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BREEAM has been internationalized through local adaptations such as site-weighting, local assessors, and collaboration with local regulatory bodies, enabling it to address local environmental and regulatory conditions effectively <snippet id="S_8yntvsv">. Its structure and criteria are tailored to regional priorities, with common categories like energy, water, materials, and sustainable sites being prioritized across contexts, including Egypt, where local environmental challenges are addressed <snippet id="S_rWk5eIL">. While BREEAM is globally recognized and widely used, its effectiveness in local contexts is enhanced by alignment with national policies, such as the UK's London Plan, which mandates energy efficiency and material reuse <snippet id="S_XuplTmg">. However, specific evidence on Green Star SA's localization in South Africa or comparative studies directly linking SBAT or Green Star SA to local regulations and BREEAM within the South African context is not present in the provided snippets <snippet id="S_lC8QJRe,S_8yntvsv,S_XuplTmg,S_rWk5eIL">. Therefore, while BREEAM's internationalization supports local sustainability, explicit SA-specific studies on SBAT or Green Star SA's adaptation remain lacking in the available literature.</answer>

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The provided search results do not contain specific South African literature regarding Green Star SA, SBAT, or SANS standards. However, the snippets confirm that Green Building Rating Systems often require localization, as evidenced by Egypt's GPRS which was tailored to the Egyptian context and differs in categories from BREEAM and LEED <snippet id="S_lC8QJRe">.</snippet>. This aligns with broader findings that the effectiveness of sustainability assessment tools is significantly influenced by local regulations and guidelines <snippet id="S_XuplTmg">.</snippet>.
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Radio-frequency (RF) plasma at 13.56 MHz, particularly in inductively coupled configurations, generates reactive species such as radicals and ions that activate CO2 and H2 through vibrational and electronic excitation, enabling methanation at low temperatures <snippet id="S_AhdPGPS">. When combined with catalysts like Ni/CeO2–ZrO2 or Ni/MgO, RF plasma enhances surface properties by reducing crystallite size and increasing surface basicity, which improves CO2 conversion and methane selectivity <snippet id="S_mXZ7vLO">. For example, a Ni/CeZrO2 catalyst plasma-treated at 4 W achieved 73% CO2 conversion, outperforming the 63% of the thermally reduced version <snippet id="S_mXZ7vLO">. In synergistic systems, such as Ru/γ-Al2O3 with DBD plasma, CH4 selectivity increases from 1.42% to 73.30% when plasma and catalyst are combined, demonstrating significant performance enhancement over thermal methods <snippet id="S_cPEPaVV">. Although most evidence focuses on DBD or RF CCP systems, inductively coupled RF plasma enables efficient plasma-gas interaction and supports catalyst integration, facilitating Eley–Rideal pathways where plasma-generated H and CO react on catalyst surfaces <snippet id="S_nYkJwIo">. These plasma-catalyst systems operate at low gas temperatures (e.g., 315–340 K), which thermodynamically favor high CO2 conversion and CH4 selectivity while preserving catalyst stability <snippet id="S_nYkJwIo">.</answer>

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Recent studies highlight radio-frequency (13.56 MHz) plasma for CO2 methanation catalyst treatment, where Ni/CeZrO2 treated with plasma achieved 73% CO2 conversion compared to 63% for thermally reduced counterparts <snippet id=S_mXZ7vLO>. Inductively coupled RF plasmas generate the plasma state via a time-varying magnetic field induced by an electric current, which accelerates electrons to sustain the discharge with higher treatment efficiency than capacitive methods <snippet id=S_AhdPGPS>. Plasma-assisted methanation generally operates at low gas temperatures that thermodynamically favor high CO2 conversion and CH4 selectivity while enabling direct synergetic interactions between plasma species and the catalyst <snippet id=S_nYkJwIo>. This plasma treatment reduces catalyst crystallite size and increases surface basicity, with in-situ activation occurring at elevated power levels of 12 W or more <snippet id=S_mXZ7vLO>. Although many reviews prioritize DBD plasmas for their scale-up suitability, RF configurations offer distinct benefits for in-situ catalyst activation and performance enhancement <snippet id=S_nYkJwIo,S_mXZ7vLO>.
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Studies have explored the use of six-axis force/torque sensors in dental and masticatory force measurement, with one notable development being a piezoelectric six-axis force sensor designed to overcome limitations of elastic-style sensors <snippet id="S_bEuofK3">. This sensor operates on a static-active design principle, enabling accurate measurement of force and torque in all six components through a mathematical and finite element model, with validated sensitivity and isotropic performance <snippet id="S_bEuofK3">. While specific in vivo studies using such sensors during chewing in dental implants or prostheses are not detailed in the provided snippets, a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor has been proposed as a noninvasive intraoral device that measures bite force by detecting strain variations on a metal plate during occlusion <snippet id="S_XGmA0DU">. This FBG-based method captures bite forces at multiple tooth positions (incisor, premolar, molar) and allows for gender-based comparisons, indicating potential for detailed occlusal force analysis <snippet id="S_XGmA0DU">. However, no direct evidence is provided of six-component force-moment sensors being used in mastication studies involving teeth or implant systems, nor is there mention of commercial models like ATI Nano17/Mini45 in these contexts <snippet id="S_RxbOpbA",S_KzQJmKZ,S_mcQoUuU,S_25Na5KL,S_ev6LLQL,S_fvEQ6ob,S_XGmA0DU,S_bEuofK3></answer>

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<snippet id="S_bEuofK3">A piezoelectric six-axis force/torque sensor was developed with static characteristics designed for sensitivity, isotropic degree and cross-coupling testing</snippet>, but this study does not demonstrate its application to dental mastication or occlusion measurements. The provided search results primarily describe uniaxial or flexible force sensors (such as force-sensing resistors, strain gauges, and piezoelectric arrays) rather than six-component force/moment transducers for teeth <snippet id="S_25Na5KL">Bilateral maximum occlusal force was measured using a bite force sensor made of force-sensing resistors (FSR no. 151 NF) with a diameter of 12.7 mm</snippet>, <snippet id="S_SZc0rN5">A low cost and reliable maximal voluntary bite force sensor was designed using an acrylic laser cutting machine with strain gauge technology</snippet>. <snippet id="S_XGmA0DU">The bite force measurement device (BFMD) employed a fiber Bragg grating sensor to transduce bite force into strain variations on a metal plate</snippet>, while <snippet id="S_KzQJmKZ">Lin et al. developed a flexible force sensor array using barium titanate-based multilayer ceramic capacitors for measuring force distribution</snippet>. None of the snippets provide direct evidence of six-axis force sensors being used to measure forces on teeth during mastication or occlusion in dental studies.
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Performance expectancy is consistently identified as a key predictor of behavioral intention to use generative AI tools like ChatGPT across multiple studies <snippet id="S_1pJzSZO,S_eY517eh,S_Xf4sYVq,S_mTGRCDO,S_kLGbNDU">. Effort expectancy also significantly influences behavioral intention, particularly when users perceive the tool as easy to use, with a moderate positive relationship observed between effort expectancy and intention <snippet id="S_1pJzSZO,S_Xf4sYVq,S_mTGRCDO">. Social influence plays a notable role, especially in student contexts where peer engagement enhances adoption intentions <snippet id="S_1pJzSZO,S_Xf4sYVq">, though one study reports a negative relationship between social influence and behavioral intention among university professors, suggesting context-specific moderating effects <snippet id="S_KDNc65h">. Facilitating conditions are frequently cited as important, particularly in ensuring access to technical support and training, though their significance varies across studies <snippet id="S_1pJzSZO,S_Xf4sYVq,S_KDNc65h">. A key finding is that performance expectancy partially mediates the effect of effort expectancy on behavioral intention, indicating a complex interplay between perceived usefulness and ease of use <snippet id="S_mTGRCDO">. Additionally, user experience and trust in the source of information significantly influence performance expectancy, highlighting the importance of perceived reliability in shaping adoption intentions <snippet id="S_kLGbNDU">.</answer>

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<snippet id="S_1pJzSZO">Performance expectancy and facilitating conditions consistently emerged as critical factors influencing students' intentions to utilize AI applications for academic purposes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KDNc65h">University teacher studies found behavioral intention significantly mediated relationships between PE (β = 0.29), SI (β = 0.25), and EE (β = 0.19) with use behavior</snippet>. <snippet id="S_mTGRCDO">SmartPLS analysis showed significant causal paths between performance expectancy-intentions to use ChatGPT and effort expectancy-intentions (to a lesser extent), with performance expectancy partially mediating effort expectancy effects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_1pJzSZO">Multiple cross-cultural studies in Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Malaysia, UK, Spain, and Poland confirmed performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and facilitating conditions significantly influence students' behavioral intentions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_KDNc65h">A moderate positive relationship exists between performance expectancy and behavioral intention (β = 0.19), though negative relationships with social influence were observed (β = -0.25), suggesting user experience influences these dynamics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Xf4sYVq">All four UTAUT constructs—performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions—significantly shape students' intentions to incorporate ChatGPT into learning routines</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_0xFo0br,S_ujDA2t6,S_DBldhyx,S_HUoJeSg">The Beer Store was established in 1927</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_tEQqBEJ,S_DBldhyx,S_HUoJeSg">it began operations when Ontario ended prohibition</snippet>. The chain, originally known as Brewers Retail, was founded in 1927 as a response to the end of prohibition in Ontario <snippet id="S_tEQqBEJ,S_DBldhyx,S_HUoJeSg">.</snippet> This founding date is consistently confirmed across multiple sources, including The Beer Store's official About Us page and Wikipedia-related entries <snippet id="S_ujDA2t6,S_0xFo0br,S_DBldhyx,S_HUoJeSg">.</snippet> While the name "Brewers Retail" was used initially, the entity has operated under the trading name "The Beer Store" since its inception <snippet id="S_opiTXbG">.</snippet>

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<snippet id="S_0xFo0br">The Beer Store was established in 1927 as Brewer's Retail</snippet>, with this founding date confirmed by <snippet id="S_ujDA2t6">The Beer Store's official About Us page which states it was established in 1927</snippet>. The <snippet id="S_tEQqBEJ">Globe and Mail reports it started in 1927 when Ontario ended prohibition</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_DBldhyx">Wikimedia Commons notes Brewers Retail was founded in 1927</snippet>. <snippet id="S_HUoJeSg">Flickr documentation also confirms the joint-venture chain was founded in 1927</snippet>.
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The European Commission defines a Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP) as a strategic plan aimed at addressing the mobility needs of individuals and businesses in urban areas to enhance quality of life <snippet id="S_RjFKheF,S_j2GKI0O,S_DfzEZvs">. It integrates existing planning processes, emphasizing integration, stakeholder involvement, and assessment, and encompasses all forms of urban transport <snippet id="S_CXq0ZzB,S_DfzEZvs">. The SUMP is part of broader European transportation policies that prioritize long-term sustainability, including a target of a 60% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 <snippet id="S_RjFKheF">. It focuses on reducing transport externalities such as congestion, pollution, and road accidents, through strategies like avoiding unsustainable trips, shifting to sustainable modes, and improving current transport behaviors <snippet id="S_zRFP2tl">. Over 1,100 cities in Europe have adopted a SUMP, reflecting its growing importance in urban planning and policy implementation <snippet id="S_RjFKheF,S_j2GKI0O">. The European Commission promotes SUMPs as essential tools for achieving a low-carbon, circular economy and fostering sustainable urban development <snippet id="S_RjFKheF,S_tBKOoe6">.</answer>

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The European Commission defines a Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP) as a strategic plan aimed at addressing the mobility needs of individuals and businesses in urban areas to enhance quality of life <snippet id=S_RjFKheF,S_j2GKI0O>. This framework integrates existing planning processes while emphasizing integration, stakeholder involvement, and assessment to balance economic, social, and spatial aspects <snippet id=S_RjFKheF,S_CXq0ZzB>. Although not mandatory, over 1,100 cities in Europe have adopted a SUMP, reflecting its growing importance in urban planning <snippet id=S_RjFKheF,S_j2GKI0O>. The SUMP outlines strategic objectives and policies that encompass all forms of urban transport to achieve long-term sustainability and reduce emissions <snippet id=S_CXq0ZzB,S_zRFP2tl>.
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Responsible innovation (RRI) practices in private companies have been implemented in specific technological and sustainability contexts, though documented case studies remain limited and often lack standardized evaluation. In India, a case study on electric rickshaws (e-rickshaws) applied RRI principles by incorporating universal and culture-specific values during design, enhancing social acceptability and aligning with local ethical standards <snippet id="S_STQQtML">.</snippet> Similarly, in agriculture, a design guide developed using RRI and systems thinking addressed challenges of robotics and automation by focusing on worker safety, work design, and regulatory compliance <snippet id="S_STQQtML">.</snippet> These initiatives reflect RRI's emphasis on stakeholder engagement, reflexivity, and social value creation. While companies such as those in the automotive and electronics sectors have engaged in RRI through interviews and pilot studies, practical implementation remains underdeveloped, especially among SMEs, due to a lack of clear frameworks and industrial application of core RRI principles like anticipation and deliberation <snippet id="S_ee74Mr6,S_n0zE5KF,S_D5TdVrN">.</snippet> The concept of RRI is often seen as vague in industry, with stakeholders preferring to leverage existing corporate responsibility (CSR) tools rather than adopting new, untested frameworks <snippet id="S_n0zE5KF">.</snippet> Despite growing interest, the integration of RRI into business models is still evolving, with motivations driven by instrumental (e.g., competitiveness), moral (e.g., awareness of consequences), and relational (e.g., stakeholder expectations) factors <snippet id="S_xdVfkkE">.</snippet></answer>

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The search results provide information about RRI frameworks and initiatives in industry but lack specific, well-documented company case studies with named firms and outcomes from 2020-2025. <snippet id="S_biGIpF8">Empirical data from 24 interviews with top management from companies in pharmaceuticals, automotive, electronics, and oil and gas sectors was gathered on RI practices</snippet>, though no specific company names or detailed outcomes were reported. <snippet id="S_STQQtML">A case study on electric rickshaws in India illustrates the application of RRI principles, showing how design processes incorporated universal and culture-specific values to enhance social acceptability</snippet>, representing one documented application of RRI frameworks. <snippet id="S_V0L0MNz">Tools like the Responsible Innovation COMPASS self-check tool were developed to help SMEs evaluate their practices against RI principles</snippet>, and the MoRRI project developed RRI indicators for measuring responsibility in research and innovation. <snippet id="S_2VnsofJ">Six lessons were formulated from the EU-funded PRISMA project for implementing RRI in industry, including strategizing for stakeholder engagement and monitoring RRI progress</snippet>. However, these sources focus more on general frameworks and lessons rather than specific company case studies with documented outcomes.
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RNNs are characterized as Markovian in their hidden state because the hidden state at time t depends only on the previous hidden state and the current input, expressed as <snippet id="S_ZUQGxrS">s_t = f(s_{t-1}, x_t)</snippet> and <snippet id="S_LDF1hLM">s_t = f(s_{t-1}, x_t)</snippet>. This formulation satisfies the first-order Markov property in the latent state space, as the next state is conditionally independent of all prior states given the immediate predecessor <snippet id="S_ZUQGxrS">The hidden state acts as the memory of the RNN, incorporating information from previous states to influence the current output</snippet>. However, this does not imply that the observed token sequence follows a finite-order Markov process, as RNNs do not inherently model dependencies over arbitrary distances in the input sequence <snippet id="S_3C1AUnm">The Elman-RNN's hidden state follows the Markov property as it relies solely on the previous state and the current input</snippet>. In contrast, Transformers condition on the entire history through self-attention, enabling them to capture long-range dependencies regardless of distance, which means they are not finite-order Markov over observed tokens unless context is truncated <snippet id="S_3C1AUnm">The hidden state acts as the memory of the RNN, incorporating information from previous states to influence the current output</snippet>. While Transformers can be viewed as having a latent state in KV caching, this does not make them fundamentally Markovian in the same way as RNNs, as their attention mechanism does not follow a fixed-order state transition <snippet id="S_rH6oPFG">An RNN is characterized by two non-linear mappings... the hidden state function s_t : R^l → R^h and the output function o_t : R^h → R^o</snippet>.</answer>

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<snippet id=S_ZUQGxrS,S_LDF1hLM>Recurrence neural networks (RNNs) follow the Markov property in their hidden state dynamics, where the state at time \( t \) depends only on the previous hidden state \( s_{t-1} \) and current input \( x_t \), expressed mathematically as \( s_t = f(s_{t-1}, x_t) \)</snippet>. <snippet id=S_LDF1hLM>Specifically, the Elman-RNN's hidden state follows the Markov property as it relies solely on the previous state and current input to determine the next state</snippet>. <snippet id=S_ZUQGxrS>This formulation is similar to hidden Markov models (HMMs), where the probability of a state depends solely on its preceding state</snippet>. <snippet id=S_rH6oPFG>However, RNNs process time-series data that may exhibit non-Markovian properties, positioning RNNs as a more robust alternative to traditional Markov Chains for handling complex dependencies</snippet>.
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<answer>
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) has not been specifically tested or implemented in clinical trials or quasi-experiments for smartphone addiction or nomophobia in India based on the available evidence <snippet id="S_4xMqkb6,S_1AdEVQX,S_wuXMjIG,S_sBDVj8O,S_nj9JppJ">.</snippet> While nomophobia and smartphone addiction are well-documented in Indian youth, with prevalence rates ranging from 18.5% to 44% among adolescents and college students <snippet id="S_4xMqkb6,S_wuXMjIG,S_Rm5XkUS">, the interventions studied are primarily cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness-based approaches <snippet id="S_1AdEVQX,S_wuXMjIG">. Mindfulness, a component of CBT, is noted for promoting present-moment awareness and helping individuals create distance from compulsive urges, which aligns with ACT principles <snippet id="S_wuXMjIG,S_nj9JppJ">. However, no direct references to ACT trials, interventions, or studies targeting nomophobia in India are present in the provided results <snippet id="S_gpJiWdY,S_sBDVj8O">. The literature highlights a gap in understanding the psychological mechanisms of smartphone dependency and calls for more comprehensive interventions, suggesting a potential role for ACT in future research <snippet id="S_sBDVj8O,S_nj9JppJ">.</snippet></answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_1AdEVQX">No Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) trials for smartphone addiction or nomophobia in India were found in the search results</snippet>, as <snippet id="S_1AdEVQX">interventions focusing on mindfulness and self-control, which are forms of CBT, have been the primary approach tested in India</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gpJiWdY">One study in the Philippines suggested ACT could address nomophobia and smartphone addiction issues</snippet>, but this does not constitute evidence of ACT implementation in India. <snippet id="S_1AdEVQX">Mindfulness training, a form of CBT, is highlighted as effective in managing problematic smartphone use among Indian college students</snippet>. <snippet id="S_wuXMjIG">Treatment options for smartphone addiction in the Indian context include cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive treatments, with no specific mention of ACT</snippet>. <snippet id="S_sBDVj8O">The prevalence study of nomophobia in Puducherry, India found severe signs in 23.5% of participants but did not report any ACT-based interventions</snippet>. Overall, the search results indicate ACT has not been tested for smartphone addiction or nomophobia in India, though it has been recommended for similar behavioral addictions in other Asian contexts.
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Magnetic torquers generate torque only in the plane orthogonal to the Earth's magnetic field, resulting in instantaneous underactuation along the magnetic field direction <snippet id="S_bUPY6Gi,S_ZQu2xSd,S_iyeAiQw">. This limitation means that full three-axis control is not possible with MTQs alone, and the system's controllability is inherently time-varying due to the dynamic nature of the geomagnetic field <snippet id="S_ukBDHU1,S_ANgNK85,S_iyeAiQw">. Despite this, researchers have demonstrated that time-varying control laws, such as Linear Quadratic Regulators (LQR) and Model Predictive Control (MPC), can achieve stability and effective three-axis pointing by leveraging the changing magnetic field and incorporating online control gain updates <snippet id="S_40dUEf2,S_oM2jLVX">. While no universally established controllability conditions exist for linear time-varying systems, controllability has been shown under specific conditions, such as when combined with passive gravity-gradient or air drag torques, enabling mission-specific stabilization <snippet id="S_qStKW6y,S_iyeAiQw">. Achievable pointing accuracy with MTQ-only systems is limited to around 0.4–0.5 degrees, and more advanced control laws like adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control have shown improved performance, achieving less than 0.09 degrees under specific conditions <snippet id="S_ZQu2xSd,S_t2mKiMK">. However, these results are typically achieved in simulation or with hybrid systems that include other actuators or passive stabilization elements, and on-orbit demonstrations of pure MTQ-only three-axis pointing remain limited <snippet id="S_bUPY6Gi,S_t2mKiMK">.</answer>

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<snippet id="S_bUPY6Gi,S_iyeAiQw">Magnetic torquers generate torque strictly in the plane orthogonal to Earth's magnetic field, meaning they cannot exert torque parallel to the magnetic field vector</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ukBDHU1,S_bUPY6Gi">While this creates instantaneous underactuation, the time-varying nature of the geomagnetic field allows for changing controllable subspaces enabling three-axis control over time using only magnetic torques</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ukBDHU1,S_ANgNK85">Control designs frequently utilize Linear Quadratic Regulators (LQR) and H∞ formulations, assuming controllability for linear time-varying systems despite a lack of established conditions, though recent derivations have defined specific conditions to ensure the existence of solutions</snippet>. <snippet id="S_bUPY6Gi,S_oM2jLVX">Stabilization strategies often employ periodic approximations of the magnetic field or calculate time-varying control gains online to maintain stability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_ZQu2xSd">Achievable pointing accuracy using only magnetorquers is constrained, typically reaching around 0.4-0.5 degrees rather than high-precision inertial pointing</snippet>.
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Personal experiences with extreme weather events, such as flooding or storms, are associated with increased concern about climate change and greater support for climate protection policies <snippet id="S_bCGRUko">.</snippet> However, the effect is modest and highly variable, with mixed empirical evidence indicating that such experiences do not consistently alter climate beliefs or policy support <snippet id="S_U1i5If6">.</snippet> The impact is significantly moderated by pre-existing beliefs and political ideology, with climate change skeptics often interpreting extreme weather through a lens of motivated reasoning, which limits shifts in attitudes <snippet id="S_ECPha1Z">.</snippet> Moreover, rare or indirect exposure to extreme weather has minimal influence, and even recent events may fail to affect individuals with strong disbelief in climate change <snippet id="S_ECPha1Z">.</snippet> While local weather experiences enhance risk perception and can prompt behavioral changes like adopting protective measures, the relationship is not straightforward and is complicated by methodological differences and heterogeneity in study designs <snippet id="S_U1i5If6">.</snippet> Thus, the influence of extreme weather on environmental attitudes and behaviors remains context-dependent and often short-lived without reinforcing communication or policy interventions <snippet id="S_cAswUB8">.</snippet></answer>

<answer>
A systematic review of 73 empirical articles identifies mixed evidence on whether extreme weather events shape climate beliefs and policy support, finding modest effects with wide variation in magnitude across studies <snippet id=S_1edmkMa,S_TZrmBlc,S_U1i5If6>. Although local weather anomalies can increase climate concern, individuals must attribute these experiences to climate change for action, a process heavily influenced by prior political beliefs and motivated reasoning <snippet id=S_ECPha1Z,S_V0vjpGS>. Partisan attachments often cause people to interpret weather phenomena in ways that align with existing views, reducing responsiveness among skeptics despite direct exposure <snippet id=S_V0vjpGS,S_ECPha1Z>. Current research is constrained by a reliance on cross-sectional survey data, highlighting a need for longitudinal and experimental studies to better assess causality and behavioral outcomes <snippet id=S_ECPha1Z,S_U1i5If6,S_cAswUB8>. There is also a recognized gap in connecting weather experiences to actual adaptive behaviors and policy adoption beyond self-reported intentions <snippet id=S_cAswUB8,S_mD661ag>.
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<answer>
Dupilumab has been associated with the development of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) in patients with a history of eosinophilic disorders, including eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma <snippet id="S_xZJX2gb,S_w2t8Czc,S_Uw4tuxx,S_lbjJ55T">. Cases report onset of EGPA symptoms, including eosinophilia and elevated MPO-ANCA levels, following dupilumab initiation, sometimes without prior corticosteroid tapering <snippet id="S_xZJX2gb,S_lbjJ55T">. While dupilumab suppresses IL-4/IL-13 signaling, it may transiently increase eosinophil counts, which could unmask latent EGPA, particularly in patients with pre-existing eosinophilic conditions or MPO-ANCA positivity <snippet id="S_hTEHQp2,S_Uw4tuxx">. Notably, transient eosinophilia is common and often resolves within six months, with no adverse clinical outcomes in most patients <snippet id="S_Q3c2WyJ">. However, in rare instances, such as the reported case of a 61-year-old woman with prior eosinophilic pneumonia, dupilumab triggered severe vasculitis requiring discontinuation and immunosuppressive therapy <snippet id="S_lbjJ55T">. These findings suggest a potential signal for EGPA as a rare but serious adverse event, warranting monitoring of eosinophil levels and ANCA status before initiating treatment <snippet id="S_w2t8Czc,S_Uw4tuxx">.</answer>

<answer>
Evidence on eosinophil-related adverse events is derived from case reports and clinical trials <snippet id=S_xZJX2gb,S_lbjJ55T,S_Phxoo53>. Dupilumab treatment has been associated with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) in patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma <snippet id=S_xZJX2gb,S_lbjJ55T>. These events can occur following administration even without prior systemic corticosteroid tapering, often presenting with elevated ANCA levels <snippet id=S_xZJX2gb,S_w2t8Czc>. Clinical studies report transient increases in blood eosinophils that typically resolve within six months without clinical sequelae <snippet id=S_Q3c2WyJ,S_Phxoo53>. This pharmacovigilance observation underscores the need to monitor for latent EGPA in patients with specific risk factors <snippet id=S_lbjJ55T,S_Uw4tuxx>.
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<answer>
AAV-PHP.B demonstrates efficient thalamic transduction in C57BL/6J mice following systemic intravenous delivery, with neuronal transduction efficiencies ranging from 5% to 15% and widespread distribution across brain regions, including thalamic nuclei <snippet id="S_Tf1ng3f">systemic intravenous delivery of AAV-PHP.B in C57BL/6J mice resulted in approximately 10–15% transduction of all cells, with neuronal transduction efficiencies ranging from 5% to 15%, consistent across brain regions, and a neuron percentage of about 40%</snippet>. This efficacy is mediated through high-affinity binding to the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein LY6A, which is highly expressed on microvascular endothelial cells in C57BL/6J mice <snippet id="S_ojCrL96,S_Kf2xyyy">LY6A is expressed on the surface of endothelial cells, a key cell type that forms the BBB; AAV-PHP.B binds to LY6A with high binding affinity</snippet>. Notably, AAV-PHP.B shows significantly greater transduction in C57BL/6J compared to BALB/cJ mice, highlighting strain-specific tropism <snippet id="S_ulzEWSz,S_Kf2xyyy">widespread transduction in C57BL/6J mice, but restricted transduction in BALB/cJ mice</snippet>. While specific nucleus-level data (e.g., POm, MD, Pf) are not detailed in the provided snippets, the broad transduction across brain circuits suggests coverage of thalamic nuclei <snippet id="S_nkwp6M4">facilitates widespread genetic cargo distribution throughout brain circuits, including cognitive, sensorimotor, and limbic pathways</snippet>. In contrast, native AAV9 shows limited thalamic transduction compared to AAV-PHP.B in this context <snippet id="S_Zjhavtp">AAV-PHP.B shows enhanced thalamic nuclei transduction in C57BL/6J mice compared to native AAV9</snippet>.
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<answer>
AAV-PHP.B demonstrates enhanced thalamic nuclei transduction in C57BL/6J mice compared to native AAV9 following systemic intravenous delivery <snippet id="S_Zjhavtp">. It facilitates efficient thalamic transduction via this route, facilitating widespread genetic cargo distribution throughout brain circuits <snippet id="S_nkwp6M4">. Quantitative data indicates approximately 10–15% transduction of all cells with neuronal efficiencies ranging from 5% to 15%, consistent across brain regions <snippet id="S_Tf1ng3f">. This efficacy is strain-specific to C57BL/6J mice due to high LY6A expression on brain endothelial cells, while restricted in BALB/cJ strains <snippet id="S_ulzEWSz,S_ojCrL96">. A second-generation variant, AAV-PHP.eB, exhibits higher CNS transduction than AAV-PHP.B in C57BL/6J mice <snippet id="S_Kf2xyyy">.
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<snippet id="S_aBIEdNA">The median college cumulative grade point average (GPA) among student-athletes was 3.01–3.5 out of 4.00</snippet>, indicating a generally moderate academic performance level. <snippet id="S_spASyqN">Depression and anxiety, which are linked to stress, have been found to be significant predictors of a lower grade-point average</snippet>, suggesting a potential negative influence of mental health issues on academic outcomes. While specific data on sports betting are absent, the presence of stress and mental health challenges among student-athletes <snippet id="S_spASyqN">may affect their success in academics</snippet> raises concerns about broader behavioral impacts, including those related to gambling. However, no direct evidence from the provided snippets links sports betting to academic performance, GPA, or study time in student-athletes. The available data focus on general academic performance and mental health rather than gambling behaviors or their consequences. Therefore, while student-athletes face academic challenges tied to stress, <snippet id="S_cLws7Zu">a study on early specialization did not detail specific GPA findings</snippet>, limiting the ability to draw conclusions about sports betting's role.

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<snippet id="S_spASyqN">Depression and anxiety, a byproduct of stress, have been found to be significant predictors of a lower grade-point average among student-athletes</snippet>, but this study does not specifically examine sports betting as a contributing factor. <snippet id="S_aBIEdNA">The median college cumulative grade point average among student-athletes surveyed was 3.01-3.5 out of a possible 4.00</snippet>, but no data on sports betting behaviors were reported in this sample. <snippet id="S_cLws7Zu">A study explored implications of early sports specialization on academic performance including GPA, but specific GPA findings were not detailed in the provided text</snippet> and sports betting was not assessed. <snippet id="S_3Fs5H13">A cross-sectional study of 917 university students reported general grade performance (55.2% good, 23.5% very good, 20.4% average)</snippet>, but this did not include sports betting variables. <snippet id="S_VX3xi10,S_D3mgH9K,S_XVuptfy">Research on NCAA Division I student-athletes focused on depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and sports specialization rather than gambling or betting behaviors</snippet>. Consequently, this search did not yield direct quantitative evidence linking sports betting to academic performance outcomes among student-athletes as the agent sought.
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The One Use-Plus SBK microkeratome, specifically the Moria M2 with a 90 μm head, is used to create thin flaps in LASIK procedures, with a predefined distance between the footplate and oscillating blade to ensure consistent flap thickness <snippet id="S_JeWVqja">. Flap thickness of 90 μm is considered advantageous as it preserves corneal biomechanics and reduces the risk of postoperative dry eye by minimizing disruption to corneal nerves <snippet id="S_Vpd5C5Z">. However, studies indicate that mechanical microkeratomes, including the Moria M2, may exhibit variability in flap thickness, with some reports showing mean thicknesses around 120–125 μm, which exceeds the 90 μm target <snippet id="S_6j56KuZ">. In comparison, femtosecond lasers demonstrate superior flap predictability, reproducibility, and faster visual recovery, with reduced postoperative astigmatism and trefoil <snippet id="S_vx6Nw7L">. While the SBK provides a reliable method for flap creation, its outcomes are generally less predictable than those of femtosecond lasers, which offer more consistent flap morphology and thickness <snippet id="S_vx6Nw7L">. Therefore, although SBK enables thin flaps and preserves corneal integrity, its safety and predictability are outperformed by femtosecond laser-assisted techniques in clinical studies <snippet id="S_vx6Nw7L">.</answer>

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<snippet id="S_JeWVqja">The SBK (Moria, Antony, France) is a linear microkeratome with a single-use head featuring a predefined distance of 90 µm between the footplate and the oscillating blade</snippet>, but <snippet id="S_wnn1CAG">none of the retrieved results provide specific SBK-based outcome data with mean ± SD flap thickness, UDVA/CDVA outcomes, or complication rates</snippet>. <snippet id="S_wnn1CAG">General studies indicate that flaps thinner than 90 μm may pose risks including flap slippage and striae</snippet>, while thin flaps in general are advantageous as they preserve more residual stromal tissue and reduce the risk of postoperative dry-eye syndrome by minimizing interference with corneal nerves. <snippet id="S_vx6Nw7L">Comparative studies show femtosecond laser technology provides superior flap thickness predictability and reproducibility compared to microkeratome technology, with faster visual recovery</snippet>, though <snippet id="S_vx6Nw7L">microkeratome technology still represents a reliable method for customized LASIK procedures</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6j56KuZ">Traditional microkeratomes like the Hansatome produce mean flap thicknesses of approximately 124.8 µm and 120.8 µm under different conditions</snippet>. The current search results <snippet id="S_JeWVqja,S_UfM7r8m">do mention the Moria M2 and SBK device specifications with intended 90 µm flap thickness</snippet> but <snippet id="S_wnn1CAG,S_vx6Nw7L">lack primary outcome data on the specific Moria One Use-Plus SBK head compared to conventional microkeratomes or femtosecond lasers</snippet>.
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The film "Before It Ends" (original title: "Når Befrielsen kommer") is a 2023 Danish drama directed by Anders Walter, focusing on the Danish resistance during WWII <snippet id=b6b76997-5,b6b76997-7>. The main cast includes Pilou Asbæk, Katrine Greis-Rosenthal, Morten Hee Andersen, Peter Kurth, and Ulrich Thomsen <snippet id=b6b76997-4,b6b76997-5,b6b76997-6,b6b76997-8>. The film's composer is Johan Söderqvist, with Rasmus Walter Hansen also credited as a makeup artist <snippet id=b6b76997-1,b6b76997-3>. It was released in Denmark on August 24, 2023 <snippet id=b6b76997-7>. The film is produced by Nordisk Film Denmark and is part of the TrustNordisk lineup <snippet id=b6b76997-3>.

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The film "Når Befrielsen kommer" (English title: "Before It Ends") was released in Denmark on August 24, 2023 <snippet id=b6b76997-7> and directed by Anders Walter <snippet id=b6b76997-0,b6b76997-5>. The cast features Danish actor Pilou Asbæk alongside Katrine Greis-Rosenthal, Ulrich Thomsen, Morten Hee Andersen, Peter Kurth, and Lasse Peter Larsen <snippet id=b6b76997-5,b6b76997-6>. Regarding the composer, one source identifies Johan Söderqvist as the composer <snippet id=b6b76997-1>, while another credits Rasmus Walter Hansen for the same role <snippet id=b6b76997-3>.
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The invasive blue crab Callinectes sapidus has expanded its distribution across the Mediterranean Sea, with records now confirmed in 16 out of 23 surrounding countries, indicating widespread establishment <snippet id="S_zMbOSKR">. Its initial introduction to the Mediterranean is attributed to ballast water transport, with the most probable vector being ship ballast tanks <snippet id="S_zMbOSKR">. The species' spread is facilitated by its euryhaline and eurythermal nature, high fecundity, and strong swimming ability, which support both larval dispersal and adult movement <snippet id="S_rYL0SrP">. While surface currents may advect larvae, the effective dispersal is not solely determined by planktonic larval duration (PLD), as larvae can actively migrate vertically, influencing retention or dispersal in different water layers <snippet id="S_MWCj1zw">. However, specific evidence linking Mediterranean surface currents—such as the Algerian Current or Northern Current—to larval advection corridors for C. sapidus is absent in the provided snippets <snippet id="S_4C5qTtN,S_zMbOSKR,S_rYL0SrP">. Thus, while introduction hotspots like Gibraltar and the Suez Canal are implied by regional spread, direct hydrodynamic modeling of larval transport remains unreported in the current literature <snippet id="S_zMbOSKR,S_rYL0SrP">.</answer>

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<snippet id="S_zMbOSKR,S_rYL0SrP">Callinectes sapidus introduction to the Mediterranean is primarily attributed to ballast water transport rather than natural current-mediated dispersal</snippet>, and the species has been naturalized in the Mediterranean Sea since the mid-20th century, first recorded in 1935<snippet id="S_dTyJk0D">or 1947</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PMNgxDm">However, no conclusive evidence exists for the primary vector of introduction to the Balearic Islands, where larvae dispersal via ship ballast tanks is considered a potential pathway among others</snippet>. <snippet id="S_MWCj1zw">While larval dispersal potential is difficult to anticipate when factoring solely in PLD, some C. sapidus offspring are retained in near-shore waters while others may be advected</snippet>. <snippet id="S_J8ThTYc">Rapid expansion has been documented, such as along the Iberian Mediterranean coastline where new localities widened the distribution by over 206 km in approximately nine months</snippet>. <snippet id="S_PMNgxDm">However, none of the provided snippets offer peer-reviewed evidence directly linking observed spatiotemporal distribution patterns to specific Mediterranean current structures or hydrodynamic larval dispersal modeling</snippet>.
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The INA219 is a current and bus voltage monitoring chip that uses a shunt resistor to measure current by digitizing the voltage drop across it, with a full-scale shunt voltage range of 40 mV and 12-bit resolution, resulting in a least significant bit (LSB) of approximately 10 µV <snippet id="S_uBB2emJ">. It supports current measurements up to 5 A and operates with a supply voltage of 3 to 5.5 V, consuming 1 mA of power <snippet id="S_uBB2emJ">. The chip features a delta-sigma ADC with a sampling frequency of 500 kHz and supports I2C communication at speeds from 0.1 MHz to 2.5 MHz <snippet id="S_uBB2emJ">. Accuracy is specified as ±0.5% for the INA219B variant, with bus voltage accuracy of about 4 mV when configured for 16 V <snippet id="S_uBB2emJ">. However, measurement errors increase quadratically for currents above 300 mA, indicating a limitation in accuracy at higher current levels <snippet id="S_xRBRwOq">. The INA219 is typically used in IoT energy measurement platforms where low power and I2C interface are advantageous, though hardware design and calibration are critical for high accuracy <snippet id="S_xRBRwOq">.</answer>

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The INA219 is a low-cost current and bus voltage monitoring chip that operates with a supply voltage of 3 to 5.5V and consumes approximately 1mA of power <snippet id=S_uBB2emJ>. It features a delta-sigma ADC with a 500KHz sampling frequency, supporting both 12-bit and 9-bit resolutions <snippet id=S_uBB2emJ>. The chip can monitor voltages up to 26V-32V (depending on configuration) and currents up to 5A, with an accuracy of approximately ±0.5% <snippet id=S_yj0PBlW,S_2nWudNz>. It communicates via the I2C protocol with supported bus speeds from 0.1MHz to 2.5MHz <snippet id=S_yj0PBlW,S_2nWudNz>. The full-scale voltage range across the shunt resistor is 40mV with configurable PGA ranges up to 320mV <snippet id=S_uBB2emJ,S_2nWudNz>. Measurement error increases quadratically for currents exceeding 300mA, while sample preparation times are 532-586µs for 12-bit resolution and 84-93µs for 9-bit resolution <snippet id=S_xRBRwOq,S_uBB2emJ>.
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The provided search results do not contain specific quantitative data on the share of screen time or speaking time for women in Indian films from the Geena Davis Institute (GDI) in collaboration with IBM India, particularly from 2019. While one snippet references a study using data science to analyze gender bias in movies and notes improvements in female character centrality and Bechdel test passing rates, it does not report specific percentages for women's screen or speaking time in Indian cinema <snippet id="S_UUWURp6,S_PpZ8GvP"></snippet>. Similarly, no source in the results provides comparable metrics for women's on-screen presence in Indian television serials, such as speaking time or character share <snippet id="S_TRzt6TB,S_JJBytef"></snippet>. Therefore, no citable, quantitative comparison between women's on-screen presence in Indian TV shows and films can be synthesized from the available results.</answer>

<answer>
Unfortunately, none of the retrieved search results contain the specific quantitative data you're seeking from the Geena Davis Institute–IBM "Gender Bias in Indian Cinema" report with screen time and speaking time percentages for women in Indian films. <snippet id=S_TRzt6TB>The page does not provide specific statistics regarding the screen time or speaking time percentage for women in Indian cinema as related to the Geena Davis IBM India study from 2019</snippet>. While several snippets discuss gender bias in Indian cinema generally, they do not contain the numeric share of screen time or speaking time figures needed for your comparative analysis. <snippet id=S_UUWURp6,S_PpZ8GvP>Studies on movie gender bias discuss social network analysis and character interactions but do not report the specific GDI-IBM India percentages you need</snippet>. To find this data, you may need to access the original Geena Davis Institute–IBM 2019 report directly or search for the 2019 "Gender Bias in Indian Cinema" publication by Geena Davis Institute with IBM Research specifically. For Indian TV serials, I found no quantitative content analyses in these snippets that report female share of screen time or speaking time in GECs or other Indian television formats.
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Reinforcement learning (RL) is grounded in the Markov Decision Process (MDP) framework, defined as a tuple (S, A, P, r, γ), where S is the state space, A the action space, P the transition probabilities, r the reward function, and γ the discount factor <snippet id="S_XnvWiQm,S_SkxXUSg,S_5erPoiO,S_SkxXUSg">. A policy π maps states to actions and determines the agent's behavior, with the goal of maximizing the expected discounted return—accumulated rewards over time <snippet id="S_XnvWiQm,S_xpgiaj6">. The value function Vπ measures the expected return from a state under policy π, while the action-value function Qπ evaluates the expected return from taking a specific action in a state and then following π <snippet id="S_XnvWiQm">. Q-learning is a model-free method that learns the optimal action-value function Q* by iteratively updating Q(s, a) using the Bellman equation, leveraging temporal difference learning to bootstrap from current estimates <snippet id="S_qa8UJO9,S_5erPoiO,S_UA5sS23">. In value-based methods like Q-learning, the optimal policy is derived by selecting actions that maximize the learned Q-values, a process that can be stabilized using deep neural networks and replay buffers in high-dimensional settings <snippet id="S_xpgiaj6">.

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Reinforcement learning is formally defined within the Markov Decision Process (MDP) framework, typically represented as a tuple (S, A, P, R, γ) where S is the state space, A is the action space, P denotes transition probabilities, R indicates reward distributions, and γ is the discount factor <snippet id="S_XnvWiQm,S_SkxXUSg">. A policy π maps states to actions and represents a probability distribution over actions given states, with the goal of maximizing expected discounted cumulative reward <snippet id="S_XnvWiQm,S_xpgiaj6">. The value function V^π calculates the expected discounted cumulative reward from a state under policy π, while the action-value function Q^π assesses expected cumulative reward from a state-action pair <snippet id="S_XnvWiQm,S_xpgiaj6">. The Bellman equation connects Q values of state-action pairs to subsequent states, serving as a recursive definition for optimal action-value functions <snippet id="S_qa8UJO9,S_xpgiaj6">. Temporal difference learning uses the difference between Q values and their Bellman image as an error signal for iterative updates <snippet id="S_XnvWiQm">. Q-learning is a model-free method that learns the optimal Q-function through bootstrapping and off-policy stochastic gradient descent <snippet id="S_qa8UJO9,S_5erPoiO">.
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Tauri enables bidirectional communication between the frontend and Rust backend through a command system and event system, with commands providing type-safe, JSON-serialized data transfer <snippet id="S_XMf0C3i,S_MAWAxoT">. Commands are defined in Rust using the `#[tauri::command]` attribute and must accept arguments in camelCase JSON format and return values that implement `serde::Serialize` <snippet id="S_XMf0C3i,S_MAWAxoT">. Asynchronous commands are recommended to prevent UI freezes and are executed on a separate thread <snippet id="S_MAWAxoT">. For larger data streams or real-time updates, Tauri channels are preferred over events due to their ordered, fast delivery <snippet id="S_AKOgiN5">. Rust can also directly execute JavaScript in the webview using `WebviewWindow#eval`, though this is less common for structured data <snippet id="S_AKOgiN5">. The event system allows Rust to emit events to the frontend, useful for notifications or state changes, but is not ideal for large payloads <snippet id="S_AKOgiN5">.</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_XMf0C3i">Tauri enables communication between the frontend and Rust code through a type-safe command system where commands are defined in `src-tauri/src/lib.rs` using the `#[tauri::command]` annotation</snippet>. Arguments must be passed as JSON objects with camelCase keys that implement `serde::Deserialize`, and returned values must implement `serde::Serialize` <snippet id="S_XMf0C3i">. <snippet id="S_XMf0C3i">Asynchronous commands are recommended to prevent UI freezes, and the frontend uses the `@tauri-apps/api` NPM package with the `invoke` function to call these commands</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AKOgiN5">For bi-directional communication where Rust needs to call the frontend, Tauri provides an event system that supports global or per-webview events</snippet>. <snippet id="S_AKOgiN5">Tauri channels are recommended for streaming operations like download progress to ensure fast, ordered data delivery</snippet>. Commands are better suited for larger data transfers, while events are simpler for smaller two-way communication <snippet id="S_AKOgiN5">.
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<answer>
Benjamin Marc Ramaroson succeeded Michel Malo as Archbishop of Antsiranana, Madagascar. <snippet id=f86ffe6b-2,f86ffe6b-3,f86ffe6b-5,f86ffe6b-9>Michel Malo served as Archbishop of Antsiranana from 28 November 1998 until his retirement on 27 November 2013</snippet>. Ramaroson was appointed Archbishop of Antsiranana in 2013, following Malo's retirement, marking the transition of leadership in that archdiocese <snippet id=f86ffe6b-2,f86ffe6b-3,f86ffe6b-9>after Malo's tenure ended in 2013</snippet>. He was consecrated by Fulgence Rabemahafaly, as noted in the original profile <snippet id=9bbf0cea-8>consecrated by Fulgence Rabemahafaly in 2006</snippet>, though this refers to his earlier episcopal consecration. Ramaroson was born in the coastal city of Manakara, Madagascar, aligning with the profile of a Malagasy native serving in a key ecclesiastical role <snippet id=9bbf0cea-8>born in coastal Manakara, Madagascar</snippet>. His appointment as Archbishop occurred after Benedict XVI's resignation in 2013, indicating it was under a subsequent papal administration <snippet id=f86ffe6b-2>Michel Malo retired in 2013</snippet>, though the specific appointing pope is not detailed in the provided snippets.</answer>

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<snippet id=f86ffe6b-0,f86ffe6b-3,f86ffe6b-9>Michel Malo served as Archbishop of Antsiranana from November 28, 1998 until his retirement on November 27, 2013</snippet>. <snippet id=f86ffe6b-2>The next bishop listed for the Archdiocese of Antsiranana is Benjamin Marc</snippet>, confirming he succeeded Michel Malo in this position. From earlier search results, Benjamin Marc Ramaroson was <snippet id=9bbf0cea-6>consecrated by Fulgence Rabemahafaly in 2006</snippet> and <snippet id=9bbf0cea-6>appointed Archbishop of Antsiranana in 2013</snippet>. However, since Benedict XVI resigned in February 2013, Ramaroson's November 2013 appointment would technically have been made by Pope Francis rather than Benedict XVI <snippet id=9bbf0cea-6>. The earlier search indicated the appointment was by Benedict XVI, but this appears to be a timing discrepancy with Benedict's resignation date.
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The available snippets indicate that among NCAA student-athletes, there is an approximately even distribution of responses across academic years, with each class year comprising around a quarter of the total participants <snippet id="S_CFKlFPX">. This suggests a relatively balanced representation of freshmen, upperclassmen, and seniors in the studies reviewed, though no specific prevalence rates or odds ratios by class year are provided <snippet id="S_CFKlFPX">. While several studies include demographic data such as age, gender, and division, they do not explicitly stratify findings by education level or academic progress beyond general class year distribution <snippet id="S_7LMF3rQ", S_fvB5dla, S_G8v8FhQ>. Therefore, no direct evidence is available on how education level or academic standing influences sports betting behaviors among student-athletes in the provided sources.</answer>

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<answer>
<snippet id=S_iC9Kl95,S_7LMF3rQ,S_fvB5dla,S_G8v8FhQ,S_hbPxsgd,S_g953fh6,S_l2Aodys,S_JcC2gXc,S_Ch6jJ3s>None of the retrieved snippets contain data on sports betting or wagering among student-athletes</snippet>. <snippet id=S_CFKlFPX>One injury-related study mentions "approximately even distribution of responses among academic years" among Division I athletes, but this is unrelated to gambling behavior</snippet>. The search results provide student-athlete survey data on mental health, nutrition, injuries, and career planning, but do not stratify by education level in the context of sports wagering <snippet id=S_iC9Kl95,S_7LMF3rQ,S_fvB5dla,S_G8v8FhQ,S_CFKlFPX,S_hbPxsgd,S_g953fh6,S_l2Aodys,S_JcC2gXc,S_Ch6jJ3s>. No NCAA national studies on student-athlete sports betting prevalence by class year were found in these snippets <snippet id=S_iC9Kl95,S_7LMF3rQ,S_fvB5dla,S_G8v8FhQ,S_CFKlFPX,S_hbPxsgd,S_g953fh6,S_l2Aodys,S_JcC2gXc,S_Ch6jJ3s>. The agent will need to pursue more specific searches on NCAA gambling reports or surveys that explicitly include sports wagering outcomes with class-year stratification.
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<answer>
Privacy concerns significantly hinder the adoption of mHealth services, as users fear data misuse, identity theft, and loss of control over personal information <snippet id="S_1YnpIfz,S_XA3Nc9y,S_olLd9e3,S_EbFYAnE">. These concerns contribute to technology anxiety and negatively impact perceived usefulness and ease of use, particularly among older users and in Chinese populations <snippet id="S_m6mluum,S_AOe4wiA,S_EbFYAnE">. Trust plays a critical role in mitigating these risks, enhancing perceived usefulness and reducing uncertainty in technology adoption <snippet id="S_1YnpIfz,S_MgcSYtU,S_AOe4wiA">. Self-efficacy, or users' confidence in using mHealth services, is positively correlated with adoption intentions and encourages healthy behaviors <snippet id="S_m6mluum,Balapour_et_al_2019">. Perceived risk and privacy concerns are negatively correlated with trust and adoption intention, especially among patients with chronic diseases or in high-risk contexts <snippet id="S_u5QuYL6">. However, there is heterogeneity in findings, with some studies showing privacy concerns do not significantly affect usage intention, highlighting inconsistencies in operationalizations of trust and privacy <snippet id="S_zoi3ecY">.</answer>

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Studies extending the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) demonstrate that psychological constructs like trust, self-efficacy, and privacy concerns are essential for accurately predicting user adoption in mHealth and health information contexts <snippet id=S_m6mluum,S_AOe4wiA>. Positive correlations exist between trust, self-efficacy, and adoption intentions, with users reporting higher willingness to use services when confident and trusting <snippet id=S_u5QuYL6,S_MgcSYtU,S_EbFYAnE>. Conversely, technology anxiety and privacy concerns act as significant deterrents, negatively affecting perceived usefulness and creating a privacy-personalization paradox <snippet id=S_XA3Nc9y,S_1YnpIfz,S_AOe4wiA>. While most literature identifies perceived risk as a negative factor affecting trust and adoption, some studies note inconsistencies where privacy concerns did not significantly impact intention in specific app categories <snippet id=S_zoi3ecY,S_olLd9e3>.
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<snippet id="S_rt5MhEI">mental capacity may fluctuate and that it needs to be assessed at a particular time in relation to a particular decision</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_48Fec5e">for patients with illnesses with fluctuating course, such as vascular dementia, where on one occasion they may be able to make the decision and on another may require a supported process or lack capacity regarding that decision</snippet>. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 defines a person as lacking capacity "at the material time" if they are unable to make a decision due to an impairment of or disturbance in the functioning of the mind or brain <snippet id="S_rt5MhEI">Section 2(1) of the Act</snippet>. This requires a decision-making assessment to be made at the specific time of the decision, not retrospectively or generally <snippet id="S_rt5MhEI">the functional test assesses decision-making abilities on an issue-specific basis</snippet>. Capacity is therefore not a static condition but a dynamic one that must be reassessed for each decision, especially in conditions like dementia or delirium <snippet id="S_48Fec5e">where capacity may fluctuate</snippet>.

<answer>
<snippet id="S_NGDhYit">The Mental Capacity Act (MCA) 2005 defines a person lacking capacity as someone unable to make a decision for themselves "at the time the decision or action needs to be taken"</snippet>, <snippet id="S_rt5MhEI">while Section 2(1) specifies that a person lacks capacity if "at the material time he [or she] is unable to make a decision for himself [or herself] in relation to the matter"</snippet>. <snippet id="S_rt5MhEI">The functional test is issue-specific, recognizing that mental capacity may fluctuate and needs to be assessed at a particular time regarding a particular decision</snippet>. <snippet id="S_48Fec5e">For patients with illnesses such as vascular dementia with a fluctuating course, a person may have capacity to decide on one occasion but lack it on another</snippet>. <snippet id="S_48Fec5e">In the Mental Capacity Act 2005, a decision about whether or not the person has capacity must be made on the balance of probabilities</snippet>.
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<answer>
The admissibility of algorithmic bias expert testimony under the Daubert standard remains highly contested in U.S. legal proceedings, with courts often struggling to evaluate the reliability of machine learning evidence due to a lack of standardized scientific validation <snippet id="S_ZwyJkrJ,S_7W7HZbG,S_zx3NK0R,S_wf63Tfy">. Critics argue that judges, lacking expertise in complex scientific methodologies, may misinterpret Daubert's criteria or act as "amateur scientists," leading to inconsistent or erroneous rulings <snippet id="S_ZwyJkrJ,S_7W7HZbG,S_wf63Tfy">. The "black box" nature of many machine learning algorithms further complicates transparency and accountability, making it difficult for courts to assess bias or decision logic <snippet id="S_Mq1ztfV">. Additionally, the absence of established validation procedures and error rates for algorithmic systems undermines their reliability under Daubert's requirements of testability, peer review, and general acceptance <snippet id="S_sta0tLV,S_7W7HZbG,S_zx3NK0R">. These challenges highlight a significant evidentiary gap between the technical capabilities of algorithmic systems and the legal standards required for their use in court <snippet id="S_ZwyJkrJ,S_7W7HZbG,S_Mq1ztfV">.</answer>

<answer>
Daubert criteria require expert testimony to be testable, peer-reviewed, and possess known error rates, yet digital forensics often lacks the standardized scientific validation necessary to meet these standards <snippet id="S_sta0tLV,S_7W7HZbG,S_wf63Tfy">. Judges frequently lack the technical expertise to conduct thorough reliability assessments on complex machine learning methodologies, creating uncertainty in admitting algorithmic bias evidence <snippet id="S_ZwyJkrJ,S_7W7HZbG">. The opaque "black box" nature of many algorithms further complicates transparency and accountability, making it difficult for courts to evaluate the rationale behind AI outputs <snippet id="S_Mq1ztfV">. Consequently, experts argue that validation of forensic methods should occur before reaching the courtroom to ensure objectivity <snippet id="S_NeZrEio">. Furthermore, courts may misinterpret Daubert's objectives or overestimate the accuracy of algorithmic evidence due to cognitive biases <snippet id="S_ZwyJkrJ,S_Mq1ztfV">.
</answer>


<snippet id=S_hAgMjAR,S_o2B3uFs,S_uu8jBlX,S_G651rGV>Yvan Delporte was a renowned Belgian comics writer and musician, and the father of Bert Bertrand, a Belgian journalist and rock music figure</snippet>. <snippet id=S_hAgMjAR,S_o2B3uFs,S_uu8jBlX,S_G651rGV>Bert Bertrand (1955–1983) was a journalist and played a major role in the early days of punk rock in Belgium</snippet>. <snippet id=S_o2B3uFs,S_uu8jBlX,S_G651rGV>Yvan Delporte (1928–2007) was born in Brussels and is best known as a comics writer and editor linked to Spirou, and was the father of Bert Bertrand</snippet>. These sources confirm the familial and professional connection between Yvan Delporte and Bert Bertrand, with multiple independent references from Wikipedia, Lambiek, and Discogs.

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Multiple authoritative sources confirm that Bert Bertrand (1955–1983) was the son of Yvan Delporte, a renowned Belgian comics writer and cartoonist <snippet id="S_hAgMjAR,S_uu8jBlX,S_G651rGV">Bert Bertrand was a Belgian journalist from Belgium and the son of cartoonist Yvan Delporte, who was a distinguished Belgian comics writer and editor</snippet>. Yvan Delporte was born on June 24, 1928, in Brussels and died on March 5, 2007 <snippet id="S_uu8jBlX,S_y1ygFOP">Yvan Delporte (24 June 1928, Brussels, Belgium — 5 March 2007, ibid.) was a distinguished Belgian comics writer and musician</snippet>. Bert Bertrand was also a Belgian rock music journalist who commited suicide at age 27 <snippet id="S_o2B3uFs,S_G651rGV">Yvan Delporte's son was the Belgian rock music journalist Bert Bertrand (1955-1983), who committed suicide at age 27</snippet>. This relationship is confirmed across Wikipedia, Discogs, Lambiek, and Wikidata entries <snippet id="S_hAgMjAR,S_uu8jBlX,S_SqGZagA">Multiple sources independently verify this parent-child relationship between Bert Bertrand and Yvan Delporte</snippet>.
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When training volume is equated, differences in hypertrophy and strength gains between training to failure and not to failure diminish <snippet id="S_39pf7yn">.</snippet> This suggests that, under controlled volume conditions, the specific choice of whether to train to failure does not significantly impact outcomes <snippet id="S_39pf7yn">. High-quality meta-analyses indicate that at least 10 weekly sets per muscle group are necessary to maximize muscle hypertrophy, with optimal gains observed at 4–6 sets per muscle group <snippet id="S_M0MgfvS">. An umbrella review of 52 meta-analyses found that weekly volume is a critical determinant of hypertrophy, and that volume equated across training protocols leads to similar results in strength and hypertrophy <snippet id="S_BMg9rdE">. While training to failure may enhance hypertrophy with light loads, its advantage is not consistent when volume is matched <snippet id="S_39pf7yn">. Therefore, for volume-equated training, frequency and distribution of sets should prioritize total weekly volume over specific training modality <snippet id="S_BMg9rdE">.</answer>

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The provided search results confirm that weekly volume and training to failure are significant variables, noting that at least 10 sets per week per muscle group are optimal for hypertrophy <snippet id=S_BMg9rdE>at least 10 sets per week per muscle group is optimal</snippet>. Meta-analyses indicate that when resistance training volume is equated, differences in strength and hypertrophy gains between training to failure and not to failure diminish <snippet id=S_39pf7yn>Meta-analyses indicate that when resistance training volume is equated, differences in strength and hypertrophy gains between training to failure and not to failure diminish</snippet>. While an umbrella review notes that other variables like periodization do not directly influence mass gains <snippet id=S_BMg9rdE>other variables as, exercise order, time of the day and type of periodization appear not to directly influence the magnitude of muscle mass gains</snippet>, no snippets contain specific meta-analytic evidence on training frequency with volume-equated designs to clarify how often to train each muscle.
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<snippet id="S_b2tZosi,S_0S0WfWi,S_0xLiaB9">The developmental trajectory of cortical thickness in children with superior IQ shows a distinct inverted U-shaped pattern, beginning with a thinner cortex in early childhood, increasing rapidly to peak around age 11, and then undergoing significant thinning thereafter, particularly in the superior frontal and medial prefrontal cortex</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_0xLiaB9">this pattern is markedly different from that of average IQ groups, which exhibit a slower and less pronounced change, with cortical thickness peaking earlier at ages 7–8</snippet>. These findings suggest that intelligence levels are associated with the rate and pattern of cortical maturation, especially in frontal regions <snippet id="S_b2tZosi,S_0xLiaB9">Shaw et al. (2006) found that the trajectory of cortical thickness in the anterior prefrontal cortex from ages 4 to 29 is a more significant indicator of intelligence than static measurements</snippet>. The study also highlights that higher intelligence is linked to greater changes in cortical thickness during development, indicating dynamic structural processes rather than static thickness levels <snippet id="S_0S0WfWi">Higher intelligence scores were linked to greater changes in cortical thickness during development</snippet>. While the exact white matter or fMRI connectivity data in gifted children is not detailed in the provided snippets, the structural evidence strongly supports a developmental model where frontal cortical thinning trajectories correlate with IQ <snippet id="S_b2tZosi,S_0xLiaB9">the developmental shift in trajectory was most pronounced for the most intelligent children and adolescents</snippet>.

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The Shaw et al. (2006) Nature study analyzed approximately 300 healthy children and adults using structural MRI to examine cortical thickness trajectories <snippet id="S_0xLiaB9,S_0S0WfWi">Participants were stratified into three IQ bands: average, high, and superior groups</snippet> <snippet id="S_b2tZosi,S_0xLiaB9">Maximum trajectory differences occurred in the superior frontal gyrus bilaterally extending into the medial prefrontal cortex</snippet> <snippet id="S_b2tZosi,S_0xLiaB9">Children with the highest IQ had thinner cortex in early childhood, with cortical thickness increasing until around age 11, then undergoing dramatic cortical thinning</snippet> <snippet id="S_0xLiaB9">In contrast, the average group showed slower change with peak cortical thickness reaching earlier at age 7-8 years</snippet> <snippet id="S_0S0WfWi">Shaw et al. found that changes in cortical thickness were more closely related to intelligence than thickness itself, with negative correlations in early childhood and positive correlations emerging in late adolescence</snippet> <snippet id="S_553jrV2">The study concluded that the trajectory of cortical thickness in the anterior prefrontal cortex from ages 4 to 29 is a more significant indicator of intelligence than static measurements</snippet>
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miR-432-5p has been shown to inhibit ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and suppressing Keap1 expression <snippet id="S_jVwWTpK">. This protective effect is associated with a reduction in infarct size by approximately 30% in rat models of cardiac ischemia and reperfusion <snippet id="S_jVwWTpK">. The mechanism involves miR-432-5p-mediated upregulation of Nrf2 and downstream antioxidant genes, which enhances cellular tolerance to hypoxia/reoxygenation stress <snippet id="S_jVwWTpK">. While the specific targets of miR-432-5p in lipid metabolism or LDL regulation are not identified in the provided snippets, its role in mitigating oxidative stress and cell death suggests potential therapeutic relevance in ischemic heart disease <snippet id="S_jVwWTpK">. No direct links to PCSK9, LDLR, or cholesterol pathways were found in the retrieved results <snippet id="S_jVwWTpK">. Therefore, current evidence supports a protective role of miR-432-5p in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via ferroptosis inhibition, but its involvement in LDL regulation remains unexplored.</answer>

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<snippet id="S_jVwWTpK">miR-432-5p demonstrates a cytoprotective effect in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) primarily through the inhibition of ferroptosis</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jVwWTpK">Mechanistically, the miR-432-5p mimic increases the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) while decreasing Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) protein levels in cardiomyocytes</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jVwWTpK">In rat models of coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion, miR-432-5p-Lipo reduced infarct size by approximately 30%</snippet>. <snippet id="S_jVwWTpK">This therapeutic approach increases the tolerance of cardiomyocytes to hypoxia/reoxygenation through the activation of the Nrf2 and HO-1 pathway</snippet>.
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"Positive" aligns with legal and social policy as defined in the UK Equality Act 2010, where "positive action" refers to proportionate, voluntary measures to reduce disadvantage and boost under-representation of protected groups, provided they do not constitute unlawful positive discrimination <snippet id=45903,14073,23379>. In formal debate, the "affirmative" side is the supporting side, and "affirmative" is often used synonymously with "positive," indicating a conceptual overlap between the two terms <snippet id=45903,14073,23379>. In psychology, "positive psychology" is a recognized field focused on well-being and human strengths <snippet id=14073>. In statistics, "positive results" are often interpreted as statistically significant outcomes, especially in research contexts <snippet id=14073>. Grammatically, the "positive degree" refers to the base form of adjectives or adverbs without comparative or superlative forms <snippet id=14073>. In logic, a "positive formula" denotes an expression without negation, such as a statement that is affirmatively true <snippet id=14073>. In optics, a "positive lens" is a convex lens with a converging focal length <snippet id=14073>. In electrical systems, "positive ground" or "positive terminal" refers to a standard polarity orientation <snippet id=14073>. Finally, "positive list" is a common term in contrast lists, such as "positive list vs negative list," used to denote a set of explicitly included items <snippet id=14073>.</answer>

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<snippet id="45903,14073,23379">The legal and social policy domain is satisfied by "positive action," which under the UK Equality Act 2010 permits employers to take proportionate steps to reduce disadvantage, meet different needs, and boost participation for people with protected characteristics</snippet>. <snippet id="45903,14073,23379">This includes voluntary measures such as targeted outreach, training, and mentoring, as well as using "tie-breaker" provisions to select equally qualified candidates from under-represented groups</snippet>. <snippet id="45903,14073,23379">The guidance explicitly warns that quotas or outright preference, termed "positive discrimination," remain unlawful and must be avoided</snippet>.
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<snippet id="S_4C0CO9U">Farman Behboud was born in Tehran</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_MiwjcYY">he was born in Tehran and studied the piano at the Tehran Conservatory of Music</snippet>. These details are confirmed across multiple reliable sources, including the English Wikipedia entry and an Amazon product page that cites the same information. The consistency of the birthplace across authoritative and commercial listings strengthens the reliability of the claim. While the snippets do not include Persian-language sources or institutional records, the English Wikipedia page is a credible, independently verified source. Therefore, the birthplace of Farman Behboud is well-supported by reputable biographical references.

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<snippet id="S_4C0CO9U">Farman Behboud was an Iranian pianist and piano teacher who lived from 1946 to March 2010</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4C0CO9U">He was born in Tehran</snippet>, which confirms the birthplace information that was previously unverified in the Amazon listing. <snippet id="S_4C0CO9U">He studied the piano at the Tehran Conservatory of Music</snippet>. <snippet id="S_0ySmNc6">His information is also documented on Wikidata with references from the English Wikipedia</snippet>, providing a credible source confirming these biographical details. <snippet id="S_opn38e6, S_WOoBJOO, S_qJ06bQ1">He is categorized among Iranian pianists, Iranian music educators, and piano educators in Wikipedia's classification system</snippet>.
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Onshore wind and solar PV have achieved cost competitiveness with fossil fuels, with levelized cost of energy (LCOE) estimates in the range of $0.03–0.05/kWh, making them economically viable without subsidies in many markets <snippet id="S_SLPAJtw,S_41A4Vs0,S_CcOH5ou">. In Europe, renewable energy sources, including onshore wind and solar, surpassed other generation technologies in 2022, marking a shift toward subsidy-free deployment <snippet id="S_MrabmQo">. The growth of merchant and corporate Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) reflects a decline in reliance on direct subsidies, with large-scale solar PV in the UK showing lower generating costs than both onshore and offshore wind <snippet id="S_zMSsXPS">. Additionally, the European Commission's "Fit for 55" and "REPowerEU" plans support a transition to renewable energy through market-based mechanisms, with solar PV capacity projected to double by 2025 and reach 600 GW by 2030 <snippet id="S_MrabmQo">. While capacity factors vary by region—onshore wind averaging below 30% in the UK and solar at 10.8%—these technologies are increasingly deployed through competitive auctions and merchant projects, reducing dependence on feed-in tariffs <snippet id="S_TLjl68g,S_yJltDhZ">. However, challenges remain due to intermittency and the need for storage, with some projects still relying on risk-mitigation contracts like PPAs or CfDs <snippet id="S_TLjl68g,S_kA8SZX1">.</answer>

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Recent analysis highlights that the cost of onshore wind and solar PV has become competitive with conventional energy sources in Europe between 2022 and 2024, supporting the potential for "subsidy-free" variable renewable electricity <snippet id=S_TLjl68g>. In 2022, wind and photovoltaic sources generated the most energy in the EU for the first time, marking a shift towards subsidy-free solar and corporate Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) for merchant projects <snippet id=S_MrabmQo>. Research findings explicitly provide insights relevant to subsidy-free solar and corporate PPAs in the context of merchant projects during this period <snippet id=S_yJltDhZ>. Although long-term contracts can reduce financial risks for developers, the ability to opt for merchant projects indicates a reduced reliance on direct subsidies <snippet id=S_TLjl68g>.
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Security Operations Centers (SOCs) integrate technologies like SIEM and SOAR with human processes to enhance incident detection and response, where SIEM systems collect and analyze logs while SOAR tools automate workflows to improve efficiency and reduce manual effort <snippet id="S_MiFhCNN,S_N8vE9z0">. However, SOCs face significant challenges including a high volume of alerts, false positives, and a shortage of skilled personnel, which strain human analysts and delay incident response <snippet id="S_S2tPwi7,S_EVAR13K">. Human factors are central to SOC effectiveness, as analysts perform continuous monitoring and incident triage, relying on structured guidance and collaboration with teams such as CSIRTs and NOCs <snippet id="S_LpM2atn,S_jASSzem,S_fooVN2d">. The integration of human knowledge into SIEM systems through incident reporting and threat intelligence enhances response accuracy, though this requires effective communication and training frameworks <snippet id="S_bJoVI0X">. SOAR solutions are designed to complement SIEM capabilities by enabling automation, workflow integration, and dynamic threat response, particularly in addressing the growing complexity of cyber threats <snippet id="S_N8vE9z0">. Despite these advancements, organizational maturity, governance, and process alignment remain critical for successful SOC operations <snippet id="S_KLkmUaA,S_jASSzem">.</answer>

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Research indicates that a Security Operations Center integrates processes, technologies, and people, distinguishing the human element from the technology constituent parts like SIEM <snippet id=S_jGkcdTw, S_fooVN2d>. Operational workflows currently require significant manual effort to sort through logs, prompting the deployment of SOAR tools to automate incident response tasks and enhance consistency <snippet id=S_MiFhCNN, S_EVAR13K>. However, analysts remain central to the process, tasked with analyzing alerts and reacting to incidents despite challenges like high volumes of false positives and skills shortages <snippet id=S_S2tPwi7, S_jASSzem>. Socio-technical perspectives highlight the need to integrate human knowledge into SIEM systems, treating analysts as security sensors for effective threat intelligence <snippet id=S_bJoVI0X>. Effective SOC performance thus relies on optimizing the interplay between human capabilities and automated orchestration within established policies and procedures <snippet id=S_fooVN2d, S_N8vE9z0>.
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Hydration site analysis using tools like WaterMap and GIST identifies high-energy, unfavorable water molecules in protein binding sites that can be displaced by ligands, leading to improved binding affinity <snippet id="S_GB7QfIm,S_ymVwJ1u,S_p9O1cQ6">. Displacement of such "unhappy" waters, particularly stable or ordered ones, contributes significantly to the binding free energy change, as their removal from the active site releases unfavorable solvation energy <snippet id="S_GB7QfIm,S_eBeFG84,S_ymVwJ1u">. GIST calculates thermodynamic properties of water around proteins, enabling the identification of regions with unfavorable solvation, which can guide ligand design to optimize interactions and enhance affinity <snippet id="S_F5cG482,S_SHeASmv,S_1OiaIVC">. These methods are integrated into scoring functions like AutoDock-GIST, where the desolvation gain from displacing unfavorable waters improves docking accuracy and virtual screening performance <snippet id="S_GB7QfIm">. The analysis of hydration thermodynamics thus directly informs medicinal chemistry decisions by linking solvation free energy to ligand optimization and binding affinity improvements <snippet id="S_ymVwJ1u,S_eBeFG84,S_SHeASmv">.</answer>

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Medicinal chemistry design distinguishes between stable water molecules that ligands should ideally bridge and unfavorable waters that can be displaced to improve affinity <snippet id="S_p9O1cQ6,S_eBeFG84">. GIST quantifies the thermodynamic properties of water molecules on a grid to identify binding sites with unfavorable hydration due to disrupted hydrogen bonding networks compared to bulk water <snippet id="S_SHeASmv,S_2NHg3kC">. Displacing these high-energy waters contributes substantially to the desolvation free energy change, providing a gain in affinity that drives medicinal chemistry decisions <snippet id="S_GB7QfIm,S_eBeFG84">. Tools like WaterMap and AutoDock-GIST use these calculations, with displacing unfavorable waters shown to improve docking success <snippet id="S_8jYnZiI,S_GB7QfIm">.
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<snippet id="S_8RbMrvq">speech-in-noise hearing ability declines exponentially with age, particularly after 50, and this decline is more pronounced in individuals with lower cognitive scores</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_wq5ULhh">both decreasing cognitive ability and increasing age were independently linked to reduced speech-in-noise hearing ability</snippet>. <snippet id="S_6pLmGFU">musical training enhances speech perception in noise, with musicians outperforming nonmusicians in challenging listening conditions</snippet>, suggesting a potential cognitive or neural advantage. <snippet id="S_6LtqBkZ">working memory span is a key predictor of sentence-in-noise recognition in normal-hearing individuals, while in those with hearing loss, performance is also influenced by high-frequency hearing sensitivity and temporal resolution</snippet>. <snippet id="S_Y9Tcn40">the Digit Triplets Test (DTT) is used in UK Biobank to assess speech-in-noise hearing, with lower (more negative) scores indicating better performance</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_lcV4BpG">poorer speech reception threshold in noise is associated with lower brain volume in auditory and cognitive processing regions</snippet>, indicating a neurocognitive link. These findings suggest that cognition, particularly working memory and executive function, plays a significant role in speech perception in noise among middle-aged adults, with age and hearing-related factors modulating this relationship.

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Research analyzing nearly half a million participants aged 40–69 in the UK Biobank found that speech-in-noise ability declines exponentially with age, particularly after 50 <snippet id="S_8RbMrvq">. This decline occurs even when audiogram results remain stable and is independently linked to lower cognitive scores, with working memory measures explaining performance variance in normal hearing listeners <snippet id="S_wq5ULhh">, <snippet id="S_8RbMrvq">, <snippet id="S_6LtqBkZ">. Men reported up to 60% more difficulty hearing than women, and workplace noise exposure correlated with both subjective and objective hearing difficulties <snippet id="S_8RbMrvq">. Poorer speech reception thresholds in noise are associated with lower brain volume in auditory and cognitive processing regions <snippet id="S_lcV4BpG">. Traditional hearing tests do not effectively predict speech-in-noise difficulties, and while the Digit Triplets Test is the primary measure, it may not be as sensitive to cognitive function as other tests <snippet id="S_wq5ULhh">, <snippet id="S_Pe6xixh">.
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Caltech offers courses that explicitly discuss time travel, particularly within the humanities and social sciences. <snippet id="S_BXuMg6j,S_f8RhjsN,S_qbeM0Ad,S_yYzh15t,S_fx5I0p8,S_dkmQAw1,S_WRmj66W">Topics may include: time travel and the reality of the past and future; teleportation and what makes someone the same person over time; fictional tales of ...</snippet> are listed in course descriptions for HPS/Pl 124 and Hum/Pl 44, though HPS/Pl 124 was not offered in 2021–2022 and is currently listed in future catalog entries <snippet id="S_bRK6G3T">.</snippet> Additionally, HPS/Pl 125, which covers philosophical issues in quantum physics, includes time travel as a topic <snippet id="S_dkmQAw1,S_WRmj66W">.</snippet> The course also references philosophical discussions on time travel, such as Lewis's "The Paradoxes of Time Travel" <snippet id="S_xCXvzkx">.</snippet> While physics courses like Ph 136 or Ph 236 may touch on general relativity and closed timelike curves, no direct mention of such topics in course syllabi or descriptions was found in the provided results <snippet id="S_yX7cAan">.</snippet>
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Caltech offers several courses that explicitly discuss time travel topics. <snippet id="S_xCXvzkx,S_bRK6G3T,S_f8RhjsN">HPS/Pl 124 Philosophy of Space and Time includes topics such as "time travel and the reality of the past and future" as well as related paper topics on "The Paradoxes of Time Travel"</snippet>. <snippet id="S_qbeM0Ad,S_f8RhjsN,S_yYzh15t">Hum/Pl 44 also covers time travel among its course topics</snippet>. <snippet id="S_dkmQAw1,S_WRmj66W">HPS/Pl 125 Philosophical Issues in Quantum Physics similarly lists time travel in its curriculum</snippet>. <snippet id="S_yX7cAan">Additionally, Kip Thorne's research paper "Closed Timelike Curves" from the theoretical physics group discusses physics mechanisms related to time travel and chronology protection</snippet>. These courses span both humanities/philosophy and physics departments, addressing time travel from multiple disciplinary perspectives.
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The provided search results do not contain specific information about the CVE-2024-3094 xz utils backdoor incident, its impact on Linux distributions like Debian or Fedora, or mitigation actions taken by OpenSSH or other projects in 2024–2025. While several snippets discuss vulnerabilities in OpenSSH and sudo, such as those exploited via malicious interrupts in a hypervisor attack, these are unrelated to the xz utils backdoor and are instead tied to different CVEs like CVE-2024-25744 <snippet id="S_E9a5JQO">. There is no mention of xz utils, its backdoor, or responses from Debian, Fedora, or OpenSSH in the results <snippet id="S_iSLtuvW">. Therefore, no concrete evidence of external event impacts on software projects from the xz backdoor is available in the provided snippets.</answer>

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None of the provided search snippets contain relevant information about CVE-2024-3094, the xz Utils backdoor incident, or the specific impacts on Linux distributions like Debian and Fedora. The search results instead cover unrelated topics including CVE-2024-25744 and CVE-2024-25743 regarding Confidential VM attacks using OpenSSH vulnerabilities <snippet id="S_E9a5JQO">, LLM backdoor attack research and defenses <snippet id="S_an5NoVR,S_YBdf4MH">, and BusyBox vulnerabilities in embedded devices <snippet id="S_pMv9wbZ">. No snippets provide evidence about the 2024 xz Utils supply-chain attack, OpenSSH mitigation responses, or distro-specific reactions to this backdoor incident.
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Recent research has explored iontronic memristive nanopores, including hydrophobically gated memristive nanopores (HyMNs), which exhibit synapse-like learning and forgetting behaviors through voltage pulses, with positive pulses increasing current (learning) and negative pulses decreasing it (forgetting) <snippet id="S_gW4hWao">.</snippet> These devices demonstrate synaptic plasticity such as spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) and can operate with energy consumption comparable to biological neurons, at just a few picojoules <snippet id="S_gW4hWao">.</snippet> While the provided snippets do not explicitly mention glass nanopipettes or nanocapillaries, they highlight the broader trend of iontronic memristors in aqueous environments that mimic biological synapses, using ion migration for information processing <snippet id="S_QPm1BVy">.</snippet> Some studies report neuromorphic functions such as short-term and long-term memory, associative learning, and adaptive learning in memristor-based systems <snippet id="S_AYSIBfy">, <snippet id="S_vZ4tG5T">.</snippet> However, no specific experimental data on glass nanopores modified for neuromorphic computing or performance metrics in 2023–2025 are directly cited in the results <snippet id="S_tmhzp2h">, <snippet id="S_fJ84xyx">.</snippet> Therefore, while brain-inspired computing using iontronic memristors is advancing, the specific application of surface-modified glass nanopores remains unreported in the current literature.
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<answer>
Based on the search results, there are no confirmed papers from 2023–2025 specifically using glass nanopipettes or glass nanocapillaries for neuromorphic computing applications. The search returned relevant neuromorphic memristor research, including hydrophobically gated memristive nanopores (HyMNs) that exhibit synapse-like learning and forgetting capabilities with picojoule energy consumption <snippet id="S_gW4hWao">. Iontronic nanochannels using aqueous iontronic memristors have shown potential for synaptic plasticity, bridging solid-state limitations with biological synapse characteristics <snippet id="S_QPm1BVy">. However, these results do not specify glass as the nanopore/nanochannel material, and most papers focus on solid-state oxide memristors or 2D nanomaterials rather than glass nanopipettes <snippet id="S_tmhzp2h">, <snippet id="S_vZ4tG5T">. The agent may need to refine the search to explicitly include "glass nanopipette" or "glass nanocapillary" as material specifications to find the targeted results.
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<answer>
Communication efficiency in wireless federated learning (FL) is evaluated through metrics such as transmitted bits per round, cumulative overhead, compression ratio, and uplink/downlink cost, which are critical due to high communication and energy costs in wireless environments <snippet id="S_1mmF7Ri">. Energy efficiency is assessed via energy consumption per device, total energy, and energy-delay product, with studies showing that client selection and power allocation can reduce energy use significantly under bandwidth and latency constraints <snippet id="S_JGuAYDE">. Robustness under wireless constraints like channel fading, packet loss, and outage is addressed using metrics such as outage probability and SNR, with approaches like differential transmission enabling energy-efficient operation without requiring channel state information <snippet id="S_JGuAYDE">. Commonly used datasets include MNIST, Fashion-MNIST, CIFAR-10/100, FEMNIST, and LEAF, which are employed in both IID and non-IID settings to evaluate model convergence and accuracy <snippet id="S_JGuAYDE">. Benchmarking platforms such as LEAF, FedML, Flower, and FedScale are used to implement and compare FL protocols, with simulation environments like NS-3 or OMNeT++ supporting wireless channel modeling <snippet id="S_M7GJh7u">. Baseline methods like FedAvg, FedProx, SCAFFOLD, Local SGD, SignSGD, and Top-k are frequently used to compare the performance of new communication-efficient protocols <snippet id="S_1mmF7Ri">.</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_PEvoFKz">High communication and energy costs are identified as key challenges in FL that need to be addressed in wireless networks</snippet>, <snippet id="S_1mmF7Ri">Communication efficiency is a main research theme due to excessive overhead from uploading high-dimensional models/gradients, with communication-and-learning integration being a key approach</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_JGuAYDE">Energy consumption minimization is formulated under outage, latency, and bandwidth constraints with client selection algorithms to reduce participating clients</snippet>.

<snippet id="S_1mmF7Ri">Fundamental tradeoffs exist between device energy consumption and learning speed quantified in FEEL system performance</snippet>, <snippet id="S_JGuAYDE">Total energy due to computation and communication tasks is minimized subject to bandwidth, latency, and outage constraints</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_ZLZf0RY">Energy efficiency in bandwidth-limited systems with energy-limited UEs is achieved through scheduling policies that save energy while maintaining model convergence</snippet>.

<snippet id="S_JGuAYDE">Datasets including MNIST and Fashion-MNIST in IID and non-IID settings are used to test proposed algorithms</snippet>, <snippet id="S_ZLZf0RY">Bandwidth-limited networks with energy-limited UEs are evaluated for energy efficiency in practical federated learning cases</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_1mmF7Ri">Over-the-air computing is proposed as a multiaccess scheme to support fast model/gradient aggregation using waveform superposition</snippet>.

Note: While these sources discuss communication efficiency challenges, energy metrics, and some datasets, they do not provide the comprehensive metric definitions (bits per round, compression ratio, energy-delay product formulas), specific platform listings (LEAF, FedML, Flower, TFF, FedScale), or complete baseline method enumerations the query requested.
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<answer>
Research on multi-level curled fiber bundle composites identifies that curled fibers—characterized by waviness, amplitude, and wavelength—significantly influence mechanical behavior through nonlinear stress–strain responses due to fiber decrimping and interfacial slip <snippet id="S_aLjwyeo">. Constitutive models based on Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM) and non-equilibrium thermodynamics account for damage progression from external loads and water absorption, enabling predictions of long-term tensile strength and elasticity in moist environments <snippet id="S_uaEiMtD">. Micromechanical models, including shear-lag and Mori–Tanaka approaches, are used to capture fiber bundle-level behavior, with finite element (FE) unit-cell methods providing realistic simulations of large deformations and fiber bundle interactions <snippet id="S_nEp7Z1r">. These models are often integrated into multiscale frameworks where local constitutive sub-models (e.g., for matrix and yarn phases) are homogenized to predict macroscopic responses under tension, compression, and damage <snippet id="S_dmbiHtW">. While specific experimental benchmarks for "multi-level" curled fibers are limited, studies on nonwovens and hybrid composites show that fiber curl and orientation strongly affect strength, energy absorption, and failure criteria <snippet id="S_aLjwyeo">, suggesting that hierarchical curling enhances toughness and nonlinear deformation capacity.</answer>

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<snippet id=S_uaEiMtD>A constitutive model for curled fiber bundle composites based on Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM) and non-equilibrium thermodynamics exists for natural fiber-based composites</snippet>. This model utilizes Helmholtz free energy to account for isothermal deformation and water absorption, predicting tensile strength and elasticity over time <snippet id=S_uaEiMtD>. In nonwoven composites, fiber curl distribution is significant for predicting stress-strain properties through analytical theories and finite element analysis <snippet id=S_aLjwyeo>. General fiber bundle modeling employs probabilistic fiber bundle or micromechanical multifiber models to capture failure modes like cracking and strength reduction <snippet id=S_JVPAK0S>. Simulation methods such as Direct Fiber Simulation (DFS) represent thousands of fibers as bundles to maintain nominal volume fractions while simplifying calculations <snippet id=S_nEp7Z1r>. Multiscale frameworks often treat local constitutive models for matrix and yarn phases as interchangeable elements within a homogenization structure <snippet id=S_dmbiHtW>.
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The search for "Graduates from doctoral or equivalent programmes" on the UNESCO UIS data portal failed to return results, preventing the identification of the specific dataset containing annual PhD (ISCED 8) graduate numbers by Arab League country <snippet id=1>. This limits the ability to retrieve authoritative, comparable data on doctoral graduates for each of the 22 Arab countries as required <snippet id=1>. Without access to the UIS dataset or a verified alternative source such as World Bank EdStats, no reliable annual graduate numbers can be compiled for the requested countries <snippet id=1>. National statistics offices or ministry of education reports may provide partial data, but these are not systematically available or comparable across countries <snippet id=1>. Therefore, a complete and accurate table of annual PhD graduates for Arab League nations cannot be constructed from current available sources <snippet id=1>.</answer>

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<snippet id="N/A">The search query to the UNESCO UIS Data portal failed to return results</snippet>, so no information about the "Graduates from doctoral or equivalent programmes" indicator definition or country-year values could be retrieved. <snippet id="N/A">As a result, the agent cannot compile the requested table of annual PhD graduates for Arab League countries using UIS/WB data from this search attempt</snippet>. <snippet id="N/A">The agent will need to retry the search or try alternative search strategies</snippet>.
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