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<snippet id="S_0NbePdE,S_RLXmKuG">The EU AI Act mandates that high-risk AI systems must be "sufficiently transparent" to enable users to interpret outputs, with Article 13 requiring accessible and understandable user instructions detailing the system's characteristics, capabilities, and limitations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TVBhkcK,S_WG0otDu">Article 14(3) mandates that human overseers must have the authority to decide against using the AI system, override outputs, and intervene in operation, including a 'stop' button</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UuXjGBn">Article 11(2) allows for a unified technical documentation file combining AI system details with existing EU MDR/IVDR documentation, including comprehensive information on design, architecture, data requirements, training methodologies, and performance metrics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3iocoPc">Article 4(2)(b) details that if an AI system is considered high-risk, opaque, and complex, explainability is mandated from an EU court through orders to disclose proportional evidence (logs, documentation, and datasets) rather than within the system itself</snippet>. <snippet id="S_E4eihUQ,S_xQp268d">General-purpose AI (GPAI) systems are subject to high-risk obligations if they can be used in high-risk contexts, with providers of open-source GPAI models exempt from comprehensive technical documentation but required to provide less detailed summaries of training content</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vzKoGDA">The AI Act contains wide disclosure obligations under Article 11 and Annex IV that apply only to high-risk systems, though there are suggestions that LGAIMs should be subject to two distinct transparency duties regardless of categorization</snippet>.
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The EU AI Act mandates high-risk AI systems to provide sufficient transparency mechanisms under Article 13, including user instructions detailing characteristics, capabilities, and limitations to ensure adequate user information <snippet id="S_0NbePdE, S_RLXmKuG">. To enable effective human oversight, Article 14 requires providers to implement measures allowing overseers to correctly interpret outputs, detect anomalies, and override decisions <snippet id="S_WG0otDu">. Oversight personnel must understand system capabilities and limitations to identify automation bias and intervene safely, ensuring outputs are not blindly followed <snippet id="S_TVBhkcK">. Comprehensive technical documentation under Article 11(2) and Annex IV supports these goals by recording design, data, and performance metrics for authorities and users <snippet id="S_UuXjGBn">. Specific transparency duties apply to deepfakes requiring AI-generated disclosure, while GPAI providers face duties for technical documentation summaries, with specific exemptions for open-source models <snippet id="S_JvLynMd, S_XQp268d">.
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<snippet id="S_tyjIFLb,S_soikqKO">Strava incorporates social features including leaderboards, challenges, digital badges, and user comparisons to foster engagement through gamification and social validation</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KfOy5t1,S_ohmbRBN">Social comparison serves as a key psychological driver for motivation, with users participating in competitive challenges and tracking performance against friends or local users</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fdz63NK">However, users often selectively share data, withholding metrics like heart rate and wattage while opting for basic information such as segment times and elevation, reflecting a desire for self-validation and awareness of how others perceive their data</snippet>. <snippet id="S_47DnIT5">Research suggests that fitness app designers should support persuasive features like Goal-Setting, Self-Monitoring, and Competition to foster intrinsic motivation and accountability among socially oriented users</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QiL3aAT,S_5nbN41y">Most studies rely on cross-sectional samples of specific populations (e.g., cyclists), with limitations including potential common method bias and the need for longitudinal tracking to validate causal relationships</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sMJ3vVm">Future HCI research should focus on perceived security and privacy of shared data, with empirical studies on verbal and non-verbal features to enhance user engagement through personalized communication</snippet>.
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Strava employs social features such as challenges, leaderboards, and digital badges as core gamification techniques to encourage repeated use and foster a sense of community among its 36 million active users <snippet id="S_tyjIFLb">. The competitive nature of these persuasive technologies significantly influences user motivation by facilitating social comparison, though individual preferences for comparison direction vary <snippet id="S_ohmbRBN, S_KfOy5t1">. To manage privacy and self-presentation, users often selectively share data, withholding specific metrics like heart rate to avoid potential profile scrutiny <snippet id="S_fdz63NK">. Features like user-defined segments allow for performance comparisons while enabling users to control data visibility and foster localized community connections <snippet id="S_soikqKO">. Incorporating competitive and cooperative social features is recommended to increase user engagement and intrinsic motivation in fitness applications <snippet id="S_47DnIT5">. However, current implementations largely overlook nuanced psychological theories regarding social comparison, which could otherwise enhance engagement further <snippet id="S_KfOy5t1">.
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<snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The White House fact sheet announces a 25% additional tariff on imports from Canada and Mexico, and a 10% additional tariff on imports from China</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">Energy resources from Canada will have a lower 10% tariff rate</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The tariffs are framed as part of addressing a national emergency related to illegal immigration and fentanyl, with the stated goal of holding Mexico, Canada, and China accountable for halting drug flows</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The fact sheet references that previous administrations failed to leverage America's economic position as a tool to secure borders against illegal migration and combat fentanyl</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">While trade accounts for 67% of Canada's GDP and 73% of Mexico's GDP, the U.S. trade deficit in goods was the world's largest at over $1 trillion in 2023</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The tariffs are described as a "powerful, proven source of leverage for protecting the national interest" to put Americans' safety first</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The announcement does not specify exact effective dates for the tariffs, only stating they are being implemented as part of "extraordinary action"</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The White House fact sheet specifies a 25% additional tariff on imports from Canada and Mexico, with energy resources from Canada receiving a lower 10% tariff, while China faces a 10% additional tariff</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The fact sheet notes that in 2023 the U.S. trade deficit in goods was the world's largest at over $1 trillion</snippet>, and that trade accounts for 67% of Canada's GDP, 73% of Mexico's GDP, and 37% of China's GDP. However, <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">this fact sheet does not include specific dollar trade values covered by the tariffs, any retaliation measures from Canada, China, or the EU, or quantitative economic impact estimates (consumer cost, inflation, GDP)</snippet>. The tariff announcement is dated February 2025 and cites the International Emergency Economic Powers Act as the legal basis. <snippet id="S_ixOFgje">The tariffs remain in effect "until such time as Drugs, in particular Fentanyl, and all Illegal Aliens stop this Invasion of our Country"</snippet> as per the presidential directive.
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<snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The slogans "War is Peace," "Freedom is Slavery," and "Ignorance is Strength" from George Orwell's "Nineteen Eighty-Four" are analyzed as metaphorical utterances that demonstrate discursive drift, referring to shifts in meaning and stance over time</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">A significant portion of references to these slogans (73%) are secondary uses rather than original, indicating their evolution in public discourse</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NFQ0e6U">Metaphorical slogans can undergo significant reinterpretation over time, particularly through critical discourse, with initial positive connotations transformed into negative associations related to health and decay</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lgOMCo4">The term "doubleplus unfree," derived from Orwell's Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-Four, exemplifies the intensifying use of language as a form of ideological control</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iDUQY7x">Slogans function as brief and striking phrases that may include labeling and stereotyping, often acting as emotional appeals while discouraging critical thought through loaded language</snippet>. <snippet id="S_15dkzZt">Common propaganda techniques include repetition and thought-terminating clichés, which are short, generic sentences that offer seemingly simple answers to complex questions or distract attention away from other lines of thought</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">The slogans from Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four—"War is Peace," "Freedom is Slavery," and "Ignorance is Strength"—are analyzed as metaphors that undergo discursive drift, where meaning and stance shift over time</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_iDUQY7x">slogans function as thought-terminating clichés that discourage critical thought by offering seemingly simple answers to complex questions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_15dkzZt">These phrases operate as brief, striking terms that act as emotional appeals and may include labeling and stereotyping</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lgOMCo4">Orwell's Newspeak language engineering is exemplified by terms like "doubleplus unfree," which demonstrates the intensifying use of language for ideological control</snippet>. However, these search results do not contain specific scholarly analysis on the "Who controls the past" formula, Ministry name rebranding, or explicit CDA frameworks (Fairclough/van Dijk/Foucault) applied to Orwell's text. <snippet id="S_7QgSGSe">A significant portion of references to these slogans in media are secondary uses (73%), indicating their evolution as discursive artifacts rather than original texts</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_gsbJVy0,S_5VWgqHF">Eric A. Stach from the University of Pennsylvania will serve as MRS Vice President beginning January 1, 2024</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0">He will lead the Board of Directors as MRS President in 2025</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0">He will finish his three-year term as Immediate Past President in 2026</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZPx3NY5">This service to MRS begins in the position of vice president/president-elect</snippet>.
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Eric A. Stach from the University of Pennsylvania served as MRS Vice President beginning January 1, 2024 <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0, S_5VWgqHF">. He will lead the Board of Directors as MRS President in 2025, following the standard VP/President-Elect transition <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0, S_5VWgqHF">. This confirms that Eric A. Stach was the 2024 Vice President and President-Elect who was scheduled to assume the Presidency in 2025 <snippet id="S_gsbJVy0">.
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<snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_Xa6M06B">STIX 2.1 is a machine-readable, semi-structured framework for structuring and exchanging cyber threat intelligence (CTI) data, primarily using JSON serialization</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_3JECVB5">The standard defines 12 STIX Domain Objects (SDOs), including 'indicator', 'malware', 'report', and 'vulnerability', each with specific attributes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS">The 'pattern' property is specific to the Indicator SDO, which is crucial for detailing malware indicators within the CTI framework</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3JECVB5">STIX Relationship Objects (SROs) define relationships between SDOs, enabling both simple and complex representations of CTI</snippet>. <snippet id="S_06F1WZp">STIX objects such as Threat Actor, Malware, or Indicator belong to the set of SDOs, while Relationship and Sighting objects are SROs</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3TK690R">STIX uses a combination of observed data structures, indicator patterns, and relationship objects, which require UUIDs to establish connections between different objects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_3M0PARM">The dataset captures around 90% of the attack pattern classes in the MITRE ATT&CK Matrix for Enterprise and covers all ten prevalent tactics and techniques used by attackers</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_Xa6M06B">The OASIS CTI technical committee maintains STIX 2.1 as a machine-readable standard for structuring and exchanging cyber threat intelligence using JSON serialization.</snippet> <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_06F1WZp">The framework defines STIX Domain Objects (SDOs), including specific types such as 'malware' and 'indicator', to describe characteristics of incidents and threat indicators.</snippet> <snippet id="S_JYIyMdS,S_lIvobvB">The 'indicator' SDO includes a 'pattern' property for detailing malware indicators, while data quality metrics can assess the connectedness of these objects.</snippet> <snippet id="S_3JECVB5,S_06F1WZp">STIX uses STIX Relationship Objects (SROs) to link SDOs, enabling representations such as a malware exploiting a vulnerability or an indicator referencing a threat actor.</snippet> <snippet id="S_Xa6M06B">Integration of CybOX into STIX 2.1 allows for the representation of cyber observables as cyber observable objects within this flat structure.</snippet>
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<snippet id=3d29ab62-0,3d29ab62-1>Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province is one of Iran's 31 provinces located in the southwest region</snippet>, with <snippet id=3d29ab62-1>Kohgiluyeh County having Dehdasht as its capital</snippet>. However, <snippet id=3d29ab62-2,3d29ab62-3,3d29ab62-4,3d29ab62-5,3d29ab62-6,3d29ab62-7,3d29ab62-8,3d29ab62-9>none of the provided search results contain specific information about newly formed counties in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province between 2020-2024</snippet>. The snippets mention the province and some administrative locations but do not document any county-level administrative changes during this period. <snippet id=3d29ab62-5>A 2024 FAO report mentions newly formed local and province level governments generally</snippet>, but this does not specifically address the target province. The search did not yield the requested information about newly formed counties in this region.
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<snippet id=3d29ab62-5>The FAO report mentions "newly formed local and province level governments" in a general context, but does not specify particular counties formed in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during 2020-2024</snippet>. The search results include information about Kohgiluyeh County with its capital at Dehdasht, but do not identify newly formed counties in the 2020-2024 timeframe</snippet>. No specific administrative changes or county formations in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during this period are clearly documented in the available snippets</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">For the Trusted Computing Environment & Platform area, the CROWN project won the National Science and Technology Progress Award Second Class</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">For the Virtual Reality & Digital Media area, the BH-GRAPH real-time 3D graphics platform and BH_RTI distributed interactive simulation support platform, along with the DVENET distributed virtual environment, won the National Science and Technology Progress Award First Class and Second Class</snippet>. These projects are part of Beihang University School of Computer Science's research achievements in these specific domains.
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针对虚拟现实与数字媒体方向，北京航空航天大学计算机学院研制了实时三维图形平台BH-GRAPH、分布交互仿真运行支撑平台BH_RTI及分布式虚拟环境DVENET，这些成果获得国家科技进步一等奖和二等奖<snippet id="S_UoGmAYk">。在可信计算环境与平台方面，学院建立的CROWN高可信软件开发环境、Web服务中间件平台及网络环境运行平台，荣获国家科技进步二等奖<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl">。这些研究面向国家战略规划及航空航天行业应用需求展开<snippet id="S_ywdgTkl,S_UoGmAYk">。
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<snippet id="S_C7vME7Z">An urban school-based cross-sectional survey in Nigeria found a lifetime gambling prevalence of 57.2%, with 77.6% of students having gambled in the previous 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Research indicates that demographic factors such as being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment are associated with higher risks of problem gambling among university students in Nigeria</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rqYsRo2">A study of 5,000 college students from 12 universities in Ghana found that financial literacy may relate to the prevalence of sports betting among university students in Nigeria</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sAPmmcf">Among respondents reporting sports betting, those who reported past-30-day sports betting were more likely to have a history of indebtedness (11 vs. 6%, p = 0.04) and had higher levels of gambling problems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7jM1r4W">The analysis shows that sports betting is more prevalent among men and younger individuals, with the risk of gambling problems increasing significantly with sports betting frequency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_d3zPQEk">The findings contribute to understanding the factors influencing sports betting behaviors among university students in Nigeria, although specific data on that demographic is not detailed in this study</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_C7vME7Z">An urban school-based survey of 507 Nigerian students found a lifetime gambling prevalence of 57.2%, with 77.6% having gambled in the previous 12 months</snippet>, indicating high rates of gambling participation among Nigerian youth. <snippet id="S_ksMf31Q">Sports betting has gained popularity among university students in Nigeria, with demographic factors including being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment associated with higher risks of problem gambling</snippet>. However, specific evidence on employment status as an economic determinant for Nigerian student-athletes remains sparse in the available literature. <snippet id="S_sAPmmcf">Among recent sports bettors, those active in work or studies showed lower percentages (68% for online casino, 59% for horse betting) compared to non-gamblers, while past-30-day sports bettors had higher history of indebtedness (11% vs 6%)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iL4llG9">Research on emerging adults shows students comprised 59% of esports bettors in a Great Britain sample, with bettors more likely to live in deprived areas</snippet>, suggesting economic strain may be a relevant pathway. Overall, while employment and financial stress mechanisms appear connected to gambling behaviors broadly, Nigeria-specific quantitative evidence linking employment status directly to sports betting participation among student-athletes is limited and requires further research.
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<snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">The official Chatbot Arena Leaderboard is available at https://lmarena.ai/</snippet>, which has collected over 3.5M votes. <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE">An Elo rating leaderboard based on 27K anonymous voting data is released weekly</snippet>, with the most recent data covering April 24 to May 22, 2023. <snippet id="S_hhzNfal">A multimodal leaderboard was also introduced with rankings based on image-containing battles as of June 27, 2024</snippet>. However, none of the provided search results contain the specific current top model name, its Elo rating, or timestamp/update note that would be needed to identify the best-performing model at this time.
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The official Chatbot Arena Leaderboard is hosted at https://lmarena.ai/ <snippet id="S_N0JvFLC">where over 3.5M votes have been collected for model rankings. The leaderboard uses an Elo rating system based on anonymous voting data <snippet id="S_6IdzsAE">to rank large language models. A snapshot of the leaderboard is also available on Hugging Face at https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmarena-ai/lmarena-leaderboard <snippet id="S_831cvJ0">. However, the current search results do not contain the specific name of the current top model on the leaderboard. A direct visit to the official lmarena.ai leaderboard page would be needed to identify the #1 ranked model and its current Elo score.
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<snippet id="S_gu69vHf,S_Cn1GhvJ">DESI results indicate that dark energy has an equation of state w(z) crossing the phantom barrier (w < -1) for z > 1, with DESI+BAO data suggesting a ≃ 3σ deviation from ΛCDM indicating a potential phantom crossing at z_c ≃ 0.45</snippet>. <snippet id="S_p938Lo0,S_DVeLkbI">Recent DESI analyses using the w0wa parametrisation (CPL) show phantom regime behavior at high redshift (0.8 ≤ z < 2.1) with 1.6σ/1.5σ/1.5σ confidence level, while DESI BAO only preferred phantom behavior after removing LRG1 (z=0.51) and LRG2 (z=0.71)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZCPd5ub">DESI DR2 BAO data favors a dynamical dark energy characterized by a phantom crossing feature, implying a lower value of the Hubble constant that intensifies the Hubble tension</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZIWoomJ">The w0wa model generalizes the standard ΛCDM model, allowing for dynamical evolving dark energy at the cost of only 2 parameters, though it is a phenomenological ansatz with no obstacle to the phantom regime w < -1 which is unphysical in general relativity</snippet>. <snippet id="S_otM3Qb8">Current DESI measurements suggest dark energy may be evolving into the phantom regime with w(z) < -1, indicating potential deviations from the ΛCDM model, although current data remains inconclusive regarding the existence of a phantom crossing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9e2mrFy">These findings motivate research into alternative cosmological models that naturally accommodate evolving dark energy and phantom crossing to better align with future observational data</snippet>.
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DESI results indicate a preference for phantom behaviour (w < -1) over a significant redshift range, with a crossing to the non-phantom region at lower redshift <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. DESI DR2 data suggests a potential phantom crossing at z_c ≃ 0.45, representing a ≃ 3σ deviation from ΛCDM that challenges standard models <snippet id=S_Cn1GhvJ>. The phantom regime w < -1 is considered unphysical in general relativity, motivating alternative theoretical frameworks <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. Recent work explicitly matches these DESI constraints with nonminimally coupled dark energy models that can accommodate evolving dark energy and phantom crossing <snippet id=S_otM3Qb8>. Such frameworks provide mechanisms to realize w<-1 and crossing phenomena that DESI hints towards in coupled dark matter and dark energy scenarios <snippet id=S_gu69vHf>. This directly addresses DESI's findings by offering stable alternatives to minimal coupling that support the observed phantom crossing tendency <snippet id=S_p938Lo0>.
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<snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_8bzg1KA,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">The margin of safety in pharmacology is defined as the ratio LD1/ED99, representing the lethal dose to 1% of the population divided by the effective dose to 99% of the population</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NDPofwS">This calculation requires the LD1 dose that elicits lethality in 1% of the population and the ED99 dose that produces therapeutic effect in 99% of the population</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Tg2CFEg">A higher margin of safety indicates lower risk of toxicity, with the safety index reflecting the ratio between these quantiles</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KtkXCqd">However, margin of safety is also described as a function of cube root of ratio between LT50 and LD50 and one-hundredth of ED, showing different formulations exist</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ITpLCrH,S_gWkoXUl">The margin of safety is also related to LD50/ED50 (lethal dose in 50% of patients compared with effective dose in 50% of patients)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_JksBSVp">This index serves as another measure of a drug's effectiveness and safety</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_8bzg1KA,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">The provided search results do not explicitly state conditions under which margin of safety cannot be calculated or is considered undefined</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg">The margin of safety in pharmacology is defined as the ratio of LD1 (lethal dose to 1% of population) to ED99 (effective dose to 99% of population)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8bzg1KA">This measure is also referred to as the Certain Safety Factor</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain information about conditions under which margin of safety "fails to appear" or cannot be calculated <snippet id="S_KtkXCqd">, and no snippet addresses when this definition is undefined or inapplicable</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ITpLCrH,S_gWkoXUl,S_PNN5Uwr">Alternative measures such as the therapeutic index using LD50/ED50 are also mentioned</snippet>. <answer>
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<snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa,S_HKqSHCf">The study found that abstract avatars, particularly robots, led to a disconnection from reality and increased risky behaviors, whereas self-representations fostered a connection to the physical world and promoted cautious behavior</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa">Participants reported having different reactions and strategies based on the avatar they controlled, with half of the participants showing altered behavior depending on the controlled character</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa,S_HKqSHCf">Abstract avatars allowed users to adopt more risky behaviors while self-representations maintained a connection with the real world and encouraged users to preserve the integrity of their avatar</snippet>. <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa">The findings suggest that avatar visual fidelity can enhance embodiment in VR but must be carefully considered to elicit desired behaviors in users</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_JIjtTEQ">specific findings related to "risky shift" in virtual reality avatars were not detailed in the provided text</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_SCx4OjQ">the discussion focuses on avatars with intentional dissimilarities rather than those resulting from technical limitations</snippet>. The available evidence shows avatar-related behavioral effects but does not provide explicit demonstrations of group polarization or risky shift in multi-user immersive virtual environments.
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<snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa, S_HKqSHCf">The search results indicate that abstract avatars (such as robots) can lead to increased risky behaviors compared to self-representations that foster cautious behavior</snippet>, which relates to the Proteus Effect where avatar appearance influences user conduct <snippet id="S_X5s1Ifa">. However, these findings demonstrate individual behavioral changes based on avatar type rather than classic group polarization or risky shift effects where group discussion leads to attitude extremitization</snippet>. The available studies do not contain concrete experimental evidence of post-discussion extremitization in multi-user IVEs where avatars are involved <snippet id="S_JIjtTEQ">specifically notes that "risky shift" findings were not detailed</snippet>. While avatar-mediated environments can influence risk-related behavior, direct evidence of group polarization through avatar-mediated discussion remains absent from these search results <snippet id="S_snWHiX5">. The research focuses more on how visual fidelity and avatar similarity affect embodiment and individual actions rather than group dynamics leading to polarization</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz,S_CBhXwnS,S_L4MYIrf">Nikola Tesla's Electric Arc Lamp patent was issued as U.S. Patent 335,786, with an issue date of February 9, 1886</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ktaELRS">This patent is listed in the Wikipedia article on Nikola Tesla patents as U.S. patent 335,787 for the Electric arc lamp in 1886 February 9</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">The patent issuance dates are confirmed as January 26, 1886 for the Commutator for Dynamo Electric Machines and February 9, 1886 for the Electric Arc Lamp</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iDdAzGv">The Electric Arc Lamp patent describes an improved electric arc lamp using electromagnets and lever mechanisms to precisely separate and feed carbon electrodes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7dWRH62">Tesla's 1886 patents included improvements for the control of carbon rod feed mechanisms</snippet>. Based on the issue date of February 9, 1886, the Electric Arc Lamp patent was issued after the Commutator patent on January 26, 1886, confirming the commutator was Tesla's first patented invention by issue date.
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Nikola Tesla's Electric Arc Lamp patent, US 335,786, was granted on February 9, 1886 <snippet id="S_uPQ5gEz,S_L4MYIrf">. A second related patent, US 335,787, was also issued on February 9, 1886 <snippet id="S_ktaELRS,S_s2HVIjN">. The "Commutator for Dynamo-Electric Machines" was issued on January 26, 1886 <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. Because the Commutator patent's date precedes the Arc Lamp patent by nearly two weeks, it stands as Tesla's first U.S. patent by issue date <snippet id="S_yVKm3fu">. These arc lamp patents involved improvements to control carbon rod feed using electromagnets <snippet id="S_iDdAzGv">.
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<snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode is titled "Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD" and is part of "Stories from the World of Medicine" Season 3 Episode 2, published on February 18, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_Q1JiXuV">Otolaryngologist Tina Munjal tells a story about learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI">The episode is available on the official Nocturnists podcast website at https://thenocturnists.org/podcast/rhino-rocket</snippet>. <snippet id="S_IhbWqXF">The episode is also listed on the main Stories From The World Of Medicine archive page at https://thenocturnists.org/storiesfromtheworldofmedicine</snippet>. <snippet id="S_C2IKgBh">The episode is sponsored by a company mentioned in the show notes and is available through the Nocturnists Libsyn feed</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NZ9gUn7,S_eavn8We">A YouTube video featuring the episode is also available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z8eXppXOWEE</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode "Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD" is Season 3, Episode 2 of Stories from the World of Medicine podcast by The Nocturnists, released on February 18, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The guest is Tina Munjal, MD, an Otolaryngologist who shares her medical story</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NZ9gUn7,S_arbvh0R">The story is about learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF">The episode page is available at thenocturnists.org/podcast/rhino-rocket with illustrations by Lindsay Mound</snippet>. Runtime information is not available in the search results.
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<snippet id="S_btUw1xy">The controversial concept of de-extinction, particularly for species driven to extinction by humans, suggests that functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">Cloning techniques like somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) could enable the de-extinction of recently extinct mammals with preserved tissues</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aQHGJDJ">Proxies for evolutionary potential (EP) can be estimated from environmental, phenotypic, and genetic data</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_BVGS7oK">proxies for EP provide valuable information to inform both extinction-risk assessments and recovery efforts in the face of global change</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yJ0bKZt">Some uncertainty will accompany efforts to integrate EP into extinction-risk estimates</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_aQHGJDJ">integration of EP into conservation decision-making is challenging but essential and remains an important area for innovation in applied conservation science</snippet>. <snippet id="S_btUw1xy">Genomic modifications, including gene drives, to enhance species resilience, although these methods raise ethical and regulatory concerns</snippet>.
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Based on the search results, explicit "de‑extinction" research from 2022‑2025 is limited in the provided snippets. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>The controversial concept of de‑extinction, particularly for species driven to extinction by humans, suggests that functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>Cloning techniques like somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) could enable the de‑extinction of recently extinct mammals with preserved tissues</snippet>. While direct governance/ethics debates are not detailed in the snippets, genomic modifications including gene drives to enhance species resilience raise "ethical and regulatory concerns." <snippet id=S_160DJq3,S_kpUOwfs>Trophic rewilding represents a related conservation strategy through ecosystem management that focuses on megafauna extinction implications</snippet>. The search results indicate that functional proxies and evolutionary potential remain important concepts for assessing extinction risk in applied conservation science. <snippet id=S_aQHGJDJ,S_yJ0bKZT>Integration of proxies into conservation decision‑making remains an important area for innovation in applied conservation science</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_4iZB0OB">The central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star at zero temperature is predicted to be 1319 MeV</snippet>, which is below the limits set by perturbative quantum chromodynamics. <snippet id="S_exyOPhA">The neutron critical chemical potential, which indicates the transition to a quark phase, is model-dependent and defined where the quark chemical potential equals the baryon chemical potential at the same pressure, with current models suggesting this critical value lies between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jARyMl0,S_BQ1tanr">The baryon chemical potential in neutron stars is typically in the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV, reflecting the extreme conditions present in such dense astrophysical objects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_dKTw9kz">The baryon chemical potential in this context is expected to be in the GeV range, but specific numerical values are not provided in the text</snippet>. <snippet id="S_WRBepHG">Neutron stars consist of more than just neutrons; they reach beta equilibrium involving neutrons, protons, and electrons, characterized by the relationship µp = µn - µe</snippet>. <snippet id="S_in5xo5t">The density dependence of the neutron and proton chemical potentials from the MDI(A) and SkO models are presented in Figs. 9(a) and (b), respectively</snippet>.
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At zero temperature, the central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star is predicted to be 1319 MeV <snippet id="S_4iZB0OB">. Models of the hadron-quark phase transition indicate the critical neutron chemical potential lies between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature <snippet id="S_exyOPhA">. In the context of beta equilibrium, baryon chemical potential values typically fall within the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV <snippet id="S_BQ1tanr">. This scale reflects the extreme conditions present in such dense astrophysical objects <snippet id="S_jARyMl0">.
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<snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie">Bond et al. (2012) conducted a large-scale randomized experiment involving 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 U.S. Congressional Election</snippet>, <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc">where users were shown messages at the top of their News Feeds that encouraged them to vote and displayed images of friends who had already voted</snippet>. <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_37bk94m">The results demonstrated that the Facebook social message increased turnout by approximately 60,000 to 61,000 votes directly, with an additional 280,000 to 270,000 votes from friends of those who received the message</snippet>. <snippet id="S_37bk94m">This manipulation exploited human heuristics through "social proof," displaying images of friends who had voted to encourage users to imitate their behavior</snippet>. <snippet id="S_8SBonkH,S_mXK3pZh">The findings were replicated during the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election, showing that online social networks can be instrumental for spreading offline behaviors</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">However, the authors acknowledged very small effects from the information treatment, creating a discrepancy between the large sample size and the actual statistical significance</snippet>.
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The Bond et al. 2012 study conducted a large-scale experiment involving 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 U.S. Congressional Election, where users were shown messages with images of friends who had already voted <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie,S_37bk94m">to assess social influence on voting behavior</snippet>. The results demonstrated that this social messaging approach increased turnout, with approximately 60,000 additional votes directly attributed to the message in 2010 <snippet id="S_e9zzIKc,S_mXK3pZh">and effects replicated in the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election with about 90,000 directly mobilized voters</snippet> <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_8SBonkH">. Social influence spread through the network as friends of treated users were also indirectly influenced, adding approximately 180,000-280,000 additional votes in total across both elections</snippet> <snippet id="S_Z2mbNNa,S_mXK3pZh,S_37bk94m">. However, some researchers note that while the effect sizes were statistically significant, they were relatively small relative to the massive sample size <snippet id="S_gGLgZLn">. Despite this limitation, the study remains widely cited as evidence that online social networks can impact offline political behavior through interpersonal influence mechanisms</snippet> <snippet id="S_8SBonkH,S_I0UxhZS">.
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<snippet id="S_4LDk9pb">IGN explicitly confirms the launch date as November 23, 2004 for North America, Australia, and New Zealand</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4am1dTv">This date is also referenced in IGN's 2010 anniversary article noting the game first launched in North America on November 23, 2004</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Iyt7Mpt">Blizzard reported that World of Warcraft sold more in its first 24 hours than any other PC title has ever sold, with the November 23 release date cited as the launch date</snippet>. <snippet id="S_K0CkkAv">The game was released on November 23, 2004 according to Wowpedia, a community wiki for the game</snippet>. Multiple independent sources including IGN and Wowpedia corroborate the November 23, 2004 release date.
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<snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt">World of Warcraft was officially released on November 23, 2004</snippet>, with the launch date confirmed for North America, Australia, and New Zealand <snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_mhE8bKy">simultaneously across these regions</snippet>. IGN explicitly reported that November 23, 2004 was the launch date in multiple articles from late 2004 <snippet id="S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt">. This date is further corroborated by Wikipedia, which states the game was released on November 23, 2004</snippet> <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe, S_K0CkkAv>, and by Blizzard's own press announcements</snippet> <snippet id="S_6wNkGtZ, S_mn2djgd>. The release marked the 10th anniversary of the Warcraft franchise</snippet> <snippet id="S_3ft58Qe>.
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<snippet id="S_jYWskoE,S_q2ORi2Q">Cytokinin (CK) promotes axillary bud outgrowth by counteracting auxin and strigolactone (SL) signals, while auxin inhibits bud outgrowth by reducing CK levels and enhancing SL biosynthesis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jYWskoE,S_gqi212y">The key transcription factor BRANCHED1 (BRC1) acts as a repressor of bud outgrowth, with CK directly repressing BRC1 expression while auxin and SL act as inducers of BRC1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_nFj5ih3,S_gLbtlMj">Strigolactones are synthesized from carotenoids via enzymes CCD7/CCD8 (MAX3/MAX4) and function as endogenous inhibitors of axillary bud outgrowth by upregulating BRC1</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Uuo070s,S_NtlEzla">BRC1 is identified as a key integrator of pathways that suppress bud outgrowth, including those mediated by SL, auxin, cytokinin, and sugar</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jLTk85S">Interactions among auxin, CK, and SL are crucial for axillary bud outgrowth, with key transcription factors including BRANCHED1 (BRC1), MYB13, and WRKY71 involved in regulating lateral bud growth</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gqi212y">Auxin cannot directly regulate BRC1 expression because it is not transported from the stem to the buds in great enough amounts, but the polar auxin transport stream inhibits axillary bud outgrowth by preventing auxin canalization</snippet>.
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Cytokinin (CK), strigolactone (SL), and auxin form a regulatory network where auxin inhibits axillary bud outgrowth by suppressing CK levels and enhancing SL biosynthesis <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_q2ORi2Q>. Auxin promotes the transcription of SL biosynthesis genes, including MAX3/MAX4 (orthologs CCD7/CCD8), to synthesize SLs that suppress branching <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_nFj5ih3>. These hormones converge on BRANCHED1 (BRC1), a transcriptional hub where SL upregulates BRC1 expression to inhibit growth, while CK represses BRC1 to promote outgrowth <snippet id=S_gqi212y,S_gLbtlMj>. Consequently, auxin indirectly regulates BRC1 through these antagonistic factors rather than direct transport into the bud <snippet id=S_gqi212y>. BRC1 integrates these signals to suppress bud outgrowth, with mutants like amp1 showing enhanced branching due to altered CK levels and reduced BRC1 <snippet id=S_Uuo070s,S_gLbtlMj>.
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<snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">Perplexity offers three pricing tiers for its AI Copilot services: Free, Pro at $20/month or $200/year, and Enterprise Pro at $40/month per seat or $400/year (16% discount)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">The Free version allows unlimited concise searches, while the Pro version includes multi-step reasoning searches, deep research queries (limited to three per day), and file analysis for PDFs and images</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">The Pro plan provides access to advanced AI models like GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and DeepSeek R1, with 300 daily Pro searches and image generation capabilities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">Enterprise Pro includes unlimited queries, 500 daily deep research capabilities, organizational file repositories, advanced security options, and dedicated support</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yvm9XpN">Users report the Pro subscription offers effective search capabilities with benefits for research and casual searches, though it has limitations in programming support, long-form content generation, and file handling</snippet>.
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Perplexity AI offers three pricing tiers: Free, Pro ($20/month or $200/year), and Enterprise Pro ($40/month per seat or $400/year) with discounts for annual billing <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p">. The Pro subscription includes access to advanced AI models like GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and Claude 3.7, plus unlimited Copilot queries, file upload for PDFs and images, and real-time web access <snippet id="S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p,S_yvm9XpN">. Pro users also receive features like multi-step reasoning searches, deep research queries (3-300 daily depending on source), and Perplexity Labs for structured outputs <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w">. However, some users report limitations in programming support, long-form content generation, and file handling compared to competitors <snippet id="S_yvm9XpN">. Enterprise Pro adds organizational file repositories, collaboration features, unlimited deep research (500 per day), and advanced security options <snippet id="S_Y8Mojus">.
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