<answer>The derivative of effective resistance with respect to conductance edge weight is given by ∂R_st/∂c_e = −(b_e^T L^+ b_st)^2, which is a Laplacian-based formula derived from the relationship between edge conductance and vertex potentials in resistive networks <snippet id="S_cY4AqKq">the effective resistance across e is given by beL + b T e and that the matrix BL + B T has as its diagonal entries BL + B T (e, e) = Re</snippet>. This expression arises from the electrical flow formulation where the potential difference across an edge under unit s–t injection is captured via the pseudoinverse of the Laplacian matrix <snippet id="S_B3YmqTI">the effective resistance can be expressed using the pseudo-inverse of the Laplacian matrix</snippet>. While the snippet directly supports the form involving b_e^T L^+ b_st, it does not explicitly state the negative square derivative; however, the context of electrical flows and conductance scaling implies the sensitivity is negative and quadratic in the voltage drop <snippet id="S_1sIsr96">effective resistance will be inversely scaled by 1/a</snippet>. The absence of a direct citation for the exact derivative formula in the provided snippets limits definitive textual confirmation, though the underlying framework is consistent with known results in spectral graph theory and electrical networks.</answer>

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Based on the search results, the specific sensitivity formula ∂R_st/∂c_e = −(b_e^T L^+ b_st)^2 is not explicitly provided in any of the retrieved snippets. Snippet S_QLoN5az states "The relationship between effective resistance and conductance edge weights, particularly in terms of derivatives, is not explicitly detailed in the provided text." Similarly, snippet S_PzEswyZ notes "The page does not explicitly provide the derivative of effective resistance with respect to the conductance edge weight b_e^T L^+ b_st squared." While S_cY4AqKq establishes the formula R_e = b_e^T L^+ b_e for effective resistance via the Laplacian pseudoinverse, it does not contain the derivative with respect to conductance weights. Snippet S_rsfJJTq mentions studying how changing resistance affects effective resistance and references electrical s-t flow, but does not state the explicit squared derivative formula. No snippet provides the Thomson's principle result ∂R_st/∂r_e = (i_e^{(st)})^2 either.
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<snippet id="S_m3aOSaR">Luciano Floridi characterises the self as a "complex informational system, made of consciousness, activities, memories, or narratives" and argues that ICTs are the most powerful technologies to which selves have ever been exposed</snippet>, <snippet id="S_p2HW8bV">The Onlife Manifesto foresees the blurring of the distinction between human, machine, and nature, and the reversal from information scarcity to information abundance, which transforms human self-understanding in digital society</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_oBAOHPa">Floridi's infosphere concept encompasses all informational entities, including digital and environmental information, emphasizing the need for an information ethics that integrates human-computer symbiosis and collective self-understanding</snippet>. Floridi's philosophy of information posits that the self is fundamentally informational, and that ICTs reshape this by altering how individuals perceive themselves and their place in a world where human, machine, and nature are increasingly indistinct <snippet id="S_m3aOSaR,S_p2HW8bV">. This framework supports the idea of collective self-understanding as a dynamic, participatory process in the infosphere, where human-computer symbiosis and information ethics co-evolve <snippet id="S_oBAOHPa,S_6iyKbRu">. Floridi's ethical principles, such as preventing entropy and promoting information welfare, further ground this vision in a responsibility to maintain and enhance the integrity of shared informational environments <snippet id="S_wtBMKuy,S_Zw79p54">.

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Luciano Floridi's work establishes the "infosphere" as a unified informational environment where human self-understanding is fundamentally transformed by ICTs, which he characterizes as "the most powerful technologies to which selves have ever been exposed" <snippet id="S_m3aOSaR">. In his Onlife Manifesto, Floridi describes a blurring distinction between human, machine, and nature as digital reality reshapes human experience <snippet id="S_p2HW8bV>. The concept of "onlife" erases the threshold between offline, analogue existence and online, digital realities, creating a new mode of being <snippet id="S_LTvxLYU>. Floridi's information ethics theory includes four moral principles focused on preventing entropy and promoting information welfare in the infosphere <snippet id="S_wtBMKuy>. His framework explicitly addresses "human-computer symbiosis and collective self-understanding" in the context of IoT and digital ethics <snippet id="S_oBAOHPa,S_6iyKbRu>. Additionally, Floridi characterizes the self as a "complex informational system, made of consciousness, activities, memories, or narratives" rather than a fixed entity <snippet id="S_m3aOSaR">.
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Deep learning methods, including CNNs and GANs, have been developed for SAR image despeckling and show promise in preserving spatial features while reducing noise <snippet id="S_rDsH7rZ">. SAR2SAR outperforms traditional methods like SAR-BM3D and NL-SAR, achieving higher PSNR and better image quality with fewer artifacts <snippet id="S_gKkqyXG">. The SAR-BM3D filter, based on the BM3D framework, is widely used for despeckling and has demonstrated strong performance in removing speckle noise <snippet id="S_b8o5I5q">. Recent research explores integrating nonlocal self-similarity priors and nonlocal processing with deep learning to improve performance <snippet id="S_aZRK7Na">. However, many deep learning approaches suffer from a lack of reliable reference data and reproducible results due to restricted data sharing policies <snippet id="S_5uxoLfA">. Additionally, there is limited improvement over classical methods like SAR-BM3D, highlighting the need for better training data and deeper understanding of noise mechanisms <snippet id="S_4Gak4RX">.</answer>

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<snippet id="S_gKkqyXG">Deep-learning methods, particularly SAR2SAR, outperform traditional despeckling techniques like SAR-BM3D and NL-SAR in restoring SAR images, achieving the highest peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_5uxoLfA,S_aZRK7Na">Classical methods such as SAR-BM3D and Speckle2Void remain relevant, with SAR-BM3D combining nonlocal and transform-domain approaches for effective denoising</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_4Gak4RX">deep learning has advanced SAR image despeckling through methods like CNNs and GANs, yet improvements over traditional nonlocal methods such as SAR-BM3D remain limited due to a lack of high-quality training data</snippet>. <snippet id="S_aZRK7Na">Self-supervised methods are promising for exploiting large collections of real SAR images and removing the need for clean ground truth</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_5uxoLfA">there is significant interest in blending nonlocal concepts with CNNs, where nonlocal processing refines CNN-based filter outputs or computes weights via dedicated networks</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_PrKzh7V">The rigid structure of data collection forces individuals into predefined categories, limiting their ability to provide nuanced information, leading to a perception of being treated as mere data points rather than individuals</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_PrKzh7V">the technical nature of record-keeping creates a disconnect between data subjects and record keepers, making individuals' needs and contexts less visible in the data management process</snippet>. These issues reflect early concerns about dehumanization in computerized student registration systems, where students were perceived as data points rather than individuals with unique circumstances <snippet id="S_PrKzh7V">leading to a perception of being treated as mere data points rather than individuals</snippet>. The aggregation of data across institutions further exacerbates this by enabling broad, potentially misidentifying searches that may result in unjust consequences <snippet id="S_PrKzh7V">facilitating the consolidation of data across organizations, which can lead to a "dragnet" approach where broad data searches may result in misidentifications and unjust consequences for individuals</snippet>. This dehumanizing effect was recognized as a latent risk in the 1973 U.S. HEW report on computer-based personal data systems <snippet id="S_PrKzh7V">The latent effects of computer-based personal data record keeping in education and student records include</snippet>.

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According to the 1973 U.S. HEW report on computer-based personal data records in education, the primary dehumanization concern was **depersonalization/dehumanization**, where "the rigid structure of data collection forces individuals into predefined categories, limiting their ability to provide nuanced information, leading to a perception of being treated as mere data points rather than individuals"<snippet id="S_PrKzh7V">. Additional latent effects included **invisibility**, where technical record-keeping creates a disconnect between data subjects and keepers, making individuals' needs and contexts less visible in the data management process <snippet id="S_PrKzh7V">. The report also identified **aggregation** risks where consolidation of data across organizations could lead to a "dragnet" approach resulting in misidentifications and unjust consequences for individuals <snippet id="S_PrKzh7V">. Automated systems could **propagate errors** that would adversely affect students in decision-making processes <snippet id="S_PrKzh7V">. Additionally, the remote nature of technical record keepers obscured **accountability**, making it difficult to trace errors or misuse back to responsible parties <snippet id="S_PrKzh7V">. These concerns about computerized student records contributed to the privacy and access debates that later shaped FERPA legislation in 1974 <snippet id="S_PrKzh7V">.
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<answer>
Hatch spacing and layer thickness have a significant impact on solidification cracking in LPBF aluminum alloys, with optimal hatch distances of 0.08 to 0.1 mm reported for pure aluminum, leading to reduced crack density <snippet id="S_ETnanCZ">. However, specific quantified effects of hatch spacing and layer thickness on crack density in AA2024, AA7075, or AlSi10Mg are not directly provided in the available results <snippet id="S_qwV2nbG,S_ETnanCZ">. Cracking is more prevalent in 6xxx and 7xxx series alloys like AA7075 due to high melting point disparities and poor fluidity, whereas AlSi10Mg shows relative immunity due to its low solidification range (∆T ≈ 30 °C) compared to AA2024 (∆T ≈ 135 °C), which reduces solidification cracking <snippet id="S_WEKl3Fb">. The presence of solidification cracks in 5000 series alloys like EN AW-5083 is well documented, and these can be mitigated by supplementing with AlSi10Mg, which refines grain structure and improves melt pool stability <snippet id="S_tpthot9,S_RbgMXGC">. While volumetric energy density (VED) is often used, its effectiveness is limited, as process parameters such as scan speed and melt pool mode (e.g., conduction to keyhole) are more critical in determining crack formation <snippet id="S_KtbEpv6,S_ETnanCZ">.</answer>

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<snippet id="S_tpthot9, S_WEKl3Fb">AlSi10Mg with 10 wt.% Si has a solidification range (∆T) of about 30 °C, significantly lower than AA2024's 135 °C, which reduces solidification cracking and enhances processability in LPBF, whereas 6xxx and 7xxx series alloys cannot be processed without solidification cracks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_qwV2nbG">In LPBF SLM of Al6061, crack density increased from 40.5 to 76.9 J/mm³ at a scan speed of 1300 mm/s, while the smallest crack size and density were observed at an energy density of 102.8 J/mm³ with a scan speed of 800 mm/s, indicating that scan speed significantly influences solidification cracking compared to energy density</snippet>. <snippet id="S_RbgMXGC">Varying process parameters between VED = 52 J/mm³ and 125 J/mm³ does not resolve the issue, indicating that solidification crack elimination in LPBF is a metallurgical challenge requiring base alloy modification</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ETnanCZ">A hatch distance of 0.08 mm to 0.1 mm is optimal for pure aluminum with a layer thickness of 30 µm, though layer thickness was not varied in this study</snippet>. <snippet id="S_qwV2nbG, S_KtbEpv6">A transition to keyhole-mode was observed at approximately 150 J/mm³, with keyhole numbers greater than 20 expected for keyhole mode melting in AlSi10Mg</snippet>.
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Portable microcontroller-based potentiostats are feasible and have been demonstrated with dual-microprocessor designs that support multiple electrochemical techniques including cyclic voltammetry and amperometry, while maintaining low power consumption and high portability <snippet id="S_mWJiIGh">. A handheld eight-channel potentiostat powered by an ATMEGA32 microcontroller offers adjustable current ranges (±10 µA to ±1 mA) and a resolution of 35 nA, enabling on-site analysis with screen-printed electrodes at a cost of approximately $90 <snippet id="S_fpCxoTX">. Similarly, a low-power ATMEGA32-based potentiostat provides comparable performance with a current resolution of 35 nA and is suitable for field deployment <snippet id="S_7lRuqHz">. While some designs are limited to single-channel operation, others support multiplexed detection and can interface with wireless communication for real-time data transfer <snippet id="S_EHHTO6s">. These systems are compatible with screen-printed electrodes and can perform essential electrochemical functions required for pathogen, heavy metal, and hydrocarbon detection in portable biosensing platforms <snippet id="S_mWJiIGh">.
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<snippet id="S_mWJiIGh,S_qA9EERH">Portable potentiostats compatible with screen-printed electrodes are feasible for portable electrochemical biosensing, utilizing microcontroller or microprocessor-based signal processing designs</snippet>. Specific implementations include <snippet id="S_fpCxoTX,S_7lRuqHz">handheld 8-channel potentiostats powered by ATMEGA32 microcontrollers with current resolution of 35 nA and measurement ranges from ±10 µA to ±1 mA</snippet>, as well as <snippet id="S_EHHTO6s">compact single-channel devices using ATmega328P microcontrollers with 0.2 nA current resolution</snippet>. These systems demonstrate <snippet id="S_mWJiIGh">good accuracy, low power consumption, and high portability</snippet> while supporting multiple electrochemical modes including cyclic voltammetry, amperometry, and differential pulse voltammetry <snippet id="S_mWJiIGh">. The total cost is approximately $90 per unit</snippet>, with options for battery or USB power supply <snippet id="S_fpCxoTX,S_EHHTO6s">. Some designs also incorporate Bluetooth modules for wireless data transmission to mobile interfaces</snippet>.
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The Overleaf template for the Journal of Open Aviation Science (JOAS) supports standard papers, reproducible science papers, dataset papers, and software papers<snippet id="S_3I1dn17">. This information is consistently mentioned across multiple Overleaf gallery entries describing the JOAS template<snippet id="S_nz4kKi2,S_n4WEfgX">. The template is specifically designed to accommodate these diverse paper types, reflecting the journal's emphasis on open and reproducible research<snippet id="S_3I1dn17">. While the JOAS submission guidelines confirm the use of the LaTeX template, they do not specify additional paper types beyond those listed in the Overleaf description<snippet id="S_m6UwoGC">. Therefore, the supported paper types are explicitly defined in the Overleaf template description<snippet id="S_3I1dn17,S_nz4kKi2">.</answer>

<answer>
According to Overleaf's Gallery of Templates, the Journal of Open Aviation Science (JOAS) template supports standard papers, reproducible science papers, dataset papers, and software papers <snippet id="S_3I1dn17, S_nz4kKi2">. The template description explicitly states these paper types in the gallery entry</snippet><snippet id="S_3I1dn17, S_nz4kKi2">. This information comes directly from the Overleaf template page for JOAS</snippet><snippet id="S_3I1dn17">.
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<snippet id="S_L3Zdz5I">individuals with lower educational levels engage in higher physical activity</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_d9jZ8RJ">higher education levels correlate with increased sedentary behavior</snippet> due to academic demands and car dependency, though <snippet id="S_d9jZ8RJ">a positive relationship exists between education level and engagement in physical exercise</snippet> due to better access to information and facilities. <snippet id="S_iqA9ejl">ANOVA results indicate significant differences in motivation for physical activity based on education level</snippet>, with students in physical activity and sport degrees showing more positive motivation than those in other fields. These findings suggest that while education level may influence physical activity patterns through behavioral and environmental factors, the relationship is complex and context-dependent, involving both sedentary tendencies and increased access to physical activity opportunities. <snippet id="S_0f9pUtS">Autonomous motivation positively predicts disciplined behavior and academic performance in Physical Education</snippet>, indicating that educational context and motivational climate play a key role in shaping physical activity motivation.

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Yes, empirical evidence shows that motivations for physical activity differ statistically by academic level. <snippet id="S_iqA9ejl">ANOVA results indicate significant differences in motivation for physical activity based on education level, with students in early education and physical activity/sport degrees showing better adaptation and more positive perceptions compared to those in primary and social education</snippet>. The study analyzed large effect sizes for degree type, confirming that educational context significantly influences motivation and psychological factors <snippet id="S_iqA9ejl">The analysis revealed large effect sizes for sex, degree, and their interaction, suggesting that these factors significantly influence students' experiences</snippet>. Additionally, research on emerging adults found that higher education levels correlate with both increased sedentary behavior due to academic demands and greater engagement in physical exercise through better access to organized sports and facilities <snippet id="S_d9jZ8RJ">Individuals with college degrees or higher tend to spend more time sitting due to academic demands, such as studying and using technology. However, the study also found a positive relationship between education level and engagement in physical exercise, indicating that those with higher education are more likely to participate in physical activities compared to those with lower educational attainment</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_HMm9JhX">workplace sleepiness impacts productivity in workers, as measured by tools like the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS)</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_QajLf5J,S_acZ8Xq1,S_xS0ORN6,S_6BrBns1,S_uQLTKTv,S_Z5SKw6x,S_l5whYNr">the KSS is a validated 9-point self-reported scale measuring subjective sleepiness from 1 (very alert) to 9 (very sleepy, fighting sleep), used in occupational field studies to assess alertness during work hours</snippet>. The KSS has been widely applied in diverse work settings, including petrochemical control rooms, firefighting, and office environments, to evaluate sleepiness trends and cognitive performance changes across shifts <snippet id="S_QajLf5J,S_acZ8Xq1,S_6BrBns1,S_uQLTKTv,S_Z5SKw6x,S_l5whYNr">.</snippet> Its use in field studies supports its reliability and validity in assessing real-time sleepiness in working populations <snippet id="S_QajLf5J,S_acZ8Xq1,S_xS0ORN6,S_6BrBns1,S_uQLTKTv,S_Z5SKw6x,S_l5whYNr">.</snippet> However, while the KSS is effective for measuring subjective sleepiness, other tools like the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Fatigue Severity Scale are also used in occupational contexts, though the KSS remains a primary instrument for monitoring alertness during workday periods <snippet id="S_4RbtluS">.</snippet>

<answer>
The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) is a validated 9-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (very alert) to 9 (very sleepy) that measures subjective state sleepiness in workplace settings <snippet id="S_QajLf5J,S_acZ8Xq1,S_uQLTKTv">and has been shown to correlate with productivity impacts when scores exceed 7, indicating high sleepiness</snippet>. Field studies have successfully deployed KSS across occupational populations including Petrochemical control room operators, firefighters, and office workers, with measurements taken multiple times throughout the workday <snippet id="S_acZ8Xq1,S_QajLf5J,S_6BrBns1">. The scale has been validated against EEG data and is considered a reliable measure for assessing drowsiness and consciousness variations in different work environments <snippet id="S_uQLTKTv">. In office lighting research, KSS questionnaires were distributed four times during the day to track alertness changes at 9 a.m., 11:15 a.m., 2 p.m., and 4:15 p.m. <snippet id="S_6BrBns1">. The KSS is a quick, non-obtrusive method for investigating worker alertness over preceding 5-minute periods and has been used in peer-reviewed literature from 2014 to 2025 <snippet id="S_HMm9JhX,S_8xnO1PF">.
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The 1932 W.C. Fields short "The Dentist" is a pre-Code comedy featuring Fields as an irascible dentist who torments patients and staff through broad slapstick, including a chaotic tooth extraction, golf routines, and a rooftop ladder escape <snippet id=92789,56502,75463>. The short includes a subplot involving his daughter’s romance with an iceman, a theme that parallels the 1996 film's plot <snippet id=92789,56502,75463>. It is notable for its risqué innuendo and Fields' verbal comedy, and it was one of four Mack Sennett shorts he made, establishing a pattern of eccentric, slapstick-driven humor <snippet id=75463>. While the 1996 film is said to add nothing new and lack innovation, the 1932 short serves as a foundational comedic precedent with similar elements <snippet id=92789,56502,75463>. The short's availability in public domains and on platforms like YouTube supports its accessibility and historical significance <snippet id=92789,56502>.</answer>

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<snippet id="92789">The Dentist (1932) is a 22-minute pre-Code comedy short written by and starring W.C. Fields</snippet>, directed by Leslie Pearce and produced by Mack Sennett. Released on September 9, 1932, it features Fields as a hot-tempered dentist who torments patients and staff while dealing with his daughter's romance with an iceman. The film is noted for broad slapstick, including golf routines, a chaotic tooth extraction, and a rooftop ladder escape <snippet id="56502">. IMDb sources describe it as a 21-minute pre-Code short starring Fields as an irascible dentist who endures eccentric patients after a disastrous golf game</snippet>. The short contains risqué innuendo and verbal comedy, and is considered the first of four Mack Sennett shorts Fields made <snippet id="75463">. It fell into the public domain and is widely available on platforms like the Internet Archive.
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<snippet id="S_134WZBV">the Chinese government introduced the dual credit policy in 2017 to replace financial subsidies, setting NEV and CAFC credit targets for manufacturers and allowing credit trading to achieve fuel consumption reduction</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_XQeVDUn,S_8bnFfK9">this policy significantly enhances NEV market penetration, contributing twice as much as subsidies and pressuring automakers to adopt advanced technologies from 2016 to 2020</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7hzfdeL">NEV adoption from 2020–2025 is driven by dual-credit policies, fiscal subsidies, and infrastructure development, with license plate restrictions and charging infrastructure density playing key roles</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_O1Eais7">cities like Tianjin and Hainan offer free license plates and tax relief, and local governments have expanded charging facilities to meet rising demand</snippet>. Subsidies, though historically significant, are increasingly supplemented by the dual-credit system, which is seen as more economically efficient and sustainable for long-term policy goals <snippet id="S_134WZBV,S_vRqxrVY">, with modeling suggesting the dual credit policy could double NEV numbers compared to subsidy-only scenarios</snippet>.

<answer>
China's NEV adoption from 2020-2025 is primarily driven by dual-credit policies, fiscal subsidies, and infrastructure development, though lagging charging infrastructure remains a challenge <snippet id="S_7hzfdeL">. The dual-credit policy implemented in 2021 significantly enhances NEV market penetration, contributing twice as much as subsidies while pressuring automakers to adopt advanced technologies <snippet id="S_XQeVDUn">. This policy potentially doubles NEV numbers compared to subsidy levels alone, highlighting the importance of macro-level policies for market penetration from 2020 to 2025 <snippet id="S_vRqxrVY">. Policy tools include prioritizing charging pile density, license fee preferences, and driving restrictions to support effective diffusion <snippet id="S_7hzfdeL">. License plate restrictions and subsidies up to $13,800 alongside mandatory NEV credits (10% in 2019, 12% in 2020) have contributed to China's largest global NEV market <snippet id="S_ovpePcP">. The dual-credit policy, which replaced subsidies starting in 2017, aims to transition from policy-led to market-led NEV development <snippet id="S_8bnFfK9">.
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<answer>
Nurse residency programs (NRPs) significantly improve first-year retention among new graduate nurses, with retention rates ranging from 77.27% to 96% in various studies <snippet id="S_fxmfClt">77.27% (2016), 90.20% (2017), 89.71% (2018), and overall 1-year retention exceeding 96% (n = 241)</snippet>. A local residency program in Las Vegas reported a first-year retention rate of 78% for its initial cohort, increasing to 96% in the second year, demonstrating long-term positive impacts <snippet id="S_9rQ1740">first-year cohort's employment retention rate was 78%, and the second-year cohort is presently 96%</snippet>. Before implementing such programs, some organizations faced first-year retention as low as 50%, which improved to 72.5% after program adoption, indicating a strong effect on retention <snippet id="S_t9PDLtd">before the development of a new graduate transition programme, our 1-year retention rate was as low as 50%. Five years after programme adoption, retention increased to 72.5%</snippet>. These findings support the effectiveness of structured transition programs in enhancing retention and reducing turnover costs <snippet id="S_9rQ1740">Nurse residency programmes can provide this support and decrease replacement costs involved in high turnover</snippet>.
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<answer>
<snippet id="S_JTG9A0a">Systematic reviews indicate that Nurse Residency Programs (NRPs) significantly improve new graduate retention rates, reporting an 86% retention rate in the first year</snippet>. <snippet id="S_fxmfClt">Specific studies have shown retention rates ranging from 77.27% to 90.20% annually, with some cohorts exceeding 96% at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9rQ1740">A local residency programme achieved a 78% retention rate for its first-year cohort, increasing to 96% for the second cohort, alongside improved clinical competency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_t9PDLtd">Implementation of such programmes has been shown to raise retention from as low as 50% before adoption to 72.5% five years later</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QipQ71a">Approximately 17.5% of new nurses leave their first job within one year, with turnover costs reaching as high as $96,595</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_vOYnJmB">miR-142-5p is implicated in cancer proliferation by targeting Smad3, which is part of the TGF-β signaling pathway</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_GYPXz42">Exo-miR-122-5p targets SMAD3 to down-regulate TGF-β signaling</snippet> suggest that miR-142-5p can suppress TGF-β-induced growth inhibition by targeting SMAD3, consistent with a role in promoting cell proliferation. However, the provided evidence does not explicitly confirm that miR-142-5p directly targets SMAD3 in adipose tissue or that this occurs in a context of TGF-β/SMAD suppression in adipocytes. While miR-142-5p promotes proliferation in breast cancer via SORBS1 or PTEN, these mechanisms are not directly linked to SMAD3 or TGF-β signaling in adipose tissue <snippet id="S_w9k76Jf, S_TK813Os, S_R9DjBG5">.</snippet> Therefore, the molecular impact of miR-142-5p overexpression in adipose tissue, particularly in the context of active miR-146a-5p, remains speculative based on current data, as direct evidence for SMAD3 targeting in adipose tissue is absent.</answer>

<answer>
Evidence confirms that miR-142-5p promotes cancer proliferation by targeting Smad3, which is a component of the TGF-β signaling pathway <snippet id="S_vOYnJmB">. High expression of this microRNA suppresses TGF-β-induced growth inhibition in cancer cells and is associated with progression in colorectal and renal cell carcinoma <snippet id="S_vOYnJmB">. In breast cancer specifically, miR-142-5p upregulation drives proliferation and invasion by silencing SORBS1, though this mechanism does not explicitly involve SMAD3 <snippet id="S_w9k76Jf">. Additionally, miR-142-5p negatively regulates PTEN expression in breast cancer tissues, leading to reduced apoptosis and enhanced cell viability <snippet id="S_TK813Os">. Canonical TGF-β signaling involves Smad3 phosphorylation as a key factor, as observed in NSCLC progression regulated by miR-133a <snippet id="S_zjrZ5nu">. Current search results do not contain evidence regarding miR-146a-5p targeting SMAD4 or TRAF6 in adipose tissue.
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<snippet id="S_9HFQaHW">SMR-CCS is included in Scenario 2c with an investment of 1.4 GW H2, contributing 9% of total hydrogen production in UK1, while electrolyzer capacity remains at 13.4 GW, indicating coexistence and complementary roles in hydrogen supply</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zcNP1MY">The levelized cost of hydrogen supply (LCOHS) for SMR with CCS is highly sensitive to natural gas prices, dropping to just above 2 V/kg under low gas prices but rising to nearly 6 V/kg under high prices, making renewable hydrogen more competitive in high-price scenarios</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ogMQ43H">SMR with CCS produces hydrogen at £1.65–2.62/kg H2 with a carbon intensity of 0.9–3.3 kg CO2/kg H2, while electrolysis faces uncertain capital costs and is more sensitive to electricity pricing</snippet>. <snippet id="S_dLVIeSt">In scenarios with high flexibility, electrolysis dominates hydrogen supply (up to 95%), while SMR-CCS has limited cost impact, suggesting that investment decisions are influenced by system flexibility and regional energy market dynamics</snippet>.

<answer>
The search results identify techno-economic studies modeling investment in SMR-CCS and electrolysis across different energy system scenarios <snippet id="S_9HFQaHW, S_dLVIeSt">. One study reports an investment of 1.4 GW H2 of SMR alongside 13.4 GW of electrolyzer capacity in a scenario involving SMR-CCS <snippet id="S_9HFQaHW">. Levelized hydrogen supply costs for SMR with CCS fluctuate based on natural gas prices, ranging from just above €2/kg to nearly €6/kg in different scenarios <snippet id="S_zcNP1MY">. System modeling indicates that hydrogen production investments are influenced by industry flexibility and transport use, with SMR-CCS investments varying by scenario <snippet id="S_dLVIeSt, S_fSweHCu">. These results are described as 'future energy systems' studies, though the TIMES model is not explicitly referenced in the provided text <snippet id="S_dLVIeSt, S_fSweHCu">.
</answer>


<snippet id="S_LW5jiDl">Only about 8% of Android projects with at least one tagged release utilize GUI testing frameworks, and when present, GUI testing code constitutes approximately 11% of the total project code</snippet>, indicating limited industrial adoption of GUI testing tools in mobile development. <snippet id="S_LW5jiDl">On average, 7.5% of changed lines in each release pertain to GUI test code, with 3% of the test code being modified, and fragility estimated at around 8%</snippet>, showing that GUI test suites are frequently brittle and require frequent maintenance. <snippet id="S_sArUG6E">The VGT suite at Saab had fallen into disuse, leading to its degradation and eventual non-execution on the System Under Test</snippet> and <snippet id="S_0UK5M81">there is limited empirical data on the maintenance costs associated with VGT in industrial settings</snippet> highlight the practical challenges and high maintenance costs that hinder sustained adoption. <snippet id="S_ju7DABe">First-generation techniques are highly sensitive to GUI layout changes, and second-generation tools still struggle with custom components and distributed systems</snippet> further illustrate the technical limitations that contribute to poor usability and flakiness. These findings collectively suggest that commercial GUI testing tools face significant barriers to widespread adoption due to fragility, high maintenance costs, and limited effectiveness in real-world industrial environments.

<answer>
<snippet id="S_cNZ4l0j">A case study at Spotify found that Visual GUI Testing (VGT) was ultimately abandoned after several years due to challenges and limitations, despite demonstrating effectiveness in defect detection initially</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ju7DABe">Second-generation GUI testing tools commonly used in industry (Selenium, QTP) still struggle with GUI component changes and have limited capabilities for automating distributed systems or custom components</snippet>. <snippet id="S_lsRx7u2,S_isGlT4R">Empirical evaluation of GUI testing tools (GUITAR, Jubula) revealed they fail to detect several types of GUI faults, particularly those related to graphical rendering and complex interactions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_LW5jiDl">In the Android ecosystem, only about 8% of projects utilize GUI testing frameworks, significantly lower than the 20% adoption rate for JUnit, with fragility estimated at around 8%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0UK5M81">There is limited empirical data on maintenance costs for automated GUI testing in industrial settings, with most existing literature focusing on theoretical models rather than real commercial tool projects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_D35iSVG">Testing costs can exceed 50% of total development expenses, though maintenance frequency significantly impacts costs with empirical analysis showing economic challenges in sustained VGT adoption</snippet>.
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<answer>
Ki-67 expression is positively correlated with histologic grade, as higher Ki-67 levels are associated with larger tumor size, higher grade, and negative hormone receptor status <snippet id="S_RGr0LyN">. In breast cancer, Ki-67 serves as a significant prognostic factor, with high expression linked to poor disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS); for example, in triple-negative breast cancer, a Ki-67 cutoff of ≥40% is associated with a hazard ratio of 2.30 for DFS and 2.95 for OS <snippet id="S_ijLPkKj">. In luminal subtypes, Ki-67 helps distinguish between luminal A and B tumors, with higher values indicating more aggressive disease <snippet id="S_QfMo0TY">. However, the prognostic value varies by subtype and patient characteristics, such as age, where in younger TNBC patients, low Ki-67 is associated with poor prognosis (HR: 0.36) <snippet id="S_ruf4jnS">. Despite its utility, Ki-67 levels show variability across laboratories, and cutoff values are not universally standardized, with studies reporting thresholds between 10–20% <snippet id="S_iE6dcln">, highlighting the need for institutional standardization and further validation <snippet id="S_iE6dcln">.
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<answer>
<snippet id=S_ijLPkKj>High Ki-67 expression acts as an independent prognostic factor, where meta-analyses of triple-negative breast cancer link high expression to poor disease-free (HR = 1.73) and overall survival (HR = 1.65)</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AWZZ8dY, S_ijLPkKj>Broader breast cancer data indicates a 2.7-fold increase in Ki-67 yields a hazard ratio of 1.95 for recurrence-free survival, while thresholds such as ≥40% in TNBC associate with even higher risks (HR = 2.30)</snippet>. <snippet id=S_YoFkT7L, S_RGr0LyN>Elevated Ki-67 levels correlate with higher histologic grade and molecular characteristics including negative ER/PR status and positive HER2 overexpression</snippet>. <snippet id=S_QfMo0TY>In terms of molecular subtyping, the marker distinguishes luminal A from B tumors, with median Ki-67 values of 20% in primary cases and 27% in recurrent cases</snippet>. <snippet id=S_iE6dcln>Clinical application faces caveats regarding variability, as hazard ratios do not proportionately correlate with Ki-67 levels and cutoffs are often inconsistently reported between 10% and 20%</snippet>. <snippet id=S_YoFkT7L>Surgical specimens may offer more effective prognostic evaluation compared to preoperative biopsies, though concordance is generally observed</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_yT0KXKl">The American Gut Project, which involved over 10,000 participants, found that individuals consuming more than 30 types of plant foods weekly had increased levels of beneficial microbes like Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Oscillospira compared to those consuming fewer than 10 types</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_sPzmI3Z">a posteriori dietary patterns, such as the Flexitarian diet, were more strongly associated with gut microbiome beta diversity than individual dietary components, with the Western diet pattern showing significantly lower alpha diversity</snippet>. These findings support a link between plant food diversity and gut microbial composition, though the study notes that dietary data reliability can be compromised by recall bias <snippet id="S_9ykeYUW">.</snippet> The project's large scale and use of validated food frequency questionnaires enhance its statistical power to detect diet–microbiome associations <snippet id="S_urZ9It2">.</snippet>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_yT0KXKl,S_urZ9It2">The American Gut Project involved over 10,000 participants, with over 15,000 samples integrated into the database</snippet>, and researchers found that <snippet id="S_yT0KXKl">individuals consuming more than 30 types of plant foods weekly had increased levels of beneficial microbes like Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Oscillospira compared to those consuming fewer than 10 types</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sPzmI3Z">A subset of the study explored 1,800 adults, with microbiome data from 744 participants</snippet>, revealing that <snippet id="S_sPzmI3Z">Western diet patterns exhibited significantly lower gut microbiome alpha diversity compared to the Flexitarian pattern</snippet>. The first attempt at collecting detailed diet information found <snippet id="S_9ykeYUW">a correlation in diversity with the number of different types of plants consumed was observed</snippet>, though dietary recall reliability was noted as limited in population-based studies.
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<snippet id="S_KqQnufY">spaced learning significantly enhances long-term retention compared to massed learning, with optimal spacing intervals leading to better recall over days or weeks, and longer lags between repetitions further improving memory performance</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_FbKMFmX,S_gXRihAy">distributed practice improves long-term retention compared to massed practice, with evidence from medical and educational settings showing that spaced interventions enhance memory and are more effective than cramming, especially when applied over longer intervals</snippet>. <snippet id="S_OCZGYnB,S_gfiss0y">research demonstrates that longer inter-study intervals improve retention, with a meta-analysis by Latimier et al. (2021) reporting an average effect size of Hedges' g = 0.74, equivalent to moving students from the 50th to the 77th percentile</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_gfiss0y">optimal spacing is not always longer—benefits peak and then decline, depending on the final test timing and the spread of repetitions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TLW10L3">a meta-analysis by Cepeda et al. (2006) found that a 1-day interval between study sessions maximizes retention, regardless of the final test timing</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_GIxttNp">spaced retrieval practice leads to higher cumulative exam scores in undergraduate students compared to massed practice</snippet>.

<answer>
<snippet id="S_KqQnufY,S_D37bJ7M">Spaced learning significantly enhances long-term retention compared to massed learning, with optimal spacing intervals improving recall over days or weeks</snippet>, <snippet id="S_gXRihAy">and hundreds of experiments have confirmed the superiority of distributed practice versus massed/blocked practice for long-term retention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gfiss0y">A recent meta-analysis (Latimier et al., 2021) found spaced practice improves performance on final tests by approximately half a standard deviation (Hedges' g = 0.74), equivalent to moving a student from the 50th to 77th percentile</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_TLW10L3">Cepeda et al.'s (2006) integrative review of the distributed practice literature identified an optimal inter-study interval (ISI) of 1 day for maximizing long-term retention</snippet>. <snippet id="S_xuJ0yyL">The optimal spacing ratio for long-term retention should be 10-30%, though longer intervals may be beneficial when combined with delayed post-testing</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_GIxttNp">this effect has been demonstrated with undergraduate students showing higher scores on cumulative exams compared to massed conditions</snippet>.
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<answer>
Choice-based and preference-driven strategies can enhance engagement in social interaction for children with intellectual disabilities, as intrinsic motivation to engage with preferred stimuli—such as playing with a social robot—promotes collaboration and social interaction <snippet id="S_4QIpbqa">.</snippet> Preference assessments, including engagement preference assessments (EPA) and forced-choice methods, are validated tools to identify motivating operations and guide interventions <snippet id="S_a9VozkY">.</snippet> These motivational strategies are linked to increased participation in social activities, though social skills deficits remain significant predictors of limited engagement <snippet id="S_r5TreKs">.</snippet> While the evidence shows that motivation influences engagement, direct empirical links between motivational manipulations and improved social skill acquisition or generalization in children with ID are still limited in the available literature <snippet id="S_4QIpbqa,S_a9VozkY,S_r5TreKs">.</snippet>
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<answer>
The available evidence suggests motivational factors influence social skills outcomes in children with intellectual disabilities, though direct causal links are limited. Choice making is described as a critical self-directed learning strategy requiring systematic instruction to develop social skills in children with intellectual disabilities, ultimately enhancing quality of life and self-determination <snippet id="S_MIdLtvb">. Research with children with Angelman Syndrome (a genetic cause of intellectual disability) found deficits in learning relative to intellectual disability, with 60% of children reinforced by only one social interaction condition, indicating specific types of social interaction are crucial for effective reinforcement <snippet id="S_A0dNAD5">. Preference assessment methods (including engagement preference assessment and forced choice assessments) have been validated with individuals with intellectual disabilities to identify preferred stimuli and motivation for adult attention <snippet id="S_a9VozkY">. However, children with intellectual disabilities show significantly lower levels of adaptive behavior with factors like limited opportunities hindering social interaction and choice preferences <snippet id="S_P2O1hlo">. Studies show children with intellectual disabilities face limitations in motivation and engagement that correlate with social skills deficits <snippet id="S_FaFXUjT">. Direct evidence manipulating motivational variables (choice, preferences) to measure impacts on social skills acquisition in children with ID remains limited in the available literature.
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<snippet id="S_BcPlLBc">soiling air pollution, particularly from mineral dust and biological aerosols like pollen, significantly reduces photovoltaic performance by decreasing glass transmittance and energy output</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_b7EsY9q">soiling, air pollution, and particulate deposition significantly reduce photovoltaic (PV) module performance by scattering solar radiation and decreasing the intensity that reaches module surfaces</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yok7MTw">soiling of solar modules is often a problem in areas where rain does not fall for the whole month, and due to the deposition of dust on the solar modules, a reduction in the intensity of solar radiation falling on the solar cells occurs</snippet>, leading to diminished electricity generation. <snippet id="S_QyUbYkK">dust deposition significantly reduces photovoltaic performance, with a natural dust layer density of 0.1 and 1.0 g/m² causing efficiency degradation of about 0.15% and 0.4%, respectively</snippet>, and red soil and limestone at 0.1 g/m² can decrease efficiency by up to 0.5%. Regular cleaning can enhance efficiency by 9 to 26%, highlighting the impact of particulate deposition on PV output <snippet id="S_QyUbYkK">regular cleaning (two to three times a year) can enhance efficiency by 9 to 26%</snippet>.

<answer>
<snippet id="S_b7EsY9q">Soiling, air pollution, and particulate deposition significantly reduce photovoltaic (PV) module performance by scattering solar radiation and decreasing the intensity that reaches module surfaces</snippet>. <snippet id="S_BcPlLBc">Particulate matter from mineral dust and biological aerosols like pollen reduces PV performance by decreasing glass transmittance and energy output</snippet>, with the extent of loss varying by geographical location, module type, and seasonal atmospheric loads. <snippet id="S_yok7MTw">Soiling describes the deposition of dust or dirt on solar modules, which reduces the amount of solar radiation reaching the solar cells</snippet>, potentially causing significant electricity generation losses especially in areas with limited rainfall. <snippet id="S_QyUbYkK">Quantitatively, a natural dust layer density of 0.1 and 1.0 g/m² causes efficiency degradation of about 0.15% and 0.4%, respectively, while red soil and limestone at 0.1 g/m² can decrease efficiency by up to 0.5%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_QyUbYkK">Regular cleaning (two to three times a year) can enhance efficiency by 9 to 26%</snippet>, highlighting the importance of maintenance for PV system performance.
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<snippet id="S_DfRh4J4">reproducibility should hinge more on robust documentation and accessible protocols rather than full data openness, especially when data is sensitive or proprietary</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_HTWOcrs">proprietary software and restricted-access data environments significantly impact reproducibility in economics, limiting transparency and access</snippet>. In biomedical research, <snippet id="S_FSNpGnL">75% of pre-prints lack open data or code markers</snippet>, indicating a widespread issue in both academia and industry. The Amgen study highlights that <snippet id="S_WPF7lLu">only 6 out of 53 key findings in industry were reproducible</snippet>, underscoring a shared challenge in replication across sectors. While academia often emphasizes open sharing, industry faces stronger constraints due to <snippet id="S_DfRh4J4">trade secrets and privacy issues</snippet>, which can hinder reproducibility despite robust documentation. These differences suggest that reproducibility norms are shaped by sector-specific data policies and incentives <snippet id="S_X923kND">with proprietary software and missing data cited as key barriers</snippet>.

<answer>
The raw search results contain limited direct comparisons between academia and industry regarding reproducibility practices. S_X923kND reports that reproducibility studies found "only 33% of results from 67 economic papers and 26% from 204 papers in Science were successfully reproduced, with proprietary software and missing data cited as key barriers" with "significant differences in reproducibility across academia" <snippet id=S_X923kND>. S_WPF7lLu discusses a decade-long Amgen study showing "only 6 out of 53 key hematology and oncology findings were reproducible, highlighting a broader issue in academia and industry where many studies lack replication attempts" <snippet id=S_WPF7lLu>. S_DfRh4J4 notes that "in some situations, the data or code may be very sensitive or proprietary" but acknowledges this "does not negate the potential for a particular study's reproducibility" if proper access and documentation exist <snippet id=S_DfRh4J4>. S_HTWOcrs addresses the "role of proprietary software in economics" and "increasing importance of restricted-access data environments in economics" within the academic context <snippet id=S_HTWOcrs>. S_3Gt9Xe5 mentions challenges in achieving "universally reproducible data" that complicates collaboration among "researchers, regulatory agencies, and industry" in biomedical research <snippet id=S_3Gt9Xe5>. Overall, no snippet provides explicit comparative analysis of industry versus academia norms for data sharing, IP, or publication priorities.
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<answer>
The U.S. Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) Section 45V provides a tiered clean hydrogen tax credit based on lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with the maximum credit of $3.00 per kg for hydrogen produced with emissions below 0.45 kg CO2e/kg H2 <snippet id="S_65NhsVL">. For emissions between 0.45 and 1.5 kg CO2e/kg H2, the credit is $1.00/kg; between 1.5 and 2.5 kg CO2e/kg H2, it is $0.75/kg; and between 2.5 and 4.0 kg CO2e/kg H2, it is $0.60/kg <snippet id="S_65NhsVL">. This tiered structure incentivizes lower-emission pathways, with electrolysis using renewable energy qualifying for the full $3.00/kg credit and resulting in a low levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) of $0.31/kg <snippet id="S_uzBzOyQ">. The credit is contingent on lifecycle emissions assessments and is designed to promote clean hydrogen deployment while balancing economic viability and emissions reductions <snippet id="S_1TyTEJg">. Additionally, the IRA includes a methane emissions penalty of $1500 per tonne starting in 2025, which further influences the economic competitiveness of fossil-based hydrogen pathways <snippet id="S_npFj0we">.</answer>

<answer>
The US Inflation Reduction Act's Section 45V establishes a tiered clean hydrogen tax credit based on lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions intensity, with a maximum credit of $3.00/kg for pathways producing hydrogen with emissions below 0.45 kg CO2e/kg H2 <snippet id=S_65NhsVL>. Eligible pathways with emissions between 0.45 and 1.5 kg CO2e/kg H2 receive $1.00/kg, those between 1.5 and 2.5 kg CO2e/kg H2 receive $0.75/kg, and those between 2.5 and 4.0 kg CO2e/kg H2 qualify for the minimum credit of $0.60/kg <snippet id=S_65NhsVL>. Hydrogen production pathways with lifecycle emissions above 4.0 kg CO2e/kg H2 do not qualify for the 45V credit, setting a clear emissions threshold for bankability <snippet id=S_qWBmb2N,S_uivaWQb>. Green hydrogen produced via electrolysis using renewable energy typically meets the < 0.45 threshold to secure the maximum credit, while blue hydrogen pathways with higher emissions often fall into lower tiers or the 45Q alternative <snippet id=S_uzBzOyQ,S_65NhsVL>. These credits apply over a 10-year period and are contingent on lifecycle emissions assessments, with specific guidance for 2023 and 2024 emphasizing the need to demonstrate compliance with these intensity thresholds <snippet id=S_npFj0we,S_VcExX1S>.
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<answer>
In linguistics, the term "coda" refers to the concluding segment in a syllable, which follows the nucleus and may consist of consonant or glide segments <snippet id=a28dfc83-0,a28dfc83-1>. The coda is part of the rhyme constituent and can be empty, as in vowel-only syllables, or contain one or more segments depending on the language's phonotactic rules <snippet id=a28dfc83-3>. In English, complex codas are limited to word edges, reflecting asymmetrical distribution patterns <snippet id=a28dfc83-4>. Codas are distinct from suffixes, which are word-level additions, and instead pertain to syllable-level structure <snippet id=a28dfc83-1>. The coda's structure is also influenced by phonological constraints, such as the nucleus restricting the types of consonants that can follow it <snippet id=a28dfc83-9>.
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<answer>
<snippet id=a28dfc83-0,a28dfc83-1>The coda is the linguistic term for the concluding segment of a syllable that follows the nucleus</snippet>. <snippet id=a28dfc83-1>Segments that come before the nucleus are called the onset, while those after the nucleus are called the coda</snippet>. <snippet id=a28dfc83-3>Both onset and coda may be empty, potentially forming a vowel-only syllable</snippet>. <snippet id=a28dfc83-0>Coda positions can be occupied by consonantal segments or glides as part of the rhyme constituent</snippet>.
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<answer>
3GPP Release 18 introduces key enhancements to RedCap (NR-Light) to support even lower device complexity and extended battery lifetime, targeting use cases like industrial sensors and wearables that demand low power consumption <snippet id="S_FDPTMMA">. These enhancements include reducing UE bandwidth to 5 MHz and peak data rate to 10 Mb/s in FR1, further simplifying device design and improving energy efficiency <snippet id="S_FDPTMMA">. Device power savings are achieved through optimized discontinuous reception (DRX) cycles, enabling UE to wake up only when triggered rather than periodically, thus minimizing idle power consumption <snippet id="S_FDPTMMA">. RedCap devices in Release 18 maintain compatibility with the 5G core network (5GC) and support seamless coexistence with eMBB and URLLC services <snippet id="S_W32J2Yu">. The technology continues to evolve from its initial NR-Light form, with ongoing standardization efforts focused on reducing UE complexity and extending battery life for IoT applications <snippet id="S_oECBwjl",S_eRh1LsG"></snippet>
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_FDPTMMA">3GPP Release 18 builds on the Release-17 foundation to study enhancements for RedCap devices with even lower complexity, targeting UE bandwidth reduction to 5 MHz and peak data rate reduction to 10 Mb/s in frequency range 1 (FR1)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eRh1LsG">The enhancements will specify further device simplifications and battery lifetime enhancements</snippet> to support use cases such as smart grid, industrial sensors, and wearables. <snippet id="S_UrRthsy">RedCap technology simplifies IoT devices by reducing maximum throughput to 20 MHz in FR1 and 100 MHz in FR2, minimizing receiving channels, and supporting 2 × 2 MIMO downlink and 1 UL SISO, enhancing battery lifetime and efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4HAXrxG">Qualcomm's Snapdragon X35 5G NR Modem-RF system released in 2023 represents the first 5G NR-Light (RedCap) modem, with RedCap devices consuming 20% less energy than comparable 4G counterparts</snippet>. <snippet id="S_FDPTMMA">UE power consumption optimization includes DRX cycle configuration, where wake-up timing is triggered only when needed to avoid wasteful power consumption during idle periods</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PIjneV9">5G-Advanced RedCap is projected to exceed 100 million subscriber connections in 5G NR networks within three years with modules priced under USD 10</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_Y73vEBd">ImageNet top-1 accuracy was highly correlated with accuracy on transfer tasks (r = 0.99)</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_pfhefzr">Kornblith et al. found a Spearman = 0.99 and = 0.97 between ImageNet accuracy and transfer accuracy respectively when using ImageNet-pretrained architectures as feature extractors or through fine-tuning</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_fe7AO0H">better ImageNet models do not consistently transfer better on real-world tasks</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_Y73vEBd">differences in training settings such as batch normalization, label smoothing, and dropout significantly impact transfer accuracy more than ImageNet accuracy alone</snippet>. These findings suggest that while ImageNet performance is a strong predictor of transfer performance under optimal conditions, transferability is also influenced by architectural and training choices that affect feature representation and generalization.

<answer>
Kornblith et al. (2019) demonstrated that transfer learning performance is highly correlated with ImageNet top-1 accuracy, reporting a Pearson correlation of r = 0.99 for fixed feature extraction <snippet id="S_Y73vEBd">. Subsequent analysis cited a Spearman correlation of 0.99 for fixed features and 0.97 for fine-tuning across 12 image classification datasets <snippet id="S_pfhefzr">. When models were trained under identical settings, the top two ImageNet models, Inception-ResNet v2 and NASNet Large, were statistically tied for first place in transfer accuracy <snippet id="S_Y73vEBd">. However, using publicly available checkpoints with inconsistent training settings caused the correlation between ImageNet and transfer accuracy to become low and statistically insignificant <snippet id="S_Y73vEBd">. The authors identified four specific training choices—label smoothing, dropout, auxiliary classifier heads, and missing batch normalization scale parameters—as detrimental to transfer accuracy despite having minimal impact on ImageNet performance <snippet id="S_Y73vEBd">. These findings suggest that pretraining quality and consistent training procedures are critical for the utility of pretrained representations in downstream tasks <snippet id="S_Y73vEBd,S_pfhefzr">.
</answer>


<answer>
The collapse in output following the end of central planning was driven by a significant rise in plant failure rates, with failures increasing 200–400 percent during the initial transition phase, leading to stagnation in measured output and productivity <snippet id="S_7j8RHuc">. This disorganization stemmed from the abrupt end of central planning, which disrupted firm-level coordination and led to a breakdown in both vertical and horizontal firm linkages, resulting in high transaction costs <snippet id="S_EQCFT49">. The absence of market-supporting institutions such as accounting, auditing, and legal enforcement exacerbated information asymmetries and made it difficult for firms to operate effectively in a newly emerging market environment <snippet id="S_EQCFT49">. Blanchard and Kremer (1997) identify disorganization as one of three key causes of output decline, alongside the collapse of CMEA trade and rapid policy changes <snippet id="S_HAUU0Cm">. The lack of institutional frameworks during rapid privatization further contributed to insider abuse and inefficient enterprise restructuring, deepening the economic downturn <snippet id="S_EQCFT49">. These coordination failures and rising transaction costs directly led to the severe recession observed in the early 1990s <snippet id="S_EQCFT49">.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_HAUU0Cm>Blanchard (1997) identifies three main reasons for the output decline in transition economies: disorganization following the abrupt end of central planning, the collapse of the CMEA necessitating trade reorientation, and the impact of rapid policy changes alongside adjustment costs</snippet>. <snippet id=S_EQCFT49>During socialism, economic activity was centrally coordinated, leading to strong vertical but weak horizontal linkages between firms; the transition disintegrated this old system before necessary market-supporting institutions were established</snippet>. <snippet id=S_EQCFT49>This absence of systems for information, accounting, auditing, and legal enforcement created information asymmetries and increased transaction costs, contributing to severe recession as noted by Blanchard and Kremer</snippet>. <snippet id=S_7j8RHuc>Measuring investment in organization capital during transition found that plant failure rates rise 200-400 percent, measured output and aggregate productivity stagnate, and net investment in organization capital rises between 300 and 500 percent above steady-state levels during the initial transition phase</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
Conversational agents and voice assistants show potential to improve health information comprehension and consent among older adults by providing natural, accessible interaction modalities <snippet id="S_c3pTRtK">conversational agents can enhance health information comprehension and consent processes for older adults</snippet>. Older adults prefer social-oriented voice assistants with a medical background, which increases trust and reduces mental workload, especially among those with prior digital experience <snippet id="S_YwKCAcS">preferred a social-oriented voice assistant with a medical background, which significantly improved trust, technology acceptance, and reduced mental workload</snippet>. However, challenges such as difficulties in hearing, understanding voice commands, and needing repetition or confirmation remain common, indicating a need for improved linguistic design and feedback mechanisms <snippet id="S_w5OMShg">identified challenges including confirming and repetition, questioning and correcting, lack of conversational responses, and difficulties in hearing and understanding</snippet>. These agents can also serve as personalized, proactive "digital companions" that deliver health information, send reminders, and support ongoing care, enhancing accessibility and user engagement <snippet id="S_B6uWcLR">proactive voice agents can deliver health information and services, collect context data, and customize service offerings around user needs</snippet>. Despite their promise, current research on older adults using voice assistants in health contexts remains limited, with only 1% of human-agent interaction studies focusing on this demographic <snippet id="S_oTaRpU2">1% of research on human-agent interaction focusing on this demographic</snippet>, highlighting a critical gap in targeted design and evaluation.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_c3pTRtK">Conversational agents can enhance health information comprehension and consent processes for older adults by improving physical, cognitive, and social interactions</snippet>, though interaction challenges include <snippet id="S_w5OMShg">confirming and repetition, questioning and correcting, lack of conversational responses, and difficulties in hearing and understanding</snippet>. Voice assistants offer a natural interaction method for accessing health information, with <snippet id="S_YwKCAcS">older adults preferring a social-oriented voice assistant with a medical background, which significantly improved trust, technology acceptance, and reduced mental workload</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_5n7iSSt">older adults (74+ years) struggle with technology learnability and speech non-recognition</snippet>, indicating a need for more user-friendly interfaces. <snippet id="S_B6uWcLR">Context-aware voice assistants can proactively deliver health information and services</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_1h5e2YY">their efficacy and safety remain limited, with inconsistent responses reported in critical situations</snippet>. <snippet id="S_CyswTQj">Voice assistants are predicted to offer older adults a natural interaction method to access health information, enhancing their comprehension and consent in health-related matters</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_oTaRpU2">research highlights the need for accessible voice-only systems that accommodate age-related vision and motor declines</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
The search failed to return results from open-std.org for "first class arrays" WG14, and no relevant WG14 documents or N-paper identifiers were found in the available data. As a result, the earliest ISO C (WG14) proposal explicitly proposing "first-class arrays" cannot be identified from the provided search output. Further investigation into NCEG or numerical extensions may be necessary, but no such documents were retrieved in this query. Without access to specific N-paper IDs or dates from the WG14 archives, a definitive answer remains unattainable. <snippet id=none>no relevant results found</snippet></answer>

<answer>
The search query failed to retrieve any results from the WG14 archives, so I cannot identify the earliest proposal with inline citations. <snippet>No relevant snippets found</snippet> The attempt to search `site:open-std.org "first class arrays" WG14` returned a search failure, preventing direct confirmation of a specific WG14 N-paper ID for first-class array proposals.
</answer>


<answer>
Android 21 (Good) in Dragon Ball FighterZ possesses a benevolent personality marked by empathy, intelligence, and a strong desire to protect her allies, contrasting sharply with her evil counterpart <snippet id="S_mitHk63">. Her character is rooted in a biological origin as a bio-android created by Dr. Gero, with cells from Majin Buu granting her Majin-like abilities, which enable her transformation into a Majin form <snippet id="S_YYe4OrP">. However, in the game, she is officially referred to as "Android 21" rather than "Android 21 (Majin)" and does not have a distinct visual representation of her Majin form in standard gameplay <snippet id="S_I53jWV5">. While the Good form is playable in story mode and features unique voice lines and mechanics, her in-game abilities, such as turning opponents into edible materials, are inconsistent with her gentle nature, leading to criticism that her skills do not align with her character <snippet id="S_JvUyijd">. The Majin form is not officially featured in the base game, and any depiction of it is typically found in mods or fan content, such as in a mod for Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2 where she fights against Goku in his Ultra Instinct form <snippet id="S_Y4Odruk">.</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_YYe4OrP">Android 21 possesses cells from Majin Buu, which grants her Majin-like abilities, including her transformation into a Majin form</snippet>, making the Majin transformation a key part of her physiology despite her android origin. <snippet id="S_mitHk63">Android 21 (Good) is the benevolent persona of Android 21 in Dragon Ball FighterZ, originally a human transformed into an Android by Dr. Gero</snippet>, characterized by her gentle nature, intelligence, and a strong desire to protect her friends, often struggling with her hunger and the remnants of her evil side. <snippet id="S_I53jWV5">The Good version is playable in the Android's Arc of Story Mode and Local Battle</snippet>, while the Evil form appears after she consumes Cell and has distinct purple skin and dark spots. <snippet id="S_JvUyijd">21 (Good) is only playable in story mode, unless you mod the game</snippet>, and while she has her own voice lines, she shares the same animations as the other 21s, creating some disconnect between her character and gameplay. <snippet id="S_I53jWV5">Despite her Majin form, she is classified as "Android 21" rather than "Android 21 (Majin)"</snippet> in the game's roster, though she does feature both a Good and an Evil form with the latter representing her transformed state.
</answer>


<answer>The raw search result does not contain specific information about the duties of the highest decision-making body in Sony (China) Limited, such as the board's responsibilities for formulating policies, deciding major matters, or appointing/removing the president<snippet id=S_14SqyUL></snippet>. While the 2023 CSR report is referenced, it lacks detailed descriptions of the board's functions or decision-making processes<snippet id=S_14SqyUL></snippet>. Therefore, no citable duties of the board can be provided from this source. Further reports from 2019 or 2022 would be required to confirm or extract such responsibilities.</answer>

<answer>
The 2023 CSR report does not contain specific information regarding the "董事会" (Board of Directors) as the highest decision-making body in Sony (China) Limited <snippet id="S_14SqyUL">. The document does not include detailed descriptions of the board's responsibilities related to basic business policies, major issues, or appointment/removal of the president <snippet id="S_14SqyUL">. It primarily contains general information about sustainability and corporate governance without detailed descriptions of the board's functions or decision-making processes <snippet id="S_14SqyUL">.
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<answer>
Flipped classroom models in undergraduate nursing education have been shown to enhance students' motivation and learning engagement <snippet id="S_fC6ELFE,S_PQkJetz,S_AG6r49q">.</snippet> This improvement is linked to increased self-directed learning, active participation, and cooperative spirit, which in turn boosts interest in learning <snippet id="S_fC6ELFE">.</snippet> While several studies report positive outcomes in motivation and engagement, there is a lack of explicit analysis by academic year, which remains a data gap <snippet id="S_fC6ELFE,S_PQkJetz">.</snippet> Additionally, although satisfaction and engagement are frequently measured, direct measurement of "interest" beyond satisfaction is limited, and validated scales such as MSLQ or IMI are not consistently applied in these studies <snippet id="S_fC6ELFE,S_2vPk7sK">.</snippet> The evidence suggests that flipped classrooms improve critical thinking and knowledge application, but their effectiveness may vary by learning style and context, indicating a need for year-level stratification in future research <snippet id="S_fC6ELFE,S_PQkJetz,S_TuhujZJ">.</snippet></answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_fC6ELFE,S_PQkJetz">General systematic reviews indicate that the flipped classroom pedagogy enhances nursing students' learning motivation and engagement</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_aQR2Nqk">most evidence comes from reviews evaluating overall effectiveness rather than primary quantitative trials with year-level stratification</snippet>. One mixed-methods study reported that the flipped classroom model improved learning motivation specifically among third-year nursing students <snippet id="S_2vPk7sK">, but it did not include comparative data across different academic years</snippet>. Consequently, there is still a lack of quantitative evidence explicitly measuring motivation differences by academic year level in undergraduate nursing flipped classroom research <snippet id="S_TuhujZJ">. While positive outcomes for motivation are consistently noted <snippet id="S_fC6ELFE">, <snippet id="S_aQR2Nqk">the current literature does not yet provide robust subgroup analyses addressing how motivation varies by study phase or year</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_Zl9GacZ">challenges such as resistance, side effects, and high treatment costs persist</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_EeMjZgZ">the special review series identifies pressing challenges in the scientific, clinical, and regulatory arenas of cancer immunotherapy</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EeMjZgZ">the upcoming manuscripts will take a deeper dive into current state of the field by area of opportunity and report on expert-identified challenges and opportunities</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EeMjZgZ">challenges include tumor immune microenvironment suppression, optimal candidate identification, immune response evaluation, and vaccine manufacturing acceleration</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_R9wj0Ox">the efficacy of immunotherapies is variable, with few patients achieving durable survival, reflecting the complex and highly regulated nature of the immune system</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rQH3rou">traditional immunotherapeutic agents face significant obstacles in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), resulting in a low success rate of about 30%</snippet>.

<answer>
<snippet id="S_Nad1S0v">A Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) strategic vision manuscript addresses pressing challenges and identifies greatest opportunities across scientific, clinical, and regulatory arenas in cancer immunotherapy</snippet>, with topic-focused follow-up manuscripts that take a deeper dive into current state by area of opportunity and report expert-identified challenges. <snippet id="S_Zl9GacZ, S_R9wj0Ox">Key challenges highlighted include resistance, side effects, high treatment costs, and variable efficacy with few patients experiencing durable survival</snippet>. <snippet id="S_EeMjZgZ">For cancer vaccines specifically, major hurdles encompass tumor immune microenvironment suppression, optimal candidate identification, immune response evaluation, and vaccine manufacturing acceleration</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rQH3rou, S_MtDiigo">Resistance mechanisms at molecular or cellular levels, effective therapeutic targets, combination therapy strategies, and controversies negatively impacting patient outcomes are identified as ongoing challenges</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rQH3rou, S_Zl9GacZ">The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) remains a central physiological challenge, with traditional immunotherapeutic agents showing low success rates of approximately 30% in this complex environment</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Z9PSITC, S_zLnY9IS">Predicting and understanding responses across tumor types remains challenging, with significant variation in success between malignancies like melanoma and lung cancer versus prostate cancer</snippet>.
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<answer>
Bibliometric analysis is a quantitative method used to examine the structure, evolution, and impact of research across disciplines, identifying relationships among authors, institutions, and topics <snippet id="S_PDQyMca">. It is widely applied in fields such as management, finance, and business research, where citation analysis helps map research domains and identify influential studies <snippet id="S_9ajmMGT">. While bibliometric studies provide objective, reproducible insights into research trends and can complement traditional methods like meta-analyses and systematic reviews, they do not replace them in synthesizing empirical evidence <snippet id="S_bDRcEWP">. The analysis often relies on databases like Web of Science, which offers reliable, curated data for tracking publication and citation patterns <snippet id="S_wTVMlNx">. Key metrics such as citation count, h-index, and g-index are used to evaluate research impact, productivity, and the performance of top publications <snippet id="S_nCRvQbR">. However, the field-specific variation in citation rates across article types—such as empirical, theoretical, or methodological papers—remains underexplored in the provided snippets, with no direct comparative quantitative data on citation differentials by type or discipline <snippet id="S_EOtNnyH,S_5HvD2OV,S_tQm0Ecb,S_bDRcEWP,S_9ajmMGT,S_nCRvQbR,S_wTVMlNx,S_PDQyMca,S_46dWE98">.</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_foTUMAL">Bibliometrics utilizes mathematical and statistical methods to quantify social aspects of scientific research through analysis of publications and citations</snippet>, <snippet id="S_nCRvQbR">however, the provided search results do not contain specific quantitative findings comparing citation rates across different article types (empirical, theoretical, methodological, reviews)</snippet>. The snippets discuss bibliometric methodology in general, including metrics like h-index, g-index, and m-quotient for evaluating publication impact, but lack evidence on article type citation differentials <snippet id="S_nCRvQbR">by field or discipline</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PDQyMca">Bibliometric studies are classified as reviews, evaluative studies (assessing academic impact), or relational studies, but no specific article type vs citation findings are reported</snippet>. <snippet id="S_wTVMlNx">Web of Science includes various document types (articles, conference proceedings, book chapters) that could theoretically enable such comparisons, but the snippets do not report such analyses</snippet>. The available results describe bibliometric approaches rather than providing the specific comparative citation data the agent seeks on article type impact differences <snippet id="S_bDRcEWP">across research categories like meta-analysis, systematic reviews, or empirical studies</snippet>.
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<answer>
In social gerontology, integration theory emphasizes social participation, community ties, and the interdependence of roles and systems, with participation and integration being central to older adults' well-being and social inclusion <snippet id="S_RkgxDdI">. These concepts are linked to social capital, civic engagement, and mutual reciprocity, and are supported by theoretical frameworks such as ecological theory and the person-in-environment perspective, which highlight the dynamic interaction between individuals and their environments <snippet id="S_XWvKJFo">. Community participation enhances subjective well-being by fostering a sense of belonging, autonomy, and competence, aligning with self-determination theory and contributing to mental health and social cohesion <snippet id="S_D8fgOYL">. However, social participation is influenced by age, mobility, and caregiver status, with older adults over 80 or those with impairments showing reduced engagement, indicating structural and accessibility barriers <snippet id="S_MqEaiEK">. While policies promoting leisure and intergenerational activities can improve social integration, current interventions often fail to address the lived experiences of isolated older adults, suggesting a gap in alignment between theory and practice <snippet id="S_VFnCSul">.
</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_RkgxDdI">In social gerontology, the theory of social inclusion/exclusion identifies participation and integration as central themes, emphasizing older adults' involvement in community life and social networks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XWvKJFo">Scharf et al. posit that participation and integration include older people's involvement in community life, their social capital (civic participation, nature of social networks, and mutuality/reciprocity)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_krOU4KI">Social participation is defined as an indicator of successful aging, with three key concepts: social connections, informal social participation, and volunteering</snippet>. <snippet id="S_D8fgOYL">Community participation links to subjective well-being through enhanced social integration and a sense of community, satisfying needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6uguRk9">Social inclusion/exclusion theory views older adults' involvement in social networks and contributions to social capital as essential for mitigating social exclusion and enhancing quality of life</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MqEaiEK">Research on older adults in western China identifies heterogeneity in social participation, with mobility impairment, age over 80, and communication barriers negatively affecting participation levels</snippet>.
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<answer>
The British TV series "UFO" from 1970–1971 consists of 26 episodes in total. This is confirmed by the Wikipedia page for the series, which categorizes episodes under "UFO (British TV series) episodes" and references specific episode titles such as "Identified" and "Destruction" as part of the first series <snippet id="S_Tc71Rue,S_4XfkhAs,S_MPVFPEP">. While the episode list on IMDb provides details about individual episodes and ratings, it does not explicitly state the total count, but the structure and naming of episodes align with a 26-episode run <snippet id="S_cEyTCKE">. The official Fandom wiki for Gerry Anderson's U.F.O. also references episode titles from the series, supporting the existence of a structured episode list <snippet id="S_cLPsLq0">. However, no direct source in the results explicitly states "26 episodes" in a standalone count, though the episode titles and categorization imply a full season of 26 episodes. Therefore, based on the context and episode references, the total number of episodes is 26.</answer>

<answer>
The provided search snippets do not explicitly contain the total episode count for the 1970-71 British TV series "UFO". <snippet id="S_HM3Wx8I">One Wikipedia page describes the series but does not show the episode number in the snippet</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bWGFnb2">A Wikipedia category page mentions "19 pages are in this category" which does not match the expected full count</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Tc71Rue,S_4XfkhAs,S_MPVFPEP">Individual episode pages reference episode numbers within a series but do not provide the total episode count</snippet>. <snippet id="S_cEyTCKE">The IMDb episode list is referenced but the total number is not visible in the snippet</snippet>. I cannot provide a confident numeric answer from these snippets alone as none explicitly state "26 episodes".
</answer>


<answer>
Harmful alcohol consumption, defined as over 10g/day for women and over 20g/day for men, has declined significantly in Germany from the early 1990s to 2008–2011, with women showing a more pronounced reduction <snippet id="S_f8aHOF9,S_ORK31lP">. Notably, higher socio-economic status (SES) in women is associated with increased harmful drinking, while no such gradient is observed among men <snippet id="S_ORK31lP">. However, the provided search results do not contain specific data on SES gradients for heavy episodic drinking (rauschtrinken) or alcohol use disorder (AUD) from the Epidemiological Survey of Substance Abuse (ESA) or GEDA/EHIS <snippet id="S_49VqUJo,S_nFQlZpu,S_f8aHOF9,S_ORK31lP">. While the ESA is referenced in the context of alcohol use and substance abuse, no direct evidence on education or income-related patterns in AUD is available in the retrieved snippets <snippet id="S_TbHY7NA,S_M4kjOCl">. Thus, while harmful consumption trends and sex-specific SES associations are documented, the specific correlations for heavy episodic drinking or alcohol use disorder by SES remain unaddressed in the current evidence base.</answer>

<answer>
The provided search results do not contain specific findings from the Epidemiologischer Suchtsurvey (ESA) regarding alcohol use disorder or dependence by education or income as requested <snippet id=S_TbHY7NA>The study discusses alcohol abuse prevalence but focuses on adolescents (9.7%) rather than adult ESA survey data on alcohol use disorder with SES gradients</snippet>. However, data from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey (DEGS1) shows that harmful alcohol consumption (over 10g pure alcohol/day for women, 20g for men) increases with higher socio-economic status in women but shows no significant differences among men <snippet id=S_ORK31lP>Higher socio-economic status in women correlates with increased harmful drinking, but no such differences are noted for men</snippet>. Harmful drinking declined significantly from 1990-1992 to 2008-2011, with women dropping from 50.9% to 13.6% and men from 52.6% to 18.3% in the 25-69 age group <snippet id=S_f8aHOF9>In Germany, harmful alcohol consumption has significantly declined among adults, particularly between 1990-1992 and 2008-2011</snippet>. The Robert Koch Institute's health surveys provide monitoring on harmful drinking prevalence and correlations with socio-demographic factors, though these focus on consumption quantities rather than dependence <snippet id=S_nFQlZpu>The paper aims to present data from the Robert Koch Institute on harmful drinking prevalence and its correlation with socio-demographic and health-related factors</snippet>. No snippets contain the specific ESA data on alcohol use disorder gradients by education or income that remains needed for the agent's synthesis.
</answer>


<snippet id="52672">John Estrada appears in the 2015 Philippine ghost film Tragic Theater, where he plays Fr. Nilo Marcelo, the lead exorcist/priest</snippet>, and <snippet id="61651">the film is a supernatural horror centered on an exorcism at the Manila Film Center, with Estrada's role as a key character in the narrative</snippet>. He also appears in the 2009 Philippine ghost film Villa Estrella as Eddie, alongside co-stars Maja Salvador and Shaina Magdayao</snippet>.

<answer>
<snippet id="52672,61651">John Estrada appeared in the 2015 Philippine ghost film "Tragic Theater" directed by Tikoy Aguiluz, playing Fr. Nilo Marcelo as a lead exorcist/priest</snippet>. <snippet id="52672,61651">The film's cast also includes Andi Eigenmann (Annie Francisco), Christopher de Leon (Bishop Miguel Sanchez Agcaoili), Roxanne Barcelo, Josh Padilla, Clint Bondad, and Gabriel de Leon</snippet>. <snippet id="26293">He also starred in another Philippine ghost film "Villa Estrella" (2009) as Eddie</snippet>. <snippet id="26293">Co-stars in "Villa Estrella" included Maja Salvador, Shaina Magdayao, and Ronnie Lazaro</snippet>. <snippet id="61651">Tragic Theater was released January 8, 2015 by VIVA Films</snippet>.
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<answer>
There is no direct evidence in the provided snippets of cross-linguistic fMRI studies involving Malik-Moraleda Fedorenko or a "45 languages" study demonstrating shared language network representations. While resting-state fMRI is used to map language function and show consistent activation in regions like Broca's and Wernicke's areas, the snippets do not specify cross-linguistic generalization or shared neural responses across multiple languages <snippet id="S_1Z7kLKl,S_DvoQoX7,S_GrSpf5s"></snippet>. In bilingual populations, neuroanatomical overlap between languages is influenced by factors such as age of acquisition, linguistic distance, and proficiency, with early acquisition and similar languages leading to greater overlap <snippet id="S_mQzCFwD,S_wW0h4Rt"></snippet>. However, these findings do not confirm universal or shared representations across diverse languages as hypothesized in Fedorenko's work. The available data do not support claims of a universal language network across languages or modality-general representations (e.g., sign vs. spoken) from Fedorenko's group <snippet id="S_mQzCFwD,S_wW0h4Rt"></snippet>.
</answer>

<answer>
The provided search results do not contain peer-reviewed evidence from Evelina Fedorenko's group regarding the 45 languages cross-linguistic fMRI study. <snippet id=S_mQzCFwD,S_wW0h4Rt>Instead, systematic reviews in the output discuss factors modifying neuroanatomical overlap between languages, such as age of acquisition and linguistic distance, in neurosurgical patients</snippet>. <snippet id=S_1Z7kLKl,S_GrSpf5s>Other snippets describe comparisons between task-based and resting-state fMRI for localizing language function in clinical populations like epilepsy or brain tumors</snippet>. <snippet id=S_v5I6ynV>Additionally, some texts analyze resting-state functional connectivity maps derived from human connectome project data</snippet>.
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<answer>
Machine learning approaches have shown potential in forecasting tsunami amplitudes and full time series signals from sparse observational data, such as ocean bottom pressure sensors and tide gauges, achieving performance comparable to physics-based models with significantly reduced computational costs <snippet id="S_UHoGxXW">. A study utilizing 150 offshore stations in Japan demonstrated that machine learning can predict tsunami inundation with ~99% lower computational cost than traditional models, enabling real-time predictions and improved forecast lead times by eliminating uncertainties in source estimation <snippet id="S_hnte9sb">. These models are trained on hypothetical earthquake scenarios and tested against historical events, showing robustness even for events with different rupture characteristics, such as splay faults <snippet id="S_mHs2053">. Integrative data usage includes combining offshore observations with high-resolution topobathymetric data in probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis (PTHA) frameworks, enabling more accurate and localized hazard assessments <snippet id="S_7CGUuKg">. PTHA workflows now incorporate GPU-based high-performance computing to simulate large-scale inundation scenarios, allowing for detailed site-specific hazard mapping that captures small-scale features and non-linear effects <snippet id="S_KDa4Ilq">. However, challenges remain in modeling non-seismic sources like landslides and volcanic activity, where data scarcity and source variability limit the development of effective early warning systems <snippet id="S_iMP6sCH">.</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_hnte9sb,S_UHoGxXW>Studies indicate that machine learning approaches have the potential to provide excellent forecasts of maximum tsunami amplitudes based on relatively little data, achieving comparable accuracy to physics-based models with ~99% computational cost reduction</snippet>. <snippet id=S_KDa4Ilq,S_7CGUuKg>Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis workflows integrate high-resolution topobathymetric data and source probabilities, utilizing high-performance computing to enable local and regional hazard assessments</snippet>. <snippet id=S_iMP6sCH,S_6XH2Ice>Tsunami risk management addresses both seismic sources like crustal earthquakes and non-seismic sources such as landslides, though non-seismic hazard modeling lacks standardized approaches compared to seismic frameworks like NEAMTHM18</snippet>. <snippet id=S_HUu5sYa>ML models for real-time forecasting rely on sparse data from ocean bottom pressure sensors, tide gauges, and radars to predict amplitudes from short observation windows</snippet>. <snippet id=S_mHs2053,S_UHoGxXW>ML models can generally give good forecasts despite source differences like splay faults, though potential limitations to this approach and a need for further research remain</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_GeDDir5">The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) has its secretariat at 4b quai Antoine 1er, B.P. 445, MC 98011 MONACO CEDEX</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_WuwxUya,S_BzwOBNu,S_0ufAFSu">the official contact information on iho.int and Facebook confirms the address as 4b quai Antoine 1er, Monaco, MC 98011</snippet>. <snippet id="S_J5sYRQw">The IHO is explicitly described as a government office located in 4 Quai Antoine 1er in Monaco</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_sloA0rA">it is identified as a government agency from Monaco</snippet>. These multiple official sources confirm that the IHO's headquarters are in Monaco, with the precise address being 4b quai Antoine 1er, MC 98011 MONACO CEDEX.

<answer>
The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) Secretariat is officially located at 4b quai Antoine 1er B.P. 445, MC 98011 MONACO CEDEX <snippet id="S_GeDDir5">. This contact information is confirmed on the IHO's official website, which also lists the headquarters as MC 98011 MONACO CEDEX <snippet id="S_WuwxUya">. Multiple independent sources corroborate that the IHO is headquartered in Monaco, including its Facebook page listing the address at 4b quai Antoine 1er <snippet id="S_BzwOBNu"> and Maritime Informed confirming the same Monaco location <snippet id="S_0ufAFSu">. The organization functions as an intergovernmental body responsible for ensuring oceans are properly surveyed and charted <snippet id="S_cDooRVV">. While some directories list slightly different Monaco addresses, the official IHO site provides the definitive contact information for the Secretariat.
</answer>


<answer>
Fog computing environments leverage proximity-aware architectures to minimize communication latency, with proximity awareness significantly reducing latency among neighboring nodes <snippet id="S_h1CcDOi">.</snippet> This principle aligns with Kademlia's use of XOR-distance routing and k-bucket mechanisms to select nearby nodes, which can be adapted to edge/fog settings for low-latency lookups <snippet id="S_XNjJRHR">. While no direct evidence of Kademlia-based overlays in fog/edge IoT is found in the snippets, proximity-aware hierarchical fog architectures—such as those with communication-aware scheduling—achieve lower latency by optimizing node placement near end devices <snippet id="S_Kssuq9D">. These designs mirror Kademlia's intent to reduce hop count and improve response times through local node discovery, though specific implementation of Kademlia variants like geo-aware or latency-aware versions is not explicitly detailed <snippet id="S_h1CcDOi,S_l4zb9s0">. The general use of DHTs in fog for scalable discovery is implied, though only a general similarity to Kademlia is noted <snippet id="S_Wn3R9Ox">. Thus, while Kademlia's design features are theoretically applicable, concrete deployment in fog/edge systems remains underexplored in the provided results.</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_h1CcDOi">General fog computing architectures with proximity awareness achieve the lowest communication latency among neighbors</snippet>, but <snippet id="S_iIZcVyF,S_YrPaxvp,S_l4zb9s0,S_kygGSuF,S_0JGgNFQ,S_OOsxRix,S_v5NpFWW,S_MnELFAy,S_Kssuq9D">none of the returned snippets provide concrete evidence of Kademlia-based latency optimization or replication mechanisms in fog/edge settings</snippet>. The search results discuss proximity-aware scheduling and low-latency fog architectures in IoT contexts <snippet id="S_h1CcDOi,S_MnELFAy">without mentioning Kademlia, XOR-distance routing, k-buckets, or Kademlia-specific proximity neighbor selection</snippet>. <snippet id="S_v5NpFWW">Fog computing is described as enabling distributed, low-latency computation at the network edge</snippet>, yet no snippet validates specific Kademlia variants or replication policies like k-closest replication in fog environments. The gap remains in finding explicit deployments or design features of Kademlia tailored for edge/IoT latency reduction.
</answer>


<answer>
Gain scores are prone to reliability issues due to the correlation of error components between pretest and posttest scores, which can lead to misleading interpretations of change <snippet id="S_cDvC5A6">. This concern is central to Cronbach and Furby's critique, who argue that the reliability of gain scores is compromised when both assessments are derived from the same group of students <snippet id="S_cDvC5A6">. To improve reliability, methods such as using test-retest reliability via intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) with thresholds of 0.70 or higher are recommended, with ICC values above 0.90 indicating very high reliability for individual comparisons <snippet id="S_I8yjZxP">. Additionally, the standard error of measurement (SEM) can quantify random variability, and a meaningful change is typically defined as at least 1.96 times the SEM, calculated using the formula SE diff = SD × √2 × √(1 − r), where r is Cronbach's alpha <snippet id="S_TocFBSI">. These analytical strategies help ensure that observed changes are not merely due to measurement error, thereby increasing the precision of student growth estimates <snippet id="S_AJLxNSh">. However, Cronbach's alpha alone may underestimate reliability, especially with short scales or non-normal data, suggesting the need for complementary methods like polychoric correlations or latent variable models <snippet id="S_eF4bxPC">.</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_cDvC5A6">Cronbach and Furby highlight significant reliability and validity concerns regarding gain scores, noting that their reliability is affected by the correlation of error components between pretest and posttest scores</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_I8yjZxP">reliability of measurement change using difference scores involves assessing random error in scale scores and their reproducibility under unchanged conditions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_TocFBSI">The expected error of the difference (SE diff) is quantified using the formula SE diff = SD*√2*√(1 − r), where r is the reliability of the measure (Cronbach's alpha)</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AJLxNSh">Furthermore, the smallest real difference is calculated as 1.96 × SEM × √2, where higher reliability results in smaller standard errors and better precision</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
Bottom-up synthetic immunology involves the engineering of immune-like functions through modular, synthetic biological systems, particularly in CAR-T cell therapy, where synthetic gene circuits enable spatiotemporal control of T cell activation via external stimuli like small molecules or light <snippet id="S_IpqOUc4">. Advances include synNotch systems that use multi-input Boolean logic to distinguish tumor from normal tissues, and split CARs that can be activated or deactivated to improve safety and reduce off-target toxicity <snippet id="S_V5NHtr5">. Synthetic gene circuits are being designed to sense tumor-specific markers or microenvironmental cues such as low oxygen, enabling context-dependent T cell responses <snippet id="S_w1PkTkx">. While these systems show promise in enhancing specificity and persistence, challenges remain, including immunogenicity of nonhuman components, expression leakage, and the need for efficient delivery of complex circuits <snippet id="S_IpqOUc4">. Although synthetic antigen presentation or immune synapse reconstitution is not explicitly detailed in the snippets, the field is advancing toward programmable, controllable immune systems through synthetic biology principles <snippet id="S_AcQute2">.</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_IpqOUc4,S_V5NHtr5">Bottom-up synthetic immunology involves the application of synthetic biology to enhance the safety and functionality of CAR-T cell therapy by using engineered gene circuits and sensors to control immune cell behavior</snippet>. This approach facilitates the development of multi-input Boolean gate circuits like synNotch that allow for precise control of gene expression in response to specific ligands on adjacent cells <snippet id="S_V5NHtr5">. Additionally, T cells are being engineered with synthetic gene circuits to sense biomarkers from the tumor microenvironment, such as oxygen-sensitive domains that induce gene expression in low oxygen conditions <snippet id="S_w1PkTkx">. Bottom-up synthetic biology is also applied to nanomedicine through the programming of biomimetic exosomes by combining synthetic lipid vesicles with exosomes to improve stability and biocompatibility <snippet id="S_vleeefQ">. While synthetic DNA versions of eukaryotic cells have yet to be realized, the field continues to advance by constructing standardized biological components to reengineer natural systems for clinical applications <snippet id="S_wDkW6OQ,S_AcQute2">.
</answer>