初始化项目，由ModelHub XC社区提供模型
Model: esmaeil-abedi-dev/verifier-ce-qwen2.5-0.5b Source: Original Platform
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README.md
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---
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license: apache-2.0
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base_model: Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B
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pipeline_tag: text-generation
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tags:
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- authorization
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- ai-agent-safety
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- verifier-as-reward
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- rlvr
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---
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# verifier-ce-qwen2.5-0.5b
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A **Qwen2.5-0.5B** model fine-tuned to decide **AUTHORIZED / UNAUTHORIZED**
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for AI-agent actions over an object-capability delegation chain, using a
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**deterministic authorization verifier as the sole training signal**
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(verifier cross-entropy — the verdict as a target).
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Companion model to the paper *"Learnable Authorization: A Verifier-as-Reward
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Benchmark and Method for AI-Agent Authority."* Code, benchmark, and full
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experiment log: https://github.com/esmaeil-abedi-dev/verifier-as-reward
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## What it does
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Given a natural-language description of a root authority, a chain of
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delegations (each of which may only narrow the authority it received, with
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issue/expiry/revocation times), and a pending action, the model answers
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whether the action is authorized. The training target for every example is
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the verdict of the deterministic verifier `verify(...)` — never a
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hand-assigned or stored label.
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## Training
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- **Objective:** verifier cross-entropy, `-log π(verdict)` (see the paper /
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repo for why sampled REINFORCE and exact expected-reward policy gradient
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collapse or oscillate at this scale, and why the cross-entropy gradient's
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non-saturation is what converges).
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- **Data:** synthetic execution traces across 5 domains and 9 scenario
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classes, generated and labeled by the verifier; leakage-guarded train /
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validation / test splits.
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- **Recipe:** class-balanced reward weighting, natural-language prompts,
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full-parameter fine-tuning.
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## Evaluation
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Committed held-out test set (`benchmark_test.jsonl`, 80 actions,
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natural-language prompts, evaluated once). Three training seeds:
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| seed | accuracy | false-authorize (headline) | false-refuse |
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|---|---|---|---|
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| 7 | 0.988 | 0.023 | 0.000 |
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| 8 | 0.988 | 0.023 | 0.000 |
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| **9 (released weights)** | **0.975** | **0.045** | **0.000** |
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| mean | 0.983 ± 0.006 | 0.030 ± 0.011 | 0.000 |
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The **weights in this repository are the seed-9 checkpoint** (committed-test
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accuracy 0.975; seeds 7/8 reached 0.988). For calibration, on the identical
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prompts and metric: claude-sonnet-4.5 0.975, deepseek-r1 0.95,
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gemini-2.5-flash 0.875, a lexical heuristic floor 0.80, llama-3.3-70b 0.775,
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untrained baseline ~0.47. The only imperfect class is `chain_structure`
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(0.90) — the hardest structural-reasoning class.
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**These are in-distribution results** (train/validation/test drawn from one
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generator, deduplicated at the decision-context level). They do not by
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themselves establish out-of-distribution generalization; see the
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repository's domain-hold-out experiment.
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## Intended use and limitations
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- **Research artifact**, not a production authorization system. The verifier
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itself is the ground truth; this model approximates it.
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- Trained and evaluated on a **synthetic** benchmark from a single verifier;
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generalization to real agent logs or to authorization models outside the
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attenuated-delegation formalism is not established here.
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- See the repository's `EXPERIMENT_LOG.md` for exact metrics (including the
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in-distribution vs. out-of-distribution domain-hold-out results) and their
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confidence intervals, and `DATASHEET.md` for the benchmark's limitations.
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## Usage
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```python
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from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
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tok = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("esmaeil-abedi-dev/verifier-ce-qwen2.5-0.5b")
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model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("esmaeil-abedi-dev/verifier-ce-qwen2.5-0.5b")
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```
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Or evaluate it on any benchmark split with the repo's harness (no retraining):
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```bash
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PYTHONPATH=. python train_verifier_reward.py \
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--eval-checkpoint esmaeil-abedi-dev/verifier-ce-qwen2.5-0.5b \
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--test-file benchmark_test.jsonl
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```
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chat_template.jinja
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{%- if tools %}
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{{- '<|im_start|>system\n' }}
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{%- if messages[0]['role'] == 'system' %}
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{{- messages[0]['content'] }}
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{%- else %}
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{{- 'You are a helpful assistant.' }}
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{%- endif %}
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{{- "\n\n# Tools\n\nYou may call one or more functions to assist with the user query.\n\nYou are provided with function signatures within <tools></tools> XML tags:\n<tools>" }}
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{%- for tool in tools %}
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{{- "\n" }}
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{{- tool | tojson }}
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{%- endfor %}
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{{- "\n</tools>\n\nFor each function call, return a json object with function name and arguments within <tool_call></tool_call> XML tags:\n<tool_call>\n{\"name\": <function-name>, \"arguments\": <args-json-object>}\n</tool_call><|im_end|>\n" }}
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{%- else %}
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{%- if messages[0]['role'] == 'system' %}
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{{- '<|im_start|>system\n' + messages[0]['content'] + '<|im_end|>\n' }}
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{%- else %}
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{{- '<|im_start|>system\nYou are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>\n' }}
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{%- endif %}
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{%- endif %}
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{%- for message in messages %}
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{%- if (message.role == "user") or (message.role == "system" and not loop.first) or (message.role == "assistant" and not message.tool_calls) %}
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{{- '<|im_start|>' + message.role + '\n' + message.content + '<|im_end|>' + '\n' }}
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{%- elif message.role == "assistant" %}
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{{- '<|im_start|>' + message.role }}
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{%- if message.content %}
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{{- '\n' + message.content }}
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{%- endif %}
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{%- for tool_call in message.tool_calls %}
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{%- if tool_call.function is defined %}
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{%- set tool_call = tool_call.function %}
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{%- endif %}
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{{- '\n<tool_call>\n{"name": "' }}
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{{- tool_call.name }}
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{{- '", "arguments": ' }}
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{{- tool_call.arguments | tojson }}
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{{- '}\n</tool_call>' }}
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{%- endfor %}
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{{- '<|im_end|>\n' }}
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{%- elif message.role == "tool" %}
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{%- if (loop.index0 == 0) or (messages[loop.index0 - 1].role != "tool") %}
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{{- '<|im_start|>user' }}
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{%- endif %}
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{{- '\n<tool_response>\n' }}
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{{- message.content }}
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{{- '\n</tool_response>' }}
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{%- if loop.last or (messages[loop.index0 + 1].role != "tool") %}
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{{- '<|im_end|>\n' }}
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{%- endif %}
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{%- endif %}
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{%- endfor %}
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{%- if add_generation_prompt %}
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{{- '<|im_start|>assistant\n' }}
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{%- endif %}
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config.json
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{
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"architectures": [
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"Qwen2ForCausalLM"
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],
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"attention_dropout": 0.0,
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"bos_token_id": 151643,
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"dtype": "float16",
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"eos_token_id": 151643,
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"hidden_act": "silu",
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"hidden_size": 896,
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"initializer_range": 0.02,
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"intermediate_size": 4864,
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"layer_types": [
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"full_attention",
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"full_attention",
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"full_attention",
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"full_attention",
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"full_attention",
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"full_attention",
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"full_attention",
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"full_attention",
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"full_attention",
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"full_attention",
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"full_attention",
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"full_attention",
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"full_attention",
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"full_attention",
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"full_attention",
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"full_attention",
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"full_attention",
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"full_attention",
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"full_attention",
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"full_attention",
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"full_attention",
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"full_attention",
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"full_attention",
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"full_attention"
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],
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"max_position_embeddings": 32768,
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"max_window_layers": 24,
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"model_type": "qwen2",
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"num_attention_heads": 14,
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"num_hidden_layers": 24,
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"num_key_value_heads": 2,
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"pad_token_id": null,
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"rms_norm_eps": 1e-06,
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"rope_parameters": {
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"rope_theta": 1000000.0,
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"rope_type": "default"
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},
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"sliding_window": null,
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"tie_word_embeddings": true,
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"transformers_version": "5.13.1",
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"use_cache": true,
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"use_mrope": false,
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"use_sliding_window": false,
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"vocab_size": 151936
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}
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generation_config.json
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{
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"bos_token_id": 151643,
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"do_sample": false,
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"eos_token_id": 151643,
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"max_new_tokens": 2048,
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"transformers_version": "5.13.1"
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}
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model.safetensors
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model.safetensors
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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oid sha256:eefae33fd8974308a190a03b3329e09b8b0327f77aff780a339588ddc7174612
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size 988097536
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tokenizer.json
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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oid sha256:3fd169731d2cbde95e10bf356d66d5997fd885dd8dbb6fb4684da3f23b2585d8
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size 11421892
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tokenizer_config.json
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{
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"add_prefix_space": false,
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"backend": "tokenizers",
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"bos_token": null,
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"clean_up_tokenization_spaces": false,
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"eos_token": "<|endoftext|>",
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"errors": "replace",
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"extra_special_tokens": [
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"<|im_start|>",
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"<|im_end|>",
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"<|object_ref_start|>",
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"<|object_ref_end|>",
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"<|box_start|>",
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"<|box_end|>",
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"<|quad_start|>",
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"<|quad_end|>",
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"<|vision_start|>",
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"<|vision_end|>",
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"<|vision_pad|>",
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"<|image_pad|>",
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"<|video_pad|>"
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],
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"is_local": true,
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"local_files_only": false,
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"model_max_length": 131072,
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"pad_token": "<|endoftext|>",
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"split_special_tokens": false,
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"tokenizer_class": "Qwen2Tokenizer",
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"unk_token": null
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}
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