Docker log proves: 'prefix-caching not supported for multimodal models'
means base image identifies model as multimodal. Our serving_chat.py was
stripping image_url when _is_mm detection returned False (likely because
our custom model_config doesn't expose is_multimodal_model correctly).
Sub168 d05 PASSED with content[374] — they didn't strip images.
Our Sub508 d05 returned HTTP 400 because stripped images broke
parse_chat_messages_futures.
Fix: remove the strip logic entirely. Let images flow through.