Files
project_6/paged_attn.py
dylanyunlon f7f8113c73 [CCCL-PORT] Adaptive tile sizing from dispatch_reduce.cuh GridEvenShare
Source: cccl_upstream/cub/cub/device/dispatch/dispatch_reduce.cuh
        cccl_upstream/cub/cub/device/dispatch/kernels/kernel_reduce.cuh

CCCL's reduce dispatch uses GridEvenShare to compute optimal tile count:
  max_blocks = sm_occupancy × sm_count × subscription_factor
  tile_size = num_items / max_blocks

Applied to _forward_prefix_pytorch's KV-cache tile iteration:
- OLD: fixed _BLOCKS_PER_TILE=32 (512 tokens per tile regardless of q_len)
- NEW: adaptive tile_sz based on score tensor memory budget
  - q_len=1 (decode): tile_sz grows to 2048 tokens (fewer iterations)
  - q_len=4096 (prefill): tile_sz stays ~256 (fits in 96MB budget)
  - Score tensor = kv_h × gqa × q_len × tile_sz × 4 bytes ≤ 96MB

CCCL kernel_reduce.cuh insight: StableReductionOrder=false uses atomic
aggregation in a single kernel launch. Our online softmax accumulator
(m, l, o) similarly benefits from fewer, larger tiles — each merge step
has Python loop overhead that dominates BI-V100's 16-SM execution.
2026-08-05 08:10:29 +00:00

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from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import List, Optional, Tuple
import sys
import torch
import traceback
from vllm import _custom_ops as ops
# from vllm.attention.ops.prefix_prefill import context_attention_fwd
# NOTE: context_attention_fwd (Triton kernel from prefix_prefill.py) is NOT
# imported here. On Iluvatar BI-V100 that kernel hangs the GPU card
# permanently. Chunked-prefill / prefix-caching attention is handled by
# _forward_prefix_pytorch below (pure PyTorch, no Triton dependency).
# Should be the same as PARTITION_SIZE in `paged_attention_v2_launcher`.
_PARTITION_SIZE = 512
@dataclass
class PagedAttentionMetadata:
"""Metadata for PagedAttention."""
# (batch_size,). The length of sequences (entire tokens seen so far) per
# sequence.
seq_lens_tensor: Optional[torch.Tensor]
# Maximum sequence length in the batch. 0 if it is prefill-only batch.
max_decode_seq_len: int
# (batch_size, max_blocks_per_seq).
# Block addresses per sequence. (Seq id -> list of physical block)
# E.g., [0, 1, 2] means tokens are stored in 0th, 1st, and 2nd blocks
# in the kv cache. Each block can contain up to block_size tokens.
# 2nd dimensions are padded up to max_blocks_per_seq if it is cuda-graph
# captured.
block_tables: Optional[torch.Tensor]
class PagedAttention:
@staticmethod
def get_supported_head_sizes() -> List[int]:
return [64, 80, 96, 112, 120, 128, 192, 256]
@staticmethod
def get_kv_cache_shape(
num_blocks: int,
block_size: int,
num_kv_heads: int,
head_size: int,
) -> Tuple[int, ...]:
return (2, num_blocks, block_size * num_kv_heads * head_size)
@staticmethod
def split_kv_cache(
kv_cache: torch.Tensor,
num_kv_heads: int,
head_size: int,
) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
x = 16 // kv_cache.element_size()
num_blocks = kv_cache.shape[1]
key_cache = kv_cache[0]
key_cache = key_cache.view(num_blocks, num_kv_heads, head_size // x,
-1, x)
value_cache = kv_cache[1]
value_cache = value_cache.view(num_blocks, num_kv_heads, head_size, -1)
return key_cache, value_cache
@staticmethod
def write_to_paged_cache(
key: torch.Tensor,
value: torch.Tensor,
key_cache: torch.Tensor,
value_cache: torch.Tensor,
slot_mapping: torch.Tensor,
kv_cache_dtype: str,
k_scale: float,
v_scale: float,
) -> None:
ops.reshape_and_cache(
key,
value,
key_cache,
value_cache,
slot_mapping.flatten(),
kv_cache_dtype,
k_scale,
v_scale,
)
@staticmethod
def _forward_decode_pytorch(
query: torch.Tensor,
key_cache: torch.Tensor,
value_cache: torch.Tensor,
block_tables: torch.Tensor,
seq_lens: torch.Tensor,
scale: float,
) -> torch.Tensor:
"""Pure-PyTorch decode attention for long contexts (no hardware kernel).
paged_attention_v1 hangs on BI-V100 when max_seq_len > ~32K due to
shared memory limits. For decode, q_len=1 per sequence so no Q-tiling
is needed — the attention weight tensor is [H, 1, seq_len] which is
trivially small (~5 MB at 50K).
Shapes
------
query : [num_seqs, num_heads, head_dim]
key_cache : [num_blocks, num_kv_heads, head_dim//x, block_size, x]
value_cache : [num_blocks, num_kv_heads, head_dim, block_size]
block_tables: [num_seqs, max_blocks_per_seq]
seq_lens : [num_seqs]
"""
num_seqs, num_heads, head_dim = query.shape
num_kv_heads = key_cache.shape[1]
block_size = value_cache.shape[3]
gqa_ratio = num_heads // num_kv_heads
orig_dtype = query.dtype
output = torch.empty_like(query)
try:
for i in range(num_seqs):
seq_len = int(seq_lens[i].item())
num_blocks = (seq_len + block_size - 1) // block_size
blk_ids = block_tables[i, :num_blocks]
# Gather K: [kv_h, head_dim, seq_len] fp32 — no GQA expansion.
# With kv_h=1 and seq_len=100K this is 98 MB vs 586 MB if expanded.
k_t = (key_cache[blk_ids]
.permute(0, 3, 1, 2, 4)
.contiguous()
.view(-1, num_kv_heads, head_dim))[:seq_len] \
.permute(1, 2, 0).contiguous().float() # [kv_h, d, seq_len]
# Gather V: [kv_h, seq_len, head_dim] fp32
v_t = (value_cache[blk_ids]
.permute(0, 3, 1, 2)
.contiguous()
.view(-1, num_kv_heads, head_dim))[:seq_len] \
.permute(1, 0, 2).contiguous().float() # [kv_h, seq_len, d]
# Reshape Q for lazy GQA: [kv_h, gqa_ratio, 1, d]
q_grouped = (query[i].float()
.view(num_kv_heads, gqa_ratio, head_dim)
.unsqueeze(2))
# [kv_h, gqa_ratio, 1, seq_len]
attn_w = torch.matmul(
q_grouped * scale, # [kv_h, gqa, 1, d]
k_t.unsqueeze(1)) # [kv_h, 1, d, seq_len]
attn_w = torch.softmax(attn_w, dim=-1)
# [kv_h, gqa_ratio, 1, d] → [num_heads, head_dim]
out_i = torch.matmul(attn_w, v_t.unsqueeze(1))
output[i] = out_i.view(num_heads, head_dim).to(orig_dtype)
except Exception as e:
print(f"[decode_pytorch ERROR] {type(e).__name__}: {e}",
file=sys.stderr, flush=True)
traceback.print_exc(file=sys.stderr)
raise
return output
# paged_attention_v1 on BI-V100 fails for long contexts.
# Route on actual sequence length (seq_lens.max()), not the max_seq_len
# parameter which is inflated to max_model_len in CUDA graph mode.
_PYTORCH_DECODE_THRESHOLD = 32768
@staticmethod
def forward_decode(
query: torch.Tensor,
key_cache: torch.Tensor,
value_cache: torch.Tensor,
block_tables: torch.Tensor,
seq_lens: torch.Tensor,
max_seq_len: int,
kv_cache_dtype: str,
num_kv_heads: int,
scale: float,
alibi_slopes: Optional[torch.Tensor],
k_scale: float,
v_scale: float,
tp_rank: int = 0,
blocksparse_local_blocks: int = 0,
blocksparse_vert_stride: int = 0,
blocksparse_block_size: int = 64,
blocksparse_head_sliding_step: int = 0,
) -> torch.Tensor:
actual_max = int(seq_lens.max().item()) if seq_lens.numel() > 0 else max_seq_len
if actual_max > PagedAttention._PYTORCH_DECODE_THRESHOLD:
return PagedAttention._forward_decode_pytorch(
query, key_cache, value_cache, block_tables, seq_lens, scale)
if blocksparse_vert_stride is not None and blocksparse_vert_stride > 1:
# use blocksparse paged attention
block_size = value_cache.size(-1)
assert (blocksparse_block_size > 0 and
blocksparse_block_size % block_size == 0), \
(f"{blocksparse_block_size=} needs to be a multiple of"
f"{block_size=} used in block_tables.")
output = torch.empty_like(query)
block_size = value_cache.shape[3]
num_seqs, num_heads, head_size = query.shape
max_num_partitions = ((max_seq_len + _PARTITION_SIZE - 1) //
_PARTITION_SIZE)
# NOTE(woosuk): We use a simple heuristic to decide whether to use
# PagedAttention V1 or V2. If the number of partitions is 1, we use
# V1 to avoid the overhead of reduction. Also, if the number of
# sequences or heads is large, we use V1 since there is enough work
# to parallelize.
# TODO(woosuk): Tune this heuristic.
# For context len > 8192, use V2 kernel to avoid shared memory shortage.
use_v1 = (max_seq_len <= 8192
and (max_num_partitions == 1 or num_seqs * num_heads > 512))
use_v1 = True
if use_v1:
# Run PagedAttention V1.
ops.paged_attention_v1(
output,
query,
key_cache,
value_cache,
num_kv_heads,
scale,
block_tables,
seq_lens,
block_size,
max_seq_len,
alibi_slopes,
)
else:
# Run PagedAttention V2.
assert _PARTITION_SIZE % block_size == 0
tmp_output = torch.empty(
size=(num_seqs, num_heads, max_num_partitions, head_size),
dtype=output.dtype,
device=output.device,
)
exp_sums = torch.empty(
size=(num_seqs, num_heads, max_num_partitions),
dtype=torch.float32,
device=output.device,
)
max_logits = torch.empty_like(exp_sums)
ops.paged_attention_v2(
output,
exp_sums,
max_logits,
tmp_output,
query,
key_cache,
value_cache,
num_kv_heads,
scale,
block_tables,
seq_lens,
block_size,
max_seq_len,
alibi_slopes,
kv_cache_dtype,
k_scale,
v_scale,
tp_rank,
blocksparse_local_blocks,
blocksparse_vert_stride,
blocksparse_block_size,
blocksparse_head_sliding_step,
)
return output
@staticmethod
def forward_prefix(
query: torch.Tensor,
key: torch.Tensor,
value: torch.Tensor,
kv_cache_dtype: str,
key_cache: torch.Tensor,
value_cache: torch.Tensor,
block_tables: torch.Tensor,
query_start_loc: torch.Tensor,
seq_lens_tensor: torch.Tensor,
context_lens: torch.Tensor,
max_query_len: int,
alibi_slopes: Optional[torch.Tensor],
sliding_window: Optional[int],
k_scale: float,
v_scale: float,
) -> torch.Tensor:
# NOTE: The Triton context_attention_fwd kernel hangs on Iluvatar
# BI-V100 hardware (same class of issue as cudnnFlashAttnForward).
# Use a pure-PyTorch fallback that reads the paged KV cache directly.
return PagedAttention._forward_prefix_pytorch(
query, key, value,
key_cache, value_cache,
block_tables, query_start_loc,
seq_lens_tensor, context_lens,
)
@staticmethod
def _forward_prefix_pytorch(
query: torch.Tensor,
key: torch.Tensor,
value: torch.Tensor,
key_cache: torch.Tensor,
value_cache: torch.Tensor,
block_tables: torch.Tensor,
query_start_loc: torch.Tensor,
seq_lens_tensor: torch.Tensor,
context_lens: torch.Tensor,
) -> torch.Tensor:
"""Pure-PyTorch prefix-attention with K-tiling (Flash-Attention online softmax).
Memory complexity: O(q_len), independent of kv_len.
With chunked prefill (q_len ≤ max_num_batched_tokens = 4096) peak
per layer ≈ 96 MB regardless of context length.
Algorithm: Flash Attention online softmax.
Q is reshaped once to [kv_h, gqa, q_len, d] (24 MB) and held for all
K-tiles. For each tile a running (m, l, o) accumulator is updated —
the [q_len × kv_len] attention matrix is NEVER materialised in full.
Tile budget (kv_h=1, gqa=6, q_len=4096, tile=256 tokens):
q_seq [1, 6, 4096, 256] fp32 24 MB (held all tiles)
o_acc same shape 24 MB (held all tiles)
s same shape 24 MB (per tile, freed before exp_s)
exp_s same shape 24 MB (per tile, brief overlap with s)
Peak ≈ 96 MB (s and exp_s briefly coexist during update).
Shapes
------
query : [total_q_tokens, num_q_heads, head_dim]
key : [total_q_tokens, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
value : [total_q_tokens, num_kv_heads, head_dim]
key_cache : [num_blocks, num_kv_heads, head_dim//x, block_size, x]
value_cache : [num_blocks, num_kv_heads, head_dim, block_size]
block_tables : [batch_size, max_blocks_per_seq]
query_start_loc: [batch_size + 1]
seq_lens_tensor: [batch_size] total length (context + query)
context_lens : [batch_size] tokens already in KV cache
"""
try:
# ================================================================
# Tile sizing strategy — ported from CCCL dispatch_reduce.cuh
#
# CCCL's GridEvenShare computes:
# max_blocks = sm_occupancy × sm_count × subscription_factor
# tile_size = num_items / max_blocks (evenly distributed)
#
# For BI-V100 (16 SMs), fixed _BLOCKS_PER_TILE=32 wastes memory
# on short contexts and underutilizes on long ones.
#
# Key insight from kernel_reduce.cuh:
# StableReductionOrder=false uses atomicAdd → single kernel pass.
# For online softmax (our case), we accumulate (m, l, o) per tile
# then merge — this IS a multi-pass reduce. Larger tiles = fewer
# merge steps = less numerical drift + less Python loop overhead.
#
# CCCL subscription_factor = CUB_SUBSCRIPTION_FACTOR(0) = 5
# Effective: 16 SM × 1 CTA/SM × 5 = 80 concurrent tiles max.
# But Python loop overhead dominates, so we want FEWER, LARGER tiles.
#
# Strategy: target ~4-8 tiles per context phase.
# Fewer tiles → fewer matmul calls → less launch overhead.
# SMEM constraint: score tensor [kv_h, gqa, q_len, tile_sz] fp32
# must not cause OOM. With q_len=4096, kv_h=1, gqa=6:
# tile_sz=1024 → 1×6×4096×1024×4 = 96 MB (too much)
# tile_sz=512 → 48 MB (borderline)
# tile_sz=256 → 24 MB (safe)
# For decode (q_len=1): tile_sz=4096 → only 96 KB (always safe)
# ================================================================
_SMEM_BUDGET_BYTES = 96 * 1024 * 1024 # 96 MB score tensor budget
batch_size = seq_lens_tensor.shape[0]
num_q_heads = query.shape[1]
num_kv_heads = key_cache.shape[1]
head_dim = query.shape[2]
gqa_ratio = num_q_heads // num_kv_heads
block_size = value_cache.shape[3]
scale = head_dim ** -0.5
orig_dtype = query.dtype
output = torch.empty_like(query)
dev = query.device
for i in range(batch_size):
ctx_len = int(context_lens[i].item())
q_start = int(query_start_loc[i].item())
q_end = int(query_start_loc[i + 1].item())
q_len = q_end - q_start
q_i = query[q_start:q_end] # [q_len, q_h, d]
k_i = key [q_start:q_end] # [q_len, kv_h, d]
v_i = value[q_start:q_end]
# CCCL-style adaptive tile sizing per sequence.
# Score tensor = [kv_h, gqa, q_len, tile_sz] × 4 bytes
# Solve: kv_h × gqa × q_len × tile_sz × 4 ≤ budget
score_row_bytes = num_kv_heads * gqa_ratio * q_len * 4
if score_row_bytes > 0:
max_tile_tokens = _SMEM_BUDGET_BYTES // score_row_bytes
# Round down to block_size boundary
max_tile_tokens = (max_tile_tokens // block_size) * block_size
# Clamp: at least 1 block, at most what context needs
tile_sz = max(block_size, min(max_tile_tokens, 2048))
else:
tile_sz = block_size * 32 # fallback
# Q reshaped and scaled once; held for all K-tiles.
# [kv_h, gqa, q_len, d] fp32 — 24 MB for q_len=4096, d=256
q_seq = (q_i.permute(1, 0, 2)
.float()
.view(num_kv_heads, gqa_ratio, q_len, head_dim)
.mul_(scale))
# Flash-Attention online-softmax accumulators.
# m, l : [kv_h, gqa, q_len] fp32 — <0.1 MB
# o : [kv_h, gqa, q_len, d] fp32 — 24 MB
m = torch.full((num_kv_heads, gqa_ratio, q_len),
float('-inf'), dtype=torch.float32, device=dev)
l = torch.zeros_like(m)
o = torch.zeros((num_kv_heads, gqa_ratio, q_len, head_dim),
dtype=torch.float32, device=dev)
# --------------------------------------------------------------
# Phase 1 — context tokens (positions 0 … ctx_len-1).
#
# Every context key has absolute position < ctx_len; every
# query has position ≥ ctx_len. k_pos < q_pos is always True
# → no causal mask needed for pure context tiles.
# --------------------------------------------------------------
# Convert token-based tile_sz to block count for iteration
blocks_per_tile = tile_sz // block_size
if ctx_len > 0:
num_ctx_blocks = (ctx_len + block_size - 1) // block_size
if num_ctx_blocks > block_tables.shape[1]:
print(
f"[paged_attn WARNING] seq {i}: num_ctx_blocks={num_ctx_blocks} "
f"> block_tables.shape[1]={block_tables.shape[1]}, ctx_len={ctx_len}. "
"Block table is undersized (prefix_cache_hit bug). "
"Capping context to available blocks — attention may be incorrect.",
file=sys.stderr, flush=True)
num_ctx_blocks = block_tables.shape[1]
for tile_blk in range(0, num_ctx_blocks, blocks_per_tile):
blk_end = min(tile_blk + blocks_per_tile, num_ctx_blocks)
blk_ids = block_tables[i, tile_blk:blk_end]
# Gather K/V for this tile.
# key_cache [blk_ids]: [n, kv_h, d//x, blk_sz, x]
# value_cache[blk_ids]: [n, kv_h, d, blk_sz]
k_tile = (key_cache[blk_ids]
.permute(0, 3, 1, 2, 4)
.contiguous()
.view(-1, num_kv_heads, head_dim))
v_tile = (value_cache[blk_ids]
.permute(0, 3, 1, 2)
.contiguous()
.view(-1, num_kv_heads, head_dim))
# Trim padding in the last block of the tile.
valid = (min(blk_end * block_size, ctx_len)
- tile_blk * block_size)
k_tile = k_tile[:valid] # [valid, kv_h, d]
v_tile = v_tile[:valid]
# k_t: [kv_h, 1, d, valid] (broadcast over gqa_ratio)
# v_t: [kv_h, 1, valid, d]
k_t = (k_tile.permute(1, 0, 2)
.unsqueeze(1)
.transpose(-1, -2)
.float())
v_t = (v_tile.permute(1, 0, 2)
.unsqueeze(1)
.float())
del k_tile, v_tile
# Scores: [kv_h, gqa, q_len, valid]
s = torch.matmul(q_seq, k_t)
del k_t
# No causal mask: all context keys precede all queries.
# Online softmax update — Flash-Attention Algorithm 1.
# exp_s = s - new_max (in-place exp after del s)
m_blk = s.amax(dim=-1)
m_new = torch.maximum(m, m_blk)
exp_s = s - m_new.unsqueeze(-1)
del s
exp_s.exp_()
corr = torch.exp(m - m_new)
m.copy_(m_new)
del m_blk, m_new
l.mul_(corr).add_(exp_s.sum(dim=-1))
o.mul_(corr.unsqueeze(-1)).add_(
torch.matmul(exp_s, v_t))
del exp_s, v_t, corr
# --------------------------------------------------------------
# Phase 2 — current-chunk tokens (positions ctx_len … ctx_len+q_len-1).
#
# Causal mask: query at relative position j sees key at relative
# position k only when k ≤ j. Tiles of tile_sz tokens each.
# --------------------------------------------------------------
for kc_start in range(0, q_len, tile_sz):
kc_end = min(kc_start + tile_sz, q_len)
kc_len = kc_end - kc_start
k_blk = k_i[kc_start:kc_end] # [kc_len, kv_h, d]
v_blk = v_i[kc_start:kc_end]
k_t = (k_blk.permute(1, 0, 2)
.unsqueeze(1)
.transpose(-1, -2)
.float()) # [kv_h, 1, d, kc_len]
v_t = (v_blk.permute(1, 0, 2)
.unsqueeze(1)
.float()) # [kv_h, 1, kc_len, d]
s = torch.matmul(q_seq, k_t) # [kv_h, gqa, q_len, kc_len]
del k_t
# Causal mask: key at (kc_start+k) must not exceed query j.
k_rel = torch.arange(kc_start, kc_end, device=dev)
q_rel = torch.arange(q_len, device=dev)
mask = k_rel.unsqueeze(0) > q_rel.unsqueeze(1) # [q_len, kc_len]
s.masked_fill_(mask.unsqueeze(0).unsqueeze(0), float('-inf'))
del mask, k_rel, q_rel
# Online softmax update (identical to context phase).
m_blk = s.amax(dim=-1)
m_new = torch.maximum(m, m_blk)
exp_s = s - m_new.unsqueeze(-1)
del s
exp_s.exp_()
corr = torch.exp(m - m_new)
m.copy_(m_new)
del m_blk, m_new
l.mul_(corr).add_(exp_s.sum(dim=-1))
o.mul_(corr.unsqueeze(-1)).add_(
torch.matmul(exp_s, v_t))
del exp_s, v_t, corr
# --------------------------------------------------------------
# Finalize: normalize running output by normalization factor.
# o: [kv_h, gqa, q_len, d] → [q_len, q_h, d]
# --------------------------------------------------------------
o.div_(l.unsqueeze(-1))
output[q_start:q_end] = (
o.view(num_q_heads, q_len, head_dim)
.permute(1, 0, 2)
.to(orig_dtype)
)
except Exception as e:
print(f"[paged_attn ERROR] {type(e).__name__}: {e}",
file=sys.stderr, flush=True)
traceback.print_exc(file=sys.stderr)
raise
return output
@staticmethod
def swap_blocks(
src_kv_cache: torch.Tensor,
dst_kv_cache: torch.Tensor,
src_to_dst: torch.Tensor,
) -> None:
src_key_cache = src_kv_cache[0]
dst_key_cache = dst_kv_cache[0]
ops.swap_blocks(src_key_cache, dst_key_cache, src_to_dst)
src_value_cache = src_kv_cache[1]
dst_value_cache = dst_kv_cache[1]
ops.swap_blocks(src_value_cache, dst_value_cache, src_to_dst)
@staticmethod
def copy_blocks(
kv_caches: List[torch.Tensor],
src_to_dists: torch.Tensor,
) -> None:
key_caches = [kv_cache[0] for kv_cache in kv_caches]
value_caches = [kv_cache[1] for kv_cache in kv_caches]
ops.copy_blocks(key_caches, value_caches, src_to_dists)