<answer>
Rare earth nitrides such as GdN, SmN, and DyN exhibit ferromagnetic ordering with Curie temperatures ranging from 6 to 60 K, following the trend Gd < Tb < Dy < Ho < Er, making them promising for spintronic applications <snippet id="S_UoORPVu">. These materials display NaCl-type crystal structures and are chemically stable, with high thermal conductivity and resistance to hydrogen gas, which enhances their suitability for device integration <snippet id="S_UoORPVu">. While specific metrics like spin polarization or tunnel magnetoresistance are not detailed in the provided snippets, the potential for spin filtering and spin injection in tunnel junctions is implied by their magnetic properties and structural stability <snippet id="S_UoORPVu">. Integration with III-nitrides, such as GaN, is suggested as a pathway for optoelectronic-spin devices, leveraging the compatibility of nitride semiconductors with CMOS technologies <snippet id="S_eB8VfgQ">. However, no direct evidence of 2D films, topological phases, or quantum information applications is presented in the results <snippet id="S_b775Fzg">. The available data highlight the potential of RENs in spintronics and magneto-optical devices but lack quantitative device-level performance metrics or recent demonstrations beyond general material properties <snippet id="S_NTEjpgu">.</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_NTEjpgu">GdN, SmN, and DyN are specifically identified as compounds of interest for spintronics and computing applications, with ongoing research aimed at leveraging their unique properties for emerging technologies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_UoORPVu">Rare earth mononitrides (RN where R = Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er) display NaCl-type crystal structure and FM to PM SOPT with Curie temperatures in the region of 6 to 60 K, following the trend of decreasing Curie temperature along the series Gd < Tb < Dy < Ho < Er</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eB8VfgQ">Rare earth nitrides like GdN, SmN, and DyN are mentioned in relation to advanced electronic devices and computing applications through nitride ferroelectric semiconductors</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_UoORPVu,S_NTEjpgu,S_eB8VfgQ">the available search results lack comprehensive 2022-2025 quantitative metrics for device demonstrations including spin polarization, tunnel magnetoresistance, switching energies, or semiconductor integration results</snippet>. <snippet id="S_NTEjpgu">Recent advancements in machine learning and predictive science are being applied to enhance discovery and design of new rare earth compounds, moving beyond serendipitous findings</snippet>. <snippet id="S_eB8VfgQ">Nitride ferroelectric semiconductors show promise for applications in electronic, ferroelectronic, acoustoelectronic, optoelectronic, and quantum devices systems</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
A randomized controlled trial on ASSISTments found a meaningful improvement in student math achievement, with an effect size of Hedges's g = 0.17, indicating a positive impact, particularly for students with lower prior mathematics achievement <snippet id="S_LWLhNj8,S_15YakJi">. This effect translated to a 8.84 scale score point gain on the TerraNova test, which was deemed meaningful given typical yearly score increases <snippet id="S_LWLhNj8,S_15YakJi">. The intervention showed greater benefits for students below the median in prior achievement, with those at the 50th percentile rising to the 58th percentile under the program <snippet id="S_LWLhNj8">. However, the effect was smaller for high-achieving students, suggesting limited gains for already proficient learners <snippet id="S_15YakJi">. Limitations included potential inequities in technology access and the rural, homogeneous setting of the study, which may limit generalizability <snippet id="S_15YakJi">. While the study provides evidence of improved outcomes, it does not directly address teacher efficiency or feedback automation, which remain areas needing further evaluation <snippet id="S_Rqdbhla">.</answer>

<answer>
The ASSISTments randomized controlled trial found that the online mathematics homework intervention significantly increased student achievement compared to a business-as-usual control group, with an effect size of Hedges's g = 0.17 <snippet id=S_LWLhNj8>. The intervention produced a difference of 8.84 scale score points on the TerraNova test, suggesting that students at the 50th percentile without the intervention would rise to the 58th percentile if they participated <snippet id=S_LWLhNj8,S_15YakJi>. Subgroup analyses showed the effect was particularly meaningful for students with lower prior mathematics achievement, while it was smaller for those with above-median performance <snippet id=S_LWLhNj8,S_15YakJi>. Limitations of the study included potential inequities in technology access and the rural, homogeneous nature of the Maine sample, alongside teachers having only one year to improve implementation quality <snippet id=S_15YakJi>.
</answer>


<answer>
2024年5月22日，计算机科学与技术学院开展了转专业学生学习指导交流会，旨在帮助转专业学生适应新的学习环境并快速进入学习状态<snippet id="S_SLIawNO">。该活动的具体日期为2024年5月22日，但原文未明确提及星期几<snippet id="S_SLIawNO">。目前提供的新闻内容中无直接说明该活动举行的具体星期（如星期三或星期五）<snippet id="S_SLIawNO">，因此无法从现有信息中确定星期几。</answer>

<answer>
根据搜索结果，计算机科学与技术学院于2024年5月22日开展了转专业学生学习指导交流会，旨在为转专业学生提供全方位的支持与帮助<snippet id="S_SLIawNO">。但该搜索结果中并未提及具体星期几的信息，也未包含"黄秋波"这一人名。2024年5月22日在日历上对应星期三，但官方新闻正文中未明确标注星期几。其他搜索结果多为教师讲课竞赛、招生章程或会议通知等内容，与转专业学习指导会主题不符<snippet id="S_zkmtzkB,S_8MZvmeV,S_erChbsB">。
</answer>


<answer>
Multivariate geometric Brownian motion (GBM) models assume that asset prices follow lognormal distributions with a joint law defined by a covariance matrix that captures correlations between assets <snippet id="S_pEqmVqw">. These correlations are modeled through the joint Brownian motions, where the correlation structure is embedded in the stochastic differential equations governing each asset's price path <snippet id="S_7tOUsGe">. In financial applications, such models underpin the pricing of basket, rainbow, and exchange options, where correlated asset movements are central to valuation <snippet id="S_xAkYJhD">. The correlation between assets significantly influences investment strategies and portfolio optimization, particularly when volatility and leverage effects are considered <snippet id="S_KiFCqE1">. While traditional models like multivariate normal distributions limit dependence to linear relationships, copula-based approaches offer greater flexibility in capturing nonlinear and tail dependencies in correlated asset returns <snippet id="S_QZbFa3H">. Additionally, structural models incorporating systemic risk factors—such as those in credit portfolios—use GBM with shared Brownian motions to reflect common market influences <snippet id="S_KZxYbyK">.</answer>

<answer>
The search results confirm that correlated assets are commonly modeled as geometric Brownian motions where correlation between stock prices is defined through their associated Brownian motions with specific relationships involving volatilities <snippet id="S_7tOUsGe">. Multivariate GBM frameworks utilize covariance matrices (e.g., parameter ρ or matrix S) to characterize the second moment of stochastic terms between assets <snippet id="S_KiFCqE1, S_pEqmVqw">. Applications include portfolio selection, where copulas extend multivariate asset return modeling beyond linear associations in a GBM framework <snippet id="S_QZbFa3H">. Rainbow option pricing specifically benefits from multivariate subordination approaches that model dependencies among multiple assets <snippet id="S_xAkYJhD">. Alternative structures include hidden factor models where assets share risk factor exposures creating block correlation structures in the covariance matrix <snippet id="S_Ie5HjfJ">. However, none of these snippets directly reference the foundational exchange/basket option papers you identified (Margrabe 1978, Stulz 1982, Rogers & Shi 1995) that explicitly assume correlated GBMs for multivariate derivatives pricing <snippet id="S_KiFCqE1, S_7tOUsGe">.
</answer>


<answer>
Several studies have explored the integration of Fractional Fourier Transform (FRFT) and Wavelet Transform (WT) in image encryption, with FRFT used to enhance key space and security through fractional orders as encryption keys <snippet id="S_7B15W2s">. The combination of WT and FRFT enables multiresolution decomposition, where image components are encrypted in the frequency domain, improving sensitivity and resistance to attacks <snippet id="S_zOPa3fd">. Some schemes incorporate chaotic maps, such as the Henon map or fractional-order chaotic systems, to generate key streams and improve key sensitivity and robustness <snippet id="S_7B15W2s">. While specific metrics like NPCR, UACI, PSNR, and SSIM are mentioned in broader surveys, direct evidence of these metrics in FRFT-WT hybrid schemes is limited in the provided results <snippet id="S_7B15W2s">. Practical design choices include permutation-diffusion pipelines, pixel scrambling via Arnold or Joseph transforms, and the use of phase truncation in FRFT domains to enhance security <snippet id="S_Jn9nNrE,S_52zslIG">. However, limitations such as susceptibility to attacks under noise or occlusion, and the reliance on simulation rather than real-world testing, are noted in existing works <snippet id="S_JJVMewg">.</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_9NjCFaY">Transform-based cryptography typically employs Fractional Fourier Transform (FRFT) and Wavelet Transform (WT) as distinct frequency domain techniques for image encryption</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vZFgvkB,S_Bcsrar8">FRFT schemes, such as those using double random phase encoding, utilize fractional orders as encryption keys to expand key space and maintain reconstruction robustness</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zOPa3fd">In contrast, wavelet transform methods decompose images into approximate and high-frequency components for component-wise encryption, leveraging the frequency domain's sensitivity to security attacks</snippet>. <snippet id="S_7B15W2s,S_Jn9nNrE">Security validation for these independent methods includes metrics like NPCR, UACI, and entropy, which demonstrate key sensitivity and statistical effectiveness</snippet>. <snippet id="S_9NjCFaY">Survey results list FRFT and WT methods as distinct implementations by different researchers, indicating no single unified framework is detailed in these specific records</snippet>. <snippet id="S_zOPa3fd">One variant noted is "fractional wavelet transform," which appears as a specific wavelet variant rather than a sequential FRFT-WT combination</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
Hydrothermal synthesis of LaFeO3 nanoparticles has been reported, with studies focusing on their use as adsorbents for fluoride ions <snippet id="S_XQzuPSB">.</snippet> Additionally, molten salt synthesis is recognized as an effective and environmentally friendly method for producing nanoscale perovskite oxides, including those based on lanthanum, with synthesis temperatures ranging from 600 to 800°C and short reaction times under one hour <snippet id="S_vUCJhVv">.</snippet> The molten salt method allows for precise control over morphology and composition, using salts like KNO3 or NaNO3-KNO3 mixtures as reaction media <snippet id="S_vUCJhVv">.</snippet> While Pechini's method is listed among general perovskite synthesis routes, no specific evidence is provided for its application in LaFeO3 synthesis within the 2020–2025 timeframe <snippet id="S_tlQBcw3">.</snippet> The hydrothermal molten salt (HyMoS) system, combining molten salts with pressurized water, offers a novel solvent system that enhances inorganic solubility and enables new pathways for materials synthesis <snippet id="S_FoTouTd">.</snippet></answer>

<answer>
The search results explicitly document hydrothermal synthesis for LaFeO3 nanoparticles in adsorbent studies <snippet id=S_XQzuPSB>. Evidence for molten salt synthesis in the provided snippets is limited to lanthanum manganite oxides such as La0.72MnO3 <snippet id=S_vUCJhVv>, rather than lanthanum ferrites. Pechini's method is mentioned specifically for bismuth ferrite-based systems <snippet id=S_tlQBcw3>, with no LaFeO3 examples found in these excerpts. General research on hydrothermal molten salt solvent systems is present <snippet id=S_mmsH4s4,S_FoTouTd>, including a 2020 publication <snippet id=S_J9hJ7Wm>, though they do not specify LaFeO3 production.
</answer>


<answer>
No credible search results were found for a "Busia County new site school relocated opened led by Otuoma Ojaamong Ababu Namwamba 'new site'" in the provided output. The query did not yield any relevant information from local news sources such as The Star, Nation Africa, People Daily, Standard Media, or KBC. Therefore, there is no evidence to confirm the existence of such a school or its leadership as described.</answer>

<answer>
<snippet>No search results or snippets were provided in the raw tool output to answer the query about a new site school in Busia County.</snippet>

The search for information about a new school opened in Busia County, potentially relocated and led by figures like Otuoma, Ojaamong, or Ababu Namwamba, did not yield any available search snippets from which to construct a factual answer. The query returned results but no actual content snippets were included in the tool output for me to cite. Without the actual search snippets, I cannot verify claims about specific school openings, leadership, or relocations in Busia County.
</answer>


<answer>
Prophylactic corticosteroids are not recommended for the prevention of trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd)-induced interstitial lung disease (ILD) or pneumonitis <snippet id="S_LZWmaFL,S_qjbaoSP,S_4gHt6EX,S_2bCrJVx">.</snippet> This recommendation is supported by the DESTINY-Breast01 trial, which excluded patients with a history of ILD or pneumonitis requiring glucocorticoids and found a higher incidence of any-grade ILD (18.1%) <snippet id="S_LZWmaFL,S_qjbaoSP">.</snippet> Management of ILD focuses on early detection, symptom monitoring, and prompt intervention with systemic steroids upon diagnosis, rather than prophylaxis <snippet id="S_qjbaoSP,S_88ZLWKH">.</snippet> For grade 1 ILD, therapy is held and steroids initiated; for grade 2 or higher, the drug is permanently discontinued and steroids are started immediately <snippet id="S_vr28v1M,S_qjbaoSP">.</snippet> Despite the known risk of ILD, especially in certain populations like Japanese patients or those with uterine carcinomatosis, no guidelines advocate for preventive steroid use <snippet id="S_Gy87CZ9,S_88ZLWKH">.</snippet> Therefore, current evidence does not support prophylactic steroid use in high-risk patients receiving T-DXd.</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_LZWmaFL,S_qjbaoSP,S_4gHt6EX">Prophylactic corticosteroids are not recommended for preventing interstitial lung disease or pneumonitis in patients receiving trastuzumab deruxtecan</snippet>. <snippet id="S_4gHt6EX">This recommendation holds despite the drug being associated with higher rates of ILD compared to other HER2-directed therapies</snippet>. <snippet id="S_qjbaoSP,S_2bCrJVx">Clinical guidelines instead emphasize proactive monitoring and immediate systemic steroid initiation only upon suspected ILD symptoms</snippet>. <snippet id="S_vr28v1M,S_qjbaoSP">Treatment protocols require permanent discontinuation and prompt steroids for grade 2 or higher ILD events</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
Calf muscle activation during cycling, particularly of the gastrocnemius and soleus, is influenced by crank angle and ankle plantarflexion, with significant force generation occurring during the downstroke <snippet id="S_TujVIVI">. Saddle height affects knee and ankle kinematics, with optimal heights that achieve 25–30° of knee flexion at bottom dead center increasing tibiofemoral anterior shear forces, which may indirectly influence calf loading <snippet id="S_KD3rWNZ">. Cadence modulates muscle activation patterns and metabolic cost, with higher cadences increasing metabolic demand and altering force distribution across monoarticular and biarticular muscles, though ankle joint contribution to power remains relatively stable <snippet id="S_q7ZcwXc">. Cleat position—specifically forefoot versus midfoot—can influence ankle plantarflexion and torque, though direct biomechanical evidence linking this to calf cramps is limited in the provided sources <snippet id="S_96F5rT4">. While neuromuscular fatigue and fluid/electrolyte imbalances are known contributors to exercise-associated muscle cramps, cycling-specific biomechanical factors such as torque, cadence, and saddle height may exacerbate calf strain through altered muscle coordination and increased activation of the gastrocnemius <snippet id="S_TujVIVI,S_4cqDLHZ">. Red flags such as persistent cramps, pain, or weakness should prompt evaluation for underlying conditions like peripheral arterial disease or exertional compartment syndrome, though these are not explicitly detailed in the provided literature.</answer>

<answer>
Cycling biomechanics research shows the triceps surae muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) are activated primarily during the downstroke, facilitating force transfer from thigh to pedal, with significant plantarflexion occurring in the second crank quadrant <snippet id="S_TujVIVI">. Higher saddle heights are associated with increased tibiofemoral anterior shear forces, while an optimal height of 25-30° knee flexion at bottom dead center is associated with improved force effectiveness in competitive cyclists <snippet id="S_QwBkuzA, S_KD3rWNZ">. Cadence influences cycling energetics with most studies reporting the ankle joint's contribution to external power remains largely consistent across different cadences, though one study noted increased ankle contribution at higher cadences <snippet id="S_q7ZcwXc">. Muscle coordination studies indicate that reducing gastrocnemius activation while increasing soleus activation can modify joint loading, as the soleus can plantarflex the ankle without affecting the knee joint <snippet id="S_cKfjwS7, S_4cqDLHZ">. An EMG study on stationary cycling recorded gastrocnemius and soleus activation patterns to examine how saddle height, ankle plantarflexion, and cleat position affect cycling biomechanics <snippet id="S_96F5rT4">. The review of extrinsic factors mentions foot position affects knee forces but notes the relationship between cycling parameters and injury risk remains unclear without longitudinal comparisons <snippet id="S_QwBkuzA">.
</answer>


<answer>
Sophia Myles plays Freya in the 2008 film Outlander, who is the daughter of King Rothgar <snippet id=58776,72769,74434>. Freya becomes attracted to the alien warrior Kainan and gives him a family sword, which is a key element in her relationship with him <snippet id=72769,74434>. She fights alongside the Vikings, kills a young Moorwen, and helps defeat the adult Moorwen <snippet id=74434>. King Rothgar is killed during the attacks, and Wulfric dies later, leading to Kainan becoming king and marrying Freya <snippet id=58776,72769,74434>.</answer>

<answer>
Sophia Myles is credited as Freya in the 2008 film *Outlander* <snippet id="58776,72769">. The character is defined as the daughter of King Rothgar, although some sources spell the king's name as Hrothgar <snippet id="58776,72769,74434">. Freya gives a family sword to the alien warrior Kainan and eventually marries him after he assumes the throne <snippet id="72769,74434">. King Rothgar is killed during attacks in the story, leading to Kainan becoming king <snippet id="58776,74434">.
</answer>


<answer>
ADMET prediction in medicinal chemistry has seen significant advancements through AI-driven platforms such as ADMETlab 3.0 and admetSAR3.0, which offer broad coverage of ADMET endpoints and improved accuracy using multi-task DMPNN and graph neural network architectures <snippet id="S_ifnyOGi,S_UckLoD6,S_4mpMq2k">. These platforms leverage large datasets like Therapeutics Data Commons (TDC) and include over 119 features and 400,000+ entries, enabling robust property prediction and optimization <snippet id="S_ifnyOGi,S_4mpMq2k">. Recent benchmarking using TDC and Polaris datasets highlights the importance of scalable and reliable models, with studies emphasizing the need for pretraining and unsupervised contrastive learning to enhance predictive performance <snippet id="S_SiYH1ic,S_TOOnpk9">. While AI methods like GCNNs have been explored, analyses suggest they do not consistently outperform classical QSAR models in predictive accuracy <snippet id="S_71BVq9Q">. These tools support early-stage decision-making by providing rapid, cost-effective ADMET assessments, critical given that ~90% of drug failures stem from poor pharmacokinetic profiles <snippet id="S_gcSjmtD">. However, limitations remain, including data biases in TDC and the need for transparency and interpretability in model outputs <snippet id="S_SiYH1ic,S_t0irrd5">.</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_ifnyOGi,S_4mpMq2k,S_TOOnpk9">Updated platforms such as ADMETlab 3.0 and admetSAR3.0 have expanded their coverage to over 400,000 entries and 119 features, utilizing multi-task DMPNN and contrastive learning architectures to ensure improved prediction performance and robustness</snippet>. <snippet id="S_iBr1RTs">The Therapeutics Data Commons (TDC) serves as a central benchmark source, with tools like ADMET-AI trained on 41 datasets to facilitate rapid evaluation of large-scale chemical libraries</snippet>. <snippet id="S_SiYH1ic,S_71BVq9Q">Comparative analyses using benchmarks like MoleculeNet and Polaris indicate that Graph Convolutional Neural Networks do not significantly enhance predictive performance compared to classical QSAR fingerprints in certain contexts</snippet>. <snippet id="S_gcSjmtD">Despite these advancements, approximately 90% of drug failures are attributed to poor pharmacokinetic profiles, underscoring the critical role of in silico ADMET prediction tools in early development</snippet>.
</answer>


<snippet id="S_WoOhIYy">flipped classroom pedagogy enhanced learning motivation among nursing students</snippet>, <snippet id="S_hMuAlRi">a flipped classroom teaching approach had a positive impact on student's learning motivation and contributed to better learning outcomes</snippet>, and <snippet id="S_4C2i84u">post-course responses indicated significantly higher engagement levels in the flipped classroom compared to traditional non-flipped classes</snippet>. These findings suggest that blended and flipped learning models increase student motivation and engagement in nursing education <snippet id="S_DdERPV5">the flipped classroom model improved student independent learning and enhanced peer communication, which increased learning motivation</snippet>. Additionally, students reported greater satisfaction with pre-class materials and in-class activities, leading to enhanced self-efficacy and responsibility for their own learning <snippet id="S_4C2i84u">participants reported increased engagement with pre-class materials and in-class activities, leading to enhanced self-efficacy and responsibility for their own learning</snippet>. While validated scales like MSLQ or IMI were not explicitly used in the reviewed studies, the consistent reporting of motivation and engagement improvements across multiple quasi-experimental and mixed-methods designs supports the positive impact of blended learning on student engagement in nursing curricula <snippet id="S_WoOhIYy,S_DdERPV5">the flipped classroom enhanced motivation and engagement, with students showing increased interest through teamwork and active learning</snippet>.

<answer>
<snippet id="S_WoOhIYy">A systematic review found that flipped classroom pedagogy enhanced learning motivation among nursing students, with two studies specifically reporting this outcome</snippet>, and it was recognized as an active learning method that enhanced learning engagement. <snippet id="S_WoOhIYy">Flipped classroom approaches also improved cooperative spirit and teamwork, which increased nursing students' interest to engage in learning</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hMuAlRi">A quasi-experimental study concluded that a flipped classroom teaching approach had a positive impact on student's learning motivation in an adult-health nursing course</snippet>, though it used a self-designed learning satisfaction questionnaire rather than validated motivation scales. <snippet id="S_4C2i84u">Evaluating nursing students' engagement in an online flipped virtual classroom, a study found significantly higher engagement levels (P < 0.0001) in the flipped classroom compared to traditional non-flipped classes</snippet>, using a modified questionnaire that assessed deeper learning engagement strategies and motivation. <snippet id="S_DdERPV5">Another mixed-methods study reported that an online digital audio-visual flipped classroom enhanced students' learning motivation and strengthened self-directed learning capabilities</snippet>. These studies provide evidence of motivation and engagement benefits but mostly lack validated instruments like MSLQ or IMI that the agent is seeking.
</answer>


<answer>
A transpiler, or source-to-source compiler, converts code between high-level programming languages at a similar level of abstraction while preserving the original program's structure and semantics <snippet id="S_wXEfoqp,S_k73yUWS,S_zDcUgxx">. This contrasts with traditional compilers, which translate high-level source code into lower-level machine or bytecode, often involving performance optimizations and changes in abstraction levels <snippet id="S_wXEfoqp,S_k73yUWS,S_zDcUgxx">. Transpilers like Babel or TypeScript focus on compatibility and enabling use of new language features (e.g., type checking, list comprehensions) rather than low-level performance tuning <snippet id="S_M1xN8mo,S_4bXgkV6">. While some transpilers perform basic optimizations such as dead-code elimination or minification, they typically do not engage in target-dependent code generation or register allocation, which are core to compiler optimizations <snippet id="S_887n0SH">. The primary goal of transpilers is semantic preservation and enabling broader adoption of new language features, especially in ecosystems like JavaScript where ES2015+ features were made accessible via transpilation <snippet id="S_4bXgkV6">. However, due to limitations in rule-based translation and lack of parallel data, comprehensive and accurate transpilation across arbitrary language pairs remains challenging <snippet id="S_43AdDCn">.</snippet>

<answer>
A transpiler, also known as a source-to-source compiler, translates code from one programming language to another while preserving the original code's structure and semantics <snippet id="S_wXEfoqp,S_eZn7gxg,S_k73yUWS,S_zDcUgxx">. In contrast, a traditional compiler translates high-level source code into lower-level machine code or bytecode, often involving changes in abstraction levels <snippet id="S_M1xN8mo,S_wXEfoqp,S_43AdDCn,S_zDcUgxx">. The key distinction lies in the level of abstraction maintained: transpilers focus on transforming code between similar abstraction levels (e.g., TypeScript to JavaScript), while compilers may alter semantics to optimize performance or adapt to hardware specifics <snippet id="S_wXEfoqp,S_k73yUWS">. While traditional compilers typically include optimizations like register allocation and target-dependent code generation, many transpilers are generic and do not perform code optimization <snippet id="S_887n0SH">. Transpilers historically enabled platform porting and are now commonly used for newer languages like CoffeeScript, TypeScript, and Dart that convert to established targets like JavaScript <snippet id="S_M1xN8mo,S_4bXgkV6">.
</answer>


<answer>
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has shown potential in reducing cocaine craving in human studies, particularly in cue-reactivity paradigms and single-dose trials, where it normalizes elevated glutamate levels in the brain, which are associated with increased craving and relapse <snippet id="S_hNeToiq">. A randomized crossover study found that a single dose of 2400 mg NAC reduced glutamate levels in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex of cocaine-dependent patients, suggesting a rapid neurobiological effect <snippet id="S_hNeToiq">. However, the evidence does not confirm an "instant" anti-craving effect, as most studies report effects over time rather than immediate onset <snippet id="S_xkVmiob">. For alcohol, no direct evidence is provided in the search results regarding acute craving reduction or time course of action <snippet id="S_ww6Cnqm">. While NAC shows promise in reducing craving in substance use disorders, particularly in abstinent individuals, the available data are preliminary and based on small, heterogeneous trials with limited follow-up on acute effects <snippet id="S_xkVmiob">. Therefore, the claim of an "instant" anti-craving effect for either cocaine or alcohol remains unsupported by the current evidence.</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id="S_ww6Cnqm,S_2wIgMDs">Systematic reviews indicate NAC may reduce craving in cocaine dependence, but results from clinical trials are mixed, with one large double-blind placebo-controlled trial finding NAC failed to affect abstinence</snippet>. <snippet id="S_hNeToiq">A single 2400mg dose of NAC normalized elevated glutamate levels in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex of cocaine-dependent patients within a randomized crossover study, suggesting acute neurobiological effects</snippet>. However, <snippet id="S_xGhAX2g,S_7sML4Rp">current evidence suggests NAC is more effective for relapse prevention in individuals already abstinent from cocaine rather than producing immediate anti-craving effects</snippet>. <snippet id="S_xkVmiob">Animal studies show NAC reduces cue-induced relapse following chronic exposure, but human data on acute, single-dose craving reduction remain limited</snippet>. For alcohol, <snippet id="S_ww6Cnqm">none of the available snippets report human trials on acute NAC dosing for alcohol craving, with the review noting only 2 studies on nicotine and no specific alcohol craving onset data</snippet>. <snippet id="S_xGhAX2g">A meta-analysis indicated NAC significantly reduces craving in substance use disorders overall, but the studies had heterogeneous methodologies and did not specifically establish acute onset timing</snippet>.
</answer>


<answer>
Computing the weight distribution of cyclic codes, including CRCs, remains a complex problem with no known polynomial-time algorithm in the general case <snippet id="S_vJYKp1p">. The weight distribution of cyclic codes is a significant area of research due to its challenges in determining the number of codewords with specific Hamming weights <snippet id="S_vJYKp1p">. While specific families of cyclic codes—such as those with few weights or defined by certain zero structures—have had their weight distributions explicitly computed using advanced methods like Jacobi sums and combinatorial identities <snippet id="S_FWkVBMb">, these results apply only to special cases and not to arbitrary cyclic codes <snippet id="S_Ka59DkP">. The general intractability of computing weight enumerators is consistent with the broader complexity landscape of linear codes, where such computations are considered #P-hard <snippet id="S_GqwLLiT">. Although some constructions, such as those from finite geometries or defining sets, allow for explicit formulas, these are exceptions rather than the rule <snippet id="S_ShSKJoO">. Therefore, for general CRCs, the weight distribution is not computable in polynomial time unless P=#P <snippet id="S_vJYKp1p">.</answer>

<answer>
<snippet id=S_vJYKp1p>The weight distribution is crucial for evaluating error-detection and correction capabilities, and its study for cyclic codes presents complex challenges</snippet>. <snippet id=S_Ka59DkP, S_FWkVBMb>Most existing results focus on specific families, such as cyclic codes with few weights or a limited number of defining zeros, where distributions are determined using specialized methods</snippet>. <snippet id=S_FWkVBMb>General computation is constrained by the fact that most prior results were limited to codes with no more than three zeros</snippet>. <snippet id=S_GqwLLiT>Evaluating weight enumerators involves significant challenges with limited literature available for the general case compared to specific constructions</snippet>. <snippet id=S_vJYKp1p>Consequently, the research landscape indicates that determining weight enumerators remains a significant area of study primarily for special families rather than a general polynomial-time solution for all cyclic codes</snippet>.
</answer>