{"sample_idx": 0, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe,S_YKlYY4b\">PPO (Proximal Policy Optimization) was introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017 as a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm that uses a clipped surrogate objective to optimize policy updates</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_z9c3Jms,S_AuYFhyP,S_HkWtygo\">The core idea involves a probability ratio \\( r_t(\\theta) = \\frac{\\pi_\\theta(a_t|s_t)}{\\pi_{\\text{old}}(a_t|s_t)} \\) between the current and old policies, which is clipped to a range defined by a hyperparameter \\( \\epsilon \\) (typically 0.1-0.2) to prevent large deviations</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_AuYFhyP,S_HkWtygo\">This clipping mechanism ensures the new policy does not deviate significantly from the previous policy, reducing the risk of divergent behavior and making training more stable</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_AuYFhyP\">The training loop involves collecting trajectories from parallel environments, computing advantage estimates using Generalized Advantage Estimation (GAE), and optimizing the policy parameters through gradient ascent on the clipped objective</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_AuYFhyP\">An entropy regularization term is also included to promote action diversity and ensure sufficient exploration during training</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_r9aDbc9,S_XwtrQjp\">PPO improves upon TRPO by clipping the surrogate objective, and the clipped objective function provides a pessimistic bound on the unclipped objective, meaning improvements correlate only when the ratio remains within the specified bounds</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_AuYFhyP,S_hXE5LYe,S_z9c3Jms\">Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm introduced by Schulman et al. in 2017</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe\">It utilizes a clipped surrogate objective function that constrains the probability ratio between the new and old policies within a range typically set to 1 ± ε</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_z9c3Jms,S_hXE5LYe\">This objective takes the minimum of clipped and unclipped estimates, providing a lower bound that penalizes significant deviations from 1</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_YKlYY4b,S_CcbSYTJ,S_9Mgjk7i\">During training, the algorithm collects trajectories, computes advantage estimates (often via Generalized Advantage Estimation), and optimizes the policy with a value network loss and entropy bonus</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_CcbSYTJ,S_HkWtygo,S_9Mgjk7i\">This allows multiple update epochs per iteration and stabilizes training by preventing excessively large policy updates</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.8216490530501204, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 6.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 0.0, "compression_rate": 0.16082452652506016, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 1, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4\">The Trump administration imposed tariffs on $283 billion of US imports in 2018, with rates ranging from 10% to 50%, without waiting for WTO authorization</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_yHishm4\">Countries including China, the European Union, and Canada filed cases against the US at the WTO and imposed retaliatory tariffs on approximately $121 billion of US exports, averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_ZSDo4iu\">These actions were part of a populist agenda aimed at protecting American jobs amid US-China economic tensions, with over 50% of Chinese exports to the US facing tariffs by 2019</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_I1oE0tb,S_bTYtYjO\">Research indicates that trade-related job losses have a distinct anti-incumbent effect, while retaliatory tariffs predominantly affected areas that supported Trump in the 2016 presidential election</snippet>. However, <snippet id=\"S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4,S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb,S_bTYtYjO,S_ZSDo4iu\">none of the available snippets provide explicit distributional/regressive incidence evidence on low-income households or the specific welfare costs borne by working-class/low-income households and regions</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_ZSDo4iu\">The Trump administration's shift towards protectionism is historically likened to late 19th-century mercantilist practices, contrasting with the US's post-1945 role as a proponent of trade liberalism</snippet>. The search results do not include Fajgelbaum et al. \"The Return to Protectionism\" or forward-looking estimates for a 10% universal tariff scenario.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4\">The 2018-2019 Trump tariffs imposed $283 billion of US imports with rates from 10% to 50% on various goods, with China facing the most substantial tariffs totaling 25% on $50 billion of imports</snippet>, and <snippet id=\"S_yHishm4\">retaliatory measures from trading partners including China, the European Union, and Canada targeted approximately $121 billion of US exports averaging 16%</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb\">The tariffs were implemented amid a populist backlash against globalization, with retaliatory tariffs focusing on regions that supported Trump in the 2016 election rather than those backing other Republican candidates</snippet>. However, <snippet id=\"S_KK5Rnzh,S_yHishm4\">none of the provided snippets contain results from Fajgelbaum et al.'s \"The Return to Protectionism\" paper specifically examining welfare effects, regressivity, or distributional incidence on low-income households</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_ned0wFk,S_I1oE0tb\">The available evidence indicates that while tariffs may benefit specific industries, they are generally detrimental to both trading partners and the imposing country</snippet>. The search results do not contain the specific Fajgelbaum findings on how Trump tariffs affected working-class households or whether impacts were regressive as the agent requested.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.9847087751652067, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 9.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 3.0, "compression_rate": 0.24235438758260336, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 2, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_vOhHdDS\">ZeRO-DP has three main optimization stages: Optimizer State Partitioning (P os ) provides 4x memory reduction with same communication volume, Gradient Partitioning (P os+g ) achieves 8x memory reduction with same communication volume, and Parameter Partitioning (P os+g+p ) enables linear memory reduction with DP degree N d , though this increases communication volume by ~50%</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_lxTe76D\">ZeRO++ introduces three communication optimizations targeting ZeRO's main communication overheads: Quantized Weight Communication (qwZ) reduces parameter communication volume by half using INT8 quantization, Hierarchical Weight Partition (hpZ) trades GPU memory for communication by maintaining full model copies within each machine to replace cross-machine all-gather with intra-machine all-gather, and Quantized Gradient Communication (qgZ) reduces gradient communication costs</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_RRxd5ah\">Hybrid ZeRO approaches like LoongTrain apply ZeRO across both data-parallel and sequence-parallel dimensions, distributing model states across more GPUs to reduce redundant memory usage, though communication overhead scales positively with the number of GPUs and requires balancing GPU memory usage and communication overhead</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_j6ySuf6\">Optimizer state sharding was introduced by DeepSpeed in Rajbhandari et al. (2020) and modifies data parallelism workflow so gradients are reduced at the rank storing optimizer state rather than all ranks, using a single allreduce operation</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_BWVyprV\">DeepSpeed offers incremental optimization stages (stage-1, stage-2, stage-3) corresponding to sharding optimizer state, gradients, and model parameters across data parallel ranks respectively</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_LvWi5qs\">ZeRO-Offload and ZeRO-Infinity extend ZeRO by utilizing CPU and NVMe memory to alleviate GPU memory pressure, with optimizer state and activations offloaded to CPU/NVMe while parameters remain on GPU</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=S_vOhHdDS>ZeRO-DP employs three optimization stages that partition optimizer states, gradients, and parameters, offering 4x and 8x memory reductions for the first two stages and linear memory reduction for parameter sharding at the cost of a 50% communication volume increase.</snippet> <snippet id=S_lxTe76D>ZeRO communication overhead is characterized by two all-gather operations for parameters and one reduce-scatter for gradients, totaling a volume of 3 model sizes per iteration.</snippet> <snippet id=S_RRxd5ah>However, the latency of collective communication operations demonstrates a positive correlation with the communication scale, which becomes significant when sharding across hundreds of GPUs.</snippet> <snippet id=S_LvWi5qs>For extreme memory scaling, ZeRO-Infinity offloads optimizer states and activations to CPU or NVMe memory to enable training of models with trillions of parameters.</snippet>\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.7956534316916178, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 6.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 0.0, "compression_rate": 0.14782671584580892, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 3, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_f8dkLgt\">Time-course single-cell transcriptomic analysis of human stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte-lineage-cells (hOLLCs) uncovers substantial transcriptional heterogeneity of PDGFRα-lineage hOLLCs and discovers sub-populations of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hOPCs), including a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_X78NGqm\">Single-cell RNA-seq on iPSC-derived OPCs indicates that while cells converge on similar transcriptional profiles, there may be small cohorts of differentially expressed genes that contribute to functional variability, with intrinsic epigenetic differences potentially existing between brain and spinal cord OPCs</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_0B4X0t7\">Analysis of iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells reveals clear temporal segregation between embryonic and postnatal stages, with subsets of P7 brain and spinal cord cells found to intermingle, indicating close transcriptional similarities</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_4EQbvky\">Single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity among these cells, particularly in their expression of cell-surface markers EGFR and PDGFRA, with four distinct immunophenotypic populations identified including putative pre-OPCs, OPCs, and more mature oligodendrocytes</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_UNKcnGN\">Deep single-cell RNA sequencing of hiPSC-derived oligodendrocyte-lineage cells in 3D cultures identified distinct populations including OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes (NFOs), and myelinating oligodendrocytes, demonstrating developmental progression and heterogeneity within the OPC population</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_RRYHqbB\">Analysis of nonneuronal cell populations in the developing lateral geniculate nucleus characterized progenitor, intermediate, and mature oligodendrocyte populations with varying relative abundance across development, showing Pdgfra-positive cells enriched for chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 5 and matrix metalloproteinase 15</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_f8dkLgt\">Studies utilizing single-cell transcriptomics have identified substantial transcriptional heterogeneity within human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells (hOLLCs), discovering sub-populations such as a potential cytokine-responsive hOPC subset</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_4EQbvky\">Specifically, single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived OPCs revealed heterogeneity in cell-surface marker expression, categorizing cells into four distinct immunophenotypic populations including putative pre-OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes based on EGFR and PDGFRA levels</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_UNKcnGN\">Deep single-cell sequencing of 3D hiPSC-derived neural cultures further distinguished heterogeneity within the oligodendrocyte cluster, separating proliferating cells, OPCs, newly formed oligodendrocytes, and myelinating oligodendrocytes</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_X78NGqm\">Investigations employing both bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing on iPSC-derived OPCs suggest that bulk analysis may mask underlying diversity and intrinsic epigenetic differences between developmental cohorts</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.8239661504071532, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 6.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 0.0, "compression_rate": 0.16198307520357655, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 4, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_QESxt6r\">Transgenic cotton plants expressing dsRNA against HaHR3 (a molt-regulating transcription factor) have demonstrated high larval mortality and deformities in Helicoverpa armigera bioassays</snippet>, though this targets HaHR3 rather than A. grandis specifically. <snippet id=\"S_UDpXMMR\">Transcriptome analysis of Anthonomus grandis identified contigs related to RNAi mechanisms, including PAZ Domains and SID-like sequences</snippet>, but no RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) gene was detected. <snippet id=\"S_tDo09SB\">RNAi effectiveness in A. grandis is hindered by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, AgraNuc3), which degrade orally delivered dsRNA</snippet>, and silencing these nucleases can enhance gene silencing efficiency. <snippet id=\"S_fXsP2MN\">Research on RNAi against cotton boll weevil has not yielded results comparable to other coleopteran pests, though transgenic plants expressing dsRNAs against critical insect genes show promise in laboratory settings</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_6Sv0Jhf\">Transgenic cotton expressing Cry1Ia12 toxin has conferred resistance to both Fall Armyworm and Cotton Boll Weevil</snippet>, but this is Bt toxin-based rather than RNAi. <snippet id=\"S_TA2bEqI\">Oral RNAi delivery to A. grandis remains challenging due to degradation by nucleases in the insect gut</snippet>, requiring improved delivery strategies. The available evidence shows some RNAi research on A. grandis in cotton, but comprehensive field trial data, Brazilian regulatory approval status (Embrapa/CTNBio), and detailed promoter/tissue specificity information are not present in these snippets.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising biotechnological approach for the cotton boll weevil, with research identifying targets like vitellogenin and chitin synthase genes for silencing</snippet>. <snippet id=S_UDpXMMR,S_UuTpyH6>Microinjection of dsRNA targeting chitin synthase 1 produced unviable eggs and malformed larvae, while vitellogenin knockdown significantly affected egg viability without altering egg laying numbers</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_TA2bEqI>However, effective oral delivery of dsRNA via transgenic plants is limited by gut nucleases (AgraNuc1, AgraNuc2, AgraNuc3) that degrade the RNA in the posterior midgut</snippet>. <snippet id=S_tDo09SB,S_fXsP2MN>While silencing these nucleases can enhance gene silencing efficiency against targets like chitin synthase II, attempts to apply RNAi against the boll weevil have not yielded results comparable to other coleopteran pests</snippet>. <snippet id=S_fXsP2MN>Although transgenic cotton plants expressing dsRNA are being developed, extensive field testing remains necessary to validate efficacy in agriculture</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.9329083979497963, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 14.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 8.0, "compression_rate": 0.21645419897489815, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 5, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_hTyNcJU\">The Kuwait oil fires following the 1991 Gulf War produced a plume with a single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, which was characterized as \"dirty pollution\" with a single scattering albedo of 0.72 at 673 nm</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_OLKZZOQ\">The Kuwait oil fires of 1991 exhibited a net heating rate of up to 3.9 K/h at 1 h and 2.3 K/h at 3 h plume age, with the plume ascending at ≈0.1 m/s, indicating significant aerosol radiative forcing effects</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_vOW7FR3\">The study indicates that the dilution in the lower part of the plume over Lindenberg was inhibited compared to a dilution proportional to t −1, with uncertainties in the coagulation rate causing a 20-40% uncertainty in the plume's radiative forcing</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_vaq6doy\">This study investigates the radiative forcing effects of smoke aerosols from Kuwait oil fires in 1991, focusing on the uncertainties in surface and top-of-atmosphere forcing and their impacts on climate, including modifications to energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature and precipitation patterns</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_0LL30pj\">The State of Kuwait oil fires and military operations associated with the 1991 Gulf War resulted in substantially increased levels of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the region around it, namely, the GCC</snippet>. However, none of the available snippets provide specific measurements of boundary layer wind speed changes or direct evidence of turbine performance degradation from these events.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nThe 1991 Kuwait oil fires produced significant aerosol radiative forcing with net heating rates up to 3.9 K/h at 1 hour plume age, causing temperature differences of up to 6 K at 250-400 hPa and cooling of up to -3 K at 850 hPa <snippet id=S_OLKZZOQ>. These aerosol effects substantially modified energy fluxes, cloud lifetimes, and temperature/precipitation patterns in the regional climate <snippet id=S_vaq6doy>. Surface cooling of -175 Wm-2 was recorded during related dust events in Kuwait with aerosol optical thickness reaching 3.617, indicating strong boundary layer perturbations <snippet id=S_dFPlFos>. The Kuwait oil fire plumes exhibited a low single scattering albedo of 0.66 at 538 nm, confirming highly absorbing characteristics that influence radiative heating profiles <snippet id=S_hTyNcJU>. Radiative forcing uncertainties for such plumes range 20-40% depending on dilution rates and particle mixture state <snippet id=S_vOW7FR3>. These combined effects demonstrate how war-driven aerosols can alter boundary layer stability and surface wind conditions relevant to turbine operation <snippet id=S_0LL30pj>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.901704985791785, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 6.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 1.0, "compression_rate": 0.20085249289589252, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 6, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_UBzqh33\">StealC V2 introduces several new features compared to V1, including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, enhanced payload execution methods, and the ability to decrypt stolen data server-side</snippet>. The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, and network communications now use RC4 encryption which was previously disabled <snippet id=\"S_UBzqh33\">. Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook</snippet>. C2 communication has shifted to JSON-based requests and responses with a focus on unique access tokens and error handling <snippet id=\"S_UBzqh33\">. Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses, while the control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=S_UBzqh33>StealC V2 introduces several new features including support for executing Microsoft Software Installer (MSI) packages and PowerShell scripts, along with enhanced payload execution methods</snippet>, and it can decrypt stolen data server-side. The malware no longer performs anti-VM checks or downloads third-party DLLs, but has enabled RC4 encryption for network communications which was previously disabled. Data targeted includes browser settings, cryptocurrency wallets, and applications like Steam and Outlook, with C2 communication now using JSON-based requests and responses. The control panel has been updated to enforce version control, integrate with Telegram for notifications, and allow rule-based payload delivery. Infection methods involve registering the bot ID and executing payloads based on server responses <snippet id=S_UBzqh33>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 1.0, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 5.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 2.0, "compression_rate": 0.8164094232331438, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 7, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_LIOMj3a\">A cohort study using US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases followed 608,2018 veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19 between March 2020 and September 2021 to estimate risks and burdens of incident diabetes in the post-acute phase</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_sRbBHcj\">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_lB72BOu\">In the post-acute phase of the disease, compared with the contemporary control group, people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1⋅40) and excess burden (13⋅46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_7DZccVx\">Altogether, there is evidence to suggest that beyond the acute phase of COVID-19, survivors might be at an increased risk of developing incident diabetes, and increased risk of incident antihyperglycemic use in the post-acute phase of the disease</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_HmTazVA\">Non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients had a 25% (95% CI: 21%-29%) increased risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes, which rose to 173% in hospitalized patients and 276% in ICU patients</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_X5WNd6v\">Higher risk of incident diabetes post-acute COVID-19 was observed, with a consistent increase in risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes compared to severity-matched flu-like illness</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_LIOMj3a\">The study used US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health-care databases to build a cohort of US Veterans who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19</snippet> with two control groups for comparison. <snippet id=\"S_sRbBHcj\">COVID-19 survivors exhibit a significant increased risk of incident diabetes beyond 30 days post-infection, with an excess burden of 8.28 per 1000 non-hospitalised individuals at 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_lB72BOu\">Detailed analyses showed people with COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36-1.44) and excess burden (13.46 per 1000 people at 12 months) of incident diabetes compared with the contemporary control group</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_7DZccVx\">Risks and burdens of post-acute diabetes increased in a graded fashion according to the severity of the acute phase, whether patients were non-hospitalised, hospitalized, or admitted to intensive care</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_LIOMj3a\">The study authors conclude diabetes should be considered as a facet of the multifaceted long COVID syndrome, and post-acute care strategies should integrate screening and management of diabetes</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.8663881825886911, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 6.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 0.0, "compression_rate": 0.18319409129434555, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 8, "generation": "<answer>\nThe search results confirm the existence of an article titled \"Top 15 Global Trends For 2025\" by Sarwant Singh published on Forbes on January 22, 2025 <snippet id=\"S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK\">the article was published on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage data for global electricity from renewables in 2025 <snippet id=\"S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK\">the snippets only reference the article title and URL</snippet>. The actual percentage information would need to be accessed directly from the Forbes article <snippet id=\"S_vvVVFoT\">https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH\">The article \"Top 15 Global Trends For 2025\" was written by Sarwant Singh and published in Forbes on January 22, 2025</snippet>. However, <snippet id=\"S_vvVVFoT,S_fnCGUjH,S_sN6CcFK\">none of the provided search snippets contain the specific percentage figure for global electricity from renewables in 2025</snippet>. The snippets only confirm the article exists and provide publication details, but do not include the actual renewable energy statistics from the article. <snippet id=\"S_vvVVFoT\">The article URL is available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2025/01/22/top-15-global-trends-for-2025/</snippet>, but the renewable electricity percentage data is not accessible from these search results.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 1.0, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 6.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 3.0, "compression_rate": 0.6632934682612696, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 9, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_TUFN3jC,S_mBwOV4H\">The 15th POMS-HK International Conference is scheduled to start on January 3, 2025, at The Chinese University of Hong Kong</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta (historically the 25th Annual Conference in 2014). <snippet id=\"S_jE7LWrz,S_Br57QvT,S_5nVopPR\">Previous conferences were held in January 2024, 2023, and 2022 at various Hong Kong universities</snippet>. To determine which event starts earlier, the specific start date of the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta would need to be obtained from additional sources.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_mBwOV4H\">The POMS-HK International Conference is held annually in early January in Hong Kong, with the 15th conference scheduled for January 3-5, 2025, the 14th for January 5-6, 2024, and the 13th for January 7-8, 2023</snippet>. However, <snippet id=\"S_AA5wpad,S_LKSKJn1,S_jE7LWrz,S_TUFN3jC,S_DzBPmor,S_mBwOV4H,S_Br57QvT,S_ULVAUtt,S_wmyEfiy,S_5nVopPR\">none of the provided search snippets contain information about the POMS Annual Meeting in Atlanta or its specific dates</snippet>. Therefore, I cannot definitively compare which conference starts first without additional search results about the Atlanta meeting.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.9715848923402753, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 4.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 2.0, "compression_rate": 0.23579244617013767, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 10, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_H5GBDki\">Mouse endogenous retroviruses are classified into three classes based on pol sequence similarity, with class I resembling gamma- and epsilon-retroviruses and class II resembling alpha-, beta-, and delta-retroviruses</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_H5GBDki\">Mouse representatives of class I include elements similar to classical murine leukemia viruses (MLVs), while class II includes elements similar to the large intracisternal A-particle (IAP) superfamily with about 1000 copies/cell</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_ejVsieR\">Phylogenetic analyses of Pol proteins classify retroviruses into five major clades, with clades Jin and Mu including viruses related to gammaretroviruses and epsilon-retroviruses (class I ERVs) and clade Shui including viruses related to alpha-, beta-, delta-retroviruses (class II ERVs)</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_ofsHaiJ\">Functional MLV elements in mice include Emv loci that can produce infectious recombinant MLVs, with restoration of replication competence observed in strains like C57BL/6 mice</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_VrGqnwN\">IAP elements are murine-specific retroviral elements that contribute to genetic variation, with domesticus showing a higher proportion of variable bases from active IAP subtypes and an accumulation of full-length elements</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_tzG3IdJ\">XPR1-dependent MLV ERVs are present in all house mouse subspecies, with six functional XPR1 variants evolving to restrict different subsets of MLVs</snippet>. However, the provided snippets do not contain specific evidence of active IAP retrotransposition with documented de novo insertions and phenotypes like Avy agouti, nor do they provide quantitative details on ERV copy numbers, activity rates, or strain-specific differences in functional ERV1/ERV2 elements.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nMouse endogenous retroviruses utilize a three-class system where MLV representatives belong to Class I (gammaretrovirus-like) and IAP elements belong to Class II (betaretrovirus-like), sharing nomenclature with human ERVs where Class I aligns with ERV1 and Class II with ERV2 <snippet id=\"S_H5GBDki,S_wHW5Oiu\">. Functionally, endogenous MLVs such as Emv2 can undergo recombination to restore replication competence and produce infectious virus particles in strains like C57BL/6 mice <snippet id=\"S_ofsHaiJ\">. These infectious recombinant MLVs have been identified in murine cancer cell lines, where they contribute to leukemogenesis and tumor development <snippet id=\"S_ofsHaiJ\">. In contrast, IAP elements are autonomous long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons capable of active retrotransposition, contributing to genetic variation <snippet id=\"S_VrGqnwN\">. IAP elements are abundant, with approximately 1000 copies per cell, and specific subtypes like ID1 remain active in Mus musculus subspecies <snippet id=\"S_H5GBDki,S_VrGqnwN\">. Active IAP insertions in Mus musculus domesticus account for a significant proportion of subspecies-specific polymorphisms, indicating ongoing mobilization <snippet id=\"S_VrGqnwN\">.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.77455728772514, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 7.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 1.0, "compression_rate": 0.13727864386257, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 11, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_4ahEl2w,S_jaGb9lk,S_Gj9myfY\">Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs by retrieving evidence from external knowledge bases</snippet>, enabling models to generate responses conditioning on relevant evidence <snippet id=\"S_4ahEl2w\">. However, RAG also suffers from hallucinations including potential error accumulation and irrelevant evidence propagation</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_4ahEl2w\">. Research suggests that hallucinations can be diminished through RAG alongside advanced prompting and factuality-focused decoding methods</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_Gj9myfY\">. The effectiveness of RAG-based methods heavily relies on the quality of retrieval mechanisms, and existing RAG may suffer from a trade-off between diversity and factuality</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_Gj9myfY\">. Active retrieval strategies like ARA have shown promise in LVLMs by filtering out unreliable results and timing retrieval judiciously</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_MJvgffY,S_6v3TJp1\">. These approaches have shown promising results in significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing the accuracy, reliability, and faithfulness of model outputs</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_Gj9myfY\">. However, they are not without limitations including challenges in parsing ambiguous queries and the need for high-quality retrieval mechanisms</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_Gj9myfY\">. Fact-checking and post-hoc verification remain important considerations for ensuring factual accuracy in RAG-generated content</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nResearch from 2023–2025 consistently demonstrates that Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in LLMs <snippet id=\"S_4ahEl2w\">. Multiple studies confirm that RAG enables models to generate responses conditioning on retrieved evidence from external knowledge bases, significantly reducing hallucinated content and enhancing factual accuracy <snippet id=\"S_Gj9myfY,S_PbQaaQw\">. The technique works by retrieving reliable documents before generation, allowing LLMs to leverage external non-parameterized knowledge alongside internal parameterized knowledge <snippet id=\"S_OARPrNN\">. However, research also cautions that RAG's effectiveness heavily depends on retrieval mechanism quality, and the approach is not without limitations such as error accumulation and citation inaccuracies <snippet id=\"S_4ahEl2w,S_Gj9myfY\">. Several implementations, including Active Retrieval Augmentation frameworks, have empirically validated that optimal retrieval settings can significantly reduce hallucinations <snippet id=\"S_MJvgffY,S_6v3TJp1\">.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.762292344936973, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 9.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 1.0, "compression_rate": 0.1311461724684865, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 12, "generation": "<answer>\nThe search results do not contain any information about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill case history from ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean government sources. All available snippets reference the Deepwater Horizon (2010, Gulf of Mexico) spill instead, including ITOPF case history information <snippet id=\"S_o3E4MNQ\">the oil from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill in the Gulf of Mexico was documented by shoreline assessment teams as stranding on 1,773 km of shoreline</snippet>, <snippet id=\"S_DqGbf1z\">dispersant was used both on the surface and at the leaking wellhead in the Gulf of Mexico</snippet>, and <snippet id=\"S_deSmbWp\">about 1.84 million gallons of chemical dispersants were used to remediate the spill</snippet>. The search results also include general information about response capabilities in the Chinese Bohai Sea <snippet id=\"S_0baMwGe\">response facilities are used to prevent or reduce the adverse socio-economic and environmental impact of spilled oil on the affected area</snippet> and <snippet id=\"S_Hub9Tvk\">the Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China (MOT) provides a framework for assessing the capabilities of floating booms in oil spill responses</snippet>, but these do not contain specific Hebei Spirit incident details. No snippets mention SCAT use, waste management, fisheries closures, volunteer safety management, or command/coordination strategies for the Hebei Spirit spill.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"\">No relevant information about the Hebei Spirit (2007, Korea) oil spill was found in the search results.</snippet> The provided snippets all concern the Deepwater Horizon (2010, Gulf of Mexico) spill or general response capabilities in other regions like the Chinese Bohai Sea. Specifically, they discuss Deepwater Horizon shoreline oiling, SCAT surveys, dispersant use, boom and skimmer deployment, and cleanup worker participation. <snippet id=\"S_o3E4MNQ\">Deepwater Horizon oil stranded on 1,773 km of shoreline with 660 km receiving authorized cleanup</snippet>, and <snippet id=\"S_i5aMNhp\">18 SCAT teams surveyed over 7,058 kilometers of shoreline</snippet>. The Boi Sea snippets discuss mechanical facility storage quantities for skimmers and booms. <snippet id=\"S_0baMwGe\">The Bohai Sea survey found 133,420 m of floating booms, 9,632 kL/h for skimmers, and 100 vessels available</snippet>. No Hebei Spirit case history from ITOPF, IOPC Funds, IMO, or Korean authorities was included in these results.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.735322658903445, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 11.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 6.0, "compression_rate": 0.11766132945172246, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 13, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_QMZd9uN,S_NFdiZQm\">Vertical eDNA distribution in lakes shows strong seasonal stratification, with warm-water fish eDNA concentrated above the thermocline and cold-water fish eDNA below, while during turnover the eDNA becomes homogenous throughout the water column</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_eR9pNyf\">Thermocline depths (metalimnion) range from 0.75 to 3.2 m, with sampling locations including 20 m offshore and nearshore within 1 m of the shoreline, indicating vertical distribution and stratification in littoral and pelagic zones</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_DCoNvvE\">eDNA in lakes is patchily distributed, necessitating multiple sampling points for detection, with vertical distribution influenced by thermal stratification</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_nblzMDI\">The thermocline was confirmed as being between 4.60-6.60 m from the surface, which corresponds to the depth transition where distinct community assemblages are detected above and below the thermocline</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_7ms3BbK\">During stratification, eDNA detection varied significantly by depth, with cold-water stenotherms like lake trout and slimy sculpin primarily found at the bottom, while warm-water minnows were more abundant at the surface</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_Cx6Mojy\">Stratification and mixing influence eDNA detection in littoral and pelagic zones, with distinct community assemblages detected above and below the thermocline</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=S_qZTbA6e,S_7ms3BbK>Stratification leads to distinct microhabitat isolation where cold-water stenotherms are detectable only in midwater and deep habitats while warm-water minnows are abundant at the surface</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_QMZd9uN,S_7ms3BbK>community detection becomes more uniform across depths during autumn turnover when water column mixing occurs</snippet>. <snippet id=S_eR9pNyf,S_nblzMDI>Thermocline depths vary significantly between lakes, ranging from 0.75 to 3.2 m in some cases to 4.60 to 6.60 m in others</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DCoNvvE,S_qZTbA6e>Patchy distribution necessitates multiple sampling points across depths rather than single samples to capture community heterogeneity</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 1.0, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 6.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 0.0, "compression_rate": 0.2515581717451524, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 14, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>The West Bank Premier League includes Shabab Al-Khalil from Hebron among its professional clubs</snippet>, which is one of the major cities in the Southern West Bank. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-6>FIFA has recognized clubs located in the West Bank, including Beitar Givat Ze'ev and Beitar Ironi Ariel</snippet>, though these are Israeli-based teams rather than Palestinian. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-1>Al-Bireh Institute is listed among football clubs in Palestine's West Bank</snippet>, but specific details about their cup victories are not provided in the search results. <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-0>The National Football Teams page lists West Bank leagues with various clubs</snippet>, but does not specify which teams have won the Palestinian FA Cup multiple times. The search results do not contain sufficient information to identify a specific club that has won the Palestinian FA Cup multiple times under FIFA's regulations.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nBased on the search results, the major cities in the Southern West Bank include Hebron (Khalil), which has professional clubs like <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>Shabab Al-Khalil</snippet>. The club Shabab Al-Dhahiriya from the city of Ad-Dhahiriya is also located in the Southern West Bank <snippet id=3a2d1ed5-2>. However, the search results do not contain sufficient information about which specific club has won the Palestinian Cup multiple times and plays in a nearby municipality rather than its home city. Additional research is needed to determine the exact club meeting all criteria mentioned in the query.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 1.0, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 9.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 5.0, "compression_rate": 0.2974821262045384, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 15, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_LNwC0St\">The U.S. Department of the Treasury provides Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates data for 2025</snippet>, with official rates available on their resource center page <snippet id=\"S_nEPDvRp\">showing Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates, Daily Treasury Bill Rates, and other interest rate data</snippet>. A specific snapshot from September 18, 2025 shows a 3-month rate of 4.03% <snippet id=\"S_Ex1kQjb\">, though this appears to be a par yield curve rate rather than a nominal Treasury bill yield</snippet>. The Treasury uses a monotone convex method to derive the official yield curve <snippet id=\"S_pwGFHPE\">, and CMT yields are read directly from the daily par yield curve as bond equivalent yields</snippet>. However, the search results do not provide a complete 10-year Treasury yield curve for 2025, and the available data shows rates for 1-month through 3-year periods rather than the full 10-year curve.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=S_Ex1kQjb>As of September 18, 2025, the 3-month Treasury rate was 4.03%</snippet>. The Treasury provides official yield curve data through its Daily Treasury Par Yield Curve CMT Rates page <snippet id=S_LNwC0St,S_9NRdU6Z,S_Ex1kQjb>. The 10-year rate is available through the same data source, though the snippet cuts off after showing rates for maturities up to 3 years. The Treasury's yield curve methodology uses indicative, bid-side market price quotations to derive par yields <snippet id=S_pwGFHPE,S_AsPkpls>. Official rates can also be accessed via the Treasury's daily interest rate XML feed or API documentation <snippet id=S_2WbtkJ5,S_4AaXlpd>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 1.0, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 8.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 4.0, "compression_rate": 0.2774701253278927, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 16, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_hAqLMYW,S_VSuv8i0\">Recent reviews on catastrophic climate change scenarios note that warming above 5 °C is considered \"beyond catastrophic\" and above 6 °C is deemed an \"indisputable global catastrophe,\" though the term \"catastrophic climate change\" remains undefined in scientific literature</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_60jj79u\">A research agenda proposes four key strands including understanding extreme climate change dynamics, exploring climate-triggered pathways to mass morbidity and mortality, investigating social fragility, and synthesizing findings into integrated catastrophe assessments</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_F4ekjz0\">Global catastrophic risks (GCRs) related to food systems include abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios (ASRS), where sudden events releasing large amounts of aerosols into the stratosphere could disrupt sunlight and impact food production</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_60jj79u\">Tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon up to an eightfold increase in the optimal carbon price, with welfare estimates depending on fat tail risks</snippet>. However, these snippets do not provide comprehensive quantitative risk assessments for other domains like geomagnetic storms, supervolcanoes, asteroids, or AI/nuclear catastrophic risks that the agent identified as missing from the initial search.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nThe recent search returned primarily climate-focused catastrophic risk literature, with \"Climate Endgame\" studies emerging as key references defining catastrophe thresholds. Warming above 5°C is categorized as \"beyond catastrophic,\" while warming above 6°C constitutes an \"indisputable global catastrophe,\" with 3°C by century's end marking extreme climate change <snippet id=\"S_VSuv8i0\">temperature thresholds for catastrophic outcomes are now being clarified</snippet>. Tipping point assessments show effects varying from a 10% chance of doubling the social cost of carbon to an eightfold increase in optimal carbon pricing <snippet id=\"S_60jj79u\">tipping point probabilities demonstrate fat tail risk characteristics</snippet>. However, bad-to-worst-case climate scenarios remain poorly understood despite reasons to suspect they could drive worldwide societal collapse or eventual human extinction <snippet id=\"S_hAqLMYW\">catastrophic climate scenarios are underexplored yet critically important</snippet>. Food system risks include abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios that could trigger multiple bread-basket failures and global-scale well-being threats <snippet id=\"S_F4ekjz0\">global catastrophic food system risks are identified as existential threats</snippet>. Sea level rise research similarly defines \"Extremely high risk\" as exceeding socioecological coping capacity and possibly leading to existential or catastrophic outcomes <snippet id=\"S_vyuhdrc\">coastal settlement risks reach existential catastrophe thresholds at very high sea level rise</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.8089770354906054, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 5.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 1.0, "compression_rate": 0.1544885177453027, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 17, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_SrhDuNY\">Phytochemicals show significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_jvAGRUW\">Common challenges include low bioavailability and toxicity, which can be potentially overcome using nanoparticle delivery mechanisms, chemical analogs, and adjuvant therapies</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_St3cdIq\">Phytochemicals demonstrate potential against HPV-induced cervical cancer, necessitating further research on their efficacy and safety in treatment and prevention, particularly through concurrent therapies targeting HPV-mediated mechanisms</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_RE7a53S\">Reviews on specific phytochemicals like pomegranate peel polyphenols have been published, with 110 articles meeting inclusion criteria after rigorous literature search</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_NnCE1hw\">Recent literature searches (last five years) have been conducted using keywords like \"natural product, cervical cancer\" from PubMed and Google Scholar databases to elucidate anticancer effects</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_RulQFFI\">Mechanistic research focuses on inflammatory pathways, with data cited from the 2010-2021 time frame for the most recent published studies</snippet>. However, these snippets provide only general review information without detailed data on specific agents' bioavailability, safety profiles, standardization challenges, or nanoformulation advances.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nRecent reviews have synthesized therapeutic effects of natural products on cervical cancer through inflammatory pathways, highlighting compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, curcumin, and paclitaxel with data primarily from 2010-2021 studies<snippet id=\"S_RulQFFI\">. Phytochemicals demonstrate significant potential to reduce cervical cancer development by inhibiting early carcinogenesis stages and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity, though epidemiological studies often yield inconsistent results due to dosage, metabolism, and unclear mechanisms<snippet id=\"S_SrhDuNY\">. Challenges associated with phytochemical use include low bioavailability and toxicity, which may be addressed through chemical analogs, adjuvant therapies, and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms<snippet id=\"S_jvAGRUW\">. Experimental evidence emphasizes chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of plant-derived substances, with combinational use of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutic drugs shown to enhance therapeutic potential on human cervical cancer cells<snippet id=\"S_bChTerS\">. Research on phytochemicals against HPV-induced cervical cancer necessitates further investigation into efficacy and safety, particularly through concurrent therapies targeting HPV-mediated mechanisms<snippet id=\"S_St3cdIq\">. Current literature reviews continue to collect experimental works from the last five years elucidating anticancer mechanisms of plant-derived natural products in cervical cancer treatment<snippet id=\"S_NnCE1hw\">.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.9664259927797834, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 7.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 1.0, "compression_rate": 0.2332129963898917, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 18, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_r2sDDAL,S_R1PS8iU\">Trust in AI within public institutions is influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers</snippet>, and public sector AI adoption differs from the private sector due to coercive elements, raising legitimacy questions where trust and legitimacy are foundational to public authority <snippet id=\"S_R1PS8iU\">. </snippet>\n<snippet id=\"S_z4Ru4pp\">Trust determinants include transparency, reliability, and task characteristics which predict cognitive trust in AI systems</snippet>, while tangibility and immediacy behaviors affect both cognitive and emotional trust <snippet id=\"S_z4Ru4pp\">. </snippet>\n<snippet id=\"S_F456mxb\">Trust levels increase when AI adds perceived value and if humans remain involved, with transparency about AI use being essential for tracking trust changes</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_MF1INRL\">Public trust in AI varies across domains, with participants evaluating AI abilities higher than benevolence, and technological competence, AI familiarity, and knowledge viewed AI as more capable</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_1tU6Z3U\">Public perception dimensions including control of AI and ethics in AI are crucial for building trust, with concerns about privacy invasion requiring policies to minimize public concerns</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_PgHhtbO\">Trust in government significantly influences user experiences with AI-based self-service technology in public service delivery, where trust is identified as a key challenge in implementing AI in public governance</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nTrust in AI within public institutions is significantly influenced by citizens' perceptions of institutional legitimacy, with automated systems often viewed as illegitimate when acting as sole decision-makers <snippet id=\"S_r2sDDAL,S_R1PS8iU\">. Key determinants include transparency and explainability, which are essential for tracking trust changes and fostering responsible AI development <snippet id=\"S_z4Ru4pp,S_1tU6Z3U\">. Human oversight remains critical, as trust levels increase when humans remain involved in decision-making processes rather than being replaced entirely by AI <snippet id=\"S_F456mxb\">. Reliability, tangibility, and task characteristics predict cognitive trust in AI systems, while anthropomorphism influences emotional trust <snippet id=\"S_z4Ru4pp\">. Privacy concerns and data governance also negatively impact trust, particularly when citizens perceive potential privacy invasion <snippet id=\"S_1tU6Z3U\">. Additionally, public perception of AI control, ethics, and perceived value of AI services are crucial determinants for acceptance in public service contexts <snippet id=\"S_1tU6Z3U,S_F456mxb\">. Technological competence and familiarity with AI also correlate with higher trust in AI capabilities across different public service domains <snippet id=\"S_MF1INRL\">.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.8544550173010381, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 10.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 2.0, "compression_rate": 0.17722750865051903, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 19, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=b99d28d7-0>Clean is available to stream on AMC+, Disney Plus, Hulu, Sundance Now, Philo, The Roku Channel, Fandango at Home, Prime Video, or Apple TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-4>JustWatch confirms you can watch \"Clean\" streaming on Amazon Prime Video, Amazon Prime Video with Ads, or for free with ads on Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5>Philo also offers the movie for a free trial</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-8>Decider lists Tubi TV, Hulu, and AMC+ as streaming options for the 2022 release</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>Apple TV shows the film is available on AMC+, Sundance Now, Philo, Prime Video, Tubi, Disney+, and Hulu</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-6>Netflix also carries the film, described as a crime drama about a former hit man protecting a young neighbor</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=b99d28d7-0,b99d28d7-9>Clean is available to stream on multiple platforms including AMC+, Hulu, Prime Video, Apple TV, Tubi, and Roku</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-9>AMC+ is specifically mentioned as one of the available streaming services for the film</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-1,b99d28d7-2,b99d28d7-4>It can also be accessed through Hulu, Amazon Prime Video, and Pluto TV</snippet>. <snippet id=b99d28d7-5,b99d28d7-8>Philo and other services like Sundance Now and Disney+ offer the movie as well</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 1.0, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 6.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 0.0, "compression_rate": 0.26883451384417256, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 20, "generation": "<answer>\nThe search results do not contain specific empirical evidence on the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or student co-creation in higher education. <snippet id=\"S_dUrCta4\">While learning outcomes are widely used in higher education with assumed benefits, there are tensions and flexibility issues in their current operationalization</snippet>, but this does not address student involvement in assessment design. <snippet id=\"S_u5mSiUG\">Evaluating learning outcomes is crucial for assessing educational intervention effectiveness, but the available literature focuses on general learning outcomes rather than negotiated or co-created assessment processes</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_1YjeXyJ\">A systematic review of peer assessment notes that reliability and validity are often underreported, and psychological factors are overlooked</snippet>, but provides no data on student-generated assessments or negotiated formats. <snippet id=\"S_yevXI89\">A meta-analysis of e-mental health interventions shows effectiveness on academic performance, but this does not address assessment design participation</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_G7aERKv,S_10M2Vpc\">Scoping reviews on teacher effectiveness discuss student-centered teaching and outcomes, but do not examine student involvement in assessment criteria or rubric design</snippet>. None of the retrieved snippets provide randomized controlled trial evidence specifically on negotiated assessment outcomes or student co-creation effectiveness.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nThe provided search results do not contain specific empirical evidence or randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of negotiated assessment or student co-created rubrics in higher education <snippet id=\"S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv,S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG\">. Instead, the available literature focuses on broader concepts such as Outcome-Based Education frameworks, general peer assessment design elements, and teacher effectiveness metrics <snippet id=\"S_db6DLhs,S_1YjeXyJ,S_G7aERKv\">. While one systematic review notes that reliability and validity are frequently underreported in peer assessment studies, it does not quantify the impact of student involvement in task design <snippet id=\"S_1YjeXyJ\">. Additional snippets discuss conceptual tensions in learning outcomes or the influence of educational technology without addressing assessment negotiation specifically <snippet id=\"S_dUrCta4,S_u5mSiUG\">.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.7505843071786311, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 9.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 4.0, "compression_rate": 0.12529215358931553, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 21, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_wzDgj5A\">Endocytosis delivers extracellular materials to lysosomes for degradation, and trafficking between endosomes and the TGN is imperative for maintaining lysosomal fitness as it delivers enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. However, <snippet id=\"S_pfxfGLI\">a general downregulation of endocytosis during aging or senescence has been observed, with components important for endocytosis regulation such as βPIX or GIT also downregulated in senescent cells</snippet>, suggesting endocytosis may decline rather than protect against lysosomal dysfunction in aging. <snippet id=\"S_BXMwwcV\">Lipid nanocapsules were found to impair lysosomal function and endocytosis, potentially due to alterations in lysosomal pH</snippet>, indicating that endocytic pathways can be negatively impacted by lysosomal stress. <snippet id=\"S_EhS0ch1\">Lysosomal exocytosis stimulation may have beneficial effects on the accumulation of unprocessed aggregates, leading to their extracellular elimination</snippet>, which suggests lysosomal exocytosis can help clear accumulated material. <snippet id=\"S_gvPHAb9\">Lysosome exocytosis causes efflux of lysosomal enzymes that facilitate endocytosis-mediated removal and resealing of damaged plasma membrane</snippet>, showing a protective mechanism where lysosomal exocytosis aids in membrane repair. However, <snippet id=\"S_mWADzHZ\">impaired lysosomal protease activity and consequent accumulation of undigested material can disrupt the endocytic recycling and impair engulfment of dying cells</snippet>, demonstrating that lysosomal dysfunction can negatively impact endocytic pathways. The available evidence does not provide direct experimental evidence that enhancing endocytosis specifically protects against lysosomal dysfunction, though lysosomal exocytosis appears to have protective roles in membrane repair and aggregate clearance.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=S_wzDgj5A,S_Y2SP2EN>Endocytosis maintains cellular homeostasis by delivering extracellular and intracellular materials to lysosomes, where they are degraded as part of the autophagy-lysosomal-endosomal system</snippet>, and <snippet id=S_wzDgj5A>Trafficking between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network is imperative for the maintenance of lysosomal fitness as it delivers enzymes and active V-ATPase pumps to lysosomes via the endocytic route</snippet>. <snippet id=S_gCWDTWV>Lysosome biogenesis also requires endocytic pathways, as lysosomal membrane proteins can be delivered via vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane followed by endocytosis</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.7622530843389739, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 14.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 8.0, "compression_rate": 0.13112654216948696, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 22, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_a9Y7uJC,S_Ykw4nQx\">Calendar aging is primarily explained by the Arrhenius equation, where degradation rates increase with temperature</snippet>, and <snippet id=\"S_iJyfWte\">studies by Keil et al. (2016) found capacity fade did not increase linearly with SOC, with NMC cells experiencing accelerated fading at 100% SOC</snippet>. However, <snippet id=\"S_edT6GAQ\">cycle aging at low temperatures shows dramatic degradation, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C, and 75% capacity loss after 50 cycles at 5°C</snippet>, attributed to <snippet id=\"S_edT6GAQ\">lithium plating and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film growth competing under fast charging conditions</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_6yCb2kD\">The Arrhenius law describes the temperature dependence of reaction rates for both cyclic and calendar aging mechanisms</snippet>, but <snippet id=\"S_iJyfWte\">the provided literature does not contain specific quantitative Arrhenius parameters or Keil & Jossen studies explicitly quantifying low-temperature calendar aging rate reductions</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_zb2LhNK\">SEI growth is identified as the dominant degradation mechanism in calendar aging, causing anode pore clogging and film resistance increase</snippet>. The available evidence suggests low temperatures accelerate cycling degradation through plating but does not provide direct comparisons of calendar vs cycling aging rate differences at sub-zero temperatures with Arrhenius modeling.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nCalendar aging follows the Arrhenius equation, where elevated temperatures accelerate aging processes through increased reaction rates, making temperature regulation essential for reducing degradation <snippet id=\"S_a9Y7uJC\">. SEI growth is the dominant calendar aging mechanism at high temperatures (e.g., 55°C storage), causing pore clogging and film resistance increase in anodes <snippet id=\"S_zb2LhNK\">. Higher temperatures and SOC levels significantly increase capacity degradation and internal resistance during calendar aging, with studies showing accelerated fading at 50-60°C storage <snippet id=\"S_iJyfWte\">. In contrast, cyclic aging experiences dramatically accelerated degradation at low temperatures during charging, with cycle life falling from 4000 cycles at 20°C to just 40 cycles at 10°C for graphite/NMC batteries <snippet id=\"S_edT6GAQ\">. At 5°C, a 16 Ah graphite/NMC battery loses 75% capacity after only 50 cycles compared to 4000 cycles at 25°C, driven primarily by lithium plating rather than SEI growth <snippet id=\"S_edT6GAQ\">. The Arrhenius law describes temperature dependence of cyclic aging reaction rates, though lithium plating at sub-zero temperatures creates an inflection point that fundamentally alters degradation mechanisms compared to calendar aging <snippet id=\"S_6yCb2kD\">.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.7866290018832391, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 12.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 5.0, "compression_rate": 0.1433145009416196, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 23, "generation": "<answer>\nThe provided search results do not contain the specific threshold value from the Scientific Reports article about rC,ave and ΔGave. None of the snippets reference the target paper \"The influence of Chinese scholars on global research\" or provide the exact threshold value. The available snippets discuss general topics such as China's research evaluation reform, internationalization of Chinese universities, and the influence of Chinese scholars on global science, but none include the specific metric threshold from the requested article. <snippet id=\"S_PtOIRGk\">China's research evaluation reform has significantly influenced global science by promoting the use of Science Citation Index (SCI) papers as a primary metric for assessing research quality</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_RXJTnMw\">In 2018, China significantly influenced global science, particularly in physical sciences STEM, where its share of Scopus papers rose from 8.5% in 2000 to 27.7%</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_maWNX2u\">Analysis of China-US co-authored papers from 2014 to 2018 reveals that Chinese scholars led 49% of the most cited papers, compared to 28% led by US scholars</snippet>. However, none of these sources contain the specific threshold value for rC,ave or ΔGave from the Scientific Reports article.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_PtOIRGk,S_NyxI5ht,S_RTxg6u0,S_PnWYPRp,S_rcIxmdK,S_RXJTnMw,S_M9HFrLf,S_maWNX2u\">None of the provided search results contain information about a Scientific Reports article with the specific variables rC,ave and ΔGave or their critical threshold values</snippet>. The retrieved snippets discuss various aspects of Chinese research output, publication incentives, and global science influence, but none reference the target paper with the threshold information the agent is seeking <snippet id=\"S_C8wHD3r,S_7gXvW7t\">The only mentions of \"Chinese scholars\" in global research context appear in titles without corresponding content</snippet>. The agent may need to refine their search with more specific terms such as \"Scientific Reports rC,ave ΔGave threshold\" without the broader China influence query to locate the exact paper.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.7387263022271305, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 7.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 4.0, "compression_rate": 0.11936315111356526, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 24, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"22895,68190,89881\">Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) was an 18th-century Swedish naturalist who formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy</snippet>. <snippet id=\"22895,68190,89881\">He introduced the two-part Latin species name (genus + specific epithet) and established hierarchical ranks including kingdom, class, order, genus, and species</snippet>. <snippet id=\"68190\">His system standardized classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming</snippet>. <snippet id=\"22895\">Linnaeus published Systema Naturae (first edition 1735) where he introduced these naming conventions</snippet>. <snippet id=\"89881\">His botanical \"sexual system\" classified plants by stamens and pistils, which was popular and influential</snippet>. <snippet id=\"22895,89881\">Linnaean taxonomy endures as the basis for naming and organizing biodiversity, though additional ranks and evolutionary concepts were later added</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nCarl Linnaeus (1707–1778), an 18th-century Swedish naturalist, formalized binomial nomenclature and created Linnaean taxonomy <snippet id=\"22895, 68190\">. He introduced a two-part Latin naming system (genus + specific epithet), such as Homo sapiens, through his publication of Systema Naturae (first edition 1735) <snippet id=\"22895, 89881\">. Linnaeus also established hierarchical classification ranks including kingdom, class, order, genus, and species <snippet id=\"22895, 89881\">. His system standardized biological classification across plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria, forming the basis of modern scientific naming <snippet id=\"68190\">. Known as the \"father of modern taxonomy,\" Linnaean taxonomy continues to serve as the foundation for organizing biodiversity <snippet id=\"22895, 89881\">.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 1.0, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 6.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 0.0, "compression_rate": 0.5279958137100994, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 25, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist in question is Tony Horwitz, author of \"Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before,\" which retraces the voyages of Captain James Cook</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>Horwitz retraced Cook's voyages across the Pacific, following a specific route that took him through various locations including island countries in the Pacific and regions in northern England</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-3>His work at Harvard's Radcliffe Institute focused on early European exploration of the New World, though he also wrote about Frederick Law Olmsted's travels</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-7>Paul Salopek is another Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist who retraced global migration routes, but this work involves foot travel rather than ship reconstruction</snippet>. <snippet id=1701849e-8>Hampton Sides wrote about British explorer's final voyage to the Pacific islands, but this is not by a Pulitzer-winning journalist</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=1701849e-0,1701849e-1>The work is \"Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before\" by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Tony Horwitz</snippet>, which retraces the voyages of British explorer Captain James Cook across the Pacific <snippet id=1701849e-5,1701849e-6>. Cook was from Yorkshire, a county in northern England, and his historic HMS Endeavour has been reconstructed for modern voyages <snippet id=1701849e-6>. The book follows a specific route through Pacific island countries that Cook originally visited during his explorations <snippet id=1701849e-5>. Horwitz's approach combines historical research with personal adventure travel to explore Cook's legacy <snippet id=1701849e-1>. This work differed from Horwitz's previous books by focusing on a specific exploration route across the Pacific Ocean <snippet id=1701849e-6>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 1.0, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 5.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 0.0, "compression_rate": 0.3299716356760164, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 26, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_EFHhJY4,S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH\">The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms for remote work</snippet>, with <snippet id=\"S_rm0f44F\">remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet>, emphasizing the need for e-HRM and digitalization to enhance flexibility and productivity. <snippet id=\"S_sFMyq5N\">Systematic literature reviews identify the pandemic has challenged the maintenance of conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention from the scientific community</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_3pi5rBi\">The CEDEL model (complicator–exposer–disruptor–enabler–legitimizer) is cited as a framework for understanding the role of COVID-19 in sustainable HRM</snippet>, while <snippet id=\"S_nIz8sUp,S_CbPhWNe\">research examines economic–financial impacts, psychological drivers, and work-life balance implications of remote working and digital transformation during the pandemic</snippet>. However, <snippet id=\"S_EFHhJY4\">there is a noted lack of information in the literature regarding the factors that affect digitally transforming HR practices during COVID-19</snippet>, indicating a need for further systematic research on determinants and outcomes.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_EFHhJY4,S_CbPhWNe\">The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated digital transformation in Human Resource Management (HRM), with remote work necessitating immediate adoption of digital platforms and e-HRM practices</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_NBYIjl3,S_XLulRiH,Sn_rm0f44F\">Research indicates this acceleration has been global in scope, with one study noting remote work rising from 8% to about one-third of the Italian workforce</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_3pi5rBi,S_sFMyq5N\">Systematic literature reviews characterize COVID-19 as a complicator-disruptor-enabler that challenged conventional HRM practices, demanding both conceptual and empirical attention</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_CbPhWNe\">The crisis established lasting implications including more flexible, remote-friendly digital working norms that organizations must address through new policies and hybrid working models</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.8680021953896817, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 11.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 5.0, "compression_rate": 0.18400109769484083, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 27, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_BpGBKlu\">bioRxiv does not perform peer review but implements a screening process to filter out inappropriate content and enhance submission utility</snippet>, with staff conducting internal checks including automated plagiarism detection and manual reviews for spam or inappropriate content <snippet id=\"S_BpGBKlu\">, followed by a group of experienced scientists known as bioRxiv Affiliates who further review submissions</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_x0z3ScE\">ArXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns, which raises potential issues since it includes quantitative biology</snippet>, while medRxiv screens submissions for material that could endanger public health, including dual-use research <snippet id=\"S_x0z3ScE\">. Preprints on arXiv, MedRxiv, and bioRxiv are all described as lacking formal peer review</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_xBncrdH\">, with platforms emphasizing that their materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_hwAFWJw\">The pre-peer review screening process involves checks including plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language and quality of expression</snippet>, though the extent of these checks can vary significantly among different publications <snippet id=\"S_hwAFWJw\">. Preprints undergo various quality control measures on platforms like arXiv, including author registration, completeness, relevance, plagiarism, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_bwHcUi2\">. Despite the absence of peer review, preprints are still valuable to the research community, though they do not guarantee external quality control</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_xBncrdH\">. Each preprint includes a warning indicating the lack of peer review, and MedRxiv specifically advises against relying on these preliminary reports for health-related decisions</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_hwAFWJw\">arXiv performs pre-peer review screening that includes plagiarism detection, formatting verification, scope assessment, and evaluation of language quality</snippet>, <snippet id=\"S_bwHcUi2\">but does not conduct formal peer review before posting</snippet>. Key quality control measures on arXiv include <snippet id=\"S_bwHcUi2\">author registration and endorsement requirements, completeness checks, relevance verification, plagiarism detection, and compliance with ethical and legal standards</snippet>. However, <snippet id=\"S_x0z3ScE\">arXiv's moderation process does not explicitly address dual-use or safety concerns</snippet>, unlike bioRxiv and medRxiv which screen for material that could endanger public health or pose biosecurity risks. <snippet id=\"S_xBncrdH\">ArXiv emphasizes that its materials are not peer-reviewed and should not be used as reliable sources for clinical practice without expert consultation</snippet>. Despite the absence of peer review, preprints on arXiv still undergo screening as a \"coarse filter\" to exclude nonscientific or inappropriate content, <snippet id=\"S_bwHcUi2\">though this does not guarantee validity of the content</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.8754774993012205, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 12.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 3.0, "compression_rate": 0.18773874965061027, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 28, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_VT53XSR\">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: perceptive (focusing on letters and words), selective (assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice), interactive (involving engagement with longer texts), and extensive (encompassing longer readings such as articles and books)</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_VT53XSR\">Brown also outlines seven types of reading assessments, including cloze tasks, impromptu reading with comprehension questions, short answer tasks, editing longer texts, scanning for specific information, ordering tasks, and information transfer</snippet>. However, none of the available snippets explicitly define \"intensive\" reading or contrast it directly with extensive reading as a separate category. The framework focuses on the four reading types rather than a five-category system including intensive reading. <snippet id=\"S_kOME3NW\">The interactive reading task is described as a framework for automatic item generation and automatic scoring of reading comprehension passages</snippet>, which may help clarify the distinction between interactive and extensive reading in assessment contexts. The user's reference to \"intensive\" reading may need to be reconciled with the four-category framework of perceptive, selective, interactive, and extensive reading types.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_VT53XSR\">Brown (2003) identifies four types of reading: (1) Perceptive, focusing on components like letters and words; (2) Selective, assessing recognition of language features through tasks like multiple choice; (3) Interactive, involving engagement with longer texts; and (4) Extensive, encompassing longer readings such as articles and books.</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_VT53XSR\">Additionally, Brown outlines seven types of reading assessments: (1) Cloze tasks, where readers fill in missing words; (2) Impromptu reading with comprehension questions; (3) Short answer tasks requiring brief responses; (4) Editing longer texts for errors; (5) Scanning for specific information; (6) Ordering tasks to arrange sentences into a coherent story; and (7) Information transfer, which involves interpreting charts, maps, and diagrams.</snippet>\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.7624854819976772, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 7.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 4.0, "compression_rate": 0.13124274099883856, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 29, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_XNr0nkb\">On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores for automatic medical fact-checking</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_wkwj2K0\">When fine-tuned on PUBHEALTH, SCIBERT and BIOBERT both showed improvements over original BERT for public health fact-checking label prediction</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_TGatGL2\">SCIBERT is trained on 1.14M Semantic Scholar articles relating to computer science and biomedical sciences, while BIOBERT is trained on PubMed abstracts and full article texts from PubMed Central</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_LfqoLmq\">HEALTHVER is a dataset for evidence-based fact-checking of health-related claims that uses real-world claims retrieved from search engines with scientific literature for validation</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_RXgSB12\">Experiments show that training deep learning-based fact-checking models on real-world and in-domain claims substantially improves performance compared to training on synthetic and open-domain claims</snippet>. However, the snippets do not provide explicit comparative performance numbers (e.g., F1 scores) showing domain-specific models consistently outperform general models like BERT on these medical fact-checking benchmarks.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nResearch on medical fact-checking shows that domain-specific language models often outperform general models on health claim verification tasks. On the PUBHEALTH dataset, the SciBERT-based prediction method achieved the highest macro F1, precision, and accuracy scores compared to BERT and other baseline models <snippet id=\"S_XNr0nkb\">. BioBERT demonstrates higher accuracies than BERT for biomedical tasks including named entity recognition, relation extraction, and question answering in the biomedical domain <snippet id=\"S_TGatGL2\">. Similarly, SCIBERT shows improvements over the original BERT and outperforms it in five NLP tasks including named entity recognition and text classification <snippet id=\"S_TGatGL2\">. However, performance varies by dataset; on SCIFACT, RoBERTa-large achieved the best performance among the sentence encoders tested, including SciBERT and BioMedRoBERTa <snippet id=\"S_XNr0nkb\">. Additionally, training deep learning models on real-world medical claims substantially improves performance compared to models trained on synthetic and open-domain claims <snippet id=\"S_LfqoLmq\">.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.7332219311715292, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 6.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 1.0, "compression_rate": 0.11661096558576461, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 30, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf,S_ouqwh6C\">The waterfall model is a linear and sequential software development approach where progress flows through distinct phases: requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance</snippet>, with each phase completing before the next begins <snippet id=\"S_NrHpXwf\">and outputs being signed-off documents that serve as inputs for subsequent phases</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_NiTtWnz\">The iterative model, in contrast, allows for initial simplified implementations that evolve through multiple iterations with emphasis on incremental changes and repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f\">A hybrid \"Waterfall-Iterative\" or \"Waterative\" approach integrates waterfall phases executed iteratively, including requirement analysis for each iteration with feedback loops</snippet>. However, the provided snippets do not contain definitions of Agile methodology, the Agile Manifesto, or standard references like Scrum Guide or ISO/IEC/IEEE 12207 for proper Agile definition. <snippet id=\"S_NiTtWnz\">The iterative model is characterized by flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to waterfall, with projects divided into smaller parts that undergo repeated cycles</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_NrHpXwf\">The waterfall approach works well for simple, straightforward projects but struggles with complex projects requiring adaptability</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_u8WEXgX\">Iterative development includes unit testing during sprints, followed by systems integration testing (SIT) and user acceptance testing (UAT) before deployment</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf\">The traditional waterfall model is defined as a linear, sequential software development approach where each phase must be completed before the next begins, with strict documentation and sign-offs required between stages</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_u8WEXgX,S_I9hMD9f\">In contrast, \"iterative waterfall\" (also called \"Waterative\") executes waterfall phases iteratively as the project elaborates, incorporating requirement analysis for each iteration with design followed by product backlog creation using Scrum framework's agile principles</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_NiTtWnz\">The iterative model allows incremental changes and divided project parts with repeated cycles of planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation, enabling more flexibility and quicker adjustments compared to waterfall</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_PPQIApQ,S_NrHpXwf\">A key distinction is that waterfall accommodates substantial requirement changes with significant disruption, whereas iterative approaches emphasize evolving implementations with each cycle enhancing previous work</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_NiTtWnz,S_u8WEXgX\">Waterfall is characterized by sequential phases requiring strict documentation and end products per stage, while iterative/wative approaches include unit testing during sprints followed by systems integration testing and user acceptance testing</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_NrHpXwf\">Waterfall approaches work well for simple, straightforward projects, but are less suitable for complex projects requiring flexibility</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.881935776693521, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 9.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 2.0, "compression_rate": 0.19096788834676046, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 31, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X\">Digital transformation in banking is linked to enhanced financial inclusion and operational efficiency, with research showing a significant increase in digital payment intensity in recent years, particularly in the EU and Baltic countries</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_IbmwH6I,S_ipBYA4S,S_kq45sEh\">Digital banking has enhanced financial inclusion by offering accessible and affordable services, though traditional financial inclusion metrics often fail to adequately measure digital financial inclusion</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_4uYEvn0,S_AlV0rKF\">Empirical evidence indicates that increased financial inclusion correlates with lower account costs, higher savings, and positively impacts bank stability, while bank competition negatively affects stability</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_cecyK56\">The economic impact of financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa varies, with digital financial inclusion being more significant in low-income countries due to inefficiencies in traditional banking</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_Gkl8lvJ\">Mobile banking and e-payments have increased financial inclusion among developing countries, but challenges remain including consumer protection, data inequality, and regulatory arbitrage</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_Q1OC4lz\">Digitalisation can promote financial inclusion and positively impact economic growth, though there is uncertainty regarding whether digital financial services are genuinely inclusive for women and underprivileged communities</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_AlV0rKF\">Policymakers should promote digital financial literacy to bolster bank stability and reduce insolvency risks, while enhancing bank competition to lower non-performing loans</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_kq45sEh\">Challenges include data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy, with the need for resilient financial systems revealed during the COVID-19 pandemic</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=S_4uYEvn0,S_Dw5oN7X>S digital transformation in banking is defined as the application of innovative technologies, particularly digital payments, to enhance financial inclusion and operational efficiency</snippet>, with research showing it <snippet id=S_4uYEvn0>S diminishes the impact of income levels on financial service access</snippet> while enhancing account ownership and savings. <snippet id=S_cecyK56>S Economic impact varies by income level: in low-income countries, digital financial inclusion is more significant than traditional finance due to banking inefficiencies</snippet>, whereas in middle-income countries both forms complement each other. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Digital financial inclusion positively correlates with bank stability (z-score) and negatively with non-performing loans</snippet>, though increased bank competition negatively affects stability according to the competition-fragility hypothesis. <snippet id=S_kq45sEh>S Challenges include data security, regulatory issues, and user digital literacy</snippet>, with findings from Sub-Saharan Africa, ASEAN, and EU contexts; <snippet id=S_cecyK56,S_Q1OC4lz>Yemen-specific evidence is sparse and limited by fragile state conditions</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AlV0rKF>S Policy recommendations emphasize promoting digital financial literacy, regulatory frameworks treating digital and traditional finance as complementary</snippet>, and strategic measures to maintain bank stability alongside inclusion initiatives.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.8255501427851504, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 8.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 0.0, "compression_rate": 0.16277507139257516, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 32, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"55190,81776\">Never Look Back (1952) was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>, with <snippet id=\"55190,81776\">Hugh Sinclair appearing as a star alongside Rosamund John</snippet>. <snippet id=\"55190,81776\">Harry H. Corbett has a confirmed credit in the film, appearing briefly as a policeman in the Wikipedia source and as a supporting cast member on IMDb</snippet>. The film was released in the UK on 26 May 1952 and runs for 73 minutes <snippet id=\"55190,86941\">. It was shot at Mancunian Studios/Manchester Film Studios between 17 September and 19 October 1951</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"55190,81776,86941\">The 1952 British drama Never Look Back was produced by Hammer Film Productions and distributed by Exclusive Films</snippet>. <snippet id=\"55190,81776,86941\">Harry H. Corbett appears in a brief supporting role as a policeman</snippet>. <snippet id=\"55190,81776,86941\">Hugh Sinclair is confirmed as a main star in the cast, playing the prosecutor</snippet>. The production ran for 73 minutes and was shot at Mancunian Studios between September and October 1951.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 1.0, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 6.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 2.0, "compression_rate": 0.3165608207132389, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 33, "generation": "<answer>\nThe provided search results do not contain direct evidence linking visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation to specific beta-cell function metrics in adult humans. While several studies describe methods to calculate beta-cell function indices such as the insulinogenic index (IGI) and disposition index (DI), none report associations between VAT and these measures <snippet id=\"S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_2GRyVKu,S_i8R9nxi,S_C7yV87e\">The snippets describe how to calculate insulinogenic index, disposition index, and other beta-cell function metrics using OGTT and IVGTT data</snippet>. One study did assess beta-cell function in obese adults using OGTT and calculated insulinogenic index and disposition index, but did not specifically link these to visceral fat measures <snippet id=\"S_UBkWxKP\">The study assessed beta-cell function in obese adults through OGTT and calculated insulinogenic index and disposition index</snippet>. Another study proposed adjusting the disposition index for adipose insulin resistance in obese adults, suggesting adipose tissue's role in beta-cell function, but did not provide direct VAT-beta-cell function associations <snippet id=\"S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2\">The study proposed an adjustment to the assessment of β-cell function in obese adults by incorporating adipose tissue insulin resistance into the disposition index</snippet>. The snippets confirm that beta-cell function can be measured using OGTT-derived indices like IGI and DI, but do not establish whether VAT accumulation independently predicts or impairs these specific beta-cell function parameters in adults <snippet id=\"S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_2GRyVKu,S_i8R9nxi,S_C7yV87e,S_UBkWxKP\">Multiple studies describe the calculation and use of insulinogenic index, disposition index, and other beta-cell function measures in various populations</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nThe provided search results do not directly address the relationship between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and pancreatic beta-cell function metrics in humans. The snippets primarily define how beta-cell function indices like the disposition index, insulinogenic index, and acute insulin response are calculated from OGTT or IVGTT data <snippet id=\"S_qpkzufM,S_DYXy4QI,S_77OipMD\">the disposition index is calculated as the product of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion measures such as the insulinogenic index</snippet>. One study suggests adipose tissue insulin resistance affects beta-cell function assessment, noting that elevated plasma free fatty acids can impair β-cell function and proposing adjustments to the disposition index to account for adipose tissue <snippet id=\"S_C0qRRFi,S_0G85ZD2\">incorporating adipose insulin resistance into assessments provides a more comprehensive index of β-cell function</snippet>. Another study reported that leptin and GM-CSF were negatively associated with the disposition index and positively correlated with BMI and hsCRP, indicating roles in inflammation and lipid metabolism <snippet id=\"S_4v3cnvh\">leptin and GM-CSF showed negative associations with the disposition index and positive correlations with BMI and inflammatory markers</snippet>. However, none of these snippets provide direct adult human evidence linking VAT or pancreatic fat specifically to beta-cell function measures like disposition index or acute insulin response as the agent was seeking.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.7949960285941223, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 9.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 5.0, "compression_rate": 0.14749801429706116, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 34, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_FO8wyxO\">A 2020 Facebook experiment with 23,377 US users found that reducing exposure to like-minded sources by one-third did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes, though it did increase exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduce uncivil language</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_UnNFPfs\">Research on social media feed designs during the 2020 election compared chronological and engagement-based feeds, finding that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_mUfOdDp\">A 2020 study by Guess et al. found no significant long-term effects of Facebook and Instagram's algorithms on users' affective polarization over a three-month period</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_EIYKoMB\">Recent studies suggest that exposure to diverse perspectives can align local conflicts with broader partisan divides, supporting redesign of ranking algorithms to mitigate polarization</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_sJfbnsu\">The U.S. 2020 Facebook and Instagram Election Study was a large-scale collaboration between academics and Meta researchers that provided unprecedented access to platform data while including extensive safeguards for research integrity</snippet>. However, the snippets do not contain detailed primary text from the Science 2023 paper specifically quantifying chronological feed interventions or reshare effects, nor do they provide the primary text for the Allcott 2020 deactivation experiment or Levy 2021 randomized like/subscribe study that the agent identified as gaps.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_FO8wyxO\">A study involving 23,377 US Facebook users during the 2020 presidential election found that reducing exposure to content from like-minded sources did not significantly affect political polarization or attitudes</snippet>. The intervention aimed to decrease exposure to like-minded sources by one-third, which resulted in increased exposure to diverse viewpoints and reduced uncivil language <snippet id=\"S_FO8wyxO\">but did not lead to measurable changes in eight key political attitudes, including affective polarization and belief in false claims</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_UnNFPfs\">An experiment compared various feed types, including chronological and engagement-based feeds, as well as innovative designs aimed at promoting democratic values</snippet>. Findings indicate that feeds designed to reflect democratic attitudes can reduce partisan animosity, especially among weak partisans, but may inadvertently increase perceived threats to free speech among users <snippet id=\"S_UnNFPfs\">. The research also references other studies that examined the influence of exposure to like-minded sources and reshared content, noting that some studies found minimal effects on affective polarization</snippet>.\n\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.8603279793328091, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 6.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 1.0, "compression_rate": 0.1801639896664046, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 35, "generation": "<answer>\nThe search results do not contain specific documentation of FUND/PAGE models integrating tropical cyclone or flood damages. <snippet id=\"S_StdTMvV\">The CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>, but this is not an IAM. <snippet id=\"S_VGFFWS5\">The HWCM approach simulates high-resolution wind and rain fields for tropical cyclone risk assessments</snippet>, yet no IAM integration is described. <snippet id=\"S_93wqG64\">CMIP6 HighResMIP ensemble projects future tropical cyclone activity under different forcings</snippet>, but this is climate model output rather than IAM damage functions. <snippet id=\"S_IAQSdJr\">Synthetic tropical cyclone time series improve flood prediction accuracy in mangrove protection studies</snippet>, but this does not address IAM damage function implementation. None of the snippets provide evidence of how canonical IAMs (FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE) represent extreme weather events as stochastic shocks or calibrated impact categories.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nUnfortunately, the provided search results do not contain specific information about how FUND, PAGE, DICE/RICE, or other canonical IAMs incorporate extreme weather events into their damage functions. The available snippets focus on hazard modeling (CLIMADA model for tropical cyclones, mangrove flood protection services, hydrodynamic modeling) but do not document IAM integration methods <snippet id=\"S_StdTMvV\">CLIMADA model generates sector-specific damage functions using wind speeds above 54 km/h to assess damages on a country-year level</snippet>. No snippets describe how IAMs represent extremes as separate impact categories or stochastic shocks to capital/productivity, nor do they detail expected-annual-loss pipelines feeding IAM damages. There is also no evidence of empirically estimated event-specific damage functions (cyclone wind-based, flood depth–damage, heat-wave impacts) being aggregated to macro damages within specific IAM frameworks in these results.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.983299708585519, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 10.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 6.0, "compression_rate": 0.24164985429275948, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 36, "generation": "<answer>\nHPV entry begins when the virus accesses the basal layer of epithelium through wounds or micro-damage, where L1 first binds to laminin-332 in the basement membrane <snippet id=\"S_9692W5p\">HPV infection begins when the virus accesses the basal layer of the epithelium through wounds or micro-damage. The major capsid protein L1 first binds to laminin-332 in the basement membrane</snippet>. This interaction is followed by L1 being cleaved by kallikrein-8 (KLK8), which alters its conformation, and L1 then fuses with heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the cell surface <snippet id=\"S_9692W5p\">L1 then fuses with heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the cell surface</snippet>. The initial binding of L1 to HSPGs occurs in the intraepithelial environment, facilitated by specific lysine-rich sites on the L1 protein <snippet id=\"S_ygceipK\">The initial binding of L1 to HSPGs occurs in the intraepithelial environment, facilitated by specific lysine-rich sites on the L1 protein</snippet>. This process exposes the N-terminus of the L2 protein, which is subsequently cleaved by furin, reducing L1's affinity for HSPGs <snippet id=\"S_9692W5p\">L1 then fuses with heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the cell surface, leading to further conformational changes due to interactions between L1's lysine residues and HSPGs, aided by cyclophilin B (CyPB). This process exposes the N-terminus of the L2 protein, which is subsequently cleaved by furin</snippet>. HPV enters cells through endocytosis, independent of clathrin, caveolin, lipid rafts, and dynamin <snippet id=\"S_Fgb4QWW\">HPV enters host cells via endocytosis, independent of clathrin, caveolin, lipid rafts, and dynamin</snippet>. The virus is transported to the nucleus, where it releases its genome for replication <snippet id=\"S_IzJhLSD\">The virus is transported to the nucleus, where it releases its genome for replication</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nHuman Papillomavirus (HPV) entry typically begins at microlesions in the epithelium where the major capsid protein L1 binds to laminin-332 or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the basement membrane <S_9692W5p, S_06dh88l, S_ygceipK, S_4kyiDLH>. This initial attachment induces L1 conformational changes, often facilitated by Cyclophilin B, which exposes the N-terminus of the minor capsid protein L2 <S_9692W5p, S_ygceipK, S_sYaeZRH>. Proteolytic processing follows, where kallikrein-8 cleaves L1 and the cellular protease furin cleaves L2, reducing HSPG affinity and preparing the virion for internalization <S_6cL8am9, S_9692W5p, S_qd5yqrp>. Secondary interactions with receptors such as annexin A2, integrin α6, and tetraspanins like CD151 facilitate clathrin-independent endocytosis or macropinocytosis-like uptake <S_6cL8am9, S_Fgb4QWW, S_06dh88l>. Once internalized, the virus undergoes retrograde trafficking through endosomes and the Golgi network to reach the nucleus for genome release and replication <S_6cL8am9, S_IzJhLSD, S_qd5yqrp>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.8034798390278545, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 12.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 6.0, "compression_rate": 0.15173991951392723, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 37, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_FvypqMm\">The Laplace mechanism has been applied to preserve privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions by adding noise from the Laplace distribution to numeric query results</snippet>, ensuring the output remains unaffected by the addition or removal of a single record. <snippet id=\"S_u2uIkcN\">This approach enables privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions using calibrated Laplace noise with standard deviation √2b based on the function's sensitivity</snippet>. However, the search results do not provide specific case studies or empirical applications of the Laplace mechanism to sensitive financial data published in high-impact journals such as IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or top economics/finance journals (JFE, RFS, JF). Most snippets describe the theoretical properties and general definitions of the Laplace mechanism rather than concrete financial data applications. <snippet id=\"S_dR6xJKK\">The Laplace mechanism is formally defined as adding noise from Lap(∆₁/ε) to query results, where it preserves (ε, 0)-differential privacy</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_gaV539r\">The mechanism takes inputs including a database D, function f, and privacy parameter ε, returning the true output of f plus Laplacian noise drawn from a Laplace distribution with mean 0 and scale Δ(f)/ε</snippet>. The available evidence suggests the Laplace mechanism is applicable to financial data privacy, but specific high-impact journal case studies are not present in these search results.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nThe search results provide limited evidence of concrete case studies from high-impact journals applying the Laplace mechanism specifically to financial/banking/credit transaction data. Two snippets mention financial applications: S_FvypqMm notes the Laplace mechanism can preserve \"user privacy in financial data like banking credit transactions\" within parking recommender system research <snippet id=S_FvypqMm>, and S_u2uIkcN states the mechanism enables \"privacy-preserving analysis in banking credit transactions\" for prospect theoretic analysis <snippet id=S_u2uIkcN>. However, neither snippet explicitly confirms publication in high-impact journals like IEEE Transactions, ACM Transactions, or major finance/economics journals that the agent prioritized <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG,S_XWjGWtA,S_3Vks9VQ>. Most other search results discuss the Laplace mechanism in medical data <snippet id=S_kR7QkfG>, social networks <snippet id=S_XWjGWtA,S_gaV539r>, or power flow systems <snippet id=S_3Vks9VQ> rather than verified financial case studies. Additional searches targeting specific journals or verified financial domains would be needed to fully address the agent's goal.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.9203371397498641, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 8.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 4.0, "compression_rate": 0.21016856987493202, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 38, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"21438\">Jitendra Narayan (20 Dec 1886–20 Dec 1922) was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar</snippet>, and he founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916 <snippet id=\"21438\">. As \"Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar\" he played one first‑class cricket match (Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI v Lord Willingdon's XI) on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs in total</snippet>. However, <snippet id=\"21438\">there is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a \"Prince of Wales XI\"</snippet>, which conflicts with the agent's hypothesis about a match against a team associated with a future British noble. <snippet id=\"57275\">Sources indicate an association with a namesake Nripendra Narayan Academy and links to cricketing activity with a Prince of Wales's XI, but the crawled material is fragmentary</snippet>. The agent's plan to verify Jitendra Narayan's facts shows some gaps remain regarding the Prince of Wales XI connection.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nJitendra Narayan was the second son of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch‑Behar <snippet id=\"21438\">and founded the Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School in 1916</snippet> as an educational institution named after his father. He played one first‑class cricket match for \"Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar's XI\" against Lord Willingdon's XI on 18 Mar 1918, scoring 33 runs total <snippet id=\"21438\">. There is no mention in the provided sources of involvement with a \"Prince of Wales XI\"</snippet>, which contradicts one key element of the hypothesis that the match was against the Prince of Wales' XI during the 1921–22 India tour. Biographical details indicate he was linked to Cooch‑Behar Palace (also known as Victor Jubilee Palace) as the ruling Maharaja of Cooch‑Behar during his lifetime <snippet id=\"21438\">, though succession by his offspring is not confirmed in the available snippets. Some sources present conflicting or fragmentary information about the academy founder and cricketing claims <snippet id=\"57275\">, with sibling records listing him as having younger brothers but not documenting all biographical details consistently <snippet id=\"71327\">.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 1.0, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 8.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 4.0, "compression_rate": 0.5396825396825397, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 39, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_gnrEepM\">A study on LC-MS targeted quantification of therapeutic proteins found that using two stable signature peptides (SPs) was necessary for reliable results, with protein-level and hybrid calibrations achieving good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results between SPs (deviations < 15%)</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_gnrEepM\">Peptide-level calibration showed significant negative biases (−23 to −62%) and discordant results between SPs</snippet>, while extended-peptide calibration showed improvements but still lacked acceptable accuracy. <snippet id=\"S_BFG6czq\">In contrast, extended stable isotope labeled (SIL) signature peptides were used as internal standards in the total antibody assessment to compensate for variability arising during digestion or instrumental analysis</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_kjDg3lX\">The LC-MS/MS method involved focusing on surrogate peptides from Fab or Fc regions for quantification, with concentrations determined using multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides relative to standards</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_1t8pQcf\">The surrogate peptide method is a prevalent approach for quantifying total antibodies and drug levels in pharmacokinetic assessments of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), with stable isotopically labeled internal standards (SIL-IS) often used to enhance quantification accuracy</snippet>. However, none of the available snippets explicitly state that \"one signature peptide is acceptable\" versus \"recommend two or more\" for therapeutic mAbs in serum, nor do they provide validated examples of mAb assays using only one peptide successfully.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nCurrent evidence suggests that using two signature peptides is recommended over a single peptide for reliable mAb quantification in serum. A study assessing calibration approaches for monoclonal antibody quantification emphasized \"the importance of using two SPs for reliability\" and found single peptide calibration had \"significant negative biases\" and \"discordant results between SPs\" <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>. Practical implementations in therapeutic protein studies typically employ multiple peptides; for instance, one Fc-engineered mAb PK assay determined concentrations using \"multiple reaction monitoring transitions for two unique surrogate peptides\" <snippet id=S_kjDg3lX>. Similarly, an ADC quantification method used \"Two peptides from the tryptic digest containing a portion of the CDR\" with one as the quantitative and one as the qualitative peptide <snippet id=S_BFG6czq>. While single peptides can be detected, protein-level and hybrid calibrations with two SPs achieved \"good accuracy (error < 10%) and consistent results\" compared to peptide-level calibration which showed poor reliability <snippet id=S_gnrEepM>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.743956043956044, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 7.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 2.0, "compression_rate": 0.12197802197802197, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 40, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_SvIkmlU,S_rtPxhtT\">Umbrella reviews indicate that the time of day for resistance training (morning vs. evening) does not significantly affect increases in muscle strength and mass, with both timings yielding similar hypertrophy results</snippet>. However, <snippet id=\"S_JKFS2Wu\">some evidence suggests evening resistance training may lead to greater muscle hypertrophy, with a 24-week study showing larger muscle cross-sectional area in men</snippet>, though Sedliak et al's similar trends were statistically insignificant. <snippet id=\"S_HhyT8Rz\">Chronotype appears to modify outcomes, with morning training reducing diurnal variation in performance and evening training enhancing it, suggesting athletes should train at their preferred time</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_gRYJWoz\">Time-of-day effects may also differ by sex, with morning exercise in women enhancing fat loss and evening exercise in men increasing upper body strength and power</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_SvIkmlU\">The field acknowledges the need for more research to verify if differences exist between morning vs. evening training and to assess individual responses based on chronotype</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_pEFpI1F\">Some studies found no significant differences in psychological improvements based on time of day, but limitations include small participant size and lack of chronotype evaluation</snippet>. Overall, evidence suggests training time should be based on personal preference and chronotype alignment rather than a universal \"best\" time.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nUmbrella reviews indicate that increases in muscle strength and mass do not significantly differ between morning and evening resistance training <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT,S_SvIkmlU>. Acute performance metrics typically peak around 6:00 p.m., which may offer advantages for daily output despite similar long-term adaptations <snippet id=S_SvIkmlU>. While some evidence suggests evening training could yield larger muscle cross-sectional area in men over 24 weeks, these findings have not consistently reached statistical significance in other studies <snippet id=S_JKFS2Wu>. Performance adaptations appear more closely linked to chronotype, with athletes reporting lower perceived exertion when training at their preferred time of day <snippet id=S_HhyT8Rz>. Sex-specific responses also exist, as evening exercise increases strength in women while morning exercise benefits fat loss in the same group <snippet id=S_gRYJWoz>. Therefore, experts recommend selecting training times based on personal preference to maximize adherence given the lack of clear superiority between schedules <snippet id=S_rtPxhtT>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.7892870474057484, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 9.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 3.0, "compression_rate": 0.1446435237028742, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 41, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_krnNJsl\">Digital health equity training for healthcare professionals is recognized as essential, with the Association of American Medical Colleges reporting 60% of medical schools included telemedicine in their curricula</snippet>, and <snippet id=\"S_VrMxYXW\">structured, evidence-based training with competency frameworks is recommended for allied health professionals to ensure effective delivery in virtual environments</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_rBaa6iD\">However, research indicates a lack of attention to health equity in digital health solution development, with providers often lacking training in digital health equity and cultural humility</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_ow0RlxD\">Telehealth can exacerbate disparities for disadvantaged groups due to barriers including broadband access, digital literacy, and socioeconomic status, emphasizing the need for health equity-focused training</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_b61oqd3\">Disparities persist among individuals with lower income, less education, and racial or ethnic minorities, highlighting the digital divide that requires ongoing investment in digital literacy for both professionals and patients</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_DUMUv4Q\">Digital navigators are emerging roles requiring specific competencies in digital health, with proposed training programs focusing on technical assistance in clinical workflows</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_ChDg9cS\">Training healthcare providers to understand social determinants of health is essential for tailoring telemedicine services to meet the specific needs of patients from diverse populations</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=S_rBaa6iD>Providers may lack training and competencies in consideration of digital health equity and cultural humility</snippet>, while <snippet id=S_paP0n66,S_ChDg9cS>health policies must strengthen telehealth training to accommodate language barriers, cultural considerations, and varying levels of digital literacy</snippet>. <snippet id=S_TwqA5Qh>Standardized telehealth competencies for advanced practice nursing are missing, though frameworks like the Four P's Telehealth approach are being developed to guide education and practice</snippet>. <snippet id=S_VrMxYXW>Digital health training should be integrated into pre-registration qualifications to prepare graduates for telehealth roles</snippet>. <snippet id=S_DUMUv4Q>Emerging roles like digital navigators require specific training and certification to support clinical teams with technology integration</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.7759613755717432, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 8.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 1.0, "compression_rate": 0.13798068778587158, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 42, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_PiVm5fQ\">Mepiquat chloride (MC) application to cotton seeds has been studied in greenhouse experiments using doses of 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 g kg⁻¹ seed</snippet>, with effects evaluated 21 days after sowing. <snippet id=\"S_PiVm5fQ\">The application of MC to cotton seeds decreased shoot length but had no significant effect on dry matter production, root length, shoot:root ratio, or leaf area:root length ratio</snippet>, suggesting it is not expected to have deleterious effects on plant water acquisition. <snippet id=\"S_hyBY58K\">Mepiquat chloride is effective in controlling excessive cotton growth, significantly reducing plant height and node number, with optimal efficacy at 30 ºC during the day and 20 ºC at night</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_7sCukyL\">MC is commonly used in China's cotton belt and worldwide to improve fiber quality and seed yields, increasing leaf thickness, reducing leaf area, and shortening internodes</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_hyBY58K\">Multiple applications of MC are commonly employed to manage cotton growth, starting when the first bud reaches a diameter of 3 mm, typically 6 to 10 days after bud formation begins</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_12ZluAp\">Field studies in Brazil evaluated doses up to 125 g ha⁻¹ applied at 34, 47, and 62 days after emergence, showing decreasing trends in plant height, node number, and boll production with increasing dosage</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_H2pBJjb\">Cultivar sensitivity to MC varies, with earlier cultivars being more sensitive, and the effect is intensified by increasing the dosage</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_PiVm5fQ\">Mepiquat chloride (MC) has been studied as a cotton seed treatment, with greenhouse experiments applying doses of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 g kg -1 seed</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_PiVm5fQ\">The application of MC to cotton seeds decreased shoot length but had no significant effect on dry matter production, root length, shoot:root ratio or leaf area: root length ratio</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_PiVm5fQ\">Thus, the application of MC to cotton seeds is not expected to have a deleterious effect on plant water acquisition</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_7sCukyL\">MC is commonly used worldwide as a growth regulator to improve fiber quality and seed yields</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_hyBY58K\">For foliar applications, MC is effective at reducing plant height up to 45 g ha −1</snippet>, though seed treatment studies used much lower rates (up to 12 g per kg seed). <snippet id=\"S_12ZluAp\">At higher foliar doses (50-125 g ha -1), MC reduces plant height, leaf area, total above ground dry matter and number of bolls</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 1.0, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 9.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 2.0, "compression_rate": 0.26182654402102495, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 43, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"51627,69934,74289\">Amy Tan's 1989 novel \"The Joy Luck Club\" centers on fraught mother–daughter bonds shaped by immigration, cultural clash, and generational gaps</snippet>. <snippet id=\"69934,74289\">Central themes include generational conflict as mothers' traditional Chinese values and traumatic pasts clash with daughters' American identities and desires for independence</snippet>. <snippet id=\"51627,74289\">The novel explores cultural and generational conflict—Chinese tradition, silence, and fate versus American individualism and limited understanding</snippet>. <snippet id=\"51627,69934,74289\">Stories move from resentment to partial reconciliation as daughters recognize their mothers' intentions and shared histories through communication, empathy, and revisiting pasts</snippet>. <snippet id=\"74289\">Recurrent motifs include storytelling, food, mahjong, and parables that reveal mothers' pasts and daughters' misreadings</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"51627,69934,74289\">Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club is a 1989 novel that centers on fraught mother‑daughter bonds shaped by immigration, cultural clash, and generational gaps</snippet>. <snippet id=\"69934,74289\">The novel weaves interlocking stories about four Chinese immigrant mothers and their four American-born daughters, with central themes of cultural and generational conflict</snippet>. <snippet id=\"51627,74289\">Mothers relay immigrant trauma and Chinese values while daughters struggle with American identity, rebellion, and misunderstandings</snippet>. <snippet id=\"69934,74289\">The narrative moves toward reconciliation through communication, empathy, and revisiting pasts</snippet>. This work satisfies the criteria of a late twentieth-century novel explicitly focused on troubled maternal relationships with cultural and generational tensions.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 1.0, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 5.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 0.0, "compression_rate": 0.4066025908900961, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 44, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_386ZR9h\">High-throughput single-nucleus RNA-seq (snRNA-seq) has been used to analyze cell type composition in the adult mouse brain across 92 anatomical locations, including the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus</snippet>, though this study does not specifically report ketamine or antidepressant treatment effects. <snippet id=\"S_iTfCBaw\">snRNA-seq provides less biased cellular coverage and can be applied to archived frozen specimens, with nuclear RNA containing 20-50% of total cellular mRNA</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_KNwlTux\">scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq are advanced techniques used to study the transcriptomic landscape of the brain, including the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, particularly in the context of psychiatric disorders</snippet>. However, <snippet id=\"S_sBVDz14\">the available literature focuses on major depressive disorder (MDD) rather than antidepressant treatment responses, with findings implicating oligodendrocyte precursor cells and excitatory neurons</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_EVwyDNd\">scRNA-seq has been used to study cortical neuronal spine maturation and synaptogenesis, with implications for understanding neuronal development in the context of ketamine effects</snippet>, but this does not specifically report ketamine treatment outcomes. <snippet id=\"S_hu2Og7m\">Rodent models for psychiatric disorders have been characterized using scRNA-seq, with publicly available datasets and cell atlases for validation</snippet>. The search results do not provide specific scRNA-seq evidence on ketamine or SSRIs-induced cell-type-specific transcriptional changes in PFC or hippocampus with quantitative DEG/pathway data.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_iTfCBaw,S_386ZR9h,S_hu2Og7m\">The provided search results do not contain scRNA-seq evidence on cell-type-specific transcriptional changes in mouse brain regions after antidepressant administration</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_iTfCBaw\">While some snippets compare snRNA-seq and scRNA-seq methodologies in mouse cortex, they do not include antidepressant treatment data</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_386ZR9h\">One study profiles 4,388,420 nuclei across 92 mouse brain locations but only mentions ketamine as a potential substance of interest without providing actual treatment results</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_hu2Og7m\">Another snippet discusses rodent models for psychiatric disorders and mentions scRNA-seq as a tool, but provides no specific ketamine or SSRI transcriptional findings</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_sBVDz14\">Human MDD post-mortem snRNA-seq data is presented instead of mouse antidepressant intervention studies</snippet>. To obtain the specific evidence you need, a new search targeting antidepressant treatment timepoints and cell-type DEGs in mouse PFC/hippocampus would be required.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.7666242949074442, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 10.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 4.0, "compression_rate": 0.1333121474537221, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 45, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_vKl66cs,S_t1UFtY4\">The Netherlands has implemented supportive policy frameworks including the 2010 'crisis and recovery act' allowing temporary use of buildings with cultural history integrated into land use plans, and a national adaptive reuse program under the 'heritage counts' 2018−21 policy</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_kl9jhfa\">Research on Dutch adaptive reuse shows a significant shift towards private sector involvement with private ownership increasing from 45% to 89%, and 96% of stakeholders affirm the importance of adaptive reuse for preserving cultural values</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_0hvikSw,S_7auStQm\">Adaptive reuse is recognized as a driver for circularity by reducing raw material use, energy consumption, waste, and carbon emissions, though the focus remains primarily at the physical/built environment level with limited integration of socio-economic factors</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_ZEzeufE\">Notable Dutch cases include the Westergasfabriek in Amsterdam transformed into a recreational space and the HAKA/Van Nelle Fabriek in Rotterdam repurposed into offices, demonstrating how adaptive reuse can enhance social, economic, and environmental benefits in urban regeneration</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_R69NOII\">However, there is noted disconnect between preservation of cultural values and perceived importance of circularity performance, indicating a need for broader integration of urban social and economic factors beyond the built environment context</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_OA7YTXa\">Studies in the Netherlands post-financial recession (2014 onwards) have documented 123 adaptive reuse projects, showing increased commercial and residential uses addressing housing shortages, though community-led initiatives are not specifically quantified in these reports</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nIn the Netherlands, <snippet id=\"S_vKl66cs,S_t1UFtY4\">community-led adaptive reuse is supported by policies such as the 2010 'crisis and recovery act' that reposition local authorities as facilitators</snippet>, while <snippet id=\"S_R69NOII\">public engagement rates reached 65% of cases following the 2016 'heritage act'</snippet>. Economically, these initiatives address housing shortages through mixed funding models, with <snippet id=\"S_kl9jhfa\">96% of stakeholders affirming the importance of preserving cultural values</snippet>. Environmentally, <snippet id=\"S_t1UFtY4\">the national targets 50% circularity in the construction sector by 2030</snippet>, <snippet id=\"S_0hvikSw\">achieved through reuse practices that reduce waste and carbon emissions</snippet>. Socially, <snippet id=\"S_ZEzeufE\">projects like Amsterdam's Westergasfabriek transform heritage into spaces enhancing community wellbeing</snippet>, though <snippet id=\"S_R69NOII\">current circularity performance often neglects broader socio-economic factors</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.7667056160081793, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 6.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 0.0, "compression_rate": 0.1333528080040897, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 46, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_Q6ina6d\">The ARCS model has been applied in blended teaching methodologies using the Instructional Material Motivation Survey (IMMS) with 36 questions to measure student motivation</snippet>, though this study focused on IT in Business undergraduate students rather than nursing or health professions specifically. <snippet id=\"S_hX0trSo\">Blended learning interventions in nursing education have been shown to enhance nursing students' autonomous motivation and perceived competence</snippet>, but these studies did not use ARCS-based measures. <snippet id=\"S_N6iFqRQ\">A study on online learning in nursing focused on nurses' knowledge of motivation</snippet> but did not employ the IMMS or ARCS subscales for interest/attention measurement. <snippet id=\"S_sojw4wD\">Blended learning combined with flipped classrooms allows nursing students to become self-directed autonomous learners</snippet>, yet no ARCS/IMMS instruments were identified in this research. <snippet id=\"S_Nv2DGCg\">Qualitative studies on motivation regulation strategies in blended learning for nursing students exist</snippet>, but they did not use quantitative ARCS-based measures. The search results do not provide explicit evidence of IMMS/CIS subscales (Interest/Attention) being used in nursing or health professions for blended/e-learning contexts.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nOne search result confirms the application of the ARCS model using the Instructional Material Motivation Survey (IMMS) in a blended learning context, but the study participants were enrolled in IT in Business courses rather than health professions <snippet id=S_Q6ina6d>. While multiple studies document the use of blended learning and motivation strategies within nursing education, including enhanced autonomy and academic achievement <snippet id=S_hX0trSo,S_Nv2DGCg>, none of the provided text explicitly identifies the use of the IMMS or CIS instruments for nursing or health professional students. Several papers investigate motivation regulation and perceptions in nursing students during online learning periods <snippet id=S_N6iFqRQ,S_CMEh2Zj>, and interprofessional training utilizes blended formats for medical and nursing trainees <snippet id=S_lC2vafv>. However, the direct operationalization of 'interest' via ARCS/IMMS in nursing-specific samples is not supported by the current search snippets, as the IMMS evidence is limited to general undergraduate contexts in this set <snippet id=S_Q6ina6d>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.785173501577287, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 11.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 6.0, "compression_rate": 0.14258675078864352, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 47, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_aUWw0r7,S_6tLta3F\">Knowledge graphs have been implemented for EHR data using datasets like MIMIC III, where the data is mapped to an ontology using text refinement and Protege, then converted to RDF and stored in GraphDB</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_7vrGXF4\">This implementation reduces query execution time to less than 0.15 s, enabling efficient data analysis for patient outcomes and risk factor identification</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_H6H06tT\">The EHR knowledge graph has potential to revolutionize decision-making in healthcare settings, leading to more efficient and effective patient care</snippet>. However, these snippets do not specifically address virtual knowledge graph approaches using semantic data dictionaries or linked codebooks for medical measurements. <snippet id=\"S_Bp6t1md\">Additional research on EHR-oriented knowledge graph systems exists for utilizing non-used information buried in routine clinical practice</snippet>. The available evidence demonstrates that knowledge graphs can capture semantic relationships in EHRs, but the specific techniques of semantic data dictionary frameworks or linked codebook approaches are not detailed in these results.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_aUWw0r7,S_6tLta3F\">Knowledge graph implementations have been developed for EHR data, including mapping datasets like MIMIC III to ontologies using Protege and creating knowledge graphs using GraphDB via RDF mapping procedures</snippet>. However, <snippet id=\"S_aUWw0r7,S_6tLta3F\">these approaches described involve materializing knowledge graphs rather than virtual/ontology-based data access (OBDA) where relational data is accessed through mappings without materialization</snippet>. The snippets do not provide evidence of virtual knowledge graph implementations using OBDA tools like Ontop or R2RML specifically for medical measurements. <snippet id=\"S_7vrGXF4\">The implementations reduce query execution time to less than 0.15 s</snippet> and enable integration of patient outcomes and risk factor analysis. <snippet id=\"S_Bp6t1md\">An EHR-Oriented Knowledge Graph System has also been proposed for utilizing non-used information in clinical practice</snippet>. The available snippets do not demonstrate semantic data dictionary frameworks or linked codebook approaches integrated with OBDA/virtual KG access for medical measurements specifically.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.9721247563352826, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 6.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 2.0, "compression_rate": 0.23606237816764133, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 48, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_8sUXQxV\">Precipitation is the most commonly used method for extracting metals after leaching, but it can result in co-precipitation of lithium, causing total lithium losses up to 30%</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_8sUXQxV\">Solvent extraction (SX) is highly effective, reducing overall lithium losses to 15% compared to 30% with precipitation alone</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_I12FLcH\">Chemical precipitation, cementation, ion exchange, solvent extraction, or membrane separations can be applied for purification to separate dissolved metals from impurities</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_MqwIWhe\">Research compares classic precipitation of lithium from pregnant leaching liquors with sodium carbonate against alternative precipitation agents such as sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_aewi150\">Nanofiltration (NF) processes can effectively remove multivalent cations like Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ from battery leachates, improving lithium yield and reducing acid production</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_BL0qJCk\">Solvent extraction, ion-exchange resins, and precipitation are widely used in recycling routes to obtain products from solutions after inorganic and organic acid leaching</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_ZrllGPw\">Hydrometallurgy can recover lithium in addition to other transition metals, though it is more suitable for recycling spent LIBs with single chemical composition</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_0C7XVAE\">Refining the leachate is necessary to remove impurities and extract valuable metals through various methods, including precipitation, cementation, solvent extraction, electrowinning, and ion exchange</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_8sUXQxV\">Precipitation as lithium carbonate is currently the most commonly used method to recover lithium after hydrometallurgical leaching of LIBs, but it can cause total lithium losses up to 30% due to co-precipitation with other metals</snippet>, while <snippet id=\"S_8sUXQxV\">solvent extraction methods are highly effective at reducing lithium losses to 15% overall by selectively removing elements like Co, Ni, Al, and Mn before lithium precipitation</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_I12FLcH\">Selective solvent extraction using immiscible organic extractants is widely employed, where metals like nickel, manganese, cobalt, and lithium can be sequentially separated using reagents such as dimethylglyoxime, D2EHPA, ammonium oxalate, and sodium carbonate</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_MqwIWhe\">Recent research compares classic sodium carbonate precipitation with alternative agents like sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate, investigating temperature and stoichiometric factors to improve efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_aewi150\">Ion exchange technology presents significant challenges including high energy consumption and acid waste production, contributing to only 6% of batteries being recycled globally</snippet>, but <snippet id=\"S_aewi150\">nanofiltration membranes are emerging as innovative selective technologies that can effectively remove multivalent cations like Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ from leachates, improving lithium yield while reducing acid production</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_zrllGPw\">Hydrometallurgy remains widely used for lithium recovery with low equipment investment costs, though its suitability varies with battery chemical composition and operational scale</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.7436310395314788, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 8.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 0.0, "compression_rate": 0.12181551976573939, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 49, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_ep51C66\">Britannica states a typical adult human has approximately 8 to 12 pints (about 4.5 to 6.8 liters) of blood circulating through their body</snippet>, while <snippet id=\"S_6ZepFD3\">another Britannica source notes blood volume is about 78 ml per kilogram (about 6.7 litres for a man weighing 86 kg)</snippet>. However, <snippet id=\"S_QOkX4rw\">a Britannica Kids page indicates a 154-pound person has about 12 pints (5.5 liters) of blood</snippet>, showing some variation in the available data. These Britannica sources provide ranges rather than a single average value, with estimates spanning from approximately 4.5 to 6.8 liters depending on the source and method of calculation.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nBritannica states that a typical adult human has approximately 8 to 12 pints (about 4.5 to 6.8 liters) of blood circulating through their body <snippet id=\"S_ep51C66\">. Another Britannica source indicates blood volume is approximately 78 ml per kilogram, which equals about 6.7 litres for a man weighing 86 kg <snippet id=\"S_6ZepFD3\">. For a 154-pound person, Britannica estimates about 5.5 liters of blood <snippet id=\"S_QOkX4rw\">. This aligns with other authoritative sources, including Wikipedia, which states a typical adult has a blood volume of approximately 5 liters <snippet id=\"S_h22XXil\">. The Physics Factbook also notes that most sources state the volume of blood in an average adult (150 to 160 pounds) is between 4.7 and 5 liters <snippet id=\"S_SoTD265\">. Together, these sources confirm that approximately 5 liters is the commonly cited average for adult blood volume.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 1.0, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 7.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 4.0, "compression_rate": 0.48096192384769537, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 50, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_AMKgb7w\">Alpha-Mn is described as a bcc derived I-43m structure with tetrahedral interstitial sites, where the interstitial fraction ranges from 0.0 to 1.0 with 12 tetrahedral interstitial sites per unit cell</snippet>. This confirms alpha-Mn as a candidate for a \"near-BCC\" cubic structure that lacks true BCC symmetry due to tetrahedral-site environments. The I-43m space group is consistent with the agent's search for cubic I-centered structures with tetrahedrally coordinated motifs. However, the available snippets do not explicitly state that this distortion results from displacements toward tetrahedral interstitials or that tetrahedral-site occupancy inherently reduces symmetry in this specific case. Additional literature would be needed to fully establish the tetrahedral displacement mechanism in alpha-Mn.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nAlpha-Mn is identified as a bcc-derived cubic structure with I-43m symmetry that explicitly features tetrahedral interstitial sites <snippet id=S_AMKgb7w>. Its unit cell is noted to have 12 tetrahedral interstitial sites, where the interstitial fraction ranges from 0.0 to 1.0 in the studied system <snippet id=S_AMKgb7w>. Supporting this structural distinction, the tetrahedral interstitial sites in the bcc lattice are described as non-regular and exhibiting tetragonal symmetry <snippet id=S_xHv2FdY>. This deviation from ideal symmetry confirms that occupancy or displacement toward tetrahedral sites reduces the symmetry below the standard BCC Im-3m structure <snippet id=S_xHv2FdY>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.9940700028926814, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 5.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 4.0, "compression_rate": 0.24703500144634075, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 51, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_mL0KRC8\">The CLARITY-AD Phase 3 trial enrolled 1795 participants randomized 1:1 into a 10 mg/kg biweekly lecanemab arm or placebo arm</snippet>, with the primary endpoint being the change from baseline on the CDR-SB at 18 months. <snippet id=\"S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_mL0KRC8,S_p20O8Yh\">Lecanemab significantly slowed cognitive decline on the CDR-SB by 27% compared to placebo (p < 0.001), representing a between-group difference of −0.45 CDR points</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_mL0KRC8,S_VxjMD7K\">Safety data showed ARIA-E incidence of 12.5% to 12.6% with lecanemab versus 1.7% to 1.9% with placebo, and ARIA-H incidence of 17% to 17.3% with lecanemab versus 8.7% to 9.0% with placebo</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_mL0KRC8,S_eLnlbcY\">The incidence of ARIA was higher in APOE ε4 carriers than in noncarriers, with APOE ε4 homozygotes having the highest incidence (ARIA-H: 39%, ARIA-E: 32.6%)</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_mL0KRC8,S_VxjMD7K\">Infusion-related reactions were the most common AEs in the lecanemab dosage arm, occurring in 26.4% to 26.5% with lecanemab versus 7.4% to 7.5% with placebo</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_mL0KRC8,S_VxjMD7K\">Additional safety data from the combined Core + OLE phases showed ARIA-E incidence of 12.6% with lecanemab versus 1.7% with placebo, and ARIA-H incidence of 16.9% with lecanemab versus 8.9% with placebo</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_i9d1QdD\">Secondary endpoints included ADAS-Cog14 (difference −1.44), ADCOMS (difference −0.05), and ADCS-MCI-ADL (difference 2), all showing significantly slower decline than placebo</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_mL0KRC8,S_eLnlbcY\">Amyloid PET plaque levels were reduced by −55.48 to −59.1 centiloids in the lecanemab group compared to placebo</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=S_Hn8S1xo,S_ipB4qty,S_i9d1QdD>The CLARITY-AD trial primary endpoint showed lecanemab reduced CDR-SB decline by 0.45 points (27% relative slowing) compared to placebo over 18 months, with scores changing by 1.21 versus 1.66 respectively.</snippet> <snippet id=S_ipB4qty,S_VxjMD7K>Overall ARIA-E rates were 12.5-12.6% for lecanemab versus 1.7% for placebo, while ARIA-H rates were approximately 17% for lecanemab versus 8.7-9.0% for placebo.</snippet> <snippet id=S_ipB4qty>Symptomatic events were observed in 2.8% for ARIA-E and 0.7% for ARIA-H in the lecanemab group.</snippet> <snippet id=S_Hn8S1xo>APOE ε4 homozygotes faced the highest risks with 32.6% ARIA-E and 39% ARIA-H incidence, compared to 10.9%/14% for heterozygotes and 5.4%/11.9% for non-carriers.</snippet>\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.7900311526479751, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 9.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 1.0, "compression_rate": 0.14501557632398754, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 52, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_MvO6XoQ\">A meta-analysis indicated a medium interleaving effect (Hedge's g = 0.67) in education, requiring 75 participants for detection</snippet>, while <snippet id=\"S_JXQqQJ9\">Brunmair and Richter (2019) found robust evidence that interleaving is more effective than blocking, with an intermediate effect size (Hedges' g = 0.42)</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_6doaVxd\">A study on inductive learning found participants' performance in spaced (interleaved) study was significantly better than massed study in both short and long-term retention conditions</snippet>, with <snippet id=\"S_HjbjDyG\">interleaving enhancing long-term retention by promoting discriminative-contrast learning</snippet>. However, <snippet id=\"S_MvO6XoQ\">the meta-analysis recruited 150 Dutch students (99 from research universities, 45 from applied sciences) to explore the impact of study strategies on long-term retention</snippet>, and <snippet id=\"S_JXQqQJ9\">moderators of the interleaving effect include retention interval length, type of learning material, and whether material shows subtle differences between categories</snippet>. The available evidence suggests interleaving is generally advantageous for long-term retention across various educational contexts, though effectiveness may depend on material characteristics and presentation methods.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nMeta-analytic evidence indicates interleaving produces robust effects in education, with Brunmair and Richter (2019) finding an intermediate effect size (Hedges' g = 0.42) favoring interleaving over blocked study <snippet id=S_JXQqQJ9>, while another meta-analysis reported a medium effect (Hedge's g = 0.67) in education contexts <snippet id=S_MvO6XoQ>. Multiple studies confirm interleaving enhances long-term retention, with one experiment showing significantly better performance after a week's delay compared to massed study (F(1, 38) = 17.43, p < .001, ηp² = .31) <snippet id=S_6doaVxd>. The effect is moderated by retention interval length, material characteristics, and type of learning material, with interleaving being most effective for categories showing subtle rather than pronounced differences <snippet id=S_JXQqQJ9>. In higher education contexts, research with 150 Dutch university students found interleaving strategies impact long-term retention outcomes <snippet id=S_MvO6XoQ>. However, students often perceive interleaving as more difficult despite its superior effectiveness for long-term retention <snippet id=S_HjbjDyG,S_oqb2O6f>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.7231160728944344, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 11.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 5.0, "compression_rate": 0.11155803644721721, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 53, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_AmYsVOa,S_R0Q0yol\">Exosomal miRNAs, proteins, and glycoproteins show diagnostic value for CRC metastasis, with AUC values ranging from 0.631 to 0.9354 depending on the marker and study population</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_R0Q0yol\">A liquid biopsy panel of exosomal miRNAs achieved an AUC of 0.84 for identifying T1 CRC patients at risk for lymph node metastasis, while plasma exosomal markers EGFR and ITGB3 demonstrated AUCs of 0.91 and 0.87, respectively, for distinguishing CRC from metastatic CRC</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_XwzmeRy\">Plasma exosomal glycoproteins FGB and b2-GP1 showed AUC values of 0.871 and 0.834, respectively, for CRC diagnosis, with combined levels achieving higher diagnostic efficacy compared to conventional markers</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_4qjDYAk\">Circulating plasma exosomal miR-125a-3p demonstrated an AUC of 68.5% for predicting colon cancer, with combination of miR-125a-3p and CEA improving AUC to 85.5%</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_BgQS4mb\">Exosomal miR-92b showed AUC ranging from 0.631 to 0.793 for distinguishing CRC from non-neoplasm controls, with AUC of 0.830 in differentiating CRC at clinical stage II/III from non-cancer individuals</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_SlKteGa\">Exosomal miRNAs including miRNA-1246, miRNA-21, and miRNA-23a have shown potential as diagnostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer with elevated levels indicating cancer recurrence</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_YdfrFNN\">Exosomal microRNAs are stable in multiple body fluids and have captured attention as emerging biomarkers for early and minimal malignancy diagnosis</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_YHbihgJ\">lncRNA CCAT2 was overexpressed in CRC patients and associated with local invasion and lymph node metastasis, with six potential lncRNAs in circulatory exosomes showing upregulated expression in CRC patients</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_gIxvWlW\">Exosomes carry biomarkers specific to cancer cell origin in serum and their profiles may serve as novel biomarkers for CRC patients, though circulating exosomal markers in serum have yet to be developed for CRC detection</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_AmYsVOa\">Exosomal IRF-2 was observed in colorectal cancer patients with lymph node metastasis, triggering lymph node metastasis by remodeling the lymphatic network</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nSerum exosomal biomarkers have demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy for colorectal cancer metastasis, with serum exosomal CEA achieving an AUC of 0.9354 for predicting distant metastasis, surpassing standard serum CEA at 0.8557 <snippet id=S_AmYsVOa>. Plasma exosomal proteins EGFR and ITGB3 showed AUCs of 0.91 and 0.87, respectively, for distinguishing metastatic CRC, while a multi-miRNA panel yielded an AUC of 0.84 for lymph node metastasis risk <snippet id=S_R0Q0yol>. Specific plasma exosomal RNAs such as miR-181a-5p and miR-30d-5p correlate with lymph node and liver metastases, and lncRNA CCAT2 overexpression in serum is linked to local invasion and lymph node metastasis <snippet id=S_AmYsVOa,S_YHbihgJ>. Glycoproteins FGB and b2-GP1 isolated from plasma exosomes achieved higher AUCs of 0.871 and 0.834 than conventional markers like CEA and CA19-9 <snippet id=S_XwzmeRy>. Furthermore, downregulation of exosomal miR-92b in plasma reached an AUC of 0.830 for differentiating advanced CRC stages from controls <snippet id=S_BgQS4mb>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.8883413360289782, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 10.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 0.0, "compression_rate": 0.1941706680144891, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 54, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_YwM0nRf\">One study evaluates the performance and energy consumption of communication protocols in microservices architecture for an Internet of Healthcare Things (IoHT) platform, finding gRPC supports more programming languages and demonstrates lower CPU and RAM consumption compared to MQTT, CoAP, and XMPP</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_ywHowou\">Another comparison notes gRPC demonstrates superior performance, being approximately seven times faster for data reception and ten times faster for data transmission than REST</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_7PvkkuE\">A performance evaluation using DeathStarBench measures latency for microservices implementations, comparing gRPC with Envoy and mRPC, finding mRPC speeds up gRPC+Envoy by 2.1× in end-to-end P99 tail latency</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_1JNQagV\">Additional work evaluates mRPC with full gRPC-style marshalling (protobuf + HTTP/2), finding mRPC achieves performance comparable to gRPC and can perform 2.6× and 3.7× faster in terms of goodput and goodput per core</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_S9ByqQU\">A playground framework for microservices-based SDN controllers also compares REST, WebSocket, and gRPC, noting gRPC could become dominant in the future thanks to HTTP/2 and Protobuf as the payload format</snippet>. However, most available snippets focus on performance comparisons (latency, throughput, memory) rather than energy efficiency metrics, and many lack quantitative energy measurements from RAPL or power meters as specified in the research goal.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nSeveral studies have evaluated performance impacts of microservices communication protocols. The gRPC protocol demonstrates substantially higher performance than REST, being approximately seven times faster for data reception and ten times faster for data transmission <snippet id=\"S_ywHowou\">in microservices-based SDN controllers</snippet>, while also being 2.6× and 3.7× as fast as gRPC + Envoy in terms of goodput and goodput per core when using protobuf + HTTP/2 <snippet id=\"S_1JNQagV\">. For latency, mRPC speeds up gRPC+Envoy by 2.1× in terms of end-to-end P99 tail latency <snippet id=\"S_SvuawN6\">, with REST showing higher response times for first packet and rule updating packets compared to gRPC and WebSocket <snippet id=\"S_S9ByqQU\">. Energy consumption comparisons indicate gRPC demonstrates lower CPU and RAM consumption compared to MQTT, CoAP, and XMPP in IoT microservices platforms <snippet id=\"S_YwM0nRf\">, though none of the snippets contain explicit energy efficiency measurements using RAPL or power meters. The studies primarily focus on latency and throughput metrics rather than direct energy consumption measurements <snippet id=\"S_7PvkkuE\">.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.7673155470583124, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 6.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 1.0, "compression_rate": 0.13365777352915617, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 55, "generation": "<answer>\nBased on the search results, there is no explicit evidence of researchers using historical population as an instrumental variable for the number of buses at the provincial level within a 2SLS framework. <snippet id=\"S_aOtgB03\">One study uses the number of public buses as a core explanatory variable in 2SLS for CO2 emissions in 30 provinces of China, but does not employ historical population as an IV</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_PYQsOyc\">Another study uses instrumental variables for urbanization in China, including provincial population density in 1990, but this is for urbanization, not bus counts</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_MIQYR8I\">A study uses 1984 post office numbers as an IV for digital innovation, not population for bus supply</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_afKjSFM\">A study uses bus stop presence as an IV for employment, not population for bus numbers</snippet>. None of the provided snippets confirm that historical/lagged population has been used as an IV specifically for the number of buses or bus fleet size at the provincial level in China.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nBased on the search results, there is no direct evidence that researchers have explicitly used \"historical population\" as an instrumental variable for the \"number of public buses\" at the provincial level using 2SLS in China. <snippet id=\"S_aOtgB03\">One study examines public transport development measured by the number of public buses in 30 provinces of China using 2SLS, but population density appears only as a control variable, not as an instrumental variable for bus numbers</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_PYQsOyc\">The closest related work uses provincial population density in 1990 as an instrumental variable, but this instrument targets urbanization rather than bus fleet size</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_MIQYR8I\">Other studies use historical infrastructure (e.g., number of post offices in 1984) as IVs in 2SLS frameworks, demonstrating the methodology exists but not for bus population applications</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_04AZIBc\">Several studies use lagged population or urbanization variables as instruments, though none explicitly instrument bus counts with historical population at the provincial level</snippet>. The search has not yielded explicit evidence of historical population instrumenting number of buses in a provincial 2SLS framework.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.6566793335282082, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 6.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 2.0, "compression_rate": 0.07833966676410406, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 56, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_Sg0YKfT,S_njVYIe9,S_id0PX4B,S_P4Rhuyo\">The probability integral transform (PIT) states that for any continuous random variable X with cumulative distribution function F, the transformed variable U = F(X) follows a standard uniform distribution on [0,1] under the null hypothesis</snippet>. This mapping enables one- and two-sided hypothesis tests from a single observation by converting the data to the uniform domain. <snippet id=\"S_LJFSCQ2\">For discrete distributions, the PIT values will be discrete and uniformly distributed under the same hypothesis, though specialized methods like pointwise and simultaneous confidence intervals for empirical cumulative distribution functions (ECDF) of PIT values are needed</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_dMDA4ej\">When dealing with discrete p-values, a convention is used where p-values whose associated null hypothesis is true stochastically dominate the uniform distribution on [0,1]</snippet>. However, the provided snippets do not explicitly define two-sided p-values as 2 min(U, 1−U), highest-density regions (HDRs) as rejection regions, or randomized/mid-p adjustments for discrete cases, which require additional targeted searches to fully support.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_Sg0YKfT\">The probability integral transform results in a standard uniform distribution on [0,1] if F is continuous and Y follows F</snippet> and <snippet id=\"S_id0PX4B\">goodness-of-fit tests for continuous distributions are based on phi-divergence statistics evaluating this transformed uniform variable</snippet>. For continuous random variables, the transformed variable Y = F(X) is confirmed to follow a uniform distribution on [0,1] supporting the hypothesis that the survival function behaves as expected <snippet id=\"S_P4Rhuyo\">under the probability integral transform</snippet>. When dealing with non-continuous CDFs, the concept extends to randomized versions of the transform allowing for applications where CDFs are non-continuous <snippet id=\"S_Sg0YKfT\">and the transform's values are variance constrained to [0, 1/4] where a variance of 1/12 indicates a uniform distribution</snippet>. In discrete hypothesis testing, p-values associated with true null hypotheses stochastically dominate a continuous uniform distribution on [0,1] and require conventions for right-continuous cumulative distribution functions <snippet id=\"S_dMDA4ej\">.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.728667350554882, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 5.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 2.0, "compression_rate": 0.11433367527744101, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 57, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_zj6C1aC\">Mobile edge computing in SAGIN enhances content caching and file distribution, significantly reducing data traffic and improving user experience</snippet>, with remote sensing satellites leveraging extensive coverage to broadcast cached sensor data for global awareness. <snippet id=\"S_zj6C1aC\">Active mobile edge caching can achieve 100% user satisfaction while offloading 98% of backhaul traffic</snippet>, alleviating load on backhaul links. <snippet id=\"S_zj6C1aC\">A proposed multi-base station agent cooperative edge caching algorithm utilizes deep reinforcement learning to optimize caching decisions</snippet>, enhancing cooperation and hit rates among edge caches. <snippet id=\"S_o4BZhpx\">A fine-grained joint offloading and caching scheme for EC-SAGINs involves vehicles offloading tasks to nearby LEO satellites, which then decide whether to cache the required data for future reuse</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_ajCseb7\">SAGIN integrates multi-tier computing resources with UAVs at the aerial network layer, which assist in communication, computing, and caching for ground networks</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_7k8hpA5\">UAVs are proposed as intelligent content cache providers in 6G networks to enhance edge caching strategies by equipping them with cache storage to proactively distribute content to terrestrial users</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_AXV48a6\">UAV-assisted caching enhances content placement and delivery by allowing UAVs to dynamically deliver cached content to users as they move, reducing the need for multiple copies of the same content in different locations</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_SsNXzNl\">Real-time and energy-efficient resource allocation schemes must account for SAGIN's novel characteristics, including the predicted trajectory of LEO satellites and controllable movement of UAVs</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_JnG43nV\">The EC-SAGIN framework formulates the offloading and caching problem as a multi-label classification task using a pre-classification scheme with an offline deep imitation learning algorithm for real-time offloading and caching</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_zj6C1aC\">Mobile edge caching in SAGIN significantly reduces data traffic and improves user experience by leveraging remote sensing satellites to broadcast cached sensor data for global awareness</snippet>, with active mobile edge caching achieving 100% user satisfaction while offloading 98% of backhaul traffic <snippet id=\"S_zj6C1aC\">. LEO satellites with storage capabilities are integrated into radio access networks for cooperative cache distribution, optimized through nonlinear fractional programming for energy efficiency</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_titujAo\">A two-tier data transmission model allows UAVs to pre-store popular content and retrieve from LEO satellites when needed</snippet>, addressing limitations of previous models that only supported single-user requests. <snippet id=\"S_o4BZhpx\">For IoV applications, a fine-grained joint offloading and caching scheme based on orbit-ground collaboration enables real-time EC-SAGINs services in remote areas where terrestrial infrastructure is unavailable</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_7k8hpA5\">UAVs function as intelligent content cache providers in 6G networks, proactively storing and distributing frequently requested content to minimize redundant backhaul transmissions</snippet>, with machine learning techniques employed to predict user content request patterns including timing and popularity trends. <snippet id=\"S_zj6C1aC, S_JnG43nV\">Distributed content caching strategies utilize deep reinforcement learning and deep imitation learning algorithms to optimize caching decisions, though DRL presents high computational and energy demands for LEO satellites</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.856219573610878, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 12.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 3.0, "compression_rate": 0.17810978680543899, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 58, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_yzJqROu\">Cr3C2–NiCr coatings are widely used for wear, erosion, and corrosion protective applications, with the corrosion resistance provided by the NiCr matrix and wear resistance mainly due to the carbide ceramic phase</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_FSPtLIL\">Nanocrystalline Cr3C2–NiCr and WC-based cermet coatings are synthesized using thermal spray techniques, with nanocrystalline coatings exhibiting better erosion–corrosion resistance due to faster repassivation kinetics and fine-grain structure</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_eYIt1PI\">HVOF sprayed Cr3C2-25% NiCr coatings show good wear resistance at 500 °C, with optimal performance achieved at a powder feed rate of 33.5 g/min due to dense structure and sufficient fracture toughness</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_XDbgjf4\">Research on Cr3C2-NiCr coatings includes studies on load-dependent wear behavior and degradation mechanisms in HVAF and HVOF deposition processes</snippet>. However, the available snippets do not contain specific downhole tool application data or oilfield-relevant CO2/H2S brine corrosion performance for these coating systems.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_yzJqROu,S_FSPtLIL\">Thermal spraying technologies, including HVOF, are widely used to apply Cr3C2–NiCr and WC-based coatings for wear and corrosion protection in industrial applications</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_yzJqROu,S_FSPtLIL\">In these systems, the NiCr metal matrix provides corrosion resistance while the carbide ceramic phase ensures wear resistance</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_yzJqROu\">The coatings maintain high hardness and strength up to a maximum operating temperature of 900 °C</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_FSPtLIL\">Nanocrystalline cermet variants exhibit significantly better erosion–corrosion resistance than conventional coatings due to faster repassivation kinetics</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_eYIt1PI\">Specific HVOF-sprayed Cr3C2-25%NiCr coatings demonstrated low porosity, high micro-hardness, and optimal wear resistance at 500 °C</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.9955093099671413, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 5.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 1.0, "compression_rate": 0.24775465498357063, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 59, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_N9VOCKh,S_SMRC1r8,S_CbFCB0e,S_QJsPloF,S_fg0OhCM,S_J2hzkDn\">LTE applies OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink communications, respectively</snippet>, with both techniques being integral to meeting the performance requirements of 4G wireless communication <snippet id=\"S_SMRC1r8\">. SC-FDMA incorporates DFT pre-coding to mitigate the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) associated with OFDM</snippet>, making it more suitable for user terminals with limited power resources <snippet id=\"S_SMRC1r8\">. OFDMA divides the available spectrum into orthogonal sub-carriers and allocates these sub-carriers to each user in the coverage area</snippet>, while SC-FDMA is the pre-DFT encoded version of FDMA <snippet id=\"S_QJsPloF\">. Both OFDMA and SC-FDMA are the techniques of choice for the physical layer of the radio interface of LTE for UMTS</snippet>, with LTE supporting channel bandwidths from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz <snippet id=\"S_fg0OhCM\">. The LTE downlink resource grid consists of a 10 ms frame divided into ten 1 ms subframes, each containing two time slots with seven OFDM symbols</snippet>, and the radio resource's minimum allocation unit is referred to as a Resource Block (RB) <snippet id=\"S_J2hzkDn\">. These waveform specifications are foundational for future 5G networks</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_fg0OhCM\">. LTE-M also inherits these features, including OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink, maintaining similar settings for subcarrier spacing and resource grid</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_ufhk6e0\">. The OFDMA and SC-FDMA use the exact same radio frame structure, which helps to utilize the channel subdivision</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_J2hzkDn\">. This LTE PHY waveform information is essential for understanding the legacy access methods that preceded 5G NR's massive MIMO and NOMA approaches</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nSurvey sources confirm that LTE applies Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for downlink and uplink communications, respectively <snippet id=\"S_N9VOCKh, S_SMRC1r8, S_CbFCB0e\">. For uplink transmission, LTE employs SC-FDMA which incorporates DFT pre-coding to mitigate the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) associated with OFDM <snippet id=\"S_SMRC1r8\">. While OFDMA is effective for high-speed downlink data by dividing bandwidth into orthogonal sub-carriers, SC-FDMA addresses PAPR challenges, offering lower PAPR that is more suitable for user terminals with limited power resources <snippet id=\"S_SMRC1r8, S_QJsPloF\">. The LTE radio interface uses these techniques to meet performance requirements, with OFDM modulation for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink transmissions supporting 4G wireless communication <snippet id=\"S_fg0OhCM, S_SMRC1r8\">.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.8179319821367228, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 14.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 5.0, "compression_rate": 0.1589659910683614, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 60, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_Yzpob9g\">A practical and secure homomorphic order-preserving encryption (FHOPE) scheme allows cloud servers to perform complex SQL queries over encrypted data without repeated encryption, supporting operators like addition, multiplication, and order comparison</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_oqULw15\">CryptDB is a system that demonstrates fully homomorphic encryption enabling encrypted SQL database queries in cloud services, allowing computations on ciphertext that yield results matching plaintext operations while maintaining user privacy</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_hNVJnkt\">A relational database system based on homomorphic encryption schemes was presented that executes SQL queries over encrypted data, though its performance discourages practical implementation</snippet>. However, none of these snippets describe a fully homomorphic encryption database/SQL query application that is explicitly a service deployment (HEaaS), ML inference-as-a-service, or NLP/transformer application without proposing new FHE schemes. The search results show research proposals and conceptual studies rather than concrete deployed applications in these specific categories.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_Yzpob9g\">A novel secure scheme for supporting complex SQL queries over encrypted databases was proposed, but this introduces a new FHOPE encryption scheme</snippet>, which does not meet your criteria. <snippet id=\"S_5FDQWBF,S_eKd4dK5\">Wang et al [22] provide a conceptual framework showing how FHE schemes supporting addition, multiplication, AND and XOR can process complex selection, range, join or aggregation queries on encrypted data</snippet>, but this is theoretical rather than a concrete deployed system. <snippet id=\"S_oqULw15,S_FoUBUWR\">CryptDB is mentioned as a system that processes SQL computations, but it employs multilayered onion encryption combining multiple schemes rather than pure FHE</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_hNVJnkt,S_YK9KfW1\">One paper presents a relational database system based on homomorphic encryption that executes SQL queries over encrypted data, though performance issues discourage practical implementation</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_ea7tN0g\">Another relevant work discusses challenges and opportunities for secure database-as-a-service using FHE</snippet>, but provides no specific concrete deployment details. Given these search results, there is no clear example of a concrete database/SQL-over-FHE cloud application that uses an existing FHE scheme without proposing a new one.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.7832005706812508, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 5.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 2.0, "compression_rate": 0.14160028534062538, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 61, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_lTs2Zzp\">W/CoFeB/MgO structures exhibit a large spin Hall angle of 0.21 ± 0.01, which is nearly one order of magnitude greater than YIG/Pt samples and greater than Ta/CoFeB/MgO or Pt/Co/AlOx structures</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_BgT3YJS\">Among 5d transition metals, W in its resistive amorphous phase typically shows the largest spin–orbit torque efficiency ≈0.20–0.50, while conductive α-W has a spin Hall conductivity of |σSHα-W|=3.71×105 Ω−1 m−1, which is ≈3.5 times larger than amorphous W</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_TzxwlH0\">β-W-based heterostructures demonstrate field-free deterministic magnetic switching with critical switching current density ranging from ±7.20 MA/cm² to ±2.80 MA/cm², achieving sub-nanosecond switching energy in the femtojoule range</snippet>. However, <snippet id=\"S_jDO7JZm,S_6TGIQVx,S_pqGG8fi,S_YpHsTmG,S_BgT3YJS,S_Xon5UIH,S_vChUXr4,S_TzxwlH0,S_5BbdHRk\">none of the retrieved snippets explicitly quantify energy-per-bit values for W/CoFeB/MgO synapse devices or provide <10 fJ/bit measurements</snippet>. The evidence confirms W/CoFeB/MgO has high spin-torque efficiency and enables sub-ns switching, but explicit energy-per-bit benchmarks remain unavailable in this search.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nEvidence from W/CoFeB/MgO structures indicates a large spin Hall angle of 0.21 ± 0.01 and spin-orbit torque efficiency of approximately 0.20–0.50 <snippet id=S_lTs2Zzp,S_BgT3YJS>. This high efficiency enables current-driven magnetic switching with critical current densities as low as ±2.80 MA/cm², supporting sub-nanosecond switching energy in the femtojoule range <snippet id=S_TzxwlH0>. The switching efficiency trend is identical to the Spin Hall Magnetoresistance magnitude of about 1% in these samples <snippet id=S_lTs2Zzp>. Furthermore, W–Ta or W–V alloy layers in β-W/CoFeB heterostructures have boosted torque-based switching efficiency by up to 40 percent <snippet id=S_Xon5UIH>. These findings confirm that W/CoFeB/MgO offers the high spin-torque efficiency required for low-power, high-speed neuromorphic applications <snippet id=S_6TGIQVx,S_TzxwlH0>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.7983132530120483, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 6.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 2.0, "compression_rate": 0.1491566265060241, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 62, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_RrHcunQ,S_R8cplWP\">Classic antidepressants including SSRIs, MAOIs, and tricyclic antidepressants have been shown to possess pro-neurogenic properties, and ketamine also increases adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_QJaZTc4,S_7ytHv3s\">Physical exercise, including voluntary and forced exercise, acts as a strong modulator of hippocampal neurogenesis, increasing cell proliferation and enhancing cognitive functions</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_WDAActN\">The microbiota-gut-brain axis can influence adult hippocampal neurogenesis, with interventions such as prebiotics, probiotics, and antibiotics being accessible for direct manipulation</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_dFyF1WC\">Metabolic pathways including AMPK and PPARα are involved in promoting neurogenesis, with fenofibrate (PPARα agonist) alleviating stress-induced depression-like behaviors</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_BdibMrv\">Alternative treatments such as sleep deprivation and low-dose ketamine can also enhance AHN, with the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway identified as a crucial regulator</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_7ytHv3s\">Environmental enrichment significantly enhances neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus, demonstrating a fivefold increase in adult mice exposed to enriched environments</snippet>. However, <snippet id=\"S_XqPsuik\">the effect of antidepressants and dietary interventions in adolescence remains to be fully understood</snippet>, and <snippet id=\"S_XqPsuik\">novel neuroimaging tools are needed to measure hippocampal neurogenesis in living humans</snippet> to bridge the translational gap.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nPharmacologic agents such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants, and ketamine have been shown to possess pro-neurogenic properties and increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents <snippet id=\"S_RrHcunQ\">. Other compounds including the natural carotenoid crocin, vinpocetine, and the PPARα agonist fenofibrate also demonstrate the ability to promote neurogenesis through specific signaling pathways like Wnt/β-catenin or AMPK activation <snippet id=\"S_BdibMrv\", \"S_BGYAtdc\", \"S_dFyF1WC\">. Non-pharmacologic interventions play a significant role, as physical exercise acts as a strong modulator that increases cell proliferation and reverses stress-induced behavioral changes <snippet id=\"S_QJaZTc4\">. Environmental enrichment has also been demonstrated to significantly enhance neurogenesis, with studies reporting up to a fivefold increase in adult mice <snippet id=\"S_7ytHv3s\">. Furthermore, the microbiota-gut-brain axis offers non-invasive therapeutic targets where prebiotics, probiotics, and diet can manipulate hippocampal neurogenesis via immune and endocrine signaling <snippet id=\"S_WDAActN\">. Overall, multiple exogenous factors including diet, stress, and antidepressant treatment influence adult hippocampal neurogenesis alongside endogenous factors like growth factors <snippet id=\"S_R8cplWP\">.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.7413178984861977, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 11.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 3.0, "compression_rate": 0.12065894924309885, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 63, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_pgimEba\">The file mml2omml.xsl is used as an XSLT to convert from MathML to OMML, which is done in the background when importing MathML into Word</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_WCeewzq,S_iBtRRBw\">Microsoft provides an OMML2MML.XSL stylesheet included with Word that transforms OMML to MathML, and this can be applied using normal XML-DOM processing to extract OMML content</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_n4jxMgT\">There is also an omml2mathml utility on npmjs.com that converts from Microsoft's OMML to MathML, which is a port of the omml2mathml.xsl XSLT that Microsoft ships with Office</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_iQ091kz\">Microsoft's devblogs on Math in Office provide mappings between OMML elements and MathML counterparts for built-up Office Math</snippet>. However, the search results do not contain specific documentation on docx4j/OpenXML PowerTools, Pandoc, or Aspose.Words support for MathML→OMML conversion, nor do they provide official Microsoft documentation confirming the exact location and usage of mml2omml.xsl in Word.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nBased on the search results, Microsoft Word internally uses the `mml2omml.xsl` stylesheet for MathML to OMML conversion, though official standalone documentation is limited <snippet id=\"S_pgimEba\">. The companion stylesheet `omml2mml.xsl` is included with Microsoft Office for the reverse conversion direction <snippet id=\"S_WCeewzq,S_IXERiTx\">. There is a NPM package called `omml2mathml` that ports the Microsoft `omml2mml.xsl` stylesheet for converting OMML to MathML <snippet id=\"S_n4jxMgT\">. For the MathML to OMML direction specifically, the snippets confirm the conversion happens in Word's background processing using `mml2omml.xsl` <snippet id=\"S_pgimEba\">. Microsoft's OfficeMath blog provides a listing of OMML elements with their MathML counterparts <snippet id=\"S_iQ091kz\">, though detailed documentation for third-party libraries like docx4j, OpenXML PowerTools, Pandoc, or Aspose.Words on MathML→OMML conversion was not found in these results.\n\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 1.0, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 5.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 1.0, "compression_rate": 0.3178947368421053, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 64, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_lONVbK5\">Research on teaching children with intellectual disabilities highlights various strategies for enhancing self-monitoring and self-understanding</snippet>, though this snippet does not provide specific evidence of a self-monitoring intervention leading to enhanced self-understanding outcomes. <snippet id=\"S_hXG5j2q\">Dunlap and Dunlap (1989) investigated the effectiveness of a self-monitoring intervention on three elementary students with learning disabilities who had difficulty solving subtraction problems</snippet>, using a multiple baseline-across-students design with traditional didactic instruction and incentive points for correct responses. <snippet id=\"S_WqwHiCI\">Wood, Rosenberg, and Carran (1993) investigated the impact of tape-recorded self-instruction cues on the addition and subtraction performance of nine elementary students with learning disabilities</snippet>, with the experimental group receiving training in a 10-step self-instructional procedure and practicing using tape-recorded cues, resulting in significant improvements in problem accuracy. <snippet id=\"S_IzzNsie\">Individual self-monitoring checklists were created based on students' error patterns, containing reminder statements for each step of the problem-solving process</snippet>, leading to immediate improvements in accuracy for all three students that were maintained in follow-up assessments. However, none of the provided snippets contain explicit wording connecting self-monitoring to self-understanding outcomes for children with intellectual disabilities, and the search results focus primarily on self-management and academic performance rather than self-concept or self-awareness development.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nResearch on teaching children with intellectual disabilities highlights various strategies for enhancing self-monitoring and self-understanding <snippet id=\"S_lONVbK5\">. Specific studies such as Dunlap and Dunlap (1989) and Wood, Rosenberg, and Carran (1993) utilized self-monitoring interventions like checklists and tape-recorded cues to improve mathematical performance <snippet id=\"S_IzzNsie,S_WqwHiCI\">. These interventions involved multiple baseline designs and 10-step self-instructional procedures that led to significant improvements in accuracy and problem-solving <snippet id=\"S_IzzNsie\">. Although some study descriptions specify learning disabilities, the literature review concludes these strategies are effective for enhancing self-understanding in children with intellectual disabilities <snippet id=\"S_IzzNsie,S_WqwHiCI\">. Additionally, Coughlin et al. (2012) found that self-monitoring strategies reduced off-task behavior in children with mild disabilities <snippet id=\"S_lONVbK5\">.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.6622177551306624, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 9.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 5.0, "compression_rate": 0.08110887756533121, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 65, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_w5FtdDI,S_IkYr1CP,S_MMGoou2\">FDA's January 2020 enforcement guidance prioritized enforcement against flavored, cartridge-based electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), with specific exceptions for tobacco- or menthol-flavored products</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_yEAxweY\">The FDA's enforcement priorities are not a \"ban\" on flavored or cartridge-based ENDS, as the agency has already accepted and begun review of some applications</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_4t8Ohcl,S_Igxcgdq\">On February 6, 2020, the FDA restricted the sale of all unauthorized flavored cartridge-based e-cigarettes, prioritizing enforcement against non-tobacco flavored products</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_bm6WH07\">The exemption for menthol and disposable products from prioritized enforcement against flavored e-cigarettes left thousands of flavored e-cigarettes still available on the market</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_oPwdZPc\">Subsequent enforcement has targeted non-tobacco-flavored ENDS products, indicating selective rather than comprehensive enforcement against all flavored products</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_w5FtdDI,S_4t8Ohcl\">In January 2020, FDA finalized enforcement priorities targeting flavored, cartridge-based ENDS products, except for tobacco- or menthol-flavored products</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_yEAxweY\">Importantly, the FDA's enforcement priorities are not a \"ban\" on flavored or cartridge-based ENDS</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_bm6WH07\">The exemption for menthol and disposable products from prioritized enforcement left thousands of flavored e-liquid products still available</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_IkYr1CP\">FDA guidance banned most flavored cartridge-based e-cigarettes, except for tobacco and menthol varieties</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_oPwdZPc\">Flavored products without marketing authorization remain illegal to sell and subject to enforcement action</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 1.0, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 5.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 0.0, "compression_rate": 0.30528646554110156, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 66, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_FxZUHkl\">The triple bottom line framework of quality, access, cost, and environment is explicitly applied to long-term care sustainability, with government strategies significantly influencing service quality outcomes</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_AyOIA3X\">A hybrid multi-criteria decision making approach evaluates long-term care systems using dimensions of economy, policy, organizational setting, and community environment to enhance quality, access, and cost-effectiveness from 2020 to 2025</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_8XJoond\">Economic conditions in rural areas significantly impact elderly access to long-term care services, with sustainability challenges highlighted by market failures and fiscal imbalances requiring consideration of affordability, availability, geographic accessibility, and environmental impacts</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_9PDixuh\">Denmark's integrated home- and community-based long-term care system shows that expenditures leveled off after 12 years, with access to and quality of services remaining generally satisfactory compared to the United States</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_Ytpi9uV\">China's government has invested 5 billion yuan from 2016 to 2020 for pilot reforms in community home-based elderly care services to reduce costs and support aging-in-place</snippet>. However, these snippets do not explicitly reference Donabedian's structure-process-outcome framework or provide detailed theoretical models mapping antecedents to sustainability outcomes with mediators and moderators.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=S_FxZUHkl>Research from 2020 to 2025 explicitly employs a triple bottom line framework to assess long-term care sustainability, defining outcomes through quality, access, cost, and environment</snippet>. <snippet id=S_AyOIA3X>This multi-dimensional evaluation approach aligns with frameworks analyzing economy, policy, organizational setting, and community environment to enhance quality and cost-effectiveness</snippet>. <snippet id=S_8XJoond>Sustainable development considerations prioritize factors such as affordability, availability, geographic accessibility, and acceptability to manage costs and environmental impacts while improving service quality</snippet>. <snippet id=S_FxZUHkl>Mechanism analysis suggests government strategies significantly influence service quality, serving as critical antecedents for sustainability within these systems</snippet>. <snippet id=S_L4yUklD>Process-oriented elements are reflected in multidimensional evaluations and integrated managed care plans designed to ensure continuity between health and social services</snippet>. <snippet id=S_Ir3ZH9z>Collectively, these models emphasize social governance and stakeholder collaboration as foundational strategies for promoting sustainability in geriatric care</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.8486507846900757, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 6.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 1.0, "compression_rate": 0.17432539234503783, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 67, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_50cAkdQ,S_CoNxRSP\">The search results provide general FPV system descriptions including mooring systems that secure floating structures using anchors and cables, but do not contain specific IEA PVPS Task 16 guidance on navigation or vessel interaction</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_Q8i28GO,S_o7Xj46N\">Multiple studies discuss mooring system design for offshore floating structures, including optimization methods and dynamic response analysis, but none reference the specific navigation, marking, or aids-to-navigation standards from IEA PVPS Task 16 or DNV-RP-0584</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_hTDcmSA\">The available literature covers general FPV system components and mooring configurations, but lacks authoritative sources on cable protection, burial depths, or exclusion zones for vessel traffic</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_bc5a0Y3\">One study references the ActiveFloat platform from COBRA and ESTEYCO for IEA 15 MW wind turbines, but this is for offshore wind, not FPV, and does not address navigation or marking requirements</snippet>. The search results do not contain the specific FPV design guidance on navigation/marking and cable/mooring considerations from IEA PVPS Task 16 or DNV-RP-0584 that the agent is seeking.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nThe search results describe the technical design and mooring systems of floating photovoltaic (FPV) structures, utilizing mooring lines and anchors to secure platforms against environmental forces <snippet id=\"S_HcBohzv, S_CoNxRSP\">. Power transmission involves underwater cables connecting the PV array to substations, with inverter placement optimized to reduce resistive losses <snippet id=\"S_50cAkdQ, S_HcBohzv\">. Offshore installation studies evaluate risks and load limits in marine settings, covering components like floaters and mooring system layouts <snippet id=\"S_o7Xj46N\">. Supplementary literature focuses on floating offshore wind turbine mooring and cabling, offering design analogs for floating platform stability <snippet id=\"S_bc5a0Y3, S_dgSijhh\">. The retrieved information centers on infrastructure design and mooring optimization rather than specific maritime navigation or vessel marking regulations <snippet id=\"S_o7Xj46N, S_HcBohzv\">.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.7393652614472803, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 5.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 1.0, "compression_rate": 0.11968263072364019, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 68, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_lxdfOap,S_S5627jY\">The ILO adopted the ICSE-18 classification in 2018 to address misclassification issues in employment statuses, introducing the category of dependent contractors defined as workers with commercial contracts who are not employees but depend on another economic unit for work organization, income, or market access</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_PnJtPJ7,S_NLMME1P\">ICSE-18 defines six employment categories: wage and salaried workers (employees), employers, own-account workers, contributing family workers, domestic employees, and apprentices</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_ZXK2mwq\">The classification distinguishes between formal and informal statuses, including formal wage employment, formal self-employment, and various tiers of informal wage and self-employment based on professional training and social protection provisions</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_lxdfOap\">This framework updates the previous ICSE-93 approach that categorized jobs into paid employment and self-employment by focusing on dependency relationships</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_NLMME1P\">Vulnerable employment is characterized as encompassing the last four categories (non-wage workers), which are marked by lack of formal contracts and low remuneration</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=S_PnJtPJ7>The International Classification of Status in Employment 2018 (ICSE-18) defines employees as those in \"paid employment jobs\" with contracts ensuring remuneration not tied to unit revenue</snippet>. <snippet id=S_NLMME1P>The classification defines six employment categories: wage and salaried workers, employers, own-account workers, contributing family workers, domestic employees, and apprentices</snippet>. <snippet id=S_lxdfOap>In 2018, the ILO adopted the ICSE-18 classification to address misclassification issues, shifting focus from genuine self-employment to various forms of dependencies within self-employment</snippet>. <snippet id=S_S5627jY>This framework introduced the category of dependent contractors, defined as workers with commercial contracts who are not employees but depend on another economic unit for work organization, income, or market access</snippet>. <snippet id=S_ZXK2mwq>Additionally, the system classifies workers into statuses such as formal wage employment, formal self-employment, and tiers of informal employment based on professional training and social protection provisions</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.9791274915381722, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 5.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 0.0, "compression_rate": 0.23956374576908612, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 69, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_gEZDJ2J\">A survey at Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University assessed 32 international graduate students, primarily from Chinese and Arabic backgrounds, all of whom identified English as their first foreign language</snippet>, with 45% studying Russian for cultural understanding and varying proficiency levels in Russian (45% intermediate, 40% elementary, 15% advanced). However, <snippet id=\"S_gEZDJ2J\">linguistic tests indicated a low level of development in communicative competence across all groups</snippet>, and the research focused on Russian-language learning rather than documenting English as a lingua franca/EMI usage in Russian universities. <snippet id=\"S_qqMJgP6,S_zFkS0OO\">General literature discusses EMI trends globally, noting a ten-fold increase in Europe from 2002 to 2014 and linking EMI to internationalization</snippet>, but these are not Russia-specific. <snippet id=\"S_oNcryjF\">One snippet mentions Russian as a medium of instruction for international students in Chinese universities</snippet>, but this does not address EMI/ELF usage in Russian universities. <snippet id=\"S_hO67oBv,S_hF9gM7p\">Studies on EMI focus on Swedish and Taiwanese contexts respectively</snippet>, providing no Russia-specific evidence of English-medium instruction or lingua franca usage. <snippet id=\"S_HIjqi4N\">Russia's Bologna process emphasizes foreign language proficiency</snippet>, but the available data describes secondary school curriculum challenges rather than university EMI/ELF practices. The search results do not contain explicit documentation of EMI/ELF in Russian universities linking language practices to social integration outcomes.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nRussia-specific evidence includes a Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University survey of 32 international graduate students (primarily Chinese and Arabic) where all identified English as their first foreign language, with most having been learning Russian for over three years but demonstrating low communicative competence in both languages <snippet id=\"S_gEZDJ2J\">. Russia's Ministry of Education involves foreign language proficiency in its Bologna process framework, with mandates for second foreign language instruction, though data from the Kirov region shows only 20.86% of schools offer two or more foreign languages <snippet id=\"S_HIjqi4N\">. However, the search results do not contain explicit documentation of EMI/ELF usage in Russian universities linked to social integration metrics, nor cohort-specific digital communication practices (e.g., WeChat/Telegram) or direct language choice/integration correlations <snippet id=\"S_gEZDJ2J,S_HIjqi4N\">. Existing literature on EMI in non-Anglophone contexts notes a general lack of research on how institutional medium-of-instruction policies impact student social outcomes <snippet id=\"S_nyESjPs\">. Additional Russia-based empirical studies connecting EMI/ELF practices to friendship networks, belonging, or social integration metrics are not present in these snippets <snippet id=\"S_gEZDJ2J,S_HIjqi4N\">.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.755476658105454, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 14.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 8.0, "compression_rate": 0.127738329052727, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 70, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"20176,28554\">The Net 2.0 (2006) is confirmed as a direct-to-video techno-thriller distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment</snippet>, and <snippet id=\"95020,20176,28554\">the plot follows a systems analyst/tech professional who relocates to Istanbul and gets framed via identity theft</snippet>. However, <snippet id=\"95020,28554\">the provided search results do not identify the film's composer or confirm his British nationality</snippet>. <snippet id=\"95020\">A DVD Talk review exists, though it does not list a composer or name a distributor</snippet>. <snippet id=\"20176\">One review singles out the \"music director\" negatively, suggesting the film has musical criticism</snippet>. The search results confirm the film matches most criteria except for the composer's nationality, which requires further verification from a reliable source like Wikipedia or IMDb's composer biography.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"95020,20176,28554\">The Net 2.0 (2006) is a direct-to-video sequel set in Istanbul, Turkey, a transcontinental nation where it follows systems analyst Hope Cassidy who is framed via identity theft</snippet>. <snippet id=\"20176,28554\">The film was distributed on DVD by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment</snippet>. <snippet id=\"95020\">A DVD Talk review exists, describing it as a weak, slow thriller with poor character development compared to the 1995 original</snippet>. <snippet id=\"20176,28554\">Plot details confirm a computer expert protagonist loses identity and bank accounts, attempting to clear her name</snippet>. <snippet id=\"95020,28554\">However, neither the DVD Talk review nor IGN writeup identifies the composer or confirms their nationality as British</snippet>. <snippet id=\"95020,20176,28554\">The film has received mixed-to-negative reviews, with critics calling the plot predictable and camerawork shaky</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 1.0, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 8.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 3.0, "compression_rate": 0.5113699389905713, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 71, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_uhSBIm0,S_0Hoj5Qf,S_PL4DVGG\">The Amiga Hardware Reference Manual 3rd Edition is available as a PDF from the Internet Archive and iKod.se</snippet>, providing comprehensive documentation on Amiga hardware architecture. <snippet id=\"S_tLl4qpY\">The manual covers coprocessor hardware, register summaries, playfield hardware, and enhanced chip set information</snippet>, which includes the AGA chipset register maps needed for Amiga 1200 development. <snippet id=\"S_FFquTpc\">The 2nd Edition manual provides information about Amiga graphics and audio hardware and how the system interfaces with peripheral devices</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_SqQQ0P3\">The Amiga ROM Kernel Reference Manual v1.3 is also available as a PDF from iKod.se</snippet>, covering system software, Exec, Libraries, and Intuition for OS programming. <snippet id=\"S_RaUa9ux\">Additional AGA-specific documentation includes the Microway AGA-2000 page with resolution and color information</snippet>. These documents together provide the authoritative hardware and OS reference material needed to write 68030 assembly for Amiga 1200 with 8 MB Fast RAM and AGA.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_uhSBIm0,S_PL4DVGG,S_0Hoj5Qf\">The Amiga Hardware Reference Manual 3rd Edition is available as a PDF and covers the Enhanced Chip Set (AGA) specifications</snippet>, which is essential for understanding AGA custom chips, Copper, Blitter, and DMA capabilities <snippet id=\"S_tLl4qpY\">. Additionally, the ROM Kernel Reference Manual is available and corresponds to V1.3 system software, providing the Exec, Libraries, and OS API documentation</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_SqQQ0P3\">. These sources together provide the hardware register maps, calling conventions, and system programming interfaces needed to write OS-friendly 68030 assembly code for Amiga 1200 with AGA chipset</snippet>. The manual also documents memory architecture and peripheral devices including audio through Paula and input through CIAs <snippet id=\"S_FFquTpc\">.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 1.0, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 9.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 4.0, "compression_rate": 0.34894259818731116, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 72, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_M4OmJlb\">Janus nanopore neuromorphic synapses are emerging as a solution for reservoir computing, addressing the performance bottleneck in von Neumann systems by utilizing two-terminal memory devices that enable high-density, energy-efficient synapse implementations, crucial for applications requiring massive parallelism and error tolerance from 2023 to 2025</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_8TgbQXv\">Neuromorphic computing, requiring ~10^11 neurons for energy efficiency, aims to replicate the brain's ~1 GB/s data processing and 10^16 operations/s, with recent advancements in devices like evolvable organic electrochemical transistors mimicking biological synapses, crucial for enhancing reservoir computing in Janus nanopore systems from 2023 to 2025</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_yF3B4Ib\">Aqueous chemimemristor based on proton-permeable graphene membranes and nanofluidic devices have been reported where solvated ion transport exhibits memristive behavior, which are analogs of biological synapses</snippet>. However, the available search results do not provide specific implementation details on Janus/asymmetric pore strategies, charged/functionalized surfaces, 2D-material nanopores, or polymer-grafted pores for 2023-2025. Additionally, there is limited information on neuromorphic task demonstrators (STDP, LTP/LTD, LIF, reservoir computing) with metrics (energy/event, speed, endurance) or application-level benchmarks (pattern recognition/classification) for these specific nanopore architectures.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=S_M4OmJlb>Janus nanopore neuromorphic synapses are emerging as a solution for reservoir computing from 2023 to 2025</snippet>, addressing performance bottlenecks by utilizing two-terminal memory devices for high-density, energy-efficient synapse implementations <snippet id=S_M4OmJlb>crucial for applications requiring massive parallelism and error tolerance</snippet>. <snippet id=S_8TgbQXv>Recent advancements in devices like evolvable organic electrochemical transistors mimicking biological synapses are crucial for enhancing reservoir computing in Janus nanopore systems from 2023 to 2025</snippet>. However, specific performance metrics (energy/event, speed, endurance) and detailed modified nanopore strategies (Janus/asymmetric pores, functionalized surfaces, 2D-material nanopores) are not elaborated in available search results <snippet id=S_yF3B4Ib>nanofluidic devices have been reported in which solvated ion transport exhibits memristive behavior</snippet>, though this general description lacks Janus-specific details <snippet id=S_fZKPKhH>iontronic, biocompatible tools such as memcapacitors show potential for energy-efficient temporal data processing in reservoir computing</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.8042789223454834, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 5.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 2.0, "compression_rate": 0.15213946117274169, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 73, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"27111,18506\">Raising Sand is the first collaborative studio album by Robert Plant and Alison Krauss, released in October 2007 on Rounder</snippet>. <snippet id=\"27111,18506\">It was produced by T Bone Burnett and earned major acclaim, including winning the 2009 Grammy Award for Album of the Year</snippet>. <snippet id=\"27111,18506\">The album also won Record of the Year for \"Please Read the Letter\" and was certified Platinum in the U.S.</snippet>. <snippet id=\"93249\">Their second collaboration, Raise the Roof (2021), was also produced by T Bone Burnett and received multiple Grammy nominations</snippet>. <snippet id=\"18506\">Raising Sand is one of Krauss's three collaboration albums with Robert Plant</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"27111,18506\">Raising Sand is the first collaborative studio album by Robert Plant and Alison Krauss, produced by T Bone Burnett and released in October 2007 on Rounder</snippet>, and <snippet id=\"18506\">it is one of Krauss's three collaboration albums</snippet>. The album debuted at No.2 on the Billboard 200, was certified Platinum in the U.S., and won the <snippet id=\"27111,18506\">2009 Grammy Award for Album of the Year</snippet>. It also earned multiple other Grammys including Record of the Year for \"Please Read the Letter\" <snippet id=\"27111\">and Best Pop/Country Collaboration</snippet>, as well as a <snippet id=\"27111\">2008 Mercury Prize nomination</snippet>. Later, the duo released a second collaboration album called \"Raise the Roof\" in 2021 <snippet id=\"93249\">, also produced by T Bone Burnett</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 1.0, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 5.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 0.0, "compression_rate": 0.4105378704720088, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 74, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_ju8QCeq\">A study using the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) and repeated sprint ability tests found no significant differences in average or fastest sprint times between carbohydrate mouth rinse and placebo conditions</snippet>. However, <snippet id=\"S_KYkLCMQ\">one study using a self-paced LIST protocol found that mouth rinsing a 10% maltodextrin solution was associated with increased self-selected jogging speed and an 86% likelihood of benefiting 15 m sprint performance during the final stages of exercise</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_hFRFf5P\">Another study used a non-self-paced LIST protocol with 6.4% maltodextrin solution and found no significant effect on repeated sprint performance</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_R70LZbT\">A review of carbohydrate supplementation in intermittent sports indicates that most studies show benefits from carbohydrate ingestion (typically 30-60 g/h from 6-7% solution), though results on sprinting and other skills are mixed</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_DqWoyEo\">The Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test is designed to simulate team sport activity patterns, incorporating acceleration, deceleration, and variable-speed running with two parts: Part A involves five 15-minute blocks of variable-intensity shuttle running over 20 meters, and Part B consists of continuous running alternating between 95% and 55% VO2 max until fatigue</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_a74wEj9\">Energy production during brief sprints is derived from the degradation of intra-muscular phosphocreatine and glycogen, and increasing liver and muscle carbohydrate stores before sports helps delay the onset of fatigue during prolonged intermittent variable-speed running</snippet>. The available evidence suggests that carbohydrate mouth rinse effects on HIIT/repeated sprint performance may depend on protocol design (self-paced vs fixed pacing), with some self-paced protocols showing potential benefits while others show no effect.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_ju8QCeq\">In a study using the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) and repeated sprint ability (RSA) tests, carbohydrate mouth rinsing (6.4% Maltodextrin) showed no significant difference in average or fastest sprint times compared to placebo</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_KYkLCMQ\">However, Rollo and colleagues employed a self-paced LIST protocol with 10% maltodextrin and found increased self-selected jogging speed plus an 86% likelihood of benefiting 15 m sprint performance during the final stages (75-90 min) of exercise</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_kKV6iAs\">This difference may be because the self-selected pacing protocol provides a more sensitive measure to detect potential benefits of carbohydrate mouth rinsing compared to the non-self-paced version</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_R70LZbT\">Reviews of carbohydrate supplementation in intermittent sports indicate that results regarding sprinting effects are mixed, with the most significant benefits shown in conditions of fatigue or low blood sugar</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_HHafi2O\">The evidence for carbohydrate mouth rinsing in intermittent sports is limited with existing research showing inconsistencies due to methodological differences</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.8762715086985455, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 8.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 2.0, "compression_rate": 0.18813575434927274, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 75, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=391d2d98-3>The search results indicate that \"Captain Delaunay\" was a role in the West End hit \"Erminie\" in 1885</snippet>, though this appears to be a theatrical production rather than a musical. <snippet id=391d2d98-0,391d2d98-5>Other search results refer to unrelated modern music projects like \"Captain Hollywood Project\" and \"Captain & Tennille\" rather than historical theater roles</snippet>. <snippet id=391d2d98-1,391d2d98-7>Additional results mention \"The Sound of Music\" and Sonia Delaunay, but these do not reference the Captain Delaunay character</snippet>. The available evidence suggests Captain Delaunay was a role in a 1885 theatrical production, not a musical, and there is no mention of this role being originated by an actress in London in the search results.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=391d2d98-3>Kate Everleigh was a celebrated 19th-century English performer who played Captain Delaunay in the West End hit Erminie in 1885</snippet>. Erminie was an operetta, which is a form of musical theatre <snippet id=391d2d98-3>Further credits included Nemesis, the operetta The Bride of Song, Family Ties and the comedy Eastward</snippet>. This confirms that Captain Delaunay was indeed a role originated by an actress (Kate Everleigh) in London (West End).\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 1.0, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 5.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 2.0, "compression_rate": 0.2518703241895262, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 76, "generation": "<answer>\nThe search results confirm the existence of the target article \"Recommendations for reporting on emerging optical imaging agents to promote clinical approval\" but the snippet only shows the title without substantive text <snippet id=\"S_Jgj08Rj\">Recommendations for reporting on emerging optical imaging agents to promote clinical approval</snippet>. Several related reviews provide context on regulatory pathways, including a review of successful pathways for regulatory approvals in open-field fluorescence-guided surgery that traces key milestones in agent approvals like indocyanine green and fluorescein <snippet id=\"S_PCgmFnG\">The article reviews the regulatory pathways for the approval of fluorescence imaging agents and devices used in open-field fluorescence-guided surgery</snippet>. Another review notes that key fluorescent imaging agents such as indocyanine green (ICG) and fluorescein were initially approved for different uses before becoming integral to fluorescence imaging, with ICG approved in 1959 and fluorescein in 1972 <snippet id=\"S_CSlM2L8\">Key fluorescent imaging agents, such as indocyanine green (ICG) and fluorescein, were initially approved for different uses before becoming integral to fluorescence imaging. ICG was approved in 1959, and fluorescein in 1972</snippet>. However, none of the current snippets contain the concrete, domain-structured reporting recommendations from the target article that the agent is seeking to ground clinical discussion questions <snippet id=\"S_Jgj08Rj\">Recommendations for reporting on emerging optical imaging agents to promote clinical approval</snippet>. The search results also include reviews on fluorescence-guided surgery systems that discuss key performance capabilities such as real-time overlay, quantitative capabilities, and nanomolar-level sensitivity <snippet id=\"S_l2OQQbn\">Key evaluation criteria for these instruments include real-time overlay of white-light and fluorescence images, functionality in ambient lighting, nanomolar-level sensitivity, quantitative capabilities</snippet>, which could inform questions on technical performance reporting.\n</answer>", "reference": "<snippet id=\"S_Jgj08Rj\">The retrieved snippet for \"Recommendations for reporting on emerging optical imaging agents to promote clinical approval\" contains only the title without substantive text</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_1xU5DFw\">Other relevant results indicate that clinical adoption of fluorescent probes is hindered by regulatory challenges and the need for further safety assessments</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_CSlM2L8\">Historical FDA approval milestones reveal that agents like indocyanine green (1959) and fluorescein (1972) were initially vascular flow agents before expanding to surgery</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_PCgmFnG\">Regulatory pathway reviews emphasize that strategic decisions based on existing optical fluorescent agents facilitate future device clearances and new drug approvals</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_1xU5DFw\">Essential characteristics for clinical utility include specific binding to disease biomarkers, high signal-to-background ratios, and rapid clearance from non-target tissues</snippet>.", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.9230504474382928, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 11.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 6.0, "compression_rate": 0.21152522371914642, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 77, "generation": "<answer>\nThe search results do not contain substantive content from the paper \"Exploring the possibility space: taking stock of the diverse capabilities and gaps in integrated assessment models\" - only the title appears in the snippets <snippet id=\"S_zF8Pr28\">Exploring the possibility space: taking stock of the diverse capabilities and gaps in integrated assessment models</snippet>. The available snippets provide general information about integrated assessment models (IAMs) but do not include the specific technical contributions or empirical findings of the target paper <snippet id=\"S_u8Vhij6\">Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) provide an integrated view of the global energy-economy-climate-land system</snippet><snippet id=\"S_CoFf8GZ\">Integrated assessment models (IAM) integrate diverse sub-models across disciplines to quantify cause-effect relationships</snippet>. One snippet mentions \"possibility space\" in passing but does not define it in the paper's framing <snippet id=\"S_VjnoTeX\">. human, economy, energy, land use, agriculture) to assess projected outcomes on, for example, climate and biodiversity</snippet>. The search results lack the detailed methods for assessing IAM capabilities and gaps, as well as any empirical intercomparison or mapping results from the target paper <snippet id=\"S_m5a9xl5\">Integrated assessment (IA) models integrate diverse knowledge streams across social, engineered, and ecological systems</snippet>. Additional targeted searches with variations of the title and keywords like \"taxonomy,\" \"capability framework,\" or \"intercomparison\" may be needed to retrieve the required content.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nThe search results do not contain substantive content from the target paper \"Exploring the possibility space: taking stock of the diverse capabilities and gaps in integrated assessment models\" <snippet id=\"S_zF8Pr28\">The search results only show the paper title without abstract, methods, results, or discussion content</snippet>. The available snippets discuss IAMs in general terms from other papers but do not provide evidence about what \"possibility space\" means in the target paper's framing <snippet id=\"S_u8Vhij6\">IAMs are mostly used for sustainable transformation and development pathway analysis and exploring climate policy and technology options</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_CoFf8GZ\">they face challenges such as high uncertainty and dependency on the quality of underlying assumptions, highlighting both their capabilities and gaps</snippet>. No empirical intercomparison or mapping results from the target paper are present in the retrieved snippets <snippet id=\"S_zF8Pr28\">Only title information is available from the target paper</snippet>. To properly answer the agent's query, additional searches must retrieve the actual paper text with abstract, methods, results, or discussion paragraphs.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.868668758404303, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 10.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 5.0, "compression_rate": 0.1843343792021515, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 78, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_NIP4aKy,S_L5NhumS\">The search results include qualitative research on adolescent recreational reading that provides evidence-based recommendations such as providing dedicated reading time, implementing summer reading programs, and creating supportive classroom contexts with choice, collaboration, and competence</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_WIheApX,S_xbJmN70\">Merga (2019a, 2019b, 2019c) has published research on school librarians' literacy supportive roles in the UK, establishing connections between reading engagement and student literacy outcomes</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_M9NC8Eo\">A U.K. literacy survey indicated that middle adolescence (ages 14–16) is a critical period for declining positive attitudes toward reading and frequency of reading compared to younger and older peers</snippet>. However, none of the retrieved snippets are from the specific target journals (Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, English Journal) or Merga's 2015-2025 review period as originally sought. <snippet id=\"S_SRm3hRO\">The search also returned a study on disciplinary literacy in secondary education that addresses adolescent literacy under-performance and complex text engagement</snippet>. The agent may need to pursue a more targeted search query to find the specific Merga review or practice-oriented paper from the target journals.\n</answer>", "reference": "<snippet id=\"S_WIheApX,S_HOSScoU\">School librarians are identified as key figures in fostering reading engagement and literacy attainment in secondary education, a finding supported by research citing Merga (2019a, 2019b)</snippet>, and <snippet id=\"S_xbJmN70\">pleasure in reading is a strong predictor of reading frequency which leads to growth in literacy skills</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_NIP4aKy\">Schools should provide dedicated time for reading and implement initiatives like summer reading programs</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_NIP4aKy\">Unlike primary schools, high schools often do not actively encourage book reading</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_L5NhumS\">Effective practices involve creating supportive contexts that foster collaboration, competence, and positive teacher behaviors, and reading interventions integrating motivational principles alongside cognitive skills show positive effects</snippet>.", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.7402042792991107, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 6.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 2.0, "compression_rate": 0.12010213964955534, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 79, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_0NbePdE,S_RLXmKuG\">The EU AI Act mandates that high-risk AI systems must be \"sufficiently transparent\" to enable users to interpret their outputs, with Article 13 requiring sufficient transparency mechanisms and user instructions detailing the system's characteristics, capabilities, and limitations</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_TVBhkcK,S_WG0otDu\">Article 14(3) mandates measures to enable effective human oversight, requiring personnel to understand the system's capabilities and limitations, correctly interpret outputs, and have authority to override or intervene in the system's operation</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_UuXjGBn\">Article 11(2) allows for a unified technical documentation file combining AI system details with existing EU MDR/IVDR documentation, including design, architecture, data requirements, training methodologies, and performance metrics</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_3iocoPc\">Article 4(2)(b) details that if an AI system is considered high-risk, opaque, and complex, explainability is mandated from an EU court to the AI deployer through disclosure of proportional evidence such as logs, documentation, and datasets</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_E4eihUQ,S_JvLynMd\">General-purpose AI systems (GPAI) are subject to high-risk obligations if they can be used in high-risk contexts, with the European Commission defining how these rules apply to GPAI systems including transparency obligations for training data provenance and intended use cases</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_AsIfzah\">Article 50 imposes a transparency duty on deployers of certain AI systems, requiring outputs to be 'watermarked' and users to be informed when interacting with chatbots</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_7lZRMkh\">The European Commission is responsible for setting information obligations along the AI value chain reflecting current technological standards, with guidance offered to ensure compliance with transparency requirements particularly for GPAI</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nThe EU AI Act mandates high-risk AI systems to provide sufficient transparency mechanisms under Article 13, including user instructions detailing characteristics, capabilities, and limitations to ensure adequate user information <snippet id=\"S_0NbePdE, S_RLXmKuG\">. To enable effective human oversight, Article 14 requires providers to implement measures allowing overseers to correctly interpret outputs, detect anomalies, and override decisions <snippet id=\"S_WG0otDu\">. Oversight personnel must understand system capabilities and limitations to identify automation bias and intervene safely, ensuring outputs are not blindly followed <snippet id=\"S_TVBhkcK\">. Comprehensive technical documentation under Article 11(2) and Annex IV supports these goals by recording design, data, and performance metrics for authorities and users <snippet id=\"S_UuXjGBn\">. Specific transparency duties apply to deepfakes requiring AI-generated disclosure, while GPAI providers face duties for technical documentation summaries, with specific exemptions for open-source models <snippet id=\"S_JvLynMd, S_XQp268d\">.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.6902516479815234, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 7.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 0.0, "compression_rate": 0.09512582399076168, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 80, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_tyjIFLb,S_soikqKO\">Strava serves as a social network for amateur and professional athletes where users log, monitor, and share fitness accomplishments with others via status updates, comments, and photos</snippet>, and <snippet id=\"S_tyjIFLb,S_soikqKO\">it features social features such as leaderboards, segments, and challenges that enable users to compare performance with friends or local users</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_tyjIFLb\">Gamification techniques like challenges and digital badges are used to encourage repeated use, with users rewarded 25%, 50%, and 75% for completing monthly distance goals</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_fdz63NK\">However, users often selectively share data, withholding metrics like heart rate and wattage while opting for basic information such as segment times and elevation</snippet>, reflecting a desire for self-validation and awareness of how others perceive their data. <snippet id=\"S_ohmbRBN\">Strava is categorized as a persuasive technology that motivates users through tracking routes and providing performance feedback, fostering competitive behaviors</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_KfOy5t1\">Social comparison is identified as a key psychological driver in Strava's social features, though most fitness apps overlook individual differences in comparison direction (upward vs downward)</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_5nbN41y\">Research on Strava's social dimension has been limited to cross-sectional samples of cyclists, with calls for longitudinal studies to validate models of user engagement and wellness outcomes</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_fdz63NK\">Users acknowledge data inaccuracies in Strava and engage in self-reflection through performance visualizations, though privacy and data control remain important considerations in the social dynamics</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nStrava employs social features such as challenges, leaderboards, and digital badges as core gamification techniques to encourage repeated use and foster a sense of community among its 36 million active users <snippet id=\"S_tyjIFLb\">. The competitive nature of these persuasive technologies significantly influences user motivation by facilitating social comparison, though individual preferences for comparison direction vary <snippet id=\"S_ohmbRBN, S_KfOy5t1\">. To manage privacy and self-presentation, users often selectively share data, withholding specific metrics like heart rate to avoid potential profile scrutiny <snippet id=\"S_fdz63NK\">. Features like user-defined segments allow for performance comparisons while enabling users to control data visibility and foster localized community connections <snippet id=\"S_soikqKO\">. Incorporating competitive and cooperative social features is recommended to increase user engagement and intrinsic motivation in fitness applications <snippet id=\"S_47DnIT5\">. However, current implementations largely overlook nuanced psychological theories regarding social comparison, which could otherwise enhance engagement further <snippet id=\"S_KfOy5t1\">.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.7348993288590604, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 10.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 2.0, "compression_rate": 0.1174496644295302, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 81, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_ixOFgje\">The White House fact sheet announces a 25% additional tariff on imports from Canada and Mexico, and a 10% additional tariff on imports from China</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_ixOFgje\">Energy resources from Canada will have a lower 10% tariff rate</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_ixOFgje\">These tariff measures are part of President Trump's trade policy actions to address national security concerns including illegal immigration and drug trafficking</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_ixOFgje\">The fact sheet references a November 2024 Presidential Memorandum where Trump promised to charge Mexico and Canada 25% on all products entering the U.S.</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_ixOFgje\">The announcement cites that trade accounts for 67% of Canada's GDP, 73% of Mexico's GDP, and 37% of China's GDP, though the U.S. trade deficit in goods was the world's largest at over $1 trillion in 2023</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_ixOFgje\">The fact sheet emphasizes that these tariffs are being used to leverage national security outcomes, including stopping fentanyl and illegal alien flows</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_ixOFgje\">The White House fact sheet specifies a 25% additional tariff on imports from Canada and Mexico, with energy resources from Canada receiving a lower 10% tariff, while China faces a 10% additional tariff</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_ixOFgje\">The fact sheet notes that in 2023 the U.S. trade deficit in goods was the world's largest at over $1 trillion</snippet>, and that trade accounts for 67% of Canada's GDP, 73% of Mexico's GDP, and 37% of China's GDP. However, <snippet id=\"S_ixOFgje\">this fact sheet does not include specific dollar trade values covered by the tariffs, any retaliation measures from Canada, China, or the EU, or quantitative economic impact estimates (consumer cost, inflation, GDP)</snippet>. The tariff announcement is dated February 2025 and cites the International Emergency Economic Powers Act as the legal basis. <snippet id=\"S_ixOFgje\">The tariffs remain in effect \"until such time as Drugs, in particular Fentanyl, and all Illegal Aliens stop this Invasion of our Country\"</snippet> as per the presidential directive.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.8268918719575158, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 6.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 0.0, "compression_rate": 0.16344593597875792, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 82, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_7QgSGSe\">The page discusses the interpretation of metaphors, particularly focusing on the slogans from George Orwell's \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\": \"War is Peace,\" \"Freedom is Slavery,\" and \"Ignorance is Strength.\"</snippet> However, the available search results do not provide specific CDA analysis of these slogans as instances of doublethink or ideology. <snippet id=\"S_tpXkvyW\">Charteris-Black (2004) examined metaphor deployment in political discourse to project covert ideology, showing how metaphors create us versus them dichotomies.</snippet> This provides relevant CDA framework grounding but does not specifically apply to Orwell's slogans. <snippet id=\"S_iDUQY7x\">Slogans are defined as brief striking phrases that act as emotional appeals, while thought-terminating clichés are words that discourage critical thought.</snippet> These definitions help understand the function of slogans in discourse but lack the specific analysis of Orwell's paradoxical slogans. <snippet id=\"S_lgOMCo4\">The term \"unfreedom\" is noted as a rare but legitimate formation, while \"doubleplus unfree,\" derived from Orwell's Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-Four, exemplifies the intensifying use of language.</snippet> This shows the linguistic control aspect but does not analyze the specific slogans or their doublethink mechanisms. The search results do not contain sufficient CDA scholarship specifically analyzing \"War is Peace,\" \"Freedom is Slavery,\" and \"Ignorance is Strength\" as discourse strategies of ideology and thought control.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_7QgSGSe\">The slogans from Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four—\"War is Peace,\" \"Freedom is Slavery,\" and \"Ignorance is Strength\"—are analyzed as metaphors that undergo discursive drift, where meaning and stance shift over time</snippet>, while <snippet id=\"S_iDUQY7x\">slogans function as thought-terminating clichés that discourage critical thought by offering seemingly simple answers to complex questions</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_15dkzZt\">These phrases operate as brief, striking terms that act as emotional appeals and may include labeling and stereotyping</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_lgOMCo4\">Orwell's Newspeak language engineering is exemplified by terms like \"doubleplus unfree,\" which demonstrates the intensifying use of language for ideological control</snippet>. However, these search results do not contain specific scholarly analysis on the \"Who controls the past\" formula, Ministry name rebranding, or explicit CDA frameworks (Fairclough/van Dijk/Foucault) applied to Orwell's text. <snippet id=\"S_7QgSGSe\">A significant portion of references to these slogans in media are secondary uses (73%), indicating their evolution as discursive artifacts rather than original texts</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.8086383020926311, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 9.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 5.0, "compression_rate": 0.15431915104631558, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 83, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_gsbJVy0,S_5VWgqHF\">Eric A. Stach from the University of Pennsylvania served as MRS Vice President beginning January 1, 2024</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_gsbJVy0\">He will lead the Board of Directors as MRS President in 2025</snippet>, which confirms his role as President-Elect for that year. <snippet id=\"S_ZPx3NY5\">The Past MRS Presidents page lists Takao Someya (2024) in the context of service beginning in the position of vice president/president-elect</snippet>, though this may not specify the current year's leadership transition. <snippet id=\"S_Mcho4xl\">The MRS website announces the Vice President/President Elect and new Board Members for 2025</snippet>, supporting the naming convention of the position.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nEric A. Stach from the University of Pennsylvania served as MRS Vice President beginning January 1, 2024 <snippet id=\"S_gsbJVy0, S_5VWgqHF\">. He will lead the Board of Directors as MRS President in 2025, following the standard VP/President-Elect transition <snippet id=\"S_gsbJVy0, S_5VWgqHF\">. This confirms that Eric A. Stach was the 2024 Vice President and President-Elect who was scheduled to assume the Presidency in 2025 <snippet id=\"S_gsbJVy0\">.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 1.0, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 7.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 3.0, "compression_rate": 0.3706467661691542, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 84, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_3JECVB5,S_Xa6M06B\">STIX 2.1 is a machine-readable, semi-structured framework for structuring and exchanging cyber threat intelligence (CTI) data, primarily using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) with 12 STIX Domain Objects (SDOs) including 'indicator', 'malware', and 'report'</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_JYIyMdS,S_3JECVB5\">The STIX 2.1 format includes two main object types: STIX Domain Objects (SDOs) which describe characteristics of incidents, and STIX Relationship Objects (SROs) which define the relationships between those characteristics</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_lIvobvB\">The Indicator SDO specifically uses the 'pattern' property to detail malware indicators within the CTI framework</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_06F1WZp\">STIX objects such as Threat Actor, Malware, or Indicator belong to the set of SDOs, while Relationship and Sighting objects are SROs</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_3TK690R\">STIX uses a combination of observed data structures, indicator patterns, and relationship objects, which require UUIDs to establish connections between different objects</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_3M0PARM\">Real-world CTI datasets show malware entities and threat actor relationships are frequently mapped to ATT&CK Matrix tactics and techniques for automated analysis</snippet>. However, the provided snippets do not contain specific definitions of the Malware SDO or Indicator SDO structures, nor do they describe how to map malware indicators to these CTI data models for classification.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_3JECVB5,S_Xa6M06B\">The OASIS CTI technical committee maintains STIX 2.1 as a machine-readable standard for structuring and exchanging cyber threat intelligence using JSON serialization.</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_JYIyMdS,S_06F1WZp\">The framework defines STIX Domain Objects (SDOs), including specific types such as 'malware' and 'indicator', to describe characteristics of incidents and threat indicators.</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_JYIyMdS,S_lIvobvB\">The 'indicator' SDO includes a 'pattern' property for detailing malware indicators, while data quality metrics can assess the connectedness of these objects.</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_3JECVB5,S_06F1WZp\">STIX uses STIX Relationship Objects (SROs) to link SDOs, enabling representations such as a malware exploiting a vulnerability or an indicator referencing a threat actor.</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_Xa6M06B\">Integration of CybOX into STIX 2.1 allows for the representation of cyber observables as cyber observable objects within this flat structure.</snippet>\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.7368913857677902, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 7.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 1.0, "compression_rate": 0.11844569288389513, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 85, "generation": "<answer>\nThe search results do not contain specific information about newly formed counties in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province between 2020-2024. <snippet id=3d29ab62-0>Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran in the southwest</snippet>, but no details about county formation in recent years. <snippet id=3d29ab62-1>Kohgiluyeh County is located in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province with Dehdasht as its capital</snippet>, though this does not indicate a newly formed county. <snippet id=3d29ab62-5>A 2024 FAO report mentions newly formed local and province level governments</snippet> but provides no specific county-level details for this province. <snippet id=3d29ab62-6,3d29ab62-7>Recent studies from 2024 focus on agricultural productivity and climate indices</snippet> without county formation information. The available snippets do not confirm any new county establishment in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during the 2020-2024 period.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=3d29ab62-5>The FAO report mentions \"newly formed local and province level governments\" in a general context, but does not specify particular counties formed in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during 2020-2024</snippet>. The search results include information about Kohgiluyeh County with its capital at Dehdasht, but do not identify newly formed counties in the 2020-2024 timeframe</snippet>. No specific administrative changes or county formations in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during this period are clearly documented in the available snippets</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 1.0, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 10.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 6.0, "compression_rate": 0.2791221159257175, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 86, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_ywdgTkl\">For the Trusted Computing Environment & Platform (可信计算环境与平台) research area, the project \"CROWN\" won the National Science and Technology Progress Award Second Prize (二等奖)</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_UoGmAYk\">For the Virtual Reality & Digital Media (虚拟现实与数字媒体) research area, the projects \"BH-GRAPH\" and \"BH_RTI\" along with the distributed virtual environment \"DVENET\" won the National Science and Technology Progress Award First Prize (一等奖) and Second Prize (二等奖)</snippet>. These projects are documented on the official Beihang University School of Computer Science website under the respective research area pages.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n针对虚拟现实与数字媒体方向，北京航空航天大学计算机学院研制了实时三维图形平台BH-GRAPH、分布交互仿真运行支撑平台BH_RTI及分布式虚拟环境DVENET，这些成果获得国家科技进步一等奖和二等奖<snippet id=\"S_UoGmAYk\">。在可信计算环境与平台方面，学院建立的CROWN高可信软件开发环境、Web服务中间件平台及网络环境运行平台，荣获国家科技进步二等奖<snippet id=\"S_ywdgTkl\">。这些研究面向国家战略规划及航空航天行业应用需求展开<snippet id=\"S_ywdgTkl,S_UoGmAYk\">。\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 1.0, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 3.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 1.0, "compression_rate": 0.3025830258302583, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 87, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_ksMf31Q\">Research on sports betting among university students in Nigeria indicates that demographic factors such as being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment are associated with higher risks of problem gambling</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_C7vME7Z\">An urban school-based cross-sectional survey in Nigeria found a lifetime gambling prevalence of 57.2%, with 77.6% of students having gambled in the previous 12 months</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_sAPmmcf\">A study on online gambling during the pandemic found that past-30-day sports bettors were more likely to have a history of indebtedness (11 vs 6%) and higher levels of gambling problems compared to non-betters</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_rqYsRo2\">A study of 5,000 college students in Ghana explored financial literacy's role in predicting financial behavior, which may relate to sports betting prevalence among Nigerian university students</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_zEaN2n7\">USA research shows regular participation in sports betting among adolescents aged 16-19 is associated with higher risk of gambling problems, with males participating more frequently</snippet>. However, <snippet id=\"S_d3zPQEk\">specific data on esports bettors or detailed economic determinants like employment status for Nigerian university students is not detailed in available studies</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_iL4llG9\">Global data shows esports bettors were more likely to be students (59%) and exhibit higher impulsivity scores, but this does not provide Nigeria-specific prevalence or determinants</snippet>. The available evidence suggests employment status and financial stress may be determinants, but <snippet id=\"S_XKaoZhm\">the studies rely on self-report data which can be affected by biases, and samples may not be representative of all online sports bettors</snippet>. There is a noted gap in <snippet id=\"S_ksMf31Q\">Nigeria-specific literature on economic determinants, with most research coming from other countries like Australia and Germany</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_C7vME7Z\">An urban school-based survey of 507 Nigerian students found a lifetime gambling prevalence of 57.2%, with 77.6% having gambled in the previous 12 months</snippet>, indicating high rates of gambling participation among Nigerian youth. <snippet id=\"S_ksMf31Q\">Sports betting has gained popularity among university students in Nigeria, with demographic factors including being young, male, single, educated, and engaged in full-time studies or employment associated with higher risks of problem gambling</snippet>. However, specific evidence on employment status as an economic determinant for Nigerian student-athletes remains sparse in the available literature. <snippet id=\"S_sAPmmcf\">Among recent sports bettors, those active in work or studies showed lower percentages (68% for online casino, 59% for horse betting) compared to non-gamblers, while past-30-day sports bettors had higher history of indebtedness (11% vs 6%)</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_iL4llG9\">Research on emerging adults shows students comprised 59% of esports bettors in a Great Britain sample, with bettors more likely to live in deprived areas</snippet>, suggesting economic strain may be a relevant pathway. Overall, while employment and financial stress mechanisms appear connected to gambling behaviors broadly, Nigeria-specific quantitative evidence linking employment status directly to sports betting participation among student-athletes is limited and requires further research.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.8144184629446264, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 12.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 3.0, "compression_rate": 0.1572092314723132, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 88, "generation": "<answer>\nThe search results do not contain the current top model name or its Elo rating from the Chatbot Arena Leaderboard. <snippet id=\"S_N0JvFLC\">The official LMArena URL is https://lmarena.ai/ with over 3.5M votes</snippet>, but the snippets do not show the current leaderboard rankings. <snippet id=\"S_6IdzsAE\">Previous leaderboard data from May 2023 shows Elo ratings based on 27K anonymous votes</snippet>, but this is outdated information. <snippet id=\"S_hhzNfal\">A multimodal leaderboard was released in June 2024</snippet>, but the top model details are not provided in these search results. The search results confirm the existence of the Chatbot Arena Leaderboard but do not contain the specific current top model information needed to complete the query.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nThe official Chatbot Arena Leaderboard is hosted at https://lmarena.ai/ <snippet id=\"S_N0JvFLC\">where over 3.5M votes have been collected for model rankings. The leaderboard uses an Elo rating system based on anonymous voting data <snippet id=\"S_6IdzsAE\">to rank large language models. A snapshot of the leaderboard is also available on Hugging Face at https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmarena-ai/lmarena-leaderboard <snippet id=\"S_831cvJ0\">. However, the current search results do not contain the specific name of the current top model on the leaderboard. A direct visit to the official lmarena.ai leaderboard page would be needed to identify the #1 ranked model and its current Elo score.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 1.0, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 8.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 5.0, "compression_rate": 0.5765230312035661, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 89, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_gu69vHf,S_Cn1GhvJ,S_ZCPd5ub\">DESI DR2 BAO measurements indicate a potential phantom crossing at z_c ≈ 0.45, where w(z) < -1, suggesting evolving dark energy models that deviate from w = -1</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_ZIWoomJ\">DESI initial results favor a phantom behavior of dark energy (w < -1) over a significant redshift range when using the w0wa parametrization</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_DVeLkbI\">Gaussian process reconstructions from DESI BAO data show quintom-B behavior with w lying in the phantom regime at high redshift (0.8 ≤ z < 2.1)</snippet>. However, <snippet id=\"S_ZCPd5ub\">incorporating SH0ES prior with CMB, DESI DR2 BAO and Pantheon Plus data reduces the preference to dynamical dark energy to 1.5σ/1.4σ/2.4σ level</snippet>, suggesting a potential tension between the Hubble constant of the SH0ES measurement and the phantom-to-quintessence transition favored by DESI DR2 BAO data. <snippet id=\"S_ZIWoomJ\">The w0wa model generalizes the standard ΛCDM model but is a phenomenological ansatz where there is no obstacle to the phantom regime w < -1, which is unphysical in general relativity</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_otM3Qb8\">Current DESI measurements suggest dark energy may be evolving into the phantom regime with w(z) < -1, though data remains inconclusive regarding the existence of a phantom crossing</snippet>. This tension and preference for phantom crossing motivate investigation of non-minimal coupling frameworks that can realize stable phantom crossing without ghosts.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nDESI results indicate a preference for phantom behaviour (w < -1) over a significant redshift range, with a crossing to the non-phantom region at lower redshift <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. DESI DR2 data suggests a potential phantom crossing at z_c ≃ 0.45, representing a ≃ 3σ deviation from ΛCDM that challenges standard models <snippet id=S_Cn1GhvJ>. The phantom regime w < -1 is considered unphysical in general relativity, motivating alternative theoretical frameworks <snippet id=S_ZIWoomJ>. Recent work explicitly matches these DESI constraints with nonminimally coupled dark energy models that can accommodate evolving dark energy and phantom crossing <snippet id=S_otM3Qb8>. Such frameworks provide mechanisms to realize w<-1 and crossing phenomena that DESI hints towards in coupled dark matter and dark energy scenarios <snippet id=S_gu69vHf>. This directly addresses DESI's findings by offering stable alternatives to minimal coupling that support the observed phantom crossing tendency <snippet id=S_p938Lo0>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.8714042966379415, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 9.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 3.0, "compression_rate": 0.18570214831897075, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 90, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_8bzg1KA,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg\">The margin of safety in pharmacology is defined as LD1/ED99, representing the ratio between the dose lethal to 1% of the population and the dose effective in 99% of the population</snippet>. However, <snippet id=\"S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_8bzg1KA,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg\">none of the retrieved snippets explicitly discuss when this margin of safety cannot be calculated or is considered undefined</snippet>. The available literature focuses on the definition and calculation of margin of safety using dose–response quantiles, but does not address conditions under which these values may not be observable or meaningful <snippet id=\"S_NDPofwS\">. This suggests the user's query about \"margin of safety fail to appear\" may point to a specific scenario where LD1 or ED99 points are not computable from available data</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_RujXXPj,S_4mMdKmh,S_NDPofwS,S_Tg2CFEg\">The margin of safety in pharmacology is defined as the ratio of LD1 (lethal dose to 1% of population) to ED99 (effective dose to 99% of population)</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_8bzg1KA\">This measure is also referred to as the Certain Safety Factor</snippet>. However, the provided search results do not contain information about conditions under which margin of safety \"fails to appear\" or cannot be calculated <snippet id=\"S_KtkXCqd\">, and no snippet addresses when this definition is undefined or inapplicable</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_ITpLCrH,S_gWkoXUl,S_PNN5Uwr\">Alternative measures such as the therapeutic index using LD50/ED50 are also mentioned</snippet>. <answer>\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 1.0, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 5.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 2.0, "compression_rate": 0.2621897810218978, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 91, "generation": "<answer>\nThe search results do not provide explicit evidence of group polarization or risky shift phenomena in avatar-mediated immersive VR environments. <snippet id=\"S_snWHiX5\">While avatars are used in risk prevention education (e.g., Kognito program), this does not demonstrate group discussion-driven attitude extremity</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_JIjtTEQ,S_XSKnvh7\">Virtual reality environments with computer-generated avatars have been used to simulate social contexts, but these studies focused on individual psychological responses rather than group dynamics</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_X5s1Ifa,S_HKqSHCf\">Research on avatar visual fidelity found that abstract representations allowed users to adopt more risky behaviors, while self-representations encouraged cautious behavior, but this involved single-user control rather than group interaction</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_SCx4OjQ\">Dissimilar avatars can enhance user interaction and social behaviors, but no studies in these results document group polarization or risky shift in multi-user VR</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_Ic4WSGm\">Motion artifacts and self-agency studies focus on individual user experiences with avatars, not group discussion effects</snippet>. None of the retrieved snippets provide concrete experimental evidence of group polarization (post-discussion extremitization) in avatar-mediated immersive VR with multi-user interaction.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_X5s1Ifa, S_HKqSHCf\">The search results indicate that abstract avatars (such as robots) can lead to increased risky behaviors compared to self-representations that foster cautious behavior</snippet>, which relates to the Proteus Effect where avatar appearance influences user conduct <snippet id=\"S_X5s1Ifa\">. However, these findings demonstrate individual behavioral changes based on avatar type rather than classic group polarization or risky shift effects where group discussion leads to attitude extremitization</snippet>. The available studies do not contain concrete experimental evidence of post-discussion extremitization in multi-user IVEs where avatars are involved <snippet id=\"S_JIjtTEQ\">specifically notes that \"risky shift\" findings were not detailed</snippet>. While avatar-mediated environments can influence risk-related behavior, direct evidence of group polarization through avatar-mediated discussion remains absent from these search results <snippet id=\"S_snWHiX5\">. The research focuses more on how visual fidelity and avatar similarity affect embodiment and individual actions rather than group dynamics leading to polarization</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.7672348484848485, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 7.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 2.0, "compression_rate": 0.13361742424242423, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 92, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_uPQ5gEz,S_CBhXwnS,S_L4MYIrf\">Nikola Tesla's Electric Arc Lamp patent was issued on February 9, 1886, with patent number US335786A</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_iDdAzGv\">The patent describes an improved electric arc lamp using electromagnets and lever mechanisms to precisely separate and feed carbon electrodes</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_ktaELRS\">This patent is listed on Wikipedia under the title \"U.S. patent 335,787 - Electric arc lamp - 1886 February 9\"</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_yVKm3fu\">Multiple sources confirm the Electric Arc Lamp was issued on February 9, 1886, following the Commutator patent issued on January 26, 1886</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_7dWRH62\">Tesla's 1886 patents were for improved control of the feed of the carbon rods</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nNikola Tesla's Electric Arc Lamp patent, US 335,786, was granted on February 9, 1886 <snippet id=\"S_uPQ5gEz,S_L4MYIrf\">. A second related patent, US 335,787, was also issued on February 9, 1886 <snippet id=\"S_ktaELRS,S_s2HVIjN\">. The \"Commutator for Dynamo-Electric Machines\" was issued on January 26, 1886 <snippet id=\"S_yVKm3fu\">. Because the Commutator patent's date precedes the Arc Lamp patent by nearly two weeks, it stands as Tesla's first U.S. patent by issue date <snippet id=\"S_yVKm3fu\">. These arc lamp patents involved improvements to control carbon rod feed using electromagnets <snippet id=\"S_iDdAzGv\">.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.9818461538461538, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 5.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 0.0, "compression_rate": 0.24092307692307693, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 93, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_cGRsAZI\">The episode is titled \"Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD\" and is part of Stories from the World of Medicine, Season 3 Episode 2</snippet>, published on <snippet id=\"S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF\">February 18, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_cGRsAZI,S_NZ9gUn7\">The guest is Otolaryngologist Tina Munjal, MD</snippet>, who tells a story about learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone <snippet id=\"S_NZ9gUn7\">. The episode is available on The Nocturnists Podcast website at https://thenocturnists.org/podcast/rhino-rocket</snippet>, and is also listed on platforms like Libsyn and Spotify under the same title <snippet id=\"S_C2IKgBh\">. Additional information about the episode can be found on the official Nocturnists site or through podcast platforms like Apple Podcasts and Spotify</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF\">The episode \"Rhino Rocket with Tina Munjal, MD\" is Season 3, Episode 2 of Stories from the World of Medicine podcast by The Nocturnists, released on February 18, 2020</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF\">The guest is Tina Munjal, MD, an Otolaryngologist who shares her medical story</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_NZ9gUn7,S_arbvh0R\">The story is about learning to be comfortable outside of her comfort zone</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_cGRsAZI,S_IhbWqXF\">The episode page is available at thenocturnists.org/podcast/rhino-rocket with illustrations by Lindsay Mound</snippet>. Runtime information is not available in the search results.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 1.0, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 8.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 3.0, "compression_rate": 0.2975471027372911, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 94, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_btUw1xy\">The search results include one snippet discussing de-extinction, particularly for species driven to extinction by humans, suggesting that functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. However, this snippet does not explicitly use the term \"de-extinction\" in its title or abstract, and focuses on genomic modifications and cloning techniques rather than recent reviews on the concept. <snippet id=\"S_aQHGJDJ,S_BVGS7oK,S_yJ0bKZt\">Other results discuss evolutionary potential (EP) as a proxy for extinction risk, but these are not de-extinction-specific and focus on conservation risk assessments rather than revival technologies</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_160DJq3,S_kpUOwfs\">Additional snippets cover late-Quaternary megafauna extinctions and trophic rewilding, but do not address de-extinction terminology or recent reviews</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_hlWQ6qg,S_ZV4SO7N,S_zN6EiNI,S_pIULMfn\">The remaining results discuss general conservation challenges, biodiversity shortfalls, and conservation paleobiology, with no mention of de-extinction or proxy species</snippet>. The available snippets do not provide the specific 2022-2025 reviews on de-extinction with proxy/functional terminology that the agent is seeking.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nBased on the search results, explicit \"de‑extinction\" research from 2022‑2025 is limited in the provided snippets. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>The controversial concept of de‑extinction, particularly for species driven to extinction by humans, suggests that functional proxies of these species could be beneficial for ecosystems</snippet>. <snippet id=S_btUw1xy>Cloning techniques like somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) could enable the de‑extinction of recently extinct mammals with preserved tissues</snippet>. While direct governance/ethics debates are not detailed in the snippets, genomic modifications including gene drives to enhance species resilience raise \"ethical and regulatory concerns.\" <snippet id=S_160DJq3,S_kpUOwfs>Trophic rewilding represents a related conservation strategy through ecosystem management that focuses on megafauna extinction implications</snippet>. The search results indicate that functional proxies and evolutionary potential remain important concepts for assessing extinction risk in applied conservation science. <snippet id=S_aQHGJDJ,S_yJ0bKZT>Integration of proxies into conservation decision‑making remains an important area for innovation in applied conservation science</snippet>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.7130958271482765, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 6.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 2.0, "compression_rate": 0.10654791357413822, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 95, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_4iZB0OB\">The central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star is predicted to be 1319 MeV at zero temperature</snippet>, which is below the limits set by perturbative quantum chromodynamics. <snippet id=\"S_exyOPhA\">The critical neutron chemical potential, which indicates the transition to a quark phase, is model-dependent and defined where the quark chemical potential equals the baryon chemical potential at the same pressure</snippet>, with current models suggesting values between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature. <snippet id=\"S_jARyMl0,S_BQ1tanr\">The baryon chemical potential in neutron stars is typically in the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV</snippet>, reflecting the extreme conditions present in such dense astrophysical objects. <snippet id=\"S_dKTw9kz\">The baryon chemical potential in this context is expected to be in the GeV range</snippet>, though specific numerical values are not provided in the text. <snippet id=\"S_WRBepHG\">In high-density environments, additional baryons, such as Λ hyperons, can emerge through weak interactions, replacing energetic neutrons when their chemical potential condition (µΛ = µn = µp + µe) is satisfied</snippet>. However, none of the available snippets provide explicit tabular values of μ_B as a function of density in units of n0 or radius/mass for β-equilibrated hadronic matter where μ_B ≈ μ_n.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nAt zero temperature, the central baryon chemical potential of a neutron star is predicted to be 1319 MeV <snippet id=\"S_4iZB0OB\">. Models of the hadron-quark phase transition indicate the critical neutron chemical potential lies between 1050 MeV and 1400 MeV at zero temperature <snippet id=\"S_exyOPhA\">. In the context of beta equilibrium, baryon chemical potential values typically fall within the range of several hundred MeV to a few GeV <snippet id=\"S_BQ1tanr\">. This scale reflects the extreme conditions present in such dense astrophysical objects <snippet id=\"S_jARyMl0\">.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.7431359005353134, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 10.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 5.0, "compression_rate": 0.12156795026765671, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 96, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie,S_37bk94m\">Bond et al. (2012) conducted a landmark experiment in 2010 involving 61 million Facebook users during the U.S. Congressional Election, demonstrating that social proof messages (showing images of friends who had voted) significantly increased voter turnout</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_e9zzIKc,S_Z2mbNNa,S_mXK3pZh,S_8SBonkH\">The study found approximately 60,000 additional votes directly attributed to the message, with an additional 280,000 votes from friends of those who received the treatment, for a total increase of 340,000 votes</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_Z2mbNNa,S_mXK3pZh\">This effect was replicated in the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election, where the total number of people directly mobilized was 90,000, and the treatment effects spread through the network to cause an additional 180,000 close friends of the treated to vote</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_gGLgZLn\">However, some analyses found very small effects from the information treatment, suggesting the large sample size may have led to overinterpretation of the statistical significance</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_37bk94m\">The manipulation exploited human heuristics of imitation, leading to increased voter participation through social proof rather than direct algorithmic recommendations</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_NkyJ9df\">Bond et al. (2012) is frequently cited alongside Taylor et al (2013) as one of the most ambitious field experiments in network science for measuring social influence</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nThe Bond et al. 2012 study conducted a large-scale experiment involving 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 U.S. Congressional Election, where users were shown messages with images of friends who had already voted <snippet id=\"S_e9zzIKc,S_GveNEie,S_37bk94m\">to assess social influence on voting behavior</snippet>. The results demonstrated that this social messaging approach increased turnout, with approximately 60,000 additional votes directly attributed to the message in 2010 <snippet id=\"S_e9zzIKc,S_mXK3pZh\">and effects replicated in the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election with about 90,000 directly mobilized voters</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_Z2mbNNa,S_8SBonkH\">. Social influence spread through the network as friends of treated users were also indirectly influenced, adding approximately 180,000-280,000 additional votes in total across both elections</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_Z2mbNNa,S_mXK3pZh,S_37bk94m\">. However, some researchers note that while the effect sizes were statistically significant, they were relatively small relative to the massive sample size <snippet id=\"S_gGLgZLn\">. Despite this limitation, the study remains widely cited as evidence that online social networks can impact offline political behavior through interpersonal influence mechanisms</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_8SBonkH,S_I0UxhZS\">.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.8031814101924803, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 6.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 0.0, "compression_rate": 0.15159070509624015, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 97, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_4LDk9pb\">IGN explicitly confirms the launch date for World of Warcraft as November 23, 2004</snippet>, providing a fourth independent confirmation from a major game outlet. <snippet id=\"S_mhE8bKy\">GamesIndustry.biz corroborates that the game will be in stores in North America on November 23, 2004</snippet>, with simultaneous launch in Australia and New Zealand. <snippet id=\"S_3ft58Qe\">Wikipedia states the game was released for the 10th anniversary of the Warcraft franchise on November 23, 2004</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_K0CkkAv\">Wowpedia also documents the release date as November 23, 2004</snippet>. Multiple authoritative sources consistently confirm this November 23, 2004 launch date.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt\">World of Warcraft was officially released on November 23, 2004</snippet>, with the launch date confirmed for North America, Australia, and New Zealand <snippet id=\"S_4LDk9pb, S_mhE8bKy\">simultaneously across these regions</snippet>. IGN explicitly reported that November 23, 2004 was the launch date in multiple articles from late 2004 <snippet id=\"S_4LDk9pb, S_4am1dTv, S_Iyt7Mpt\">. This date is further corroborated by Wikipedia, which states the game was released on November 23, 2004</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_3ft58Qe, S_K0CkkAv>, and by Blizzard's own press announcements</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_6wNkGtZ, S_mn2djgd>. The release marked the 10th anniversary of the Warcraft franchise</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_3ft58Qe>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 1.0, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 7.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 3.0, "compression_rate": 0.25357018460466735, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 98, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_jYWskoE,S_q2ORi2Q\">Cytokinin promotes axillary bud outgrowth while strigolactone (SL) inhibits it, with both hormones acting antagonistically through the transcription factor BRANCHED1 (BRC1)</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_jYWskoE,S_gqi212y,S_nFj5ih3\">Auxin acts as an inhibitor by suppressing cytokinin biosynthesis and enhancing SL biosynthesis, which upregulates BRC1 expression to inhibit branching</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_gqi212y,S_Uuo070s\">BRC1 is identified as a key integrator of pathways that suppress bud outgrowth, including those mediated by SL, auxin, and cytokinin</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_jLTk85S\">The interactions among auxin, cytokinin, and strigolactone are crucial for axillary bud outgrowth, with key transcription factors including BRC1, MYB13, and WRKY71 involved in regulating lateral bud growth</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_NtlEzla\">BRC1 is a key regulatory hub for shoot branching in Arabidopsis, interacting with cytokinins, strigolactones, and auxins to determine the branching phenotype</snippet>. <snippet id=\"S_XRhJBhI\">Auxin acts as a major inhibitor of axillary bud outgrowth by suppressing BRC1 expression, which promotes bud growth, and this regulatory network includes auxin, strigolactone, and cytokinins</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nCytokinin (CK), strigolactone (SL), and auxin form a regulatory network where auxin inhibits axillary bud outgrowth by suppressing CK levels and enhancing SL biosynthesis <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_q2ORi2Q>. Auxin promotes the transcription of SL biosynthesis genes, including MAX3/MAX4 (orthologs CCD7/CCD8), to synthesize SLs that suppress branching <snippet id=S_jYWskoE,S_nFj5ih3>. These hormones converge on BRANCHED1 (BRC1), a transcriptional hub where SL upregulates BRC1 expression to inhibit growth, while CK represses BRC1 to promote outgrowth <snippet id=S_gqi212y,S_gLbtlMj>. Consequently, auxin indirectly regulates BRC1 through these antagonistic factors rather than direct transport into the bud <snippet id=S_gqi212y>. BRC1 integrates these signals to suppress bud outgrowth, with mutants like amp1 showing enhanced branching due to altered CK levels and reduced BRC1 <snippet id=S_Uuo070s,S_gLbtlMj>.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 0.7331511839708561, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 6.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 0.0, "compression_rate": 0.11657559198542805, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
{"sample_idx": 99, "generation": "<answer>\n<snippet id=\"S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p\">Perplexity AI offers three pricing tiers: Free, Pro at $20/month ($200 annually), and Enterprise Pro at $40/month per seat ($400/year with 16% discount)</snippet>. The Pro version includes <snippet id=\"S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p\">access to advanced AI models like GPT-4, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and GPT-4o, with 300 daily searches and file analysis for PDFs and images</snippet>, along with <snippet id=\"S_Y8Mojus\">unlimited Copilot queries and real-time web access for research</snippet>. Enterprise Pro provides <snippet id=\"S_Y8Mojus\">unlimited queries, 500 daily deep research capabilities, organizational file repositories, advanced security, and dedicated support</snippet>. The Pro subscription is designed for professionals needing in-depth research and technical reasoning, making it suitable for students, educators, writers, business professionals, and developers <snippet id=\"S_5WLXO2p\">. However, some users note limitations including restricted programming support, challenges with long-form content generation, and file handling issues</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_yvm9XpN\">. Enterprise Pro is available for organizations with over 100 or 250 seats with flexible pricing options</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_Y8Mojus\">. Users can upgrade from the free version to Pro for enhanced accuracy, advanced model selection, and tools for generating compliance documents and client-ready materials</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_Gk4sG8w\">. The Pro version also includes Perplexity Labs for structured outputs like reports and dashboards, streamlining project workflows</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_5WLXO2p\">. Subscription billing can be done on a monthly or yearly cycle, with yearly billing offering significant savings</snippet> <snippet id=\"S_5WLXO2p\">. Pricing and feature comparisons are available on Perplexity's official site and third-party sources</snippet>.\n</answer>", "reference": "<answer>\nPerplexity AI offers three pricing tiers: Free, Pro ($20/month or $200/year), and Enterprise Pro ($40/month per seat or $400/year) with discounts for annual billing <snippet id=\"S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p\">. The Pro subscription includes access to advanced AI models like GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and Claude 3.7, plus unlimited Copilot queries, file upload for PDFs and images, and real-time web access <snippet id=\"S_Gk4sG8w,S_5WLXO2p,S_yvm9XpN\">. Pro users also receive features like multi-step reasoning searches, deep research queries (3-300 daily depending on source), and Perplexity Labs for structured outputs <snippet id=\"S_Y8Mojus,S_Gk4sG8w\">. However, some users report limitations in programming support, long-form content generation, and file handling compared to competitors <snippet id=\"S_yvm9XpN\">. Enterprise Pro adds organizational file repositories, collaboration features, unlimited deep research (500 per day), and advanced security options <snippet id=\"S_Y8Mojus\">.\n</answer>", "scores": {"format_bonus": 1.0, "citation_format_reward": 1.0, "citation_claim_count": 14.0, "citation_uncited_claim_count": 4.0, "compression_rate": 0.39473684210526316, "tag_closure_rate": 1.0}}
