<answer>
<snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">PPO (Proximal Policy Optimization) was introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017 as a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm that uses a clipped surrogate objective to stabilize policy updates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_r9aDbc9">The core idea involves optimizing a policy gradient objective using a probability ratio r_t between the new and old policies, clipped to a range defined by a hyper-parameter ε (typically 0.1-0.2)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_HkWtygo">This clipping mechanism prevents significant deviations from the previous policy, reducing the risk of divergent behavior and ensuring stable learning</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AuYFhyP">PPO also includes an entropy regularization term to promote action diversity and improve exploration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9Mgjk7i">The training loop involves collecting trajectories from parallel environments, computing advantage estimates, and performing multiple update epochs with gradient ascent</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hXE5LYe">The clipped objective provides a pessimistic bound on the unclipped objective, meaning improvements correlate with overall objective improvements only when the ratio remains within specified bounds</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_AuYFhyP,S_hXE5LYe,S_z9c3Jms">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">It utilizes a clipped surrogate objective function that constrains the probability ratio between the new and old policies within a range typically set to 1 ± ε</snippet>. <snippet id="S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe">This objective takes the minimum of clipped and unclipped estimates, providing a lower bound that penalizes significant deviations from 1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YKlYY4b,S_CcbSYTJ,S_9Mgjk7i">During training, the algorithm collects trajectories, computes advantage estimates (often via Generalized Advantage Estimation), and optimizes the policy with a value network loss and entropy bonus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CcbSYTJ,S_HkWtygo,S_9Mgjk7i">This allows multiple update epochs per iteration and stabilizes training by preventing excessively large policy updates</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018 Trump tariffs imposed duties on $283 billion of US imports with rates ranging from 10% to 50%, without waiting for WTO authorization</snippet>, with the most substantial tariffs targeting China at 25% on $34 billion and $16 billion of imports plus a 10% tariff on $200 billion by September <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh">. In retaliation, countries such as China, the European Union, and Canada filed cases against the US at the WTO and imposed their own tariffs on approximately $121 billion of US exports, averaging 16%</snippet> <snippet id="S_yHishm4">. The analysis suggests that the tariffs created meaningful variations across products and time, allowing for a clearer assessment of their economic impact</snippet> <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh">. However, the provided search results do not contain specific information from Fajgelbaum et al. "The Return to Protectionism" regarding distributional/regional impacts or regressivity</snippet> <snippet id="S_ned0wFk">. The research utilizes both aggregate and individual-level data to explore how adverse economic shocks can influence political dynamics, noting that trade-related job losses have a distinct anti-incumbent effect</snippet> <snippet id="S_I1oE0tb">. The study constructs a county-specific exposure measure to analyze the targeting of retaliatory tariffs, revealing that these tariffs tend to focus on regions that supported Trump in the 2016 election</snippet> <snippet id="S_bTYtYjO">. Overall, the literature acknowledges that while tariffs may benefit specific industries, they are generally detrimental to both trading partners and the imposing country</snippet> <snippet id="S_ZSDo4iu">. The Trump administration's measures were part of a populist agenda aimed at protecting American jobs amid US-China economic tensions, historically likened to late 19th-century mercantilist practices</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">The 2018-2019 Trump tariffs imposed $283 billion of US imports with rates from 10% to 50% on various goods, with China facing the most substantial tariffs totaling 25% on $50 billion of imports</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_yHishm4">retaliatory measures from trading partners including China, the European Union, and Canada targeted approximately $121 billion of US exports averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The tariffs were implemented amid a populist backlash against globalization, with retaliatory tariffs focusing on regions that supported Trump in the 2016 election rather than those backing other Republican candidates</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4">none of the provided snippets contain results from Fajgelbaum et al.'s "The Return to Protectionism" paper specifically examining welfare effects, regressivity, or distributional incidence on low-income households</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb">The available evidence indicates that while tariffs may benefit specific industries, they are generally detrimental to both trading partners and the imposing country</snippet>. The search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum findings on how Trump tariffs affected working-class households or whether impacts were regressive as the agent requested.
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<snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">ZeRO-DP has three main optimization stages corresponding to partitioning of optimizer states, gradients, and parameters, with memory reduction factors of 4x, 8x, and linear with DP degree respectively</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">each stage enables cumulative memory reduction with ZeRO achieving up to 64x reduction across 64 GPUs for a trillion-parameter model</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">ZeRO has a total communication volume of 3, spread evenly across 2 all-gather and 1 reduce-scatter operations during forward and backward passes</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_RRxd5ah">communication overhead scales positively with communication scale, becoming significant as GPU count reaches hundreds</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lxTe76D">ZeRO++ offers three communication optimizations including quantized weight communication (reducing parameter volume by half via INT8 quantization), hierarchical weight partitioning (replacing cross-machine all-gather with intra-machine all-gather at higher memory cost), and quantized gradient communication</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BWVyprV">DeepSpeed's incremental optimization stages (stage-1, stage-2, stage-3) correspond to sharding optimizer state, gradients, and model parameters across data parallel ranks</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_j6ySuf6">optimizer state sharding readily implemented in the library by setting "shard optimizer state": True in model parallelism configuration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vOhHdDS">With all three ZeRO-DP stages enabled, training a trillion-parameter model requires only 16GB per GPU (16TB total / 1024 GPUs) compared to 16TB without ZeRO</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_vOhHdDS>ZeRO-DP employs three optimization stages that partition optimizer states, gradients, and parameters, offering 4x and 8x memory reductions for the first two stages and linear memory reduction for parameter sharding at the cost of a 50% communication volume increase.</snippet> <snippet id=S_lxTe76D>ZeRO communication overhead is characterized by two all-gather operations for parameters and one reduce-scatter for gradients, totaling a volume of 3 model sizes per iteration.</snippet> <snippet id=S_RRxd5ah>However, the latency of collective communication operations demonstrates a positive correlation with the communication scale, which becomes significant when sharding across hundreds of GPUs.</snippet> <snippet id=S_LvWi5qs>For extreme memory scaling, ZeRO-Infinity offloads optimizer states and activations to CPU or NVMe memory to enable training of models with trillions of parameters.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Time-course single-cell transcriptomic analysis of human stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte-lineage-cells (hOLLCs) including iPSC-derived cells uncovered substantial transcriptional heterogeneity of PDGFRα-lineage hOLLCs</snippet>, <snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">and discovered sub-populations of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hOPCs) including a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) revealed heterogeneity among these cells, particularly in their expression of cell-surface markers EGFR and PDGFRA</snippet>, <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">with four distinct immunophenotypic populations identified: THY1 hi EGFR + PDGFRA À, THY1 hi EGFR + PDGFRA +, THY1 hi EGFR À PDGFRA +, and THY1 hi EGFR À PDGFRA À</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell RNA sequencing on hOLS derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) identified distinct populations including OPCs and myelinating oligodendrocytes with developmental progression</snippet>, <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">highlighting the heterogeneity of these cells, including those expressing PDGFRA</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">While bulk RNA-seq reveals differences between OPCs from the spinal cord and brain, single-cell RNA-seq indicates that OPCs are transcriptionally similar across these regions at postnatal day 7, suggesting bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0B4X0t7">This study emphasizes the transcriptional convergence and potential heterogeneity of iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, particularly in relation to PDGFRA expression in humans</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_f8dkLgt">Studies utilizing single-cell transcriptomics have identified substantial transcriptional heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells (hOLLCs), discovering sub-populations such as a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4EQbvky">Specifically, single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity in cell-surface marker expression, categorizing cells into four distinct immunophenotypic populations including putative pre-OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes based on EGFR and PDGFRA levels</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UNKcnGN">Deep single-cell sequencing of 3D hiPSC-derived neural cultures further distinguished heterogeneity within the oligodendrocyte cluster, separating proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes, and myelinating oligodendrocytes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X78NGqm">Investigations employing both bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on iPSC-derived OPCs suggest that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity and intrinsic epigenetic differences between developmental cohorts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_UDpXMMR">Transcriptome analysis of Anthonomus grandis identified contigs related to RNA interference mechanisms, including PAZ domains and SID-like sequences, though no RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) gene was detected</snippet>. <snippet id="S_tDo09SB">RNAi effectiveness in A. grandis is hindered by barriers including dsRNA delivery, cellular uptake, and degradation by gut nucleases, with three identified nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, and AgraNuc3) linked to this inefficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TA2bEqI">Despite the potential of dsRNA-based GM plants as a sustainable pest management strategy, delivering dsRNA orally to A. grandis remains challenging due to degradation by nucleases in the insect gut</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fXsP2MN">Attempts to apply RNAi against the cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) have not yielded similar results to those observed in other economically significant coleopteran pests like the western corn rootworm</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6E6a3hH">While transcriptome analysis provides a foundation for understanding RNAi mechanisms in insects, the research highlights the necessity for improved RNAi delivery strategies that protect dsRNA from gut nucleases and facilitate its uptake in crop insect pests</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UDpXMMR">The study provides the first comprehensive transcriptome characterization of A. grandis, contributing to the understanding of RNAi mechanisms and establishing a new transcriptome database for this pest</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising biotechnological approach for the cotton boll weevil, with research identifying targets like vitellogenin and chitin synthase genes for silencing</snippet>. <snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>Microinjection of dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 produced unviable eggs and malformed larvae, while vitellogenin knockdown significantly affected egg viability without altering egg laying numbers</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI>However, effective oral delivery of dsRNA via transgenic plants is limited by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, AgraNuc3) that degrade the RNA in the posterior midgut</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_fXsP2MN>While silencing these nucleases can enhance gene silencing efficiency against targets like chitin synthase II, attempts to apply RNAi against the boll weevil have not yielded results comparable to other coleopteran pests</snippet>. <snippet id=S_fXsP2MN>Although transgenic cotton plants expressing dsRNA are being developed, extensive field testing remains necessary to validate efficacy in agriculture</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_OLKZZOQ">The Kuwait oil fires of 1991 exhibited significant aerosol radiative forcing effects with net heating rates of up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour and 2.3 K/h at 3 hours plume age</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_0LL30pj">the fires resulted in substantially increased levels of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the region around the GCC</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hTyNcJU">A comparably low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm was found by Herring and Hobbs (1994) for the plume arising from the Kuwait oil fires following the 1991 Gulf War</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_vOW7FR3">uncertainties in the coagulation rate caused a 20-40% uncertainty in the plume's radiative forcing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vaq6doy">This study investigates the radiative forcing effects of smoke aerosols from Kuwait oil fires in 1991, focusing on the uncertainties in surface and top-of-atmosphere forcing and their impacts on climate</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_3xcpkDw">regional aerosol optical depths (AODs) exceeding 0.8 and a significant emission of ∼ 3.5 Tg smoke particles</snippet>. However, the provided snippets do not contain specific evidence on how the oil fires directly altered boundary-layer wind speed or turbine operation through changes in near-surface conditions.
</answer>

<answer>
The 1991 Kuwait oil fires produced significant aerosol radiative forcing with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour plume age, causing temperature differences of up to 6 K at 250-400 hPa and cooling of up to -3 K at 850 hPa <snippet id=S_OLKZZOQ>. These aerosol effects substantially modified energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature/precipitation patterns in the regional climate <snippet id=S_vaq6doy>. Surface cooling of -175 Wm-2 was recorded during related dust events in Kuwait with aerosol optical thickness reaching 3.617, indicating strong boundary layer perturbations <snippet id=S_dFPlFos>. The Kuwait oil fire plumes exhibited a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, confirming highly absorbing characteristics that influence radiative heating profiles <snippet id=S_hTyNcJU>. Radiative forcing uncertainties for such plumes range 20-40% depending on dilution rates and particle mixture state <snippet id=S_vOW7FR3>. These combined effects demonstrate how war-driven aerosols can alter boundary layer stability and surface wind conditions relevant to turbine operation <snippet id=S_0LL30pj>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_UBzqh33">StealC V2 introduces several new features compared to V1, including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, enhanced payload execution methods, and the ability to decrypt stolen data server-side</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, and now uses RC4 encryption for network communications</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">C2 communication has shifted to JSON-based requests and responses, with a focus on unique access tokens and error handling</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBzqh33">Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses, with the control panel updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_UBzqh33>StealC V2 introduces several new features including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, along with enhanced payload execution methods</snippet>, and it can decrypt stolen data server-side. The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, but has enabled RC4 encryption for network communications which was previously disabled. Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook, with C2 communication now using JSON-based requests and responses. The control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery. Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses <snippet id=S_UBzqh33>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">A cohort study using US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases followed US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and September 30, 2021</snippet>, with two control groups (contemporary and historical non-COVID-19 cohorts) <snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">to estimate the risks and burdens of incident diabetes in the post-acute phase of COVID-19</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibited a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">In the post-acute phase of the disease, compared with the contemporary control group, people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Altogether, there is evidence to suggest that beyond the acute phase of COVID-19, survivors might be at an increased risk of developing incident diabetes, and increased risk of incident antihyperglycemic use in the post-acute phase of the disease</snippet>. <snippet id="S_39VeTiC">Emerging literature points towards an increasing burden of incident diabetes during post-COVID-19 period as well</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HmTazVA">Non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients had a 25% (95% CI: 21%-29%) increased risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes, which rose to 173% in hospitalized patients and 276% in ICU patients</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study used US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases to build a cohort of US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19</snippet> with two control groups for comparison. <snippet id="S_sRbBHcj">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lB72BOu">Detailed analyses showed people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes compared with the contemporary control group</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7DZccVx">Risks and burdens of post-acute diabetes increased in a graded fashion according to the severity of the acute phase, whether patients were non-hospitalised, hospitalized, or admitted to intensive care</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LIOMj3a">The study authors conclude diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, and post-acute care strategies should integrate screening and management of diabetes</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was published by Sarwant Singh on Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the available search snippets contain the specific percentage for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The results only confirm the article's existence and publication details, but do not include the actual content with the renewable energy target percentage. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article can be found at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>. To obtain the renewable electricity percentage, you would need to access the full article directly rather than relying on these search result snippets.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH">The article "Top 15 Global Trends For 2025" was written by Sarwant Singh and published in Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK">none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage figure for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article exists and provide publication details, but do not include the actual renewable energy statistics from the article. <snippet id="S_vvVVFoT">The article URL is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>, but the renewable electricity percentage data is not accessible from these search results.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_TUFN3jC">The 15th POMS-HK International Conference is scheduled for 3–5 January 2025 at the Chinese University of Hong Kong</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jE7LWrz">The 14th POMS-HK International Conference took place from 5–6 January 2024 at HKUST</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Br57QvT">The 13th POMS-HK International Conference was held on 7-8 January 2023 at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5nVopPR">The 12th POMS-HK International Conference occurred on 8-9 January 2022 at Lingnan University</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mBwOV4H">The POMS-HK chapter runs an annual conference every winter</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_TUFN3jC">Early registration for the 2025 conference runs from January 1-17, with keynote speeches scheduled for January 1-3</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LKSKJn1">The 15th conference theme is "OM and AI"</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jE7LWrz">The 14th conference theme was "New Frontiers in Operations Management"</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Br57QvT">The 13th theme was not specified in the available search results</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5nVopPR">The 12th theme was not specified in the available search results</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DzBPmor">The 11th POMS-HK International Conference was held on 8-9 January 2021 at Lingnan University</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mBwOV4H">The 16th POMS-HK International Conference is expected to be held in 2026</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_TUFN3jC">Based on the 2025 conference dates of January 3-5, 2025, the POMS-HK International Conference starts earlier than the 2014 POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_mBwOV4H">The POMS-HK International Conference is held annually in early January in Hong Kong, with the 15th conference scheduled for January 3-5, 2025, the 14th for January 5-6, 2024, and the 13th for January 7-8, 2023</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_jE7LWrz,S_TUFN3jC,S_DzBPmor,S_mBwOV4H,S_Br57QvT,S_ULVAUtt,S_wmyEfiy,S_5nVopPR">none of the provided search snippets contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta or its specific dates</snippet>. Therefore, I cannot definitively compare which conference starts first without additional search results about the Atlanta meeting.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse ERVs are classified into three classes based on pol sequence similarity, with class I resembling gamma- and epsilon-retroviruses (including MLVs) and class II resembling alpha-, beta-, and delta-retroviruses (including IAP elements)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_H5GBDki">Mouse representatives of class I include elements similar to classical murine leukemia viruses (MLVs), while class II includes the large intracisternal A-particle (IAP) superfamily with about 1000 copies/cell</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">Functional MLV elements include Emv loci in strains like AKR mice that produce infectious virus and cause leukemia, with Emv2 MLV in C57BL/6 mice capable of restoration of replication competence through recombination</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">IAP elements are murine-specific retroviral elements that can lead to disease when they insert near genes, with ongoing expansion observed in the domesticus subspecies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ejVsieR">Phylogenetic analyses of Pol proteins confirm that class I ERVs include viruses related to gammaretroviruses and epsilon-retroviruses, while class II ERVs include viruses related to alpha-, beta-, and delta-retroviruses</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">In contrast to human ERVs which are generally older and more defective, mouse ERVs show significant variability among laboratory strains with a high burden of complete or nearly complete elements</snippet>.
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<answer>
Mouse endogenous retroviruses utilize a three-class system where MLV representatives belong to Class I (gammaretrovirus-like) and IAP elements belong to Class II (betaretrovirus-like), sharing nomenclature with human ERVs where Class I aligns with ERV1 and Class II with ERV2 <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_wHW5Oiu">. Functionally, endogenous MLVs such as Emv2 can undergo recombination to restore replication competence and produce infectious virus particles in strains like C57BL/6 mice <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. These infectious recombinant MLVs have been identified in murine cancer cell lines, where they contribute to leukemogenesis and tumor development <snippet id="S_ofsHaiJ">. In contrast, IAP elements are autonomous long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons capable of active retrotransposition, contributing to genetic variation <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">. IAP elements are abundant, with approximately 1000 copies per cell, and specific subtypes like ID1 remain active in Mus musculus subspecies <snippet id="S_H5GBDki,S_VrGqnwN">. Active IAP insertions in Mus musculus domesticus account for a significant proportion of subspecies-specific polymorphisms, indicating ongoing mobilization <snippet id="S_VrGqnwN">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_jaGb9lk">Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs by retrieving evidence from external knowledge bases before generation</snippet>, enabling LLMs to generate responses conditioning on relevant evidence rather than relying solely on internal parameterized knowledge. <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">Recent research suggests that hallucinations can be diminished through the adoption of techniques like RAG, with studies showing promising results in significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing accuracy, reliability, and faithfulness of model outputs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6v3TJp1">Empirical evaluations across three LVLMs and four benchmarks indicate that Active Retrieval-Augmented (ARA) models effectively mitigate hallucinations with optimal retrieval settings while maintaining moderate retrieval frequency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY">However, the effectiveness of RAG-based methods heavily relies on the quality of their retrieval mechanisms, and accurately parsing content from input queries remains challenging when queries are inherently ambiguous or irrelevant to the domain of focus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PbQaaQw">While RAG alleviates hallucination by retrieving reliable documents before generation, these methods still generate hallucinations due to the lack of post-hoc verification and are unable to provide citations for verification</snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
Research from 2023–2025 consistently demonstrates that Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w">. Multiple studies confirm that RAG enables models to generate responses conditioning on retrieved evidence from external knowledge bases, significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing factual accuracy <snippet id="S_Gj9myfY,S_PbQaaQw">. The technique works by retrieving reliable documents before generation, allowing LLMs to leverage external non-parameterized knowledge alongside internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id="S_OARPrNN">. However, research also cautions that RAG's effectiveness heavily depends on retrieval mechanism quality, and the approach is not without limitations such as error accumulation and citation inaccuracies <snippet id="S_4ahEl2w,S_Gj9myfY">. Several implementations, including Active Retrieval Augmentation frameworks, have empirically validated that optimal retrieval settings can significantly reduce hallucinations <snippet id="S_MJvgffY,S_6v3TJp1">.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ,S_i5aMNhp">The search results returned information about the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico rather than the Hebei Spirit incident in the Bohai Sea, China</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe,S_Hub9Tvk,S_n6iBrLE">While these snippets contain general information about oil spill response capabilities in the Chinese Bohai Sea, they do not specifically address the Hebei Spirit case history with details on response techniques, SCAT use, or waste management</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ys41PcL">The available snippets discuss common cleanup techniques including booms, skimmers, dispersants, and bioremediation, but do not provide the specific operational details the agent is seeking for the Hebei Spirit</snippet>. <snippet id="S_deSmbWp">The results mention that about 1.84 million gallons of chemical dispersants were used and approximately 150,000 individuals participated in cleanup efforts, but these are from the Deepwater Horizon spill, not the Hebei Spirit</snippet>. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ,S_i5aMNhp,S_0baMwGe,S_Hub9Tvk,S_n6iBrLE,S_ys41PcL,S_deSmbWp">No snippet contains the specific ITOPF, IOPC Funds, or Korean government reports on the Hebei Spirit with detailed response and risk management information</snippet>.
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<snippet id="">No relevant information about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill was found in the search results.</snippet> The provided snippets all concern the Deepwater Horizon (2010, Gulf of Mexico) spill or general response capabilities in other regions like the Chinese Bohai Sea. Specifically, they discuss Deepwater Horizon shoreline oiling, SCAT surveys, dispersant use, boom and skimmer deployment, and cleanup worker participation. <snippet id="S_o3E4MNQ">Deepwater Horizon oil stranded on 1,773 km of shoreline with 660 km receiving authorized cleanup</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_i5aMNhp">18 SCAT teams surveyed over 7,058 kilometers of shoreline</snippet>. The Boi Sea snippets discuss mechanical facility storage quantities for skimmers and booms. <snippet id="S_0baMwGe">The Bohai Sea survey found 133,420 m of floating booms, 9,632 kL/h for skimmers, and 100 vessels available</snippet>. No Hebei Spirit case history from ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean authorities was included in these results.
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<snippet id="S_QMZd9uN,S_NFdiZQm">Vertical eDNA distribution in lakes shows strong seasonal stratification, with warm-water fish eDNA concentrated above the thermocline and cold-water fish eDNA below, while during autumn turnover the fish species assemblage as detected by eDNA becomes homogenous throughout the water column</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eR9pNyf">Thermocline depths (metalimnion) range from 0.75 to 3.2 m, with sampling locations 20 m offshore and nearshore within 1 m of the shoreline, indicating vertical distribution and stratification in littoral and pelagic zones</snippet>. <snippet id="S_DCoNvvE">eDNA in lakes is patchily distributed, necessitating multiple sampling points for detection, with vertical distribution influenced by thermal stratification</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nblzMDI">The thermocline was confirmed as being between 4.60-6.60 m from the surface, with eDNA sampling occurring during stratification and turnover within the lakes under study</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7ms3BbK">During stratification, eDNA detection varied significantly by depth, with cold-water stenotherms like lake trout and slimy sculpin primarily found at the bottom, while warm-water minnows were more abundant at the surface</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Cx6Mojy">Stratification and mixing influence eDNA detection in littoral and pelagic zones, with distinct community assemblages detected above and below the thermocline</snippet>.
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<snippet id=S_qZTbA6e,S_7ms3BbK>Stratification leads to distinct microhabitat isolation where cold-water stenotherms are detectable only in midwater and deep habitats while warm-water minnows are abundant at the surface</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_QMZd9uN,S_7ms3BbK>community detection becomes more uniform across depths during autumn turnover when water column mixing occurs</snippet>. <snippet id=S_eR9pNyf,S_nblzMDI>Thermocline depths vary significantly between lakes, ranging from 0.75 to 3.2 m in some cases to 4.60 to 6.60 m in others</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DCoNvvE,S_qZTbA6e>Patchy distribution necessitates multiple sampling points across depths rather than single samples to capture community heterogeneity</snippet>.
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<snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil is a professional football club based in Hebron, which is a major city in the Southern West Bank</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Hebron is listed among the West Bank Premier League clubs</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-6>However, the search results do not confirm specific details about Shabab Al-Khalil's home stadium location in a nearby municipality</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-6>Additionally, the results do not provide information about the club's multiple national cup wins under FIFA regulations</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-1>Other West Bank clubs mentioned include Al-Bireh and Ahli Qalqilyah, but none are explicitly identified as being in the Southern West Bank region</snippet>. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-9>The Palestinian national team is noted as playing under FIFA criteria, but this refers to the national squad rather than a specific club</snippet>.
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Based on the search results, the major cities in the Southern West Bank include Hebron (Khalil), which has professional clubs like <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil</snippet>. The club Shabab Al-Dhahiriya from the city of Ad-Dhahiriya is also located in the Southern West Bank <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>. However, the search results do not contain sufficient information about which specific club has won the Palestinian Cup multiple times and plays in a nearby municipality rather than its home city. Additional research is needed to determine the exact club meeting all criteria mentioned in the query.
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<snippet id="S_LNwC0St">The U.S. Department of the Treasury provides Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates data for 2025 through their official data chart center</snippet>, with rates available for various maturities including 3-month and 10-year periods. <snippet id="S_Ex1kQjb">The most recent data shown in the search results includes a 3-month rate of 4.03% as of 09/18/2025</snippet>, with 1-year rates at 3.61% and 2-year rates at 3.57%. <snippet id="S_pwGFHPE">The Treasury's official yield curve uses a par yield curve derived from bid-side market price quotations</snippet>, which are considered indicative closing market bid quotations. <snippet id="S_2WbtkJ5">A Treasury Daily Interest Rate XML Feed is also available for programmatic access to daily interest rate data</snippet>. However, the specific 10-year rate is not explicitly shown in the available snippets.
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<snippet id=S_Ex1kQjb>As of September 18, 2025, the 3-month Treasury rate was 4.03%</snippet>. The Treasury provides official yield curve data through its Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates page <snippet id=S_LNwC0St,S_9NRdU6Z,S_Ex1kQjb>. The 10-year rate is available through the same data source, though the snippet cuts off after showing rates for maturities up to 3 years. The Treasury's yield curve methodology uses indicative, bid-side market price quotations to derive par yields <snippet id=S_pwGFHPE,S_AsPkpls>. Official rates can also be accessed via the Treasury's daily interest rate XML feed or API documentation <snippet id=S_2WbtkJ5,S_4AaXlpd>.
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<snippet id="S_hAqLMYW,S_VSuv8i0">The "Climate Endgame" paper identifies that warming above 5°C is considered "beyond catastrophic" and above 6°C is deemed an "indisputable global catastrophe," though the term "catastrophic climate change" remains undefined in scientific literature</snippet>. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">The research agenda proposes four key strands including understanding extreme climate change dynamics, exploring climate-triggered pathways to mass morbidity and mortality, investigating social fragility, and synthesizing findings into "integrated catastrophe assessments"</snippet>. <snippet id="S_60jj79u">Tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon up to an eightfold increase in the optimal carbon price</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">The document defines global catastrophic risks (GCRs) related to food systems as events that could threaten human well-being on a global scale, with abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios representing a specific category of these risks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">Sea level rise risk assessments distinguish between four main qualitative levels (Undetectable to Very high) and added a fifth level describing "Extremely high risk" as a very high probability of severe and irreversible risks exceeding coping capacity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0NH1BPy">A scoping review on climate change, malaria, and neglected tropical diseases advocates for holistic risk assessment approaches that utilize comprehensive data and collaborative modeling efforts involving diverse stakeholders</snippet>.
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The recent search returned primarily climate-focused catastrophic risk literature, with "Climate Endgame" studies emerging as key references defining catastrophe thresholds. Warming above 5°C is categorized as "beyond catastrophic," while warming above 6°C constitutes an "indisputable global catastrophe," with 3°C by century's end marking extreme climate change <snippet id="S_VSuv8i0">temperature thresholds for catastrophic outcomes are now being clarified</snippet>. Tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon to an eightfold increase in optimal carbon pricing <snippet id="S_60jj79u">tipping point probabilities demonstrate fat tail risk characteristics</snippet>. However, bad-to-worst-case climate scenarios remain poorly understood despite reasons to suspect they could drive worldwide societal collapse or eventual human extinction <snippet id="S_hAqLMYW">catastrophic climate scenarios are underexplored yet critically important</snippet>. Food system risks include abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios that could trigger multiple bread-basket failures and global-scale well-being threats <snippet id="S_F4ekjz0">global catastrophic food system risks are identified as existential threats</snippet>. Sea level rise research similarly defines "Extremely high risk" as exceeding socioecological coping capacity and possibly leading to existential or catastrophic outcomes <snippet id="S_vyuhdrc">coastal settlement risks reach existential catastrophe thresholds at very high sea level rise</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">Phytochemicals show significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to factors like dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">Challenges associated with phytochemical use include low bioavailability and toxicity, which can be potentially overcome with nanoparticle delivery mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_St3cdIq">Phytochemicals have shown potential against HPV-induced cervical cancer, necessitating further research on their efficacy and safety</snippet>. <snippet id="S_giUXm46">Combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs enhances therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bChTerS">Experimental studies emphasize the chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of plant-derived substances by inhibiting early stages of carcinogenesis or improving efficacy of traditional chemotherapeutic agents</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RE7a53S">Pomegranate peel polyphenols have demonstrated anticancer effects against cervical cancer in cell culture studies</snippet>.
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Recent reviews have synthesized therapeutic effects of natural products on cervical cancer through inflammatory pathways, highlighting compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, curcumin, and paclitaxel with data primarily from 2010-2021 studies<snippet id="S_RulQFFI">. Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms<snippet id="S_SrhDuNY">. Challenges associated with phytochemical use include low bioavailability and toxicity, which may be addressed through chemical analogs, adjuvant therapies, and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms<snippet id="S_jvAGRUW">. Experimental evidence emphasizes chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of plant-derived substances, with combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs shown to enhance therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells<snippet id="S_bChTerS">. Research on phytochemicals against HPV-induced cervical cancer necessitates further investigation into efficacy and safety, particularly through concurrent therapies targeting HPV-mediated mechanisms<snippet id="S_St3cdIq">. Current literature reviews continue to collect experimental works from the last five years elucidating anticancer mechanisms of plant-derived natural products in cervical cancer treatment<snippet id="S_NnCE1hw">.
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<snippet id="S_r2sDDAL">Trust in AI within public institutions is influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers</snippet>. <snippet id="S_F456mxb">Trust levels increase if AI adds perceived value and if humans remain involved, while transparency about AI use is essential for tracking trust changes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">Public perception and trust in AI adoption is a critical factor influencing integration and acceptance, with dimensions including control of AI and ethics in AI being crucial for building trust</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PgHhtbO">Trust in government significantly influences user experiences with AI-based self-service technology in public service delivery, highlighting personalization and aesthetics as positive factors</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rvmDLcV">Trust in AI in the public sector is influenced by institutional trust (such as laws and regulations), with trustworthiness of AI understood in terms of the acceptability of its risks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">Concerns about privacy invasion and lower trust in companies and government deploying AI remain significant barriers to AI adoption in public services</snippet>.
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Trust in AI within public institutions is significantly influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems often viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers <snippet id="S_r2sDDAL,S_R1PS8iU">. Key determinants include transparency and explainability, which are essential for tracking trust changes and fostering responsible AI development <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp,S_1tU6Z3U">. Human oversight remains critical, as trust levels increase when humans remain involved in decision-making processes rather than being replaced entirely by AI <snippet id="S_F456mxb">. Reliability, tangibility, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust in AI systems, while anthropomorphism influences emotional trust <snippet id="S_z4Ru4pp">. Privacy concerns and data governance also negatively impact trust, particularly when citizens perceive potential privacy invasion <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U">. Additionally, public perception of AI control, ethics, and perceived value of AI services are crucial determinants for acceptance in public service contexts <snippet id="S_1tU6Z3U,S_F456mxb">. Technological competence and familiarity with AI also correlate with higher trust in AI capabilities across different public service domains <snippet id="S_MF1INRL">.
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<snippet id=b99d28d7-0>Available to stream on AMC+, Disney Plus, Hulu, Sundance Now, Philo, The Roku Channel, Fandango at Home, Prime Video or Apple TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-1>Watch Clean and other popular TV shows and movies including new releases, classics, Hulu Originals, and more on Hulu</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-2>Available on Amazon Prime Video</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-3>Available on Tubi TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-4>Currently you are able to watch "Clean" streaming on Amazon Prime Video, Amazon Prime Video with Ads or for free with ads on Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5>Available on Philo</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-6>Available on Netflix</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>Available on AMC+, Sundance Now, Philo, Prime Video, Tubi, Disney+, Hulu, Sling TV</snippet>.
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<snippet id=b99d28d7-0,b99d28d7-9>Clean is available to stream on multiple platforms including AMC+, Hulu, Prime Video, Apple TV, Tubi, and Roku</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>AMC+ is specifically mentioned as one of the available streaming services for the film</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-1,b99d28d7-2,b99d28d7-4>It can also be accessed through Hulu, Amazon Prime Video, and Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5,b99d28d7-8>Philo and other services like Sundance Now and Disney+ offer the movie as well</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">A systematic review of peer assessment design elements notes that reliability and validity are often underreported as outcome measures in peer assessment studies</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">studies must systematically evaluate and report these metrics to enhance the quality of research and facilitate future meta-analyses</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">Beliefs and perceptions regarding peer assessment are more frequently treated as outcome variables than actual performance and skills</snippet>, which contrasts with the agent's focus on negotiated assessment. <snippet id="S_dUrCta4">Learning outcomes are used throughout assessment processes in higher education with a frequent assumption that they bring many positive benefits to educational processes</snippet>, yet <snippet id="S_dUrCta4">there are tensions associated with them and their current mode of use has far less flexibility than they should provide</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u5mSiUG">The evaluation of learning outcomes is crucial for assessing the effectiveness of educational interventions in higher education</snippet>, serving as a key measure for educators and policymakers. <snippet id="S_db6DLhs">OBE approaches show promise in enhancing competencies, but the review calls for more rigorous studies with larger sample sizes to address gaps in measuring outcomes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_YVMqQJL">There is a lack of valid measures for evaluating partnership effectiveness beyond standard student outcome metrics</snippet> in research-practice partnerships. <snippet id="S_r34NY6x">The use of ChatGPT in higher education raises concerns about the effectiveness of assessment processes and the ability to verify student knowledge and understanding</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yevXI89">A meta-analysis examined the impact of e-mental health interventions on academic performance through randomized controlled trials</snippet>, demonstrating how RCTs can provide empirical evidence on student outcomes. However, none of the retrieved snippets specifically address negotiated assessment or student involvement in assessment design with randomized controlled trial outcomes.
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The provided search results do not contain specific empirical evidence or randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or student co-created rubrics in higher education <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv,S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">. Instead, the available literature focuses on broader concepts such as Outcome-Based Education frameworks, general peer assessment design elements, and teacher effectiveness metrics <snippet id="S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv">. While one systematic review notes that reliability and validity are frequently underreported in peer assessment studies, it does not quantify the impact of student involvement in task design <snippet id="S_1YjeXyJ">. Additional snippets discuss conceptual tensions in learning outcomes or the influence of educational technology without addressing assessment negotiation specifically <snippet id="S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG">.
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<snippet id="S_wzDgj5A">Endocytosis maintains lysosomal fitness by delivering enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_gCWDTWV">lysosomal membrane proteins are delivered to lysosomes in a M6P receptor-independent manner through vesicle fusion with plasma membrane, followed by endocytosis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EhS0ch1">Lysosomal exocytosis stimulation may have beneficial effects on the accumulation of unprocessed aggregates, leading to their extracellular elimination</snippet>, which supports lysosomal function through membrane repair mechanisms. However, <snippet id="S_pfxfGLI">a general downregulation of endocytosis during aging or senescence has been observed</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_BXMwwcV">LNCs can impair lysosomal function and endocytosis, potentially due to alterations in lysosomal pH</snippet>, suggesting that endocytosis dysfunction can negatively impact lysosomal health. The relationship appears bidirectional, where endocytosis supports lysosomal function through enzyme delivery and membrane repair, but impaired endocytosis can contribute to lysosomal dysfunction through reduced recycling and increased damage.
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<snippet id=S_wzDgj5A,S_Y2SP2EN>Endocytosis maintains cellular homeostasis by delivering extracellular and intracellular materials to lysosomes, where they are degraded as part of the autophagy-lysosomal-endosomal system</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_wzDgj5A>Trafficking between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network is imperative for the maintenance of lysosomal fitness as it delivers enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id=S_gCWDTWV>Lysosome biogenesis also requires endocytic pathways, as lysosomal membrane proteins can be delivered via vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane followed by endocytosis</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC,S_Ykw4nQx">Calendar aging is primarily modeled using the Arrhenius equation, where degradation rates increase with temperature, making thermal regulation essential for reducing calendar aging</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">In contrast, cycle life at low temperatures (e.g., 10°C) decreases dramatically compared to 20°C, with a graphite/NMC battery's cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">This degradation is attributed to lithium plating and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film growth, which compete under fast charging conditions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">Studies by Keil et al. (2016) and Geisbauer et al. (2021) found that elevated temperatures and high SOC levels significantly accelerate capacity degradation and internal resistance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC,S_Ykw4nQx">Conversely, calendar aging modeling incorporates temperature as a critical factor alongside state of charge and current profiles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">The research highlights that understanding the temperature dependence of these mechanisms is essential for optimizing charging conditions and improving battery longevity</snippet>.
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<answer>
Calendar aging follows the Arrhenius equation, where elevated temperatures accelerate aging processes through increased reaction rates, making temperature regulation essential for reducing degradation <snippet id="S_a9Y7uJC">. SEI growth is the dominant calendar aging mechanism at high temperatures (e.g., 55°C storage), causing pore clogging and film resistance increase in anodes <snippet id="S_zb2LhNK">. Higher temperatures and SOC levels significantly increase capacity degradation and internal resistance during calendar aging, with studies showing accelerated fading at 50-60°C storage <snippet id="S_iJyfWte">. In contrast, cyclic aging experiences dramatically accelerated degradation at low temperatures during charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C for graphite/NMC batteries <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. At 5°C, a 16 Ah graphite/NMC battery loses 75% capacity after only 50 cycles compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C, driven primarily by lithium plating rather than SEI growth <snippet id="S_edT6GAQ">. The Arrhenius law describes temperature dependence of cyclic aging reaction rates, though lithium plating at sub-zero temperatures creates an inflection point that fundamentally alters degradation mechanisms compared to calendar aging <snippet id="S_6yCb2kD">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_NyxI5ht,S_RTxg6u0,S_PnWYPRp,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u,S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t">None of the retrieved search results contain the specific threshold value for rC,ave or ΔGave mentioned in the agent's query</snippet>. The snippets discuss general topics about China's research evaluation reform, internationalization of Chinese universities, and China's influence on global science, but none include the exact numerical threshold from the target Scientific Reports article. <snippet id="S_PtOIRGk">One snippet mentions China's research evaluation reform and SCI metrics</snippet>, but does not contain the specific threshold value. <snippet id="S_RXJTnMw">Another discusses China's share of Scopus papers in different disciplines</snippet>, yet provides no threshold data for rC,ave or ΔGave. The search did not successfully locate the target paper with the exact threshold value.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_PtOIRGk,S_NyxI5ht,S_RTxg6u0,S_PnWYPRp,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u">None of the provided search results contain information about a Scientific Reports article with the specific variables rC,ave and ΔGave or their critical threshold values</snippet>. The retrieved snippets discuss various aspects of Chinese research output, publication incentives, and global science influence, but none reference the target paper with the threshold information the agent is seeking <snippet id="S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t">The only mentions of "Chinese scholars" in global research context appear in titles without corresponding content</snippet>. The agent may need to refine their search with more specific terms such as "Scientific Reports rC,ave ΔGave threshold" without the broader China influence query to locate the exact paper.
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<snippet id="22895,68190,89881">Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) was an 18th-century Swedish naturalist who formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy</snippet>. <snippet id="22895,68190,89881">He introduced the two-part Latin species name (genus + specific epithet) and hierarchical ranks including kingdom, class, order, genus, and species</snippet>. <snippet id="68190">His system standardized classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming</snippet>. <snippet id="22895">Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaeus taught at Uppsala, wrote chiefly in Latin, and was ennobled in 1761 as Carl von Linné</snippet>. <snippet id="89881">Linnaean taxonomy endures as the basis for naming and organizing biodiversity, though additional ranks and evolutionary concepts were later added</snippet>.
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<answer>
Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), an 18th-century Swedish naturalist, formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy <snippet id="22895, 68190">. He introduced a two-part Latin naming system (genus + specific epithet), such as Homo sapiens, through his publication of Systema Naturae (first edition 1735) <snippet id="22895, 89881">. Linnaeus also established hierarchical classification ranks including kingdom, class, order, genus, and species <snippet id="22895, 89881">. His system standardized biological classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming <snippet id="68190">. Known as the "father of modern taxonomy," Linnaean taxonomy continues to serve as the foundation for organizing biodiversity <snippet id="22895, 89881">.
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<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Tony Horwitz, a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist</snippet>, which retraces the voyages of Captain James Cook, a renowned British explorer. <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>The book documents journeys across the Pacific, following a specific route to retrace Cook's voyages</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-0>Horwitz is the author of "Confederates in the Attic," another Pulitzer-winning work</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-8>While "The Wide Wide Sea" by Hampton Sides also covers British explorer voyages to Pacific islands, it does not involve a Pulitzer-winning journalist retracing the explorer's path</snippet>. The specific combination of a Pulitzer-winning journalist retracing Captain Cook's voyages matches the description in the search results.
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<answer>
<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is "Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before" by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Tony Horwitz</snippet>, which retraces the voyages of British explorer Captain James Cook across the Pacific <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>. Cook was from Yorkshire, a county in northern England, and his historic HMS Endeavour has been reconstructed for modern voyages <snippet id=1701849e-6>. The book follows a specific route through Pacific island countries that Cook originally visited during his explorations <snippet id=1701849e-5>. Horwitz's approach combines historical research with personal adventure travel to explore Cook's legacy <snippet id=1701849e-1>. This work differed from Horwitz's previous books by focusing on a specific exploration route across the Pacific Ocean <snippet id=1701849e-6>.
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<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH">The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM) by necessitating remote work and digitalization across organizations</snippet>, with most practices now conducted via technology as employees work from home <snippet id="S_EFHhJY4">. This acceleration was evident in Italy where remote work rose from 8% to about one-third of the workforce</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_rm0f44F">emphasizing the need for e-HRM and digitalization to enhance flexibility and productivity while addressing employee wellbeing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">Extraordinary changes caused by COVID-19 enforced companies to accelerate transition to digital business processes, with HRM at the heart of these transformations</snippet> to help organizations navigate the crisis and ensure work-life balance. <snippet id="S_sFMyq5N">A systematic literature review by Zhong et al. (2021) concluded the pandemic challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention from the scientific community</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EFHhJY4">However, there is a lack of information in the literature regarding the factors that affect digitally transforming HR practices during COVID-19</snippet>, highlighting the need for further research on determinants of this transformation.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_EFHhJY4,S_CbPhWNe">The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), with remote work necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms and e-HRM practices</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH,Sn_rm0f44F">Research indicates this acceleration has been global in scope, with one study noting remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3pi5rBi,S_sFMyq5N">Systematic literature reviews characterize COVID-19 as a complicator-disruptor-enabler that challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CbPhWNe">The crisis established lasting implications including more flexible, remote-friendly digital working norms that organizations must address through new policies and hybrid working models</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_xBncrdH">Preprints are preliminary reports not yet peer-reviewed that are shared on platforms like arXiv, MedRxiv, and bioRxiv</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">these platforms facilitate rapid communication within the scientific community before formal peer review</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BpGBKlu">bioRxiv does not perform peer review but implements a screening process to filter out inappropriate content and enhance the utility of submissions</snippet>, with <snippet id="S_lUJRGnM">seventy-five percent of preprint platforms examined providing details about their screening processes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">The pre-peer review screening process involves several checks before a paper is sent for peer review, including plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language and quality of expression</snippet>. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">Each preprint includes a warning indicating the lack of peer review, and MedRxiv specifically advises against relying on these preliminary reports for health-related decisions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">Preprints, while lacking formal peer review, undergo various quality control measures on platforms like arXiv, including author registration and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">arXiv and other preprint servers emphasize that their materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice or reported as established information without expert consultation</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_hwAFWJw">arXiv performs pre-peer review screening that includes plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language quality</snippet>, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">but does not conduct formal peer review before posting</snippet>. Key quality control measures on arXiv include <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">author registration and endorsement requirements, completeness checks, relevance verification, plagiarism detection, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_x0z3ScE">arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>, unlike bioRxiv and medRxiv which screen for material that could endanger public health or pose biosecurity risks. <snippet id="S_xBncrdH">ArXiv emphasizes that its materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. Despite the absence of peer review, preprints on arXiv still undergo screening as a "coarse filter" to exclude nonscientific or inappropriate content, <snippet id="S_bwHcUi2">though this does not guarantee validity of the content</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books</snippet>. <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kOME3NW">The interactive reading (IR) task is a framework for AIG and automatic scoring of reading comprehension (RC) passages and a suite of questions associated with the passage</snippet>. <snippet id="S_n6aoW4b">The text discusses the construct of reading as defined by Alderson (2000), emphasizing that reading is an interactive process involving both lower-level (bottom-up) and higher-level (top-down) processes</snippet>. However, the provided snippets do not contain specific definitions or contrasts for "intensive" reading as a separate category from "interactive" or "extensive" reading.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books.</snippet> <snippet id="S_VT53XSR">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams.</snippet>
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<snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores for fact-checking label prediction</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">fact-checking explanation model fine-tuned on the PUBHEALTH dataset achieved promising performance</snippet>. <snippet id="S_wkwj2K0">Four pre-trained models were employed for fine-tuning on the PUBHEALTH dataset: original BERT uncased, SCIBERT, BIOBERT v1.0, and BIOBERT v1.1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">BIOBERT demonstrates higher accuracies compared to BERT for named entity recognition, relation extraction and question answering in the biomedical domain</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">SCIBERT outperforms BERT in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">Wadden et al proposed automatic fact-checking pipelines using SCI-FACT, HEALTHVER, and COVID-Fact datasets where their methods showed better performance on zero-shot and few-shot settings compared with existing methods</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RXgSB12">Experiments show that training deep learning-based fact-checking models on real-world and in-domain claims substantially improves performance compared to training on synthetic and open-domain claims</snippet>.
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<answer>
Research on medical fact-checking shows that domain-specific language models often outperform general models on health claim verification tasks. On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores compared to BERT and other baseline models <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. BioBERT demonstrates higher accuracies than BERT for biomedical tasks including named entity recognition, relation extraction, and question answering in the biomedical domain <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. Similarly, SCIBERT shows improvements over the original BERT and outperforms it in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification <snippet id="S_TGatGL2">. However, performance varies by dataset; on SCIFACT, RoBERTa-large achieved the best performance among the sentence encoders tested, including SciBERT and BioMedRoBERTa <snippet id="S_XNr0nkb">. Additionally, training deep learning models on real-world medical claims substantially improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims <snippet id="S_LfqoLmq">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">The waterfall model is a traditional, linear, and sequential software development approach where progress flows through distinct phases (such as requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance) with each phase completed before the next begins</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model, part of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), allows for initial simplified implementations that evolve through multiple iterations with emphasis on incremental changes and repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">The Waterfall-Iterative approach, also noted as "Waterative," is a hybrid model combining Waterfall with iterative execution, where phases are executed iteratively as the project elaborates and includes feedback loops</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The waterfall model is characterized by strict documentation and end products for each stage, making it relatively slow and time-consuming compared to the iterative model which allows for more flexibility and quicker adjustments</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX">In contrast to pure waterfall, iterative development is typically facilitated by agile frameworks like Scrum with unit testing during sprints followed by systems integration testing and user acceptance testing</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">The traditional waterfall model is defined as a linear, sequential software development approach where each phase must be completed before the next begins, with strict documentation and sign-offs required between stages</snippet>. <snippet id="S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f">In contrast, "iterative waterfall" (also called "Waterative") executes waterfall phases iteratively as the project elaborates, incorporating requirement analysis for each iteration with design followed by product backlog creation using Scrum framework's agile principles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz">The iterative model allows incremental changes and divided project parts with repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation, enabling more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to waterfall</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf">A key distinction is that waterfall accommodates substantial requirement changes with significant disruption, whereas iterative approaches emphasize evolving implementations with each cycle enhancing previous work</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NiTtWnz,S_u8WEXgX">Waterfall is characterized by sequential phases requiring strict documentation and end products per stage, while iterative/wative approaches include unit testing during sprints followed by systems integration testing and user acceptance testing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NrHpXwf">Waterfall approaches work well for simple, straightforward projects, but are less suitable for complex projects requiring flexibility</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_IbmwH6I,S_4uYEvn0">Digital transformation in banking encompasses digital banking, mobile banking, digital payments, and fintech applications that enhance financial inclusion by offering accessible and affordable services</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X">Research shows digital transformation correlates with enhanced financial inclusion and operational efficiency, with studies indicating a significant increase in digital payment intensity in the EU and Baltic countries</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cecyK56">The economic impact of financial inclusion varies by region, with digital financial inclusion being more significant in low-income countries due to inefficiencies in traditional banking, allowing FinTech companies to enhance access and stimulate economic activities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AlV0rKF">Empirical evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa indicates that digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability while increased bank competition negatively affects stability, supporting the competition-fragility hypothesis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ipBYA4S">However, research on Fintech's impact on financial inclusion is limited, particularly regarding effects across different demographics and regions, with traditional financial inclusion metrics often failing to adequately measure digital financial inclusion</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IbmwH6I,S_kq45sEh">Despite promising trends, challenges remain including data security, regulatory issues, user digital literacy, and infrastructure considerations that need attention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Q1OC4lz">Recent studies on lower-middle-income ASEAN countries show mixed findings on whether digital financial services genuinely achieve inclusivity for women and underprivileged communities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AlV0rKF">Policymakers are advised to promote digital financial literacy and enhance bank competition to lower non-performing loans while maintaining bank stability</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X>S digital transformation in banking is defined as the application of innovative technologies, particularly digital payments, to enhance financial inclusion and operational efficiency</snippet>, with research showing it <snippet id=S_4uYEvn0>S diminishes the impact of income levels on financial service access</snippet> while enhancing account ownership and savings. <snippet id=S_cecyK56>S Economic impact varies by income level: in low-income countries, digital financial inclusion is more significant than traditional finance due to banking inefficiencies</snippet>, whereas in middle-income countries both forms complement each other. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability (z-score) and negatively with non-performing loans</snippet>, though increased bank competition negatively affects stability according to the competition-fragility hypothesis. <snippet id=S_kq45sEh>S Challenges include data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy</snippet>, with findings from Sub-Saharan Africa, ASEAN, and EU contexts; <snippet id=S_cecyK56,S_Q1OC4lz>Yemen-specific evidence is sparse and limited by fragile state conditions</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Policy recommendations emphasize promoting digital financial literacy, regulatory frameworks treating digital and traditional finance as complementary</snippet>, and strategic measures to maintain bank stability alongside inclusion initiatives.
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<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Never Look Back (1952) is a British courtroom melodrama produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>, <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">released in the UK on 26 May 1952</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett appears briefly as a policeman in the film</snippet>, and <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Hugh Sinclair stars as the fiancé who prosecutes</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The film was shot at Manchester Film Studios between 17 September and 19 October 1951</snippet>. <snippet id="55190">It runs 73 minutes with a plot about a newly appointed KC defending an ex-lover accused of murder</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="55190,81776,86941">The 1952 British drama Never Look Back was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Harry H. Corbett appears in a brief supporting role as a policeman</snippet>. <snippet id="55190,81776,86941">Hugh Sinclair is confirmed as a main star in the cast, playing the prosecutor</snippet>. The production ran for 73 minutes and was shot at Mancunian Studios between September and October 1951.
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<snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">The study assessed beta-cell function in obese adults through a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and derived the disposition index (DI) to characterize beta-cell function relative to insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue</snippet>. <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi">The disposition index traditionally considers only skeletal muscle and hepatic insulin resistance, but researchers proposed adjusting it by incorporating adipose tissue insulin resistance using plasma free fatty acids (FFAs), which impair β-cell function</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0G85ZD2">Adipose tissue plays a significant role in insulin resistance by secreting factors that contribute to multiorgan insulin resistance, affecting β-cell function in conditions like obesity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UBkWxKP">This approach allowed for a comprehensive evaluation of beta-cell function in relation to visceral adipose tissue and insulin response during glucose challenges</snippet>. However, none of the retrieved snippets provide specific evidence linking visceral adipose tissue accumulation to beta-cell function metrics (e.g., insulinogenic index, acute insulin response) or interventional evidence showing reversibility with reductions in visceral/pancreatic fat. The available evidence supports that adipose insulin resistance should be incorporated into β-cell function assessments, but does not establish a direct causal relationship between VAT and beta-cell dysfunction or demonstrate that reducing visceral fat restores first-phase insulin secretion.
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<answer>
The provided search results do not directly address the relationship between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and pancreatic beta-cell function metrics in humans. The snippets primarily define how beta-cell function indices like the disposition index, insulinogenic index, and acute insulin response are calculated from OGTT or IVGTT data <snippet id="S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_77OipMD">the disposition index is calculated as the product of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion measures such as the insulinogenic index</snippet>. One study suggests adipose tissue insulin resistance affects beta-cell function assessment, noting that elevated plasma free fatty acids can impair β-cell function and proposing adjustments to the disposition index to account for adipose tissue <snippet id="S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2">incorporating adipose insulin resistance into assessments provides a more comprehensive index of β-cell function</snippet>. Another study reported that leptin and GM-CSF were negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI and hsCRP, indicating roles in inflammation and lipid metabolism <snippet id="S_4v3cnvh">leptin and GM-CSF showed negative associations with the disposition index and positive correlations with BMI and inflammatory markers</snippet>. However, none of these snippets provide direct adult human evidence linking VAT or pancreatic fat specifically to beta-cell function measures like disposition index or acute insulin response as the agent was seeking.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources by one-third did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>, though it did result in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">Research on social media feed designs compared chronological and engagement-based feeds, with findings indicating that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mUfOdDp">A 2020 study by Guess et al. found no significant long-term effects of Facebook and Instagram's algorithms on users' affective polarization over a three-month period</snippet>, suggesting the impact of social media algorithms on long-term beliefs is complex. <snippet id="S_sJfbnsu">The U.S. 2020 Facebook and Instagram Election Study is part of a collaboration between academics and Meta researchers that allowed unprecedented access to platform data while including extensive safeguards for research integrity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EIYKoMB">Recent studies suggest that exposure to diverse perspectives can also align local conflicts with broader partisan divides, proposing redesigning social media ranking algorithms to mitigate polarization by incorporating democratic values into their structure</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>. The intervention aimed to decrease exposure to like-minded sources by one-third, which resulted in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language <snippet id="S_FO8wyxO">but did not lead to measurable changes in eight key political attitudes, including affective polarization and belief in false claims</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">An experiment compared various feed types, including chronological and engagement-based feeds, as well as innovative designs aimed at promoting democratic values</snippet>. Findings indicate that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans, but may inadvertently increase perceived threats to free speech among users <snippet id="S_UnNFPfs">. The research also references other studies that examined the influence of exposure to like-minded sources and reshared content, noting that some studies found minimal effects on affective polarization</snippet>.

</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_StdTMvV">The CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level based on International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship data</snippet>, though this is not specific to canonical IAMs like FUND or PAGE. <snippet id="S_VGFFWS5">The HWCM approach enhances tropical cyclone risk assessments by simulating high-resolution wind and rain fields to improve understanding of storm flood damages in vulnerable communities</snippet>, but this describes a risk assessment methodology rather than IAM integration. <snippet id="S_IAQSdJr">Synthetic tropical cyclone time series (1,000 years) improve flood predictions accuracy compared to historical IBTrACS datasets (71 years)</snippet>, demonstrating how extreme event modeling supports damage function estimation. <snippet id="S_pppTd3w">A multi-step framework estimates flood impacts on people and property using over 7,000 historical cyclones and 32 years of wave and sea level data</snippet>, showing empirical damage function aggregation approaches. However, none of the retrieved snippets provide specific documentation on how canonical IAMs (FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE) represent tropical cyclones or storms within their economic damage functions.
</answer>

<answer>
Unfortunately, the provided search results do not contain specific information about how FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE, or other canonical IAMs incorporate extreme weather events into their damage functions. The available snippets focus on hazard modeling (CLIMADA model for tropical cyclones, mangrove flood protection services, hydrodynamic modeling) but do not document IAM integration methods <snippet id="S_StdTMvV">CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>. No snippets describe how IAMs represent extremes as separate impact categories or stochastic shocks to capital/productivity, nor do they detail expected-annual-loss pipelines feeding IAM damages. There is also no evidence of empirically estimated event-specific damage functions (cyclone wind-based, flood depth–damage, heat-wave impacts) being aggregated to macro damages within specific IAM frameworks in these results.
</answer>


<answer>
<snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK">HPV entry begins with the L1 protein binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) or HSPG syndecans (Sdc2, Sdc4) on the cell membrane</snippet>, which <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK">triggers conformational changes in L1 that expose the N-terminus of the L2 protein</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK">This exposure allows the cellular protease furin to cleave L2 upstream of the RG-1 epitope</snippet>, <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK">while kallikrein-8 (KLK8) cleaves L1 to further expose the L2 N-terminus</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_06dh88l">L2 then binds to secondary receptors including the S100A10 subunit of annexin A2, facilitating clathrin-independent endocytosis</snippet> through <snippet id="S_06dh88l">tetraspanin-enriched microdomains</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6cL8am9,S_9692W5p,S_ygceipK">The virus enters epithelial cells via endocytosis independent of clathrin, caveolin, lipid rafts, and dynamin</snippet>, <snippet id="S_9692W5p,S_qd5yqrp">reaching the nucleus within approximately 24 hours via post-endocytic trafficking through endosomes, the Golgi network, and the endoplasmic reticulum</snippet>. <snippet id="S_06dh88l">HPV preferentially targets basal cells in the epithelium, where access to the basement membrane requires disruption through wounds or microlesions</snippet>.
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<answer>
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) entry typically begins at microlesions in the epithelium where the major capsid protein L1 binds to laminin-332 or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the basement membrane <S_9692W5p, S_06dh88l, S_ygceipK, S_4kyiDLH>. This initial attachment induces L1 conformational changes, often facilitated by Cyclophilin B, which exposes the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2 <S_9692W5p, S_ygceipK, S_sYaeZRH>. Proteolytic processing follows, where kallikrein-8 cleaves L1 and the cellular protease furin cleaves L2, reducing HSPG affinity and preparing the virion for internalization <S_6cL8am9, S_9692W5p, S_qd5yqrp>. Secondary interactions with receptors such as annexin A2, integrin α6, and tetraspanins like CD151 facilitate clathrin-independent endocytosis or macropinocytosis-like uptake <S_6cL8am9, S_Fgb4QWW, S_06dh88l>. Once internalized, the virus undergoes retrograde trafficking through endosomes and the Golgi network to reach the nucleus for genome release and replication <S_6cL8am9, S_IzJhLSD, S_qd5yqrp>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_FvypqMm">The Laplace mechanism has been applied to preserve privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions by adding noise to numeric query results</snippet>, ensuring that the output remains unaffected by the addition or removal of a single record. <snippet id="S_u2uIkcN">This approach enables privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions by calibrating the Laplace distribution with standard deviation √2b based on the function's sensitivity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5htVDhJ">The Laplace mechanism is considered one of the most generic mechanisms to achieve differential privacy, allowing noise to be added to function outputs to produce differentially private results</snippet>. <snippet id="S_dR6xJKK">The mechanism is formally defined by adding noise Y_i ∼ Lap(∆₁/ε) where ∆₁ is the L₁-sensitivity of the query and ε is the privacy budget</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain specific case studies published in the high-impact journals mentioned (IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, Nature, PNAS, Management Science, etc.) that would confirm empirical applications in banking or financial data contexts within those particular venues.
</answer>

<answer>
The search results provide limited evidence of concrete case studies from high-impact journals applying the Laplace mechanism specifically to financial/banking/credit transaction data. Two snippets mention financial applications: S_FvypqMm notes the Laplace mechanism can preserve "user privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions" within parking recommender system research <snippet id=S_FvypqMm>, and S_u2uIkcN states the mechanism enables "privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions" for prospect theoretic analysis <snippet id=S_u2uIkcN>. However, neither snippet explicitly confirms publication in high-impact journals like IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or major finance/economics journals that the agent prioritized <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_3Vks9VQ>. Most other search results discuss the Laplace mechanism in medical data <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG>, social networks <snippet id=S_XWjGWtA,S_gaV539r>, or power flow systems <snippet id=S_3Vks9VQ> rather than verified financial case studies. Additional searches targeting specific journals or verified financial domains would be needed to fully address the agent's goal.
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<answer>
<snippet id="21438">Jitendra Narayan (20 Dec 1886–20 Dec 1922) was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar</snippet>. <snippet id="21438">He founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet>. <snippet id="21438">As "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar" he played one first‑class cricket match (Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI v Lord Willingdon's XI) on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs in total</snippet>. <snippet id="21438">However, there is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>. <snippet id="57275">Sources indicate an association with a namesake Nripendra Narayan Academy and links to cricketing activity with a Prince of Wales's XI, but the crawled material is fragmentary and does not confirm whether he was definitively the academy's founder</snippet>. <snippet id="71327">The claims regarding founding a Nripendra Narayan Academy or any first-class cricket/Prince of Wales XI involvement are unverified/conflicting with the provided content</snippet>.
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<answer>
Jitendra Narayan was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar <snippet id="21438">and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet> as an educational institution named after his father. He played one first‑class cricket match for "Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI" against Lord Willingdon's XI on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs total <snippet id="21438">. There is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a "Prince of Wales XI"</snippet>, which contradicts one key element of the hypothesis that the match was against the Prince of Wales' XI during the 1921–22 India tour. Biographical details indicate he was linked to Cooch‑Behar Palace (also known as Victor Jubilee Palace) as the ruling Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar during his lifetime <snippet id="21438">, though succession by his offspring is not confirmed in the available snippets. Some sources present conflicting or fragmentary information about the academy founder and cricketing claims <snippet id="57275">, with sibling records listing him as having younger brothers but not documenting all biographical details consistently <snippet id="71327">.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_gnrEepM">A study assessing calibration approaches for monoclonal antibody quantification in plasma found that using two stable signature peptides (SPs) was necessary for reliable results, with protein-level and hybrid calibrations achieving good accuracy (error < 10%) while single-peptide approaches showed significant negative biases (−23 to −62%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XWxG38W">A high-throughput strategy for selecting surrogate peptides for human drug disposition-related proteins utilized a minimum of three light and two heavy peptide fragments to enhance reproducibility and ensure peptide identity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1t8pQcf">The surrogate peptide method for quantifying total antibodies in antibody-drug conjugates typically selects suitable surrogate peptides from light or heavy chains, with stable isotopically labeled internal standards (SIL-IS) often used to enhance quantification accuracy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_kjDg3lX">A bottom-up LC-MS/MS assay for monoclonal antibodies involved focusing on surrogate peptides from Fab or Fc regions for quantification, with concentrations determined using multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides relative to standards</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BFG6czq">For antibody-drug conjugates, two peptides from the tryptic digest containing a portion of the CDR were identified as signature peptides, with extended SIL-IS peptides added prior to digestion to compensate for variability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AhkXycl">Highly selective LC-MS/MS methods enable simultaneous quantification of several co-administered human antibodies (mAbs), mAb-A and mAb-B of IgG4 subclass in cynomolgus monkey serum with LLOQ around 5-25 µg/mL</snippet>. The available evidence indicates that using multiple signature peptides (typically two or more) is recommended for reliable therapeutic protein quantification in serum, with single-peptide approaches showing significant accuracy issues.
</answer>

<answer>
Current evidence suggests that using two signature peptides is recommended over a single peptide for reliable mAb quantification in serum. A study assessing calibration approaches for monoclonal antibody quantification emphasized "the importance of using two SPs for reliability" and found single peptide calibration had "significant negative biases" and "discordant results between SPs" <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>. Practical implementations in therapeutic protein studies typically employ multiple peptides; for instance, one Fc-engineered mAb PK assay determined concentrations using "multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides" <snippet id=S_kjDg3lX>. Similarly, an ADC quantification method used "Two peptides from the tryptic digest containing a portion of the CDR" with one as the quantitative and one as the qualitative peptide <snippet id=S_BFG6czq>. While single peptides can be detected, protein-level and hybrid calibrations with two SPs achieved "good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results" compared to peptide-level calibration which showed poor reliability <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>.
</answer>