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+# MoE Execution Path Analysis
+
+> Source: vllm/model_executor/layers/fused_moe/fused_moe.py + vllm/_custom_ops.py
+> Read: 2026-08-04
+
+## The Real Bottleneck
+
+Qwen3.6-35B-A3B has 64 MoE layers, each with:
+- 256 experts, top-8 routing
+- Gate up projection (w1): hidden_dim → intermediate_dim
+- SiLU activation
+- Down projection (w2): intermediate_dim → hidden_dim
+- Weighted sum of 8 expert outputs
+
+### Per-decode-step kernel launches
+
+| Operation | Count | Implementation |
+|---|---|---|
+| fused_moe_kernel (w1) | 64 | ixf_F.vllm_invoke_fused_moe_kernel |
+| silu_and_mul | 64 | ixf_F.silu_and_mul |
+| fused_moe_kernel (w2) | 64 | ixf_F.vllm_invoke_fused_moe_kernel |
+| topk_softmax | 64 | ixf_F.vllm_moe_topk_softmax |
+| moe_align_block_size | 64 | ixf_F.vllm_moe_align_block_size |
+| torch.sum (expert merge) | 64 | PyTorch |
+| paged_attention_v1 | 1 | ixf_F.vllm_single_query_cached_kv_attention |
+| rms_norm | 128 | ixf_F.rms_norm |
+| fused_add_rms_norm | 64 | ixf_F.fused_add_rms_norm |
+| rotary_embedding | 64 | ixf_F.vllm_rotary_embedding_neox |
+| **Total** | **~640+** | |
+
+640+ kernel launches per decode step. At target Output TPS ≥ 395,
+that's 395 × 640 = 253,000 kernel launches per second.
+
+### Memory allocation per step
+
+```python
+# Inside fused_experts, called 64 times per step:
+intermediate_cache1 = torch.empty((M, topk, N))        # 64 × alloc
+intermediate_cache2 = torch.empty((M * topk, N // 2))   # 64 × alloc
+intermediate_cache3 = torch.empty((M, topk, w2_shape[1]))  # 64 × alloc
+```
+
+192 torch.empty calls per decode step = 192 CUDA mallocs.
+At 395 TPS = 75,840 mallocs/second.
+
+### What we can actually change
+
+1. **BLOCK_SIZE_M** (passed to ixformer): 16 for decode (numel=8, M=1×topk=8)
+   - Already optimized: 16 for ≤16 tokens, 32 for ≤64, 64 for ≤1024
+   - ixformer may or may not respect N/K/GROUP values
+
+2. **Intermediate cache pre-allocation**: move torch.empty outside the layer loop
+   - Allocate once, reuse across 64 layers
+   - Saves 192 CUDA mallocs per decode step
+
+3. **torch.sum → ixformer?**: the expert merge `torch.sum(dim=1)` is PyTorch,
+   could potentially be fused into the second fused_moe_kernel call
+
+4. **Chunk size**: VLLM_FUSED_MOE_CHUNK_SIZE controls batching.
+   For decode M=1, chunking adds overhead for no benefit.