies workers into six statuses including formal wage employment, formal self-employment, and various tiers of informal wage and self-employment, with distinctions based on professional training and social protection provisions</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_PnJtPJ7>The International Classification of Status in Employment 2018 (ICSE-18) defines employees as those in "paid employment jobs" with contracts ensuring remuneration not tied to unit revenue</snippet>. <snippet id=S_NLMME1P>The classification defines six employment categories: wage and salaried workers, employers, own-account workers, contributing family workers, domestic employees, and apprentices</snippet>. <snippet id=S_lxdfOap>In 2018, the ILO adopted the ICSE-18 classification to address misclassification issues, shifting focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies within self-employment</snippet>. <snippet id=S_S5627jY>This framework introduced the category of dependent contractors, defined as workers with commercial contracts who are not employees but depend on another economic unit for work organization, income, or market access</snippet>. <snippet id=S_ZXK2mwq>Additionally, the system classifies workers into statuses such as formal wage employment, formal self-employment, and tiers of informal employment based on professional training and social protection provisions</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">A survey at Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University assessed 32 international graduate students (primarily Chinese and Arabic backgrounds) who identified English as their first foreign language, with 45% studying Russian to understand culture and varying proficiency levels in both languages</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">The research utilized socio-linguistic tests to evaluate students' proficiency in Russian and English, establishing the need for improved communicative skills</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">Findings support the introduction of productive methods in foreign language teaching for international students</snippet>. <snippet id="S_qqMJgP6,S_zFkS0OO">The rise of English-medium instruction (EMI) in higher education institutions is linked to the internationalization of education, with universities adopting EMI to attract international students and enhance global standing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nyESjPs">However, recent studies indicate that the outcomes of EMI are not consistently positive, with limited statistical evidence on its effectiveness in non-Anglophone contexts</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hO67oBv">Many teachers and students in EMI courses operate with varying levels of second language (L2) English ability, which can lead to low levels of student comprehension unless lecturers take special care in their delivery of content</snippet>. <snippet id="S_oNcryjF">While EMI expansion in China provides international students with alternatives that do not require Chinese proficiency for entrance, similar pro-multilingual approaches exist for other foreign languages at language-oriented universities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HIjqi4N">Russia's involvement in the Bologna process emphasizes the importance of foreign language proficiency for enhancing competitiveness, though data from the Kirov region reveals significant gaps in implementing this practice with only 20.86% of schools offering two or more foreign languages</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hF9gM7p">Despite EMI benefits, transitioning from first language to English poses significant challenges with students perceiving their English skills as inadequate</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Russia-specific evidence includes a Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University survey of 32 international graduate students (primarily Chinese and Arabic) where all identified English as their first foreign language, with most having been learning Russian for over three years but demonstrating low communicative competence in both languages <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J">. Russia's Ministry of Education involves foreign language proficiency in its Bologna process framework, with mandates for second foreign language instruction, though data from the Kirov region shows only 20.86% of schools offer two or more foreign languages <snippet id="S_HIjqi4N">. However, the search results do not contain explicit documentation of EMI/ELF usage in Russian universities linked to social integration metrics, nor cohort-specific digital communication practices (e.g., WeChat/Telegram) or direct language choice/integration correlations <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J,S_HIjqi4N">. Existing literature on EMI in non-Anglophone contexts notes a general lack of research on how institutional medium-of-instruction policies impact student social outcomes <snippet id="S_nyESjPs">. Additional Russia-based empirical studies connecting EMI/ELF practices to friendship networks, belonging, or social integration metrics are not present in these snippets <snippet id="S_gEZDJ2J,S_HIjqi4N">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="20176,28554">The Net 2.0 (2006) is a direct-to-video techno-thriller distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment</snippet>, and <snippet id="95020,28554">the plot follows a systems analyst framed via identity theft in Istanbul</snippet>. <snippet id="95020">A DVD Talk review exists but describes it as a weak, slow thriller with poor character development compared to the 1995 original</snippet>, and <snippet id="20176,28554">the composer is not identified in the available sources</snippet>. <snippet id="95020">The DVD format includes 1.78:1 anamorphic widescreen, 5.1 Dolby Digital audio, and limited extras including an audio commentary</snippet>. <snippet id="28554">IGN rates the film as mediocre (5/10) with strong video/audio (7/10 each)</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="95020,20176,28554">The Net 2.0 (2006) is a direct-to-video sequel set in Istanbul, Turkey, a transcontinental nation where it follows systems analyst Hope Cassidy who is framed via identity theft</snippet>. <snippet id="20176,28554">The film was distributed on DVD by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment</snippet>. <snippet id="95020">A DVD Talk review exists, describing it as a weak, slow thriller with poor character development compared to the 1995 original</snippet>. <snippet id="20176,28554">Plot details confirm a computer expert protagonist loses identity and bank accounts, attempting to clear her name</snippet>. <snippet id="95020,28554">However, neither the DVD Talk review nor IGN writeup identifies the composer or confirms their nationality as British</snippet>. <snippet id="95020,20176,28554">The film has received mixed-to-negative reviews, with critics calling the plot predictable and camerawork shaky</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_uhSBIm0,S_0Hoj5Qf,S_PL4DVGG">The Amiga Hardware Reference Manual 3rd Edition is available as a PDF download from Internet Archive and iKod.se, covering the Amiga technical reference series</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tLl4qpY">The manual includes comprehensive register summaries organized by alphabetical and address order, covering coprocessor hardware, playfield hardware, and enhanced chip set</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RaUa9ux">The AGA (Amiga Graphics Adapter) documentation specifies maximum 704×510 resolution with 12-bit color support, compatible with both PAL and NTSC video modes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SqQQ0P3">The Amiga ROM Kernel Reference Manual v1.3 is also available as a PDF, corresponding to the V1.3 system software release with material from Steve Beats, David Berezowski, and other developers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5opBoeK">A 2nd Edition of the Hardware Reference Manual exists but covers older A1000, A500, and A2000 release machines</snippet>. These documents provide authoritative hardware register maps, memory architecture details, and system configuration information needed for writing 68030 assembly code on the Amiga 1200.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_uhSBIm0,S_PL4DVGG,S_0Hoj5Qf">The Amiga Hardware Reference Manual 3rd Edition is available as a PDF and covers the Enhanced Chip Set (AGA) specifications</snippet>, which is essential for understanding AGA custom chips, Copper, Blitter, and DMA capabilities <snippet id="S_tLl4qpY">. Additionally, the ROM Kernel Reference Manual is available and corresponds to V1.3 system software, providing the Exec, Libraries, and OS API documentation</snippet> <snippet id="S_SqQQ0P3">. These sources together provide the hardware register maps, calling conventions, and system programming interfaces needed to write OS-friendly 68030 assembly code for Amiga 1200 with AGA chipset</snippet>. The manual also documents memory architecture and peripheral devices including audio through Paula and input through CIAs <snippet id="S_FFquTpc">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_M4OmJlb">Janus nanopore neuromorphic synapses are emerging as a solution for reservoir computing, addressing the performance bottleneck in von Neumann systems by utilizing two-terminal memory devices that enable high-density, energy-efficient synapse implementations, crucial for applications requiring massive parallelism and error tolerance from 2023 to 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8TgbQXv">Recent advancements in devices like evolvable organic electrochemical transistors mimicking biological synapses are crucial for enhancing reservoir computing in Janus nanopore systems from 2023 to 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yF3B4Ib">Aqueous chemimemristor based on proton-permeable graphene membranes and nanofluidic devices showing solvated ion transport exhibiting memristive behavior are significant for developing water-based bioinspired memristive devices important for neuromorphic computing and next-generation brain-machine interfaces</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YkA1LR2">Recent advancements in digital neuromorphic hardware emphasize the need for efficient synapse memory, with SRAM crossbar arrays preferred for higher throughput while analog systems may leverage next-generation memory like ReRAM and memristors for enhanced synaptic weight management in reservoir computing applications from 2023 to 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eNhY4nD">Recent progress concerning memories shows that novel strategies related to materials and device engineering are presented to primarily achieve nonvolatile analog synaptic characteristics for implementing neuromorphic systems suitable for performing energy-efficient cognitive functions and recognition</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_M4OmJlb>Janus nanopore neuromorphic synapses are emerging as a solution for reservoir computing from 2023 to 2025</snippet>, addressing performance bottlenecks by utilizing two-terminal memory devices for high-density, energy-efficient synapse implementations <snippet id=S_M4OmJlb>crucial for applications requiring massive parallelism and error tolerance</snippet>. <snippet id=S_8TgbQXv>Recent advancements in devices like evolvable organic electrochemical transistors mimicking biological synapses are crucial for enhancing reservoir computing in Janus nanopore systems from 2023 to 2025</snippet>. However, specific performance metrics (energy/event, speed, endurance) and detailed modified nanopore strategies (Janus/asymmetric pores, functionalized surfaces, 2D-material nanopores) are not elaborated in available search results <snippet id=S_yF3B4Ib>nanofluidic devices have been reported in which solvated ion transport exhibits memristive behavior</snippet>, though this general description lacks Janus-specific details <snippet id=S_fZKPKhH>iontronic, biocompatible tools such as memcapacitors show potential for energy-efficient temporal data processing in reservoir computing</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="27111,18506">Raising Sand is the first collaborative studio album by Robert Plant and Alison Krauss, produced by T Bone Burnett and released in October 2007 on Rounder</snippet>. <snippet id="27111,18506">It debuted at No.2 on the Billboard 200, was RIAA-certified, and became a worldwide hit</snippet>. <snippet id="27111,18506">The album won the 2009 Grammy Award for Album of the Year, with the single "Please Read the Letter" also winning Record of the Year</snippet>. <snippet id="93249">Their later collaboration, Raise the Roof (2021), is the second Alison Krauss–Robert Plant collaboration, also produced by T Bone Burnett</snippet>. <snippet id="18506">Raising Sand is one of Krauss's three collaboration albums</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="27111,18506">Raising Sand is the first collaborative studio album by Robert Plant and Alison Krauss, produced by T Bone Burnett and released in October 2007 on Rounder</snippet>, and <snippet id="18506">it is one of Krauss's three collaboration albums</snippet>. The album debuted at No.2 on the Billboard 200, was certified Platinum in the U.S., and won the <snippet id="27111,18506">2009 Grammy Award for Album of the Year</snippet>. It also earned multiple other Grammys including Record of the Year for "Please Read the Letter" <snippet id="27111">and Best Pop/Country Collaboration</snippet>, as well as a <snippet id="27111">2008 Mercury Prize nomination</snippet>. Later, the duo released a second collaboration album called "Raise the Roof" in 2021 <snippet id="93249">, also produced by T Bone Burnett</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_ju8QCeq">A double-blind, counterbalanced trial using the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) and repeated sprint ability (RSA) tests found no significant differences in average or fastest sprint times between carbohydrate mouth rinse and placebo conditions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KYkLCMQ">Dorling and Earnest found no significant effect using a 6.4% maltodextrin solution during a non-self-paced LIST protocol, while Rollo and colleagues employed a self-paced LIST protocol which may provide a more sensitive measure to detect potential benefits</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kKV6iAs">Rollo and colleagues utilized a self-selected pacing LIST protocol with a 10% maltodextrin solution associated with increased self-selected jogging speed and an 86% likelihood of benefiting 15 m sprint performance during the final stages (75-90 min) of exercise compared to placebo</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hFRFf5P">A study familiarized participants with the LIST and RSA tests, including a progressive multistage shuttle run test for maximal oxygen uptake estimation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DqWoyEo">The Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) is designed to simulate team sport activity patterns incorporating acceleration, deceleration, and variable-speed running with physiological responses comparable to professional soccer matches</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R70LZbT">Most studies indicate that carbohydrate ingestion (typically 30–60 g/h from a 6%–7% solution) enhances intermittent high-intensity exercise capacity, though results regarding its effects on sprinting and other skills are mixed</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_ju8QCeq">In a study using the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) and repeated sprint ability (RSA) tests, carbohydrate mouth rinsing (6.4% Maltodextrin) showed no significant difference in average or fastest sprint times compared to placebo</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KYkLCMQ">However, Rollo and colleagues employed a self-paced LIST protocol with 10% maltodextrin and found increased self-selected jogging speed plus an 86% likelihood of benefiting 15 m sprint performance during the final stages (75-90 min) of exercise</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kKV6iAs">This difference may be because the self-selected pacing protocol provides a more sensitive measure to detect potential benefits of carbohydrate mouth rinsing compared to the non-self-paced version</snippet>. <snippet id="S_R70LZbT">Reviews of carbohydrate supplementation in intermittent sports indicate that results regarding sprinting effects are mixed, with the most significant benefits shown in conditions of fatigue or low blood sugar</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HHafi2O">The evidence for carbohydrate mouth rinsing in intermittent sports is limited with existing research showing inconsistencies due to methodological differences</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=391d2d98-3>There is a character named Captain Delaunay in the West End hit Erminie from 1885</snippet>, but this appears to be a theatrical production rather than a musical. <snippet id=391d2d98-0,391d2d98-5>Other results mention "Captain Hollywood Project" which is a 1990s Eurodance music project, not a musical role</snippet>. <snippet id=391d2d98-4,391d2d98-8>Another reference to "Captain & Tennille" is a 1970s American music duo, not a role in a musical</snippet>. <snippet id=391d2d98-7>Additionally, "Sonia Delaunay" appears in relation to a modern art movement and a theatre production, but not as a character named Captain Delauney</snippet>. The search results do not clearly identify a role called "Captain Delauney" that originated as an actress's role in London.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=391d2d98-3>Kate Everleigh was a celebrated 19th-century English performer who played Captain Delaunay in the West End hit Erminie in 1885</snippet>. Erminie was an operetta, which is a form of musical theatre <snippet id=391d2d98-3>Further credits included Nemesis, the operetta The Bride of Song, Family Ties and the comedy Eastward</snippet>. This confirms that Captain Delaunay was indeed a role originated by an actress (Kate Everleigh) in London (West End).
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_Jgj08Rj">The target article "Recommendations for reporting on emerging optical imaging agents to promote clinical approval" was located but only shows the title without substantive text content</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PCgmFnG,S_CSlM2L8">Related reviews on fluorescence-guided surgery regulatory pathways discuss historical approvals of agents like indocyanine green and fluorescein, but do not contain the specific reporting recommendations needed</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1xU5DFw,S_HFIp1yO">Overviews of fluorescent probes for imaging in humans highlight characteristics such as high signal-to-background ratios and near-infrared dyes, but lack structured reporting guidelines</snippet>. <snippet id="S_l2OQQbn">Reviews of fluorescence-guided surgery systems identify key performance capabilities including quantitative capabilities and nanomolar-level sensitivity, but these are technical specifications rather than reporting recommendations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_x0VNW1o">Clinical approval guidelines for emerging optical imaging agents focus on safety profiles and costs of clinical trials rather than structured reporting domains</snippet>. The search results do not contain the concrete, domain-structured reporting recommendations from the target article that would be needed to ground clinical discussion questions.
</answer>

<snippet id="S_Jgj08Rj">The retrieved snippet for "Recommendations for reporting on emerging optical imaging agents to promote clinical approval" contains only the title without substantive text</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1xU5DFw">Other relevant results indicate that clinical adoption of fluorescent probes is hindered by regulatory challenges and the need for further safety assessments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CSlM2L8">Historical FDA approval milestones reveal that agents like indocyanine green (1959) and fluorescein (1972) were initially vascular flow agents before expanding to surgery</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PCgmFnG">Regulatory pathway reviews emphasize that strategic decisions based on existing optical fluorescent agents facilitate future device clearances and new drug approvals</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1xU5DFw">Essential characteristics for clinical utility include specific binding to disease biomarkers, high signal-to-background ratios, and rapid clearance from non-target tissues</snippet>.


<answer>
<snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">The paper titled "Exploring the possibility space: taking stock of the diverse capabilities and gaps in integrated assessment models" was identified in the search results</snippet>, but <snippet id="S_VjnoTeX,S_onh5WOE,S_nKW5KXm,S_HRINe1D,S_u8Vhij6,S_NiloWjk,S_m5a9xl5,S_CoFf8GZ,S_ausD8QJ">none of the retrieved snippets contain substantive content from this specific paper that would allow me to summarize its key technical contributions and empirical findings</snippet>. The available snippets are from other IAM-related papers that discuss topics like SDG trade-offs <snippet id="S_onh5WOE">, integrated assessment frameworks for urban sustainability</snippet>, and shared socio-economic pathways <snippet id="S_u8Vhij6">, but none address the "possibility space" concept or the specific assessment methodology of the target paper</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CoFf8GZ">IAMs integrate diverse sub-models across disciplines to quantify cause-effect relationships and assess environmental and socioeconomic impacts</snippet>, with challenges including high uncertainty and dependency on underlying assumptions <snippet id="S_CoFf8GZ">. However, without access to the actual text of the paper, I cannot provide evidence on what "possibility space" means in their framing or their specific intercomparison/mapping results</snippet>. The search results do not contain the required information to answer the agent's research question about this specific paper.
</answer>

<answer>
The search results do not contain substantive content from the target paper "Exploring the possibility space: taking stock of the diverse capabilities and gaps in integrated assessment models" <snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">The search results only show the paper title without abstract, methods, results, or discussion content</snippet>. The available snippets discuss IAMs in general terms from other papers but do not provide evidence about what "possibility space" means in the target paper's framing <snippet id="S_u8Vhij6">IAMs are mostly used for sustainable transformation and development pathway analysis and exploring climate policy and technology options</snippet> <snippet id="S_CoFf8GZ">they face challenges such as high uncertainty and dependency on the quality of underlying assumptions, highlighting both their capabilities and gaps</snippet>. No empirical intercomparison or mapping results from the target paper are present in the retrieved snippets <snippet id="S_zF8Pr28">Only title information is available from the target paper</snippet>. To properly answer the agent's query, additional searches must retrieve the actual paper text with abstract, methods, results, or discussion paragraphs.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_NIP4aKy,S_L5NhumS">The paper "Reading During Adolescence: Why Adolescents Choose (or Do Not Choose) Books" provides evidence-backed best practices for enhancing adolescent recreational reading in secondary schools, including providing dedicated time for reading, implementing summer reading programs, and offering teacher support with strong relationships with educators</snippet>. <snippet id="S_L5NhumS">Key strategies include promoting choice, collaboration, and competence in classroom settings, which have been linked to increased intrinsic motivation, with reading interventions integrating motivational principles showing positive effects on adolescents' reading development</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Many students struggle to find books that match their interests and abilities, highlighting the need for resources that assist in making appropriate reading choices, with knowledgeable librarians playing a vital role in this process</snippet>. <snippet id="S_xbJmN70,S_WIheApX">Merga (2019a, 2019b, 2019c) has published research on the literacy supportive role of school librarians in the United Kingdom, demonstrating that qualified school librarians in well-resourced school libraries are associated with benefits for students' literacy attainment</snippet>. <snippet id="S_xbJmN70">Reading engagement is a multidimensional construct that includes behavioral, cognitive, and affective attributes, with pleasure in reading being a strong predictor of reading frequency that leads to growth in literacy skills</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SRm3hRO">Disciplinary literacy has emerged as a key focus in secondary education, with educators increasingly concerned about adolescent literacy under-performance showing low proficiency levels among eighth and twelfth graders</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_WIheApX,S_HOSScoU">School librarians are identified as key figures in fostering reading engagement and literacy attainment in secondary education, a finding supported by research citing Merga (2019a, 2019b)</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_xbJmN70">pleasure in reading is a strong predictor of reading frequency which leads to growth in literacy skills</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Schools should provide dedicated time for reading and implement initiatives like summer reading programs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NIP4aKy">Unlike primary schools, high schools often do not actively encourage book reading</snippet>. <snippet id="S_L5NhumS">Effective practices involve creating supportive contexts that foster collaboration, competence, and positive teacher behaviors, and reading interventions integrating motivational principles alongside cognitive skills show positive effects</snippet>.