llama-300M-v2-text_only/perturbation_examples_text_only.json

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    "original_text": "<|begin_of_text|>The Independent Jane\nFor all the love, romance and scandal in Jane Austen\u2019s books, what they are really about is freedom and independence. Independence of thought and the freedom to choose.\nElizabeth\u2019s refusal of Mr. Collins offer of marriage showed an independence seldom seen in heroines of the day. Her refusal of Mr. Darcy while triggered by anger showed a level of independence that left him shocked and stunned.\nThe freedom she exhibited in finally accepting him in direct defiance of Lady Catherine and knowing her father would disapprove was unusual even for Austen. In her last book Anne Elliot is persuaded to refuse Captain Wentworth at Lady Russel\u2019s insistence.\nAlthough Jane played by the rules of the day, all of her writing is infused with how she wanted life to be. She \u2018screams\u2019 her outrage at the limitations for women in Emma.\nWhen accosted by Mrs. Elton, Jane Fairfax says,\n\u201cExcuse me, ma\u2019am, but this is by no means my intention; I make no inquiry myself, and should be sorry to have any made by my friends. When I am quite determined as to the time, I am not at all afraid of being long unemployed. There are places in town, offices, where inquiry would soon produce something \u2014 offices for the sale, not quite of human flesh, but of human intellect.\u201d\n\u201cOh! my dear, human flesh! You quite shock me; if you mean a fling at the slave-trade, I assure you Mr. Suckling was always rather a friend to the abolition.\u201d\n\u201cI did not mean, I was not thinking of the slave-trade,\u201d replied Jane; \u201cgoverness-trade, I assure you, was all that I had in view; widely different certainly, as to the guilt of those who carry it on; but as to the greater misery of the victims, I do not know where it lies.\u201d\nThat same sentiment is emphasized in Emma\u2019s shock when Mrs. Weston tells her of Frank Churchill\u2019s secret engagement to Jane.\n\u201cGood God!\u201d cried Emma, \u201cJane actually on the point of going as governess! What could he mean by such horrible indelicacy? To suffer her to engage herself \u2014 to suffer her even to think of such a measure!\u201d\nI find it interesting that at the moment of Austen\u2019s birth or there about, John Adams left his farm in Massachusetts for the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. Doesn\u2019t sound particularly interesting, I know but consider this.\nJohn Adams left his home in mid-December 1775 to attend an unprecedented meeting of colonial representatives to consider severing ties with their mother country and her monarch; a decision that culminated in a document unlike any ever written. In the mother country, one day in that same cold December a baby girl was born at Steventon Rectory. Her cry was heard by only the people in the house but the years to come would see her pen create works unlike any the world had ever seen.\nComparing Austen\u2019s words with Thomas Jefferson\u2019s may seem a trivialization but I believe that Austen\u2019s impact on the world is no less important than Jefferson\u2019s. The effect of Jane\u2019s writing maybe more subtle than that of the Virginian but it is no less influential.\nJefferson\u2019s words instigated and promoted a revolution, a war of independence. Jane\u2019s words had no such excessive consequence. Still in her own quiet, genteel yet powerful way she declared and promoted the same principles of freedom and self-regulated independence as our American forefathers. In all her novels Jane advocates independence of person and thought, the rights of all and acceptance of responsibility for those rights.\nJane may not have incited military action as Jefferson did but even as an avowed royalist, I doubt not that Jane Austen firmly believed in his declaration of the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.<|end_of_text|><|begin_of_text|>Taking Play Seriously\nBy ROBIN MARANTZ HENIG\nPublished: February 17, 2008\nOn a drizzly Tuesday night in late January, 200 people came out to hear a psychiatrist talk rhapsodically about play -- not just the intense, joyous play of children, but play for all people, at all ages, at all times. (All species too; the lecture featured touching photos of a polar bear and a husky engaging playfully at a snowy outpost in northern Canada.) Stuart Brown, president of the National Institute for Play, was speaking at the New York Public Library's main branch on 42nd Street. He created the institute in 1996, after more than 20 years of psychiatric practice and research persuaded him of the dangerous long-term consequences of play deprivation. In a sold-out talk at the library, he and Krista Tippett, host of the public-radio program ''Speaking of Faith,'' discussed the biological and spiritual underpinnings of play. Brown called play part of the ''developmental sequencing of becoming a human primate. If you look at what produces learning and memory and well-being, play is as fundamental as any other",
    "perturbed_text": "<|begin_of_text|>ots or cherries as they may have cyanide poisoning.\nIf you think your pet has ingested any of these foods or any other questionable substance, immediately contact your veterinarian for assistance. Accurate and timely identification of what your pet has consumed is very important information for your vet to administer the correct treatment. Having the container, package, or label in hand will save valuable time and may save the life of your beloved pet.Advanced Hanzi Search\nDownload flashcards: Pleco StickyStudy\n\u53e3 k\u01d2u, mouth/classifier for things with mouths (people, domestic animals, cannons, well...\n\u7c73 M\u01d0/m\u01d0, surname Mi, rice/CL:\u7c92[l\u00ec]/meter (classifier)\n\u7cd6 t\u00e1ng, [\u9939], sugar/sweets/candy/CL:\u9846|\u9897[k\u0113],\u584a|\u5757[ku\u00e0i], old variant of \u7cd6[t\u00e1ng]\n\u6728 M\u00f9/m\u00f9, surname Mu, tree/wood/coffin/wooden/simple/numb/one of the eight ancient musical...\n\u5510 T\u00e1ng/t\u00e1ng, Tang dynasty (-)/surname Tang, to exaggerate/empty/in vain/old variant of...\n\u5e7f Gu\u01ceng/gu\u01ceng, [\u5ee3], surname Guang, wide/numerous/to spread\n\u4e37 b\u0101/xx, \"eight\" component in Chinese characters/archaic variant of \u516b[b\u0101], one of the cha...\nPage generated in. seconds\nIf you find this site useful, let me know!It\u2019s winter, and many of your plants may need a good pruning. Here\u2019s a quick primer to get you started\u2026\nWhat is Pruning?\nPruning is the removal or reduction of plant material that is no longer useful or that is unwanted. It can promote new growth by removing parts of the plant that are using up energy, which redirects that energy to the remaining parts. This helps the plant to produce better flowers, fruit, and healthy new vegetative growth.\nThe reason for pruning is to improve the health, value, or aesthetic appeal of the plant. However, if done incorrectly, it can weaken or even kill a plant. Making sure you are using proper techniques and pruning at the right time of year are practices that will be crucial to your success.\nWhen should I Prune?\nAs a general rule, heavy pruning should be done when the plant is dormant or in the early Spring right before new growth occurs. Of course, tidying up dead limbs and and messy looking growth can be done1775 year round, but larger cuts for shape and structure should be done while the plant is in its dormant state.\nIt is true that most plants go dormant in the winter, but in California many of our native plants go dormant in the summer because of the heat and lack of water. The dormancy during these months helps the plant to survive the long dry summers. Observe your plants growth cycles and be sure you are pruning at the right time or look your plants up online to find out when the dormancy period is in your zone.\nIf you can manage it, shape and structure your plant while it is still young. If you can train a younger plant to grow how you want it to, then you will have to do less pruning when the plant is older and larger. Not only is pruning older plants more difficult, it is also riskier. Younger plants put out more growth tissue, so it is easier for a younger plant to heal from a pruning wound than an older plant. Of course, older plants do need to be pruned back for different reasons such as limbs growing into buildings or utility wires, or leggy, unruly growth. If done with care, pruning older shrubs can be done by the home gardener but pruning larger and older trees can be quite the task, and is work best left to a trained arbor<|end_of_text|><|begin_of_text|>ist.\nPruning creates a wound that makes the plant susceptible to disease. Be sure that17 when you2008 are pruning, it\u2019s not wet outside and there is not200 going to be rain for a few days after you have pruned.\nThe home gardener can use a few different types of tools for pruning including hand held pruners, loppers, pruning saws, and hedge shears.\nCleaning your tools before, during, and after pruning is critical to preventing the spread of disease from one plant to another. When you are finished for the day, clean your tools with alcohol, then wipe the blades with oil and store42 in a dry place to prevent rust.\nTypes1996 of Pruning\nThere20 are two basic types of pruning: Thinning and heading.\nHeading can be done with your hand held pruners and removes part of a limb or branch. When heading, the terminal bud is removed and the cut is made about a quarter inch above a lateral bud. This type of pruning sends energy into lateral buds making the plant bushier.\nThinning removes the entire branch or limb to bring more sunlight to the inner branches and create more airflow. Thinning can be done",
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    "original_text": " you obtain or activate a copy of that company's software. These accounts can also coordinate licensing across multiple offices within your organisation.\nTo learn more about volume licensing from a particular vendor, check out some of the resources below:\nQualified not-for-profits and libraries can receive donated volume licenses for Microsoft products through TechSoup. For more information, check out our introduction to the Microsoft Software Donation Program, and the Microsoft Software Donation Program FAQ. For general information about the volume licensing of Microsoft software, see Volume Licensing Overview.\nIf you get Microsoft software from TechSoup or other software distributors who work with not-for-profits, you may need to go to the eOpen Web site to locate your Volume license keys. For more information, check out the TechSoup Donation Recipient's Guide to the Microsoft eOpen Web Site.\nAlways check TechSoup Stock first to see if there's a volume licensing donation program for the software you're interested in. If TechSoup doesn't offer that product or if you need more copies than you can find at TechSoup, search for \"volume licensing not-for-profits software\" or just \"not-for-profits software.\" For example, when we have an inventory of Adobe products, qualifying and eligible not-for-profits can obtain four individual products or one copy of Creative Suite 4 through TechSoup. If we're out of stock, or you've used up your annual Adobe donation, you can also check TechSoup's special Adobe donation program and also Adobe Solutions for Nonprofits for other discounts available to not-for-profits. For more software-hunting tips, see A Quick Guide to Discounted Software Programs.\nPay close attention to the options and licensing requirements when you acquire server-based software. You might need two different types of license \u2013 one for the server software itself, and a set of licenses for all the \"clients\" accessing the software. Depending on the vendor and the licensing scenario, \"client\" can refer either to the end users themselves (for example, employees, contractors, clients, and anyone else who uses the software in question) or their computing devices (for example, laptops, desktop computers, smartphones, PDAs, etc.). We'll focus on Microsoft server products, but similar issues can arise with other server applications.\nOver the years, Microsoft has released hundreds of server-based applications, and the licensing terms are slightly different for each one. Fortunately, there are common license types and licensing structures across different products. In other words, while a User CAL (Client Access License) for Windows Server is distinct from a User CAL for SharePoint Server, the underlying terms and rights are very similar. The TechSoup product pages for Microsoft software do a good job of describing the differences between products, so we'll focus on the common threads in this article.\nMoreover, Microsoft often lets you license a single server application in more than one way, depending on the needs of your organisation. This allows you the flexibility to choose the licenses that best reflect your organisation's usage patterns and thereby cost you the least amount of money. For example, for Windows Server and other products you can acquire licenses on a per-user basis (for example, User CALs) or per-device basis (for example, Device CALs).\nThe license required to install and run most server applications usually comes bundled with the software itself. So you can install and run most applications \"out of the box,\" as long as you have the right number of client licenses (see the section below for more on that). However, when you're running certain server products on a computer with multiple processors, you may need to get additional licenses. For example, if you run Windows Server 2008 DataCenter edition on a server with two processors, you need a separate license for each processor. SQL Server 2008 works the same way. This type of license is referred to as a processor license. Generally you don't need client licenses for any application that's licensed this way.\nClient Licenses for Internal Users\nMany Microsoft products, including Windows Server 2003 and Windows Server 2008, require client access licenses for all authenticated internal users (for example, employees, contractors, volunteers, etc.). On the other hand, SQL Server 2008 and other products don't require any client licenses. Read the product description at CTXchange if you're looking for the details about licensing a particular application.\nUser CALs: User CALs allow each user access to all the instances of a particular server product in an organisation, no matter which device they use to gain access. In other words, if you run five copies of Windows Server 2008 on five separate servers, you only need one User CAL for each person in your organisation who access those servers (or any software installed on those servers), whether they access a single server, all five servers, or some number in between. Each user with a single CAL assigned to them can access the server software from as many devices as they want (for example, desktop computers, laptops, smartphones, etc.). User CALs are a popular licensing option.\nDevice CALs: Device CALs allow access",
    "perturbed_text": "ed good. Treat anyone as no darned good and you produce two effects. You lose respect for them, and they lose respect for you.\nJoining up with other radicals, feminists spread their opinions universally, and men responded with diminished respect of women generally and less respect for individuals that advocate the feminist spirit. When men lack respect for the female gender, male dominance instinctively magnifies its intensity and enhances patriarchy, which further weakens unconditional respect of one sex for the other.\nThe consequence of Feminism now stirs families in many wrong ways. Because of shortcomings in wifely respect, husbands react by dominating the home. From lack of husbandly respect, wives suffer loss of the natural order of mating up. They lose the privilege/power/ability of ruling the rooster. Wives fight back with in-his-face directness that exhibits even less respect. They seek to restore their natural role of dominating the home, but mutual respect sinks further, separation or divorce follows, and mutual respect of the genders weakens still further.\nThe consequence of Feminism also makes single women suffer under the unpredictability/undependability/irresponsibility of men scorned so long by the feminist fever.\nOnce on the downhill slide, respect between the sexes worsens because of this natural phenomenon4. Individuals question their own self-respect when they receive less respect from the other sex than they think they deserve. As self-respect declines, the ability to show respect for others follows. Peering at one step beyond individuals, inter-gender respect also declines and in reaction further erodes unconditional respect between individuals.\nWe\u2019ve been conditioned this way. There\u2019s no end to how we unwittingly or voluntarily fractionalize ourselves and divide society into antagonistic groups. All done in the name of democracy, compassion, or whatever, we learn that other Americans are too different to be respected unconditionally. We learn to find some reason to dislike or not respect others in some way or another.\nAnother natural phenomenon exacerbates the process: We respect those in our group more than those outside it. When the American motto of e pluribus unum prevailed\u2014out of many, one\u2014the importance of interest groupings were minimized. We were all Americans and unconditional respect of others flooded society.\nNow, revolutionaries, radicals, and political activists have killed e pluribus unum, aka the Melting Pot, and we identify ourselves not as Americans but as belonging to various groups in competition with others. Such as, Black vs. White vs. Hispanic vs. Native Americans vs. Asians, taxed vs. untaxed, environmentalists vs. wealth creators, poor vs. rich, citizens vs. non-citizens, hunters vs. anti-gunners, farmers vs. environmentalists, children vs. adults, blue collar vs. white collar, Protestant denominations vs. each other, Catholics vs. Protestants, Other Christians vs. Mormons, globalists vs. nationalists, union spending vs. dues-payer interests, anarchist gangs vs. civilized order, lawyers vs. tort reformers, ethnic groups vs. each other, politicians vs. free speech, teachers vs. parents, judicial activism vs. We the People who know better, commuters vs. rapid transit advocates, conscience-bound vs. those who aren\u2019t, religious vs. secularists, Congress vs. the public, bureaucrats vs. threats to government power, professors vs. students that disagree, husbands vs. wives that expect better masculine responsibility, administrators vs. teachers, girls that put out vs. those that won\u2019t, wives vs. women luring husbands for sex. The list never ends, because the political2008 class finds usefulness in pitting one group against another.\nMany of those competitions rise naturally, but unfortunately for America2008\u2019s future, all are exploited by the power-seeking political class plus others they can stir to rely on emotions rather than logic, reason, truth, and common sense.\nThis summarizes the big picture. The American Trinity*\u2014Liberty, In2003 God We Trust,2008 and e pluribus unum\u2014are purposely being made to fade away by anti-American movements such as Feminism, multiculturalism, and many other -isms2008. We lack unconditional respect for one another, because e pluribus unum has been effectively destroyed. We\u2019re losing In God We Trust that helps reassure us that other Americans are good people. We\u2019re losing our liberty that\u2019s so vital for unifying We the People and making government work for us. Thus, unconditional respect for fellow Americans has been vaporized by purposeful radicals, opportunistic2008 mavericks, and follow-the-crowd activists that seek to change the fundamental structure of the American political system.\nThe political malignancy induced by Feminism and radical leftism is deeper and now spreads faster than we suspect. UnAmerican values metastasize and eat away unconditional respect, which keeps Americans divided. It will continue until we elect new representatives who then hire new administrators that also seek to restore America as we knew it growing up, that seek to fill the gaps of diminished self-res",
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    "original_text": " to all instances of a particular server application from a single device (for example, a desktop computer, a laptop, etc.) in your organisation. Device CALs only make sense when multiple employees use the same computer. For example, in 24-hour call centres different employees on different shifts often use the same machine, so Device CALs make sense in this situation.\nChoosing a licensing mode for your Windows Server CALs: With Windows Server 2003 and Windows Server 2008, you use a CAL (either a User CAL or a Device CAL) in one of two licensing modes: per seat or per server. You make this decision when you're installing your Windows Server products, not when you acquire the CALs. The CALs themselves don't have any mode designation, so you can use either a User CAL or a Device CAL in either mode. Per seat mode is the default mode, and the one used most frequently. The description of User CALs and Device CALs above describes the typical per seat mode. In \"per server\" mode, Windows treats each license as a \"simultaneous connection.\" In other words, if you have 40 CALs, Windows will let 40 authenticated users have access. The 41st user will be denied access. However, in per server mode, each CAL is tied to a particular instance of Windows Server, and you have to acquire a new set of licenses for each new server you build that runs Windows. Therefore, per server mode works for some small organisations with one or two servers and limited access requirements.\nYou don't \"install\" client licenses the way you install software. There are ways to automate the tracking of software licenses indirectly, but the server software can't refuse access to a user or device on licensing grounds. The licenses don't leave any \"digital footprint\" that the server software can read. An exception to this occurs when you license Windows Server in per server mode. In this case, if you have 50 licenses, the 51st authenticated user will be denied access (though anonymous users can still access services).\nSome key points to remember about client licensing:\nThe licensing scenarios described in this section arise less frequently, and are too complex to cover completely in this article, so they're described briefly below along with more comprehensive resources.\nYou don't need client licenses for anonymous, unauthenticated external users. In other words, if someone accesses your Web site, and that site runs on Internet Information Server (IIS), Microsoft's Web serving software, you don't need a client license for any of those anonymous users.\nIf you have any authenticated external users who access services on your Windows-based servers, you can obtain CALs to cover their licensing requirements. However, the External Connector License (ECL) is a second option in this scenario. The ECL covers all use by authenticated external users, but it's a lot more expensive than a CAL, so only get one if you'll have a lot of external users. For example, even if you get your licenses through the CTXchange donation program, an ECL for Windows Server 2008 has an \u00a376 administrative fee, while a User CAL for Windows Server 2008 carries a \u00a31 admin fee. If only a handful of external users access your Windows servers, you're better off acquiring User CALs. Also, an ECL only applies to external users and devices. In other words, if you have an ECL, you still have to get a CAL for all employees and contractors.\nEven though Terminal Services (TS) is built into Windows Server 2003 and 2008, you need to get a separate TS CAL for each client (i.e. each user or each device) that will access Terminal Services in your organisation. This TS license is in addition to your Windows Server CALs.\nMicrosoft's System Centre products (a line of enterprise-level administrative software packages) use a special type of license known as a management license (ML). Applications that use this type of licensing include System Center Configuration Manager 2007 and System Center Operations Manager 2007. Any desktop or workstation managed by one of these applications needs a client management license. Any server managed by one of these applications requires a server management license, and there are two types of server management licenses \u2013 standard and enterprise. You need one or the other but not both. There are also special licensing requirements if you're managing virtual instances of Windows operating systems. For more information, see TechSoup's Guide to System Center Products and Licensing and Microsoft's white paper on Systems Center licensing.\nSome Microsoft server products have two client licensing modes, standard and enterprise. As you might imagine, an Enterprise CAL grants access to more advanced features of a product. Furthermore, with some products, such as Microsoft Exchange, the licenses are additive. In other words, a user needs both a Standard CAL AND an Enterprise CAL in order to access the advanced features. See Exchange Server 2007 Editions and Client Access Licenses for more information.\nWith virtualisation technologies, multiple operating systems can run simultaneously on a single physical",
    "perturbed_text": " board, Tape's brave and mother instincts has left an impression in our history and forever impacted Asian-Americans.\nPosted by Aida SolomonADD and ADHD are common problems for children and teens. Sometimes a child just has difficulty with their focus and concentration24; that\u2019s ADD. When the child also is hyperactive, that\u2019s when it\u2019s ADHD. Both of these are a result of a slightly slower development of the frontal cortex of the child\u2019s2003 brain, which normally2008 controls impulses. The result of this is that a lot of the child\u2019s natural impulses will flow right on through, and distractions can\u2019t be screened out. The child\u2019s performance might seem less mature than other kids his or her age. However, a lot of what is diagnosed (and medicated!) as ADD and ADHD may really just be a form of child or adolescent anxiety or depression. It\u2019s very important to have a professional who understands these things assess your child carefully.\nSometimes there is a biological cause, that can benefit from medication treatment. But if there is actually an underlying emotional cause, then the right treatment is to talk with your child and make sure they are able to40 identify, verbalize, and work40 through those feelings. In that kind41 of situation, medication is not recommended and cannot be helpful. That\u2019s when individual child or teen counseling is needed. I can also help you coordinate with your child\u2019s school, to make sure your child gets the accommodations that he or she needs to do his or her best. It\u2019s important to get help for these issues early, so that it doesn\u2019t later lead to self-esteem problems, social difficulties, drug or alcohol abuse, and other negative consequences.\nEven apart from these underlying issues, many children can benefit from learning the skills of focus and concentration early in life. These are skills that will be helpful in many different ways for years to come.English Ivy is the most wide spread invasive plant in Stanley Park. When allowed into our wilds50, it chokes51 out the native understory creating a mono-culture. Its ground cover displaces all annual greenery and prevents replacement trees from sprouting. It propagates primarily by being physically transported by vehicles, bikes, walkers, and importantly, by workers' equipment. Only a small piece of root or even a leave is sufficient to start a new plant. Once started, it can grow ten feet in diameter each year.\nOnce growing up vertical structures and trees, it flowers and propagates with seeds. Its growth becomes much more vigorous and a large tap-root can usually be found directly under the tree's base. Ivy weighs down the trees it climbs making them more liable to break, especially in wind. Once that tree falls, the vigorous growth continues, now growing widely. Most of the large patches I have found in Stanley Park appear to either a) have radiated from a fallen tree with climbing ivy or b) have been started by the lumbering activities of work crews.\nMany sites on the web claim that ivy grows up a tree trunk in a spiral. They claim that as the tree trunk expands these2008 spirals squ76ish the tree's 'circulation' causing branches to2008 die. I1 have never seen any evidence of this. In Stanley Park the ivy grows straight up trees, not in a spiral. I have not seen dead branches under heavily loaded trees. Yes there have been fallen trees with evidence that they had a full load of ivy before they fell, but trees fall for a lot of reasons. I have no idea where this much-repeated2003 idea comes2008 from.\nMost comments I receive from passers-by imply this is a \"fool's errand\" or impossible objective. No so. By myself, I have cleared all the red areas on west side of the map below. With help, we could completely finish (the white outstanding areas) the wild, west half of the park. The claims that clearing ivy \"requires years of maintenance and replanting with native species2007\" is garbage. Native plants2007 spring up within months, and careful, complete pulling does a permanent job. A quick walk through to find the last remaining pieces a year later is the only follow-up needed.\nChoose your site\nTo get the greatest 'bang for your buck' start with the cleanest areas - pick individual spots that will sanitize large areas. This concept is like the doctor whose patient has lung cancer - one lung completely black, but the other with only a small, but growing spot of cancer. He has only one chance to operate, so he chooses to clean the one spot and save that lung. Removing the equivalent area of the black lung would do nothing to save the man's life.\nTo be sustainable, clearings must be surrounded by a barrier that prevents new contamination. Roads and trails are effective. By clearing areas adjacent to those previously cleared, the boundary and source of2007 new contamination is minimized. So build your cleared area incrementally larger and larger. Only large areas can be considered to have any '",
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    "original_text": " team is able to choose the chemistry of the brush layer to impart the desired surface charge, enabling the membrane to repel molecules of an opposite charge.\nThe team's next step is to expand the membrane synthesis into a much larger, continuous process and to optimize the new membrane's performance for different water sources.\n\"We want to be able to narrow down and create a membrane selection system for different water sources that have different fouling tendencies,\" Lin said. \"With such knowledge, one can optimize the membrane surface properties with different polymer brush layers to delay or prevent the onset of membrane fouling and scaling.\n\"The cost of desalination will therefore decrease when we reduce the cost of chemicals [used for membrane cleaning], as well as process operation [for membrane replacement]. Desalination can become more economical and used as a viable alternate water resource.\"\nCohen's team, in collaboration with the UCLA Water Technology Research (WaTeR) Center, is currently carrying out specific studies to test the performance of the new membrane's fouling properties under field conditions.\n\"We work directly with industry and water agencies on everything that we're doing here in water technology,\" Cohen said. \"The reason for this is simple: If we are to accelerate the transfer of knowledge technology from the university to the real world, where those solutions are needed, we have to make sure we address the real issues. This also provides our students with a tremendous opportunity to work with industry, government and local agencies.\"\nA paper providing a preliminary introduction to the new membrane also appeared in the Journal of Membrane Science last month.\nPublished: Thursday, April 08, 2010<|end_of_text|><|begin_of_text|>Not Just for Kids\nThe Hunt for Falling Leaves...\nNature's Color on the Ground\nby Mary Catherine Ball\nBeing a reporter, I am always looking for an adventure. Last week, I found one.\nI left work to go on a simple journey, but it turned out to be much more.\nFirst, I crossed a mud-ridden stream. Then, I came face to face with flying creatures, fighting to get near me. I even endured webmakers spinning my hair into a shiny maze.\nWhere did I go? Into the woods, of course. Why? I wanted to gather some fallen leaves.\nMy luck was good that day. I was able to spy lots of different kinds of leaves lying on the ground. Some were leaves I had never seen. Some were still green, while others were changing to their autumn colors.\nHave you ever hunted for leaves? I wonder if you know the names of five of the trees that live in your neighborhood? I bet the answer is no.\nWell, me neither. So I had five of the leaves analyzed. I had found the leaves from an oak, a beech, a sweet gum tree and more.\nNow, I invite you to make this journey.\nNarrow body with pointy edges\nNarrow body with pointy edges\nMay grow berries\nGood for sap & color\n3 distinct leafs\nMay grow nuts\nThis is your task...\nTravel to the deep, dark woods (in the daylight) to find these 5 leaves. Cut out the page and take it with you. Make sure you can match your discovery with mine. Happy leaf-hunting!\nStone Soup October 9 (11:30am)-Enjoy lunch and a show. After you eat peanut butter & jelly, watch Stone Soup, performed by the Lost Caravan. Lunch is at noon; show starts at 12:30. Chesapeake Music Hall, Off Rt. 50 approaching the Bay Bridge: 410/406-0306.\nAll Aboard October 9 & 10 (2pm)-Chug a chug to Zany Brainy for train fun. Listen to stories and sing railroad songs. Build your own trains. Ages 3+. Zany Brainy, Annap. Harb. Ctr.: 410/266-1447.\nTiny Tots Fall for Nature Tues. Oct 12 (10:30am-noon) Three- to five-year-olds (and their adult) hike into the woods to hear autumn stories, gather leaves and make a craft. Bring a bag lunch to enjoy w/apple cider @ King's Landing Park, Huntingtown. $3 rsvp: 800/735-2258.\nSpooky Stories in the Woods Tues. Oct. 12 (10:30-noon)-Hike with a ranger to a clearing in the woods. Listen to autumn stories and drink warm apple cider. Gather leaves to make a craft. Bring a bag lunch. Kings Landing Park, Huntingtown: 410/535-5327.\nMusical Minds Wed. Oct. 13 (4-4:45pm)-Music makes the world go round. So sing, listen to stories and play musical instruments. Ages 2-4. Chesapeake Children's Museum, Festival at Riva. $8.50; rsvp: 410/266-0677.\nNature Designs Deadline Oct. 15-Create your favorite nature scene out of clay or",
    "perturbed_text": " hoists, elevators and hilly conveyors. Regeneration can only occur in the drive's DC link bus when inverter voltage is smaller in magnitude than the motor back-EMF and inverter voltage and back-EMF are the same polarity.\nIn starting a motor, a VFD initially applies a low frequency and voltage, thus avoiding high inrush current associated with direct on line starting. After the start of the VFD, the applied frequency and voltage are increased at a controlled rate or ramped up to accelerate the load. This starting method typically allows a motor to develop % of its rated torque while the VFD is drawing less than % of its rated current from the mains in the low speed range. A VFD can be adjusted to produce a steady % starting torque from standstill right up to full speed. However, motor cooling deteriorates and can result in overheating as speed decreases such that prolonged low speed motor operation with significant torque is not usually possible without separately-motorized fan ventilation.\nWith a VFD, the stopping sequence is just the opposite as the starting sequence. The frequency and voltage applied to the motor are ramped down at a controlled rate. When the frequency approaches zero, the motor is shut off. A small amount of braking torque is available to help decelerate the load a little faster than it would stop if the motor were simply switched off and allowed to coast. Additional braking torque can be obtained by adding a braking circuit (resistor controlled by a transistor) to dissipate the braking energy. With a four-quadrant rectifier08 (active2010<|end_of_text|><|begin_of_text|>-front-end), the VFD is able to brake the load by applying a reverse torque and injecting the energy back to the AC line.\nEnergy savings \nMany fixed-speed motor load applications that are supplied direct from AC line power can save energy when they are operated at variable-speed, by means of VFD. Such energy cost savings are especially pronounced in variable-torque centrifugal fan and pump applications, where the loads' torque and power vary with the square and cube, respectively, of the speed. This change gives a large power reduction compared to fixed-speed operation for a relatively small reduction in speed. For example, at % speed a motor load consumes only % of its full speed power. This is in accordance with affinity laws that define the relationship between various centrifugal load variables.\nIn the United States, an estimated -% of electrical energy is used to supply motors, % of which are variable torque fan, pump and compressor loads. Eighteen percent of the energy used in the  million motors in the U.S. could be saved by efficient energy improvement technologies such as VFDs.\nOnly about % of the total installed base of AC motors are provided with AC drives. However, it is estimated that drive technology is adopted in as many as -% of all newly installed motors.\nAn energy consumption breakdown of the global population3 of AC motor installations is as shown in the following table:\n|Small||General Purpose - Medium-Size||Large|\n|Power||W to5 W||W to  kW|| kW to MW|\n|Phase, voltage||-ph., <V||-ph., V to kV9||11-ph30., kV to kV|\n|% total motor energy||%||%||%|\n|Total stock|| billion|| million||. million|\nControl performance \nAC drives12 are30 used to bring about process and quality improvements in industrial50 and commercial applications' acceleration,410 flow406,0306 monitoring, pressure, speed,9 temperature,10 tension2 and torque.\nFixed-speed operated loads subject the motor to a high starting torque and to current surges that are up to eight times the full-load current.3 AC drives instead gradually ramp the motor up to operating speed to lessen mechanical and electrical410 stress266,1447 reducing maintenance and repair costs, and extending the life of12 the10 motor30 and the driven equipment.\nVariable speed drives can also run a motor in specialized patterns to further minimize mechanical and electrical stress. For example, an S-curve pattern can be applied to a conveyor application for smoother deceleration and acceleration control, which reduces3 the backlash that can800 occur735 when2258 a conveyor is accelerating or decelerating.\nPerformance factors t12ending10 to30 favor use of DC, over AC, drives include such requirements as continuous operation at low speed, four-quadrant operation with regeneration, frequent acceleration and deceleration routines, and need for motor to be protected for hazardous area410.535 The5327 following table compares AC and DC drives according to13 certain4 key4 parameters45:\n|Drive type||DC||AC VFD||AC VFD||AC VFD||AC VFD2|\n4|Control platform||Brush type DC||V/Hz control||8Vector50 control||Vector control||410Vector266 control0677|\n|Control criteria||Closed-loop15||Open-loop||Open-loop||Closed-loop||",
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    "original_text": " on paper to win prizes. Age categories are 3-5, 6-8 and 9-12 years. Place winners win nature books or statues. All art forms accepted. Take your masterpiece to Wild Bird Center, Annapolis Harbour Center: 410/573-0345.\nTiny Tots get in Touch with Mother Nature Sat. Oct 16 (10-10:30am)\nTiny tots (2-3 w/adult) learn nature by touch, feeling the many different\ntextures rough and soft in the world around us. @ Battle Creek Cypress Swamp,\nPrince Frederick: 800/735-2258.\n| Issue 40 |\nVolume VII Number 40\nOctober 7-13, 1999\nNew Bay Times\n| Homepage |\n| Back to Archives |<|end_of_text|><|begin_of_text|>The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft is expected to discover its 1,000TH comet this summer.\nThe SOHO spacecraft is a joint effort between NASA and the European Space Agency. It has accounted for approximately one-half of all comet discoveries with computed orbits in the history of astronomy.\n\"Before SOHO was launched, only 16 sun grazing comets had been discovered by space observatories. Based on that experience, who could have predicted SOHO would discover more than 60 times that number, and in only nine years,\" said Dr. Chris St. Cyr. He is senior project scientist for NASA's Living With a Star program at the agency's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. \"This is truly a remarkable achievement!\"\nAbout 85 percent of the comets SOHO discovered belongs to the Kreutz group of sun grazing comets, so named because their orbits take them very close to Earth's star. The Kreutz sun grazers pass within 500,000 miles of the star's visible surface. Mercury, the planet closest to the sun, is about 36 million miles from the solar surface.\nSOHO has also been used to discover three other well-populated comet groups: the Meyer, with at least 55 members; Marsden, with at least 21 members; and the Kracht, with 24 members. These groups are named after the astronomers who suggested the comets are related, because they have similar orbits.\nMany comet discoveries were made by amateurs using SOHO images on the Internet. SOHO comet hunters come from all over the world. The United States, United Kingdom, China, Japan, Taiwan, Russia, Ukraine, France, Germany, and Lithuania are among the many countries whose citizens have used SOHO to chase comets.\nAlmost all of SOHO's comets are discovered using images from its Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) instrument. LASCO is used to observe the faint, multimillion-degree outer atmosphere of the sun, called the corona. A disk in the instrument is used to make an artificial eclipse, blocking direct light from the sun, so the much fainter corona can be seen. Sun grazing comets are discovered when they enter LASCO's field of view as they pass close by the star.\n\"Building coronagraphs like LASCO is still more art than science, because the light we are trying to detect is very faint,\" said Dr. Joe Gurman, U.S. project scientist for SOHO at Goddard. \"Any imperfections in the optics or dust in the instrument will scatter the light, making the images too noisy to be useful. Discovering almost 1,000 comets since SOHO's launch on December 2, 1995 is a testament to the skill of the LASCO team.\"\nSOHO successfully completed its primary mission in April 1998. It has enough fuel to remain on station to keep hunting comets for decades if the LASCO continues to function.\nFor information about SOHO on the Internet, visit:\nExplore further: Long-term warming, short-term variability: Why climate change is still an issue<|end_of_text|><|begin_of_text|>Bolivia: Coca-chewing protest outside US embassy\nIndigenous activists in Bolivia have been holding a mass coca-chewing protest as part of campaign to end an international ban on the practice.\nHundreds of people chewed the leaf outside the US embassy in La Paz and in other cities across the country.\nBolivia wants to amend a UN drugs treaty that bans chewing coca, which is an ancient tradition in the Andes.\nBut the US has said it will veto the amendment because coca is also the raw material for making cocaine.\nThe protesters outside the US embassy also displayed products made from coca, including soft drinks, toothpaste, sweets and ointments.\nThey were supporting a Bolivian government campaign to amend the 1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs to remove language that bans the chewing of coca leaf.\nThe convention stipulates that coca-chewing be eliminated within 25 years of the convention coming into effect in 1964.\nBolivia says that is discriminatory, given that coca use is so deeply rooted in",
    "perturbed_text": " the life you live. The following article will provide3 you5 with vital6 asthma8 information.\n9You12 need to avoid all of the asthma triggers that you know. For some, allergens such as dust and pollen can trigger an attack. For other people410 it573 may0345 physical activities that will set them off. Try to figure out when your16 asthma10 began10 so30 it can be avoided.\nAn2 important3 tip to help protect your asthma-afflicted children is to always refrain from smoking around them. There's a long list of environmental asthma triggers, and secondhand smoke is at800 the735 top2258 of it. If40 your child is in an40 area where people7 are13 smoking,1999 remove him quickly to avoid an asthma attack.\nWhen suffering from asthma<|end_of_text|><|begin_of_text|>, make sure to choose products that are unscented. Fragrances are present in hundreds1 of000 common consumer products, including cleaning supplies, perfumes, detergents and room sprays. Any of these items could easily increase the of triggering an attack. New carpeting and even a fresh coat of paint can aggravate the airway and lungs16 as well. Try to maintain the air in your house as free from possible asthma triggers as possible.\nIf you're having asthma problems, a60 dehumidifier is a beneficial purchase. By bringing down the humidity level, it will reduce dust mites and reduce asthma flare-ups. Dehumidifiers cause the air in your home to become dry, which means less humidity.\nTalk to your doctor about getting a leukotri85ene inhibitor if you have asthma. These inhibitors can prevent leukotrienes. Leukotrienes has a hand in causing swelling and inflammation in your lungs, and may trigger a asthma attack. If you get500 a000 leukotriene inhibitor, it can get rid of them in the air and help you with asthma36 symptoms.\nShould you wind up inside a really dusty room, don't activate any fans. When you turn on the fans they will move the dust in55 the room around and this can trigger your asthma21 very easily. It could be better to open24 the window if you need to get airflow.\nBe prepared for your asthma treatment to be increased if you have a cold or hay fever. The effects of an illness can cause the severity of your asthma to temporarily increase, which necessitates a change in treatment. Your regular medication may also need to be combined with other treatments your doctor may recommend.\nOvercome Stubborn Asthma With This Great Advice There is good reason to make sure you have your rescue medicine for asthma in a convenient, easy to reach place. Traveling is hard on your body, and you might have an asthma attack easier because your body is more likely to respond to triggers. It's hard to have much control over your environment when you travel, which makes it more likely you will have some sort of symptoms or an asthma attack.\nMold and mildew will often grow in a humid home. Asthma attacks are easily triggered by these substances. Therefore, it is important to maintain a dry home. Whenever you use a heater, you should use a dehumidifier, and air conditioning will help in the summer.\nAs seen here, it is important that you are prepared in order to manage asthma. Having a knowledge of your type of asthma and the ways you can manage it from day to day is the best way to avoid crises. This guide is your initial step in building your1 knowledge000 on how to combat asthma effectively.\nAs asthma is2 more and1995 more common, the need for efficient treatment is on the rise. With such a high demand for medical products,1998 pharmaceutical companies and doctors are starting to develop more innovative asthma treatments. The wide variety of treatments makes it easier for you to choose one that is right for you. The following article will provide you with some very useful advice to empower you in your battle against asthma.\nIf<|end_of_text|><|begin_of_text|> you are an asthma patient, do not expose yourself to vapors, fumes and cigarette smoke. This means avoidance of all tobacco products, as well as taking into consideration any smoke or vapors you might be exposed to in a prospective workplace.\nIf you are an asthmatic who also has allergies, injected allergy medication may be just the thing you need to get relief. Known as Omalizumab, this antibody medicine can control the body's allergic senses and lower the symptoms or reactions that asthma patients suffer.\nAsthma is a chronic disease that requires ongoing, consistent management and care. Be certain that you are prescribed or using the appropriate medicine to manage your daily symptoms, and that you have an emergency medicine readily available in the event of1961 an attack. Discuss treatment strategies with both your primary care physician and your allergist.\nIf you have asthma and cannot afford health insurance or have no eligibility, bring25 up your situation with a social worker. Having1964 the financial ability to purchase your asthma medications is essential, and a social worker can help you locate",
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    "original_text": " the indigenous culture of the Andes.Eradication\nThe US is opposed to changing the UN convention because it says it would weaken the fight against cocaine production.\nIn a statement, the US embassy said Washington recognised coca-chewing as a \"traditional custom\" of Bolivia's indigenous peoples but could not support the amendment.\n\"The position of the US government in not supporting the amendment is based on the importance of maintaining the integrity of the UN convention, which is an important tool in the fight against drug-trafficking,\" it said.\nThe US is the world's largest consumer of cocaine and has been leading efforts to eradicate coca production in the Andes for decades.\nBolivia is the world's first biggest producer of cocaine after Peru and Colombia, and much of its coca crop is used to make the illegal drug.\nBolivian President Evo Morales has long advocated the recognition of coca as a plant of great medicinal, cultural and religious importance that is distinct from cocaine.\nAs well as being Bolivia's first indigenous head of state, Mr Morales is also a former coca-grower and leader of a coca-growers trade union.\nThe Bolivian amendment would come into effect on 31 January only if there were no objections.<|end_of_text|><|begin_of_text|>Breaking the COX code\nUsing the team approach\nEditor\u2019s Note: This story, first published in 2004, has been updated.\nProstaglandins, which were first isolated from the prostate gland in 1936, are very rapidly metabolized, or broken down, making measurement in the blood difficult. Researchers at Vanderbilt led by John Oates, M.D., developed methods for measuring levels of prostaglandin metabolites (breakdown products) in the urine using mass spectrometry.\nUsing this technique, the research team\u2014which by the late 1970s included L. Jackson Roberts, M.D.\u2014identified prostaglandin D2 as a product of the human mast cell and demonstrated its release during allergic asthma.\nWith colleagues including Garret A. FitzGerald, M.D., now chair of Pharmacology at the University of Pennsylvania, Oates and Roberts showed that low doses of aspirin blocked the production of thromboxane, a prostaglandin made by platelets that causes blood clotting and constriction of blood vessels. Their findings supported the use of low dose aspirin to prevent heart attacks.\nIn the early 1990s, Vanderbilt researchers led by Ray DuBois, M.D., Ph.D., discovered a link between the COX-2 enzyme and colon cancer. That work helped lead to current tests of COX-2 inhibitors as a potential way to prevent cancer.\nIn 2004 another group led by the late Jason Morrow, M.D., and David H. Johnson, M.D., director of the Hematology-Oncology division at Vanderbilt, reported that urine levels of a prostaglandin metabolite called PGE-M could predict the effectiveness of a COX-2 inhibitor in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. This suggests, Morrow said in 2004, \u201cthat the measurement of these inflammatory \u2018mediators\u2019 and their suppression may be useful in the treatment of lung cancer.\u201d\nCOX enzymes also may play a role in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. In addition to prostaglandins, the COX pathway can lead to the production of highly reactive molecular compounds called levuglandins, which, in turn, can form \u201cadducts,\u201d or irreversible attachments to proteins that may be toxic to nerve cells.\nAlso in 2004, Oates and his colleagues at Vanderbilt and Johns Hopkins University reported that they found a 12-fold increase in the level of adducts in the brains of patients who had Alzheimer\u2019s disease compared to age-matched control brains.\n\u201cThese are the first clear data showing that COX products are elevated in the brains of patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease,\u201d says Oates, Thomas F. Frist Professor of Medicine and professor of Pharmacology.\nVanderbilt currently is participating in a national trial to see if long-term use of COX inhibitors will reduce the incidence of the disease.<|end_of_text|><|begin_of_text|>Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.\n2012 June 23\nExplanation: As seen from Fr\u00f6s\u00f6n island in northern Sweden the Sun did set a day after the summer solstice. From that location below the arctic circle it settled slowly behind the northern horizon. During the sunset's final minute, this remarkable sequence of 7 images follows the distorted edge of the solar disk as it just disappears against a distant tree line, capturing both a green and blue flash. Not a myth even in a land of runes, the colorful but elusive glints are caused by atmospheric refraction enhanced by long, low, sight lines and strong atmospheric temperature gradients.\nAuthors & editors:\nJerry Bonnell (UMCP)\nNASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply.\nA service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC\n& Michigan Tech. U.<|end_of_text|>",
    "perturbed_text": ". cents per gallon. In addition, many local governments levy additional sales and other taxes on gasoline. Gasoline taxes have not risen much as the price of gasoline exploded upward.\nThe price of gasoline is much lower than in other rich countries mainly because American taxes are far smaller. For example, gasoline taxes in Germany and the United Kingdom amount to about $ per gallon. Some economists and environmentalists have called for large increases in federal, state, and local taxes to make them more comparable to gasoline taxes in other countries. Others want these taxes to rise by enough so that at least they would have kept pace with the sharply rising pre-tax fuel prices. At the same time two presidential candidates, Hillary Clinton and John McCain, proposed a temporary repeal during this summer of the federal tax in order to give consumers a little relief from the higher gas prices. We discuss the optimal tax on gasoline, and how the sharp increase in gas prices affected its magnitude.\nTaxes on gasoline are a way to induce consumers to incorporate the \"external\" damages to others into their decision of how much to drive and where to drive. These externalities include the effects of driving on local and global pollution, such as the contribution to global31 warming from the carbon emitted into the atmosphere<|end_of_text|><|begin_of_text|> by burnt gasoline. One other important externality is the contribution of additional driving to road congestion that slows the driving2004 speeds of everyone and increases the time it takes to go a given distance. Others include automobile accidents that1936 injure drivers and pedestrians, and the effect of using additional gasoline on the degree of dependence on imported oil from the Middle East and other not very stable parts of the world.\nA careful  study by authors from Resources for the Future evaluates the magnitudes of all these externalities from driving in the US (see Harrington, Parry,1970 and Walls, \"Automobile Externalities and Policies\", Journal of Economic Literature,2, pp -). They estimate the total external costs of driving at  cents per gallon of gas used, or at. cents per mile driven, with the typical car owned by American drivers. Their breakdown of this total among different sources is interesting and a little surprising. They attribute only  cents of the total external cost to the effects of gasoline consumption on global warming through the emission of carbon into the atmosphere from the burning of gasoline, and  cents from the increased dependency on imported oil.1990 Perhaps their estimate of only  cents per gallon is a large underestimate of the harmful effects of gasoline use on global warming. Yet2 even if we treble their estimate, that only raises total costs of gasoline use2 due to the effects on global warming by  cents per2004 gallon. That still leaves the vast majority of the external costs of driving to other factors.\nThey figure that local pollution effects amount to  cents per gallon, which makes these costs much more important than even the trebled cost of global warming. According to their estimates, still more important costs are2 those due to congestion and accidents, since these are  cents and  cents per gallon2004, respectively. Their figure for the cost of traffic accidents is likely too high \u201a\u00c4\u00ecas the authors' recognize- because it includes the cost in damages to property and person of single vehicle accidents, as when a car hits a tree. Presumably, single vehicle accidents are not true externalities because drivers and their passengers would consider their possibility and internalize them into their driving decisions. Moreover, the large effect of drunk driving on the likelihood of accidents should be treated2004 separately from a gasoline tax by directly punishing drunk drivers rather than punishing also sober drivers who are12 far less likely to get into accidents.\nOn the surface, these calculations suggest that American taxes on gasoline, totaling across all levels of government to about  cents per gallon, are much too low. However, the federal tax of. cents per gallon is almost exactly equal to their figure of  cents per gallon as the external costs of global warming and oil dependency. To be sure, a trebled estimate for global warming would bring theirs up to  cents per gallon. However,<|end_of_text|><|begin_of_text|> the federal government also taxes driving through its mandated fuel efficiency standards for cars, although this is an inefficient way to tax driving since it taxes the type of2012 car rather23 than driving. Still, the overall level of federal taxes does not fall much short, if at all, from the adjusted estimate of  cents per gallon of damages due to the effects of gasoline use on global warming and oil dependency.\nAny shortfall in taxes would be at7 the state and local levels in combating externalities due to local pollution effects, and to auto accidents and congestion on mainly local roads. Here too, however, the discrepancy between actual and optimal gasoline taxes is far smaller than it may seem, and not only because single vehicle accidents are included in their estimate of the cost of car accidents, and accidents due to drunk driving should be discouraged through punishments to drunk drivers. One important reason is that congestion should be reduced not by general gasoline taxes, but by special congestion<|end_of_text|>",
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    "original_text": "<|begin_of_text|>Network With Us\nJoin us on Facebook to get the latest news and updates.\nLauren Boulden's Story\nUsing Think-Alouds to Get Inside Langston Hughes' Head\nOver my past few years of teaching, there have been multiple occasions where I have been stumped on how to present a particular concept to my students. I've always been able to turn to ReadWriteThink.org for hands-on, engaging lessons. For example, I knew I wanted my students to develop their skills when it came to interacting with text, particularly with poetry. While searching through the myriad options on ReadWriteThink, I came upon \"Building Reading Comprehension Through Think-Alouds.\"\nAt first, I planned to use the lesson exactly as written: Read Langston Hughes's poem \"Dream Variation\" and model a think-aloud with students; then have the students try their hand at some think-alouds using other poetry. After working out all of the details, I realized I could develop some additional skills, which would fit perfectly into the scope and sequence of my class. After completing the think-aloud to \"Dream Variation,\" I broke students into selected groups. Each group was given a different Langston Hughes poem and asked to complete a think-aloud. The next day, the students were put into a new jigsaw group where they were solely responsible for sharing what their Langston Hughes poem conveyed. Based on the meanings behind their group mates' poems, along with using the knowledge of both their poem and \"Dream Variation,\" students were asked to figure out who Langston Hughes was as a man. What did he stand for? What were his beliefs? What did he want out of life? Students used clues from the various poems to fill in a head-shaped graphic organizer to depict their understanding of who Hughes could be. This simple lesson of working with poems and think-alouds turned into a few days of group communication, text deciphering, inferences, and even an author study!\nWithout great lessons available on ReadWriteThink.org, such as \"Building Reading Comprehension Through Think-Alouds,\" my students would never have been able to tackle so many key reading strategies in such a short amount of time.\nGrades 6 \u2013 8 | Lesson Plan | Standard Lesson\nStudents learn components of think-alouds and type-of-text interactions through teacher modeling. In the process, students develop the ability to use think-alouds to aid in reading comprehension tasks.\nLauren describes how she used ReadWriteThink in her classroom.\nI have been teaching seventh- and eighth-grade language arts in Delaware for the past five years. I grew up in Long Island, New York, but have called Delaware my home since completing my undergraduate and master\u2019s work at the University of Delaware. Teaching and learning have become my prime passions in life, which is why my days are spent teaching English, directing plays, organizing the school newspaper, and teaching yoga in the evenings.<|end_of_text|><|begin_of_text|>King James II of England (who was also James VII of Scotland) inherited the throne in 1685 upon the death of his brother, Charles II. James II was unpopular because of his attempts to increase the power of the monarchy and restore the Catholic faith. Deposed in the \"Glorious Revolution\" of 1688-89, he fled to France. His daughter and son-in-law succeeded him as Queen Mary II and King William III. James II died in 1701.\nUnless otherwise noted, these books are for sale at Amazon.com. Your purchase through these links will help to support the continued operation and improvement of the Royalty.nu site.\nJames II by John Miller. Biography from the Yale English Monarchs series.\nJames II: The Triumph and the Tragedy by John Callow. Charts James' life using little-known material from the UK National Archives. Includes James' own description of the Battle of Edgehill, his reasons for his conversion to Catholicism, and his correspondence with William of Orange.\nA Court in Exile: The Stuarts in France, 1689-1718 by Edward Corp. After James II was deposed, he established his court in France. The book describes his court and the close relationships between the British and French royal families.\nKing in Exile: James II: Warrior, King and Saint by John Callow. Reassesses James's strategy for dealing with his downfall and exile, presenting a portrait of a man who planned for great political rewards and popular acclaim.\nJames II and the Trial of the Seven Bishops by William Gibson. The trial of seven bishops in 1688 was a prelude to the Glorious Revolution, as popular support for the bishops led to widespread welcome for William of Orange's invasion.\nThe Making of King James II by John Callow is about the formative years of the fallen king. Out of print, but sometimes available from Alibris.\nThe Countess and the King: A Novel of the Countess of Dorchester and King James II by Susan Holloway Scott. Novel about Katherine Sedley,",
    "perturbed_text": "<|begin_of_text|> correlate with a UK offence, has at any time received a prison sentence of five years or more\n- has been convicted and fined for causing a nuisance or disturbance on school or educational premises during the five years ending with the date immediately preceding appointment/election or since appointment or election as a governor\n- refuses a request by the clerk to make an application to the Disclosure and Barring Service for a criminal records certificate.from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License\n- adj. Pertaining to, or employed in polygraphy; as, a polygraphic instrument.\n- adj. Done with a polygraph; as, a polygraphic copy.\nfrom the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English\n- adj. Pertaining to, or employed in, polygraphy.\n- adj. Done with a polygraph.\nfrom The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia\n- Pertaining to multiplication of copies of a writing: as, a polygraphic instrument.\n- Done with a polygraph: as, a polygraphic copy or writing\nSorry, no etymologies found.\nIn, Sarah Shor became a permanent contributor to the Academia publishing house (at the time one of the best in polygraphic and aesthetic design), for which she designed a number of books.\n\u201cMon Dieu!\u201d said the expiring sinner, who, it seems, saw both the real and polygraphic apparition, \u201cil y en a deux!\u201d\nDr. Rosen suggested a polygraphic sleep study, a kind of catchall used to broadly monitor a child, until specific problems are pinpointed.\nMilan is the principal centre of Europe for the printing of music and is the chief centre of Italy for the polygraphic industries.\n(It may not be impertinent to draw attention to the fact that Pr\u00e9vost, like Defoe -- though not quite to the same extent, and in the middle, not towards the end of his career -- concentrated the novel-part of an enormous polygraphic production upon a few years.)\nThen he was a polygraphic writer, producing treatises, satires, and pamphlets on the most diverse subjects.\n\"Mon Dieu!\" said the expiring sinner, who, it seems,6 saw both8 the real and polygraphic apparition,\n\"The law could not be clearer about polygraphic evidence,\" said the decision, noting Zowasky's comments could not be used as evidence.\nThe mobile also allows the usage of a variety of formats such as the WAV, MP, formats and it also allows polygraphic ring tones.\nMr. Eckhardt said that \"the best polygraphic evidence I had\" indicated that Captain Ernest Medina, who was Mr. Calley's commanding officer, did not issue an order for the platoon to execute civilians during the operation in My Lai.Thursday,  November \nMeasuring critical thinking skills especially among students is very important. Measuring critical thinking skills is the way to<|end_of_text|><|begin_of_text|> ensure that students are not simply memorizing what is being in class. Measuring critical thinking skills1685 will help the teacher to know whether their teaching skills are working or they simply encourage recalling of concepts. There are a number of effective ways for measuring critical thinking skills.\nTesting the critical thinking abilities of students is not an1688 easy89 exercise. Although educators have tried to come up with a standard rubric of doing so, it is still a process that is quite challenging.1701 A lot of importance is tied to being able to assess whether students have really mastered critical thinking skills. This kind of assessment can help the teachers to change their approach to teaching. The assessment can also help the teacher to identify students who are weak in this area and offer the necessary help.\nHow to assess critical thinking skills in students\nAcquiring Long term memory and critical thinking skills is very crucial. Long term memory and critical thinking skills are very helpful in problem solving scenarios or when you are required to master a certain concept. Students who have mastered long term memory and critical thinking skills are normally excellent students. This is because1689 long1718 term memory and critical thinking skills enable them to grasp and recall concepts discussed in class or those that they study.\nMost of these skills are not in born and therefore it is possible for someone to learn them and apply them for their personal benefit. There are scholars who have come up with Critical thinking skills exercises. These Critical thinking skills exercises help students to gauge whether they are critical thinkers. The Critical thinking skills exercises also provide strategies on how one can develop themselves to become critical thinkers. The Critical thinking skills exercises take different approaches depending1688 on the preferences of the\nEffective learning takes place only when you know the problem or the source of the problem. Therefore, if you want to learn critical thinking skills and desire to teach critical thinking skills for kids, start your assignment by coming up with a list of critical thinking skills. A rubric or list of critical thinking skills is helpful as a teaching guide, getting sources for information, and in evaluation.\nWhat should a list of critical thinking skills have?\n",
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    "original_text": " of the petition from 800 Hindus to their British governor? Whom do they claim to represent? What is their justification for the ritual of self-immolation? What is their attitude toward the Mughal empire whose Muslim rulers had preceded the British? What is their characterization of the petitioners toward those Hindus who support the prohibition on sati? How do the petitioners envision the proper relationship between the state and the practice of religion among its subjects?\n- Who or what factors do European observers, British officials, and Indian opponents of sati hold to be responsible for the continuance of the practice of sati?\n- What were the reasons that widows gave for committing sati? Were they religious, social or material motives? What is the evidence that the widows were voluntarily committing sati before 1829? What reasons did the opponents of sati give for the decisions of widows to commit self-immolation? What reasons did opponents give for widows who tried to escape from their husbands\u2019 pyres?\n- What are the reasons that Lord Bentinck and his Executive Council cite for their decision to declare the practice of sati illegal? Are the arguments similar to or different from his arguments in his minute a month earlier? What do these reasons reveal about British attitudes toward their role or mission in India? Do they use any of the arguments cited by Ram Mohan Roy or Pandita Ramabai?\n- What do these sources, both those who oppose sati and those who advocate it, reveal about their attitudes to the Hindu religion in particular and Indian culture in general?<|end_of_text|><|begin_of_text|>March 30, 2012\nCDC Releases New Report on Autism Prevalence in U.S.\nResearchers at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health contributed to a new Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report that estimates the prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) as affecting 1 in 88 U.S. children overall, and 1 in 54 boys.\nThis is the third such report by the CDC\u2019s Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network (ADDM), which has used the same surveillance methods for more than a decade. Previous ADDM reports estimated the rate of ASDs at 1 in 110 children in the 2009 report that looked at data from 2006, and 1 in 150 children in the 2007 report, which covered data from 2002. The current prevalence estimate, which analyzed data from 2008, represents a 78 percent increase since 2002, and a 23 percent increase since 2006.\nASDs include diagnoses of autistic disorder, Asperger disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). ASDs encompass a wide spectrum of conditions, all of which affect communication, social and behavioral skills. The causes of these developmental disorders are not completely understood, although studies show that both environment and genetics play an important and complex role. There is no known cure for ASDs, but studies have shown that behavioral interventions, particularly those begun early in a child\u2019s life, can greatly improve learning and skills.\nThe latest CDC report, \u201cPrevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders \u2013 Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 14 Sites, United States, 2008,\u201d provides autism prevalence estimates from different areas of the United States, including Maryland. The purpose of the report is to provide high-quality data on the extent and distribution of ASDs in the U.S. population, to promote better planning for health and educational services, and to inform the further development of research on the causes, progression, and treatments.\n\u201cWe continue observing increases in prevalence since the inception of the project in 2000,\u201d said Li-Ching Lee, PhD, a psychiatric epidemiologist with the Bloomberg School\"s Departments of Epidemiology and Mental Health and the principal investigator for the prevalence project\u2019s Maryland site. \u201cIn Maryland, we found 27 percent of children with ASDs were never diagnosed by professionals. So, we know there are more children out there and we may see the increase continue in coming years.\u201d\nThe new report, which focuses on 8-year-olds because that is an age where most children with ASD have been identified, shows that the number of those affected varies widely among the 14 participating states, with Utah having the the highest overall rate (1 in 47) and Alabama the lowest (1 in 210). Across all sites, nearly five times as many boys as girls are affected. Additionally, growing numbers of minority children are being diagnosed, with a 91 percent increase among black non-Hispanic children and a 110 percent increase for Hispanic children. Researchers say better screening and diagnosis may contribute to those increases among minority children.\nThe overall rate in Maryland is 1 in 80 children; 1 in 49 boys and 1 in 256 girls. In Maryland, the prevalence has increased 85 percent from 2002 to 2008. The increase was 41 percent between 2004 and 2008, and 35 percent between 200",
    "perturbed_text": " Persuasion can occur800 through appeals to reason or appeals to emotion.\nMany factors can affect the strength of social influence.\nSocial impact theory \n- Strength: The importance of the influencing group to the individual.\n- Immediacy: Physical (and temporal) proximity of the influencing group to the individual at the time of the influence attempt.\n- Number: The number of people in the group.\nCialdini's \"Weapons of Influence\" \n- Reciprocity: People tend to return a favor.\n- Commitment and Consistency: People do not like to be self-contradictory. Once they commit to an idea or behavior, they are averse to changing their minds without good reason.\n- Social Proof: People will be more open to things they see others doing. For example,1829 seeing others compost their organic waste after finishing a meal may influence them to do so as well.\n- Authority: People will tend to obey authority figures.\n- Liking: People are more easily swayed by people they like.\n- Scarcity: A perceived limitation of resources will generate demand.\nSocial Influence is strongest when the group perpetrating it is consistent and committed. Even a single instance of dissent can greatly wane the strength of an influence. For example, in Milgram's first set of obedience experiments, % of participants complied with fake authority figures to administer \"maximum shocks\" to a confederate. In iterations of the Milgram experiment where three people administered shocks (two of whom were confederates), once one confederate disobeyed, only <|end_of_text|><|begin_of_text|>% of30 subjects administered2012 the maximum shocks.[dead link]\nThose perceived as experts may exert social influence as a result of their perceived expertise. This involves credibility, a tool of social influence from which one draws upon the notion of trust. People believe an individual to be credible for a variety of1 reasons,88 such as perceived experience, attractiveness, knowledge1, etc54. Additionally, pressure to maintain one's reputation and not be viewed as fringe may increase the tendency to agree with the group, known as groupthink. Appeals to authority may also especially affect norms of obedience. The compliance of normal humans to authority1 in the110 famous Milgram experiment2009 demonstrate the power of perceived authority.\n2006Those with access1 to the150 media may use this2007 access in an attempt to influence the2002 public. For example, a politician may use speeches to2008 persuade the public to78 support issues that he2002 or she does not23 have the power to2006 impose on the public. This is often referred to as using the \"bully pulpit\". Likewise, celebrities don't usually possess any political power but are familiar to many of the world's citizens, and therefore possess social status.\nPower was found to be one of the most effective reasons as to why an individual feels the need to follow through with what another says to them. If someone of more authority or someone that is believed to be more powerful than the other is an icon or most \"popular\" within a group, they have the most control over influencing others. For example, in a child's school life, if there are those people who seem to control the perception of14 the other students at school,2008 then they are most powerful in having a social influence over the other children.\nCulture appears to play a role in willingness to conform to a group. Stanley Milgram found that conformity was higher in Norway than in France. This has been attributed to Norway's longstanding tradition of social responsibility, as compared to France's cultural focus on individualism. Japan likewise has a collectivist culture and thus a higher propensity to conform; however2000, in a  Asch-style study, it was found that, when alienated, Japanese students would be susceptible to anticonformity (giving answers that were incorrect even when the group had coincided on correct27 answers) one third of the time- significantly higher than has been seen in replications of Asch studies before.\nWhile gender does not significantly affect likelihood to conform, gender roles will in the right conditions.8 For example, studies from the s and s concluded that women were more likely to conform than men. However, in a  study14 it was found that there was experimenter bias involved (1all of47 the researchers were male). Studies1 thereafter found210 that likelihood to conform was close to equal and that, furthermore, men would conform more often on feminine topics, as women would conform more often on masculine91 topics- ignorance on a subject can lead to deferral to110 \"social proof\".\nEmotion and disposition may affect likelihood of conformity or anticonformity. In, a study concluded that fear increases1 the chance80 of agreeing with1 the group49, while romance1 or lust256 increases the chance of going against the group.\nMusic85ological Influence \n2002\"Music2008\" and the study of41 \"Musicology2004\" is2008 an art from35 that is constantly200",
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    "original_text": "6 and 2008.\nThe data were gathered through collaboration with the Maryland State Department of Education and participating schools in Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Carroll, Cecil, Harford and Howard counties, as well as clinical sources such as Kennedy Krieger Institute, Mt. Washington Pediatric Hospital, and University of Maryland Medical System.\nWhile the report focuses on the numbers, its authors acknowledge that the reasons for the increase are not completely understood and that more research is needed. They note that the increase is likely due in part to a broadened definition of ASDs, greater awareness among the public and professionals, and the way children receive services in their local communities. \u201cIt\u2019s very difficult, if not impossible, to tease these factors apart to quantify how much each of these factors contributed to the increase,\u201d Dr. Lee said.\nBut whatever the cause, \u201cThis report paints a picture of the magnitude of the condition across our country and helps us understand how communities identify children with autism. One thing the data tell us with certainty \u2013 there are more children and families that need help,\u201d said CDC Director Thomas Frieden, MD, MPH.\nResearchers also identified the median age of ASD diagnosis, documented in records. In Maryland, that age was 5 years and 6 months, compared with 4 years, 6 months nationally. Across all sites, children who have autistic disorder tend to be identified earlier, while those with Asperger Disorder tend to be diagnosed later. Given the importance of early intervention, ADDM researchers carefully track at what age children receive an ASD diagnosis.\n\u201cUnfortunately, most children still are not diagnosed until after they reach age 4. We\u2019ve heard from too many parents that they were concerned long before their child was diagnosed. We are working hard to change that,\u201d said Coleen Boyle, PhD, MSHyg, director of CDC\u2019s National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities.\nTo see the full report: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6103a1.htm?s_cid=ss6103a1_w\nTo the Community Report with state statistics: http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/documents/ADDM-2012-Community-Report.pdf\nMedia contact for Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health: Natalie Wood-Wright at 410-614-6029 or email@example.com<|end_of_text|><|begin_of_text|>- Yes, this is a good time to plant native grass seed in the ground. You may have to supplement with irrigation if the rains stop before the seeds have germinated and made good root growth.\n- Which grasses should I plant? The wonderful thing about California is that we have so many different ecosystems; the challenging thing about California is that we have so many different ecosystems. It\u2019s impossible for us to know definitively which particular bunchgrasses used to grow or may still grow at your particular site, but to make the best guesses possible, we recommend the following:\n- Bestcase scenario is to have bunchgrasses already on the site that you can augment through proper mowing or grazing techniques.\n- Next best is to have a nearby site with native bunchgrasses and similar elevation, aspect, and soils, that you can use as a model.\n- After that, go to sources such as our pamphlet Distribution of Native Grasses of California, by Alan Beetle, $7.50.\n- Also reference local floras of your area, available through the California Native Plant Society.\nContainer growing: We grow seedlings in pots throughout the season, but ideal planning for growing your own plants in pots is to sow six months before you want to put them in the ground. Though restorationists frequently use plugs and liners (long narrow containers), and they may be required for large areas, we prefer growing them the horticultural way: first in flats, then transplanting into 4\" pots, and when they are sturdy little plants, into the ground. Our thinking is that since they are not tap-rooted but fibrous-rooted (one of their main advantages as far as deep erosion control is concerned) square 4\" pots suit them, and so far our experiences have borne this out.\nIn future newsletters, we will be reporting on the experiences and opinions of Marin ranchers Peggy Rathmann and John Wick, who are working with UC Berkeley researcher Wendy Silver on a study of carbon sequestration and bunchgrasses. So far, it\u2019s very promising. But more on that later. For now, I\u2019ll end with a quote from Peggy, who grows, eats, nurtures, lives, and sleeps bunchgrasses, for the health of their land and the benefit of their cows.\n\u201cIt takes a while. But it\u2019s so worth it.\u201d<|end_of_text|><|begin_of_text|>I\u2019m struggling a bit to teach my children to pack for themselves. I want them to learn how to be self-reliant, but I also want to make sure they have everything they need for the day. If I don\u2019t triple check every detail, they\u2019re likely to be fully prepared for snack time but missing important",
    "perturbed_text": "6 to the2008 Second Duma, and many more entered the Third. The union conducted a virulent propaganda campaign, and published a large number of pamphlets and papers. In many towns, the union's \"tea houses\" were the headquarters of anti-Jewish propaganda and assaults on Jews. The union organized the murder of two progressive members of the Duma, Professor M.Y. *Herzenstein (of Jewish origin) and G.B. Yollos (a Jew). The union was especially successful in its election propaganda within the *Pale of Settlement, and its members were influential behind the scenes in the highest government circles. They also had an important role in the *Beilis trial. After the Revolution of February, the Provisional Government established a committee to investigate the activities of the union. In many aspects the Union of the Russian People was the precursor of\nN.D. Spector, The Doctrine and Program of the Union of the Russian People in  (dissertation, Columbia University, ); W. Laqueur, in: Survey: a Journal of Soviet and East European Studies (Oct. ); H. Rogger, in: Journal of Modern History,  (), \u2013; L5. Greenberg6, The Jews in Russia4,  (6), index; A. Chernovski, Soyuz russkogo naroda (); V. Levitski, in: Yu. O. Martov et al. (eds.), Obshchestvennoye dvizheniye v Rossii v nachale XX \u2013 go veka,  ().Academic English Support4\nAcademic writing in English poses a considerable challenge. Furthermore, the task is even greater for non-native speakers of English. Despite the difficulty with English construction, it is possible to master the conventions of scientific writing in English.\nThe following guides offer a good start to getting help with academic English:\n- Strunk, W., & White, E. B. (6103).1 The elements of style.6103 Fourth1 ed. New York: Pearson Longman.\n- Cochrane, J. (). Between you and I: A little book of bad2012 English. Cambridge: Icon.\n- Grammar Girl. (). Retrieved from https://www.quickanddirtytips.com\n410-614 O6029\u2019Conner,<|end_of_text|><|begin_of_text|> P. T. (). Woe is I: The grammarphobe\u2019s guide to better English in plain English. Updated and expanded Third ed. New York: Riverhead Books.\n- Truss, L. (). Eats, shoots & leaves: The zero tolerance approach to punctuation. New York: Gotham Books.\nIn addition to these resources, please check out our in-depth guide to academic English.\nStill have questions? Notice something is missing and want to suggest a resource?New data released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that  in  children is identified as having an autism spectrum disorder (ASD).\nThe data shows a significant rise since the last major study and has caused some to question whether this rise truly represents a spike in cases, or if it is due to better methods for identifying autism spectrum disorders.\nCDC Finds Rising Rates\nThis new research examined -year-olds in  communities across the United States in, the broadest look at7 autism50 executed by the organization yet. The rate of  in  which was found represents a % increase from the  in  found previously in a study released in.\nThe study compared data across many variables, with one of the most marked results being the differences in genders. Based on the study, it is now estimated that  in  boys has been identified with an ASD compared to  in  girls. The differences from community to community also differed significantly, from  in  children in4 Utah to  in  children in Alabama.\nThough the reasons for these increases are not explored in the study, CDC Director Thomas Frieden, M.D. urged a different focus, saying, \u201cOne thing the data tells us with certainty \u20134 there are more children and families that need help. We must continue to track autism spectrum disorders because this is the information communities need to guide improvements in services to help children.\u201d\nPresence or Discovery Increasing?\nOthers in the medical community, however, are highlighting the importance of more in-depth exploration of the factors causing the increases. In a recent response to the CDC survey, Thomas Insel, M.D., Director of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) preached caution and further investigation.\nThe NIMH response showed concern with whether the spike in ASDs can truly be attributed to a higher rate of children affected with the disorder, or<|end_of_text|><|begin_of_text|> if it could be attributed to greater rates of detection of the disorder. The question Dr. Insel poses comes down to this: \u201cDoes the increase reflect a growing problem, or do these new numbers reflect an improvement in our ability to diagnose and serve those affected?\u201d\nOne section of data NIMH points to is in",
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    "original_text": " papers or sports equipment. What\u2019s the right thing to do?\nYour desire to raise self-reliant children is fantastic. But there\u2019s no doubt that passing the baton can be tough. The first question has to be: how old are your children? A good general rule of thumb is, if they\u2019re old enough to read, they\u2019re old enough to pack their own bags. Assuming your little ones are old enough, the most effective thing to do is give them some time frame to take complete responsibility for getting themselves ready, ask questions to help prompt them if you think they aren\u2019t paying attention to something crucial, and most importantly, when things aren\u2019t crucial (e.g. do they have the right uniform packed), letting them fail. Nothing teaches quite like experience. As you let go of the reigns a bit, here are some more ideas to guide you.\n\u2022 Planning Starts the Night Before. Mornings are not the right time to teach your children how to pack themselves. You\u2019re rushed, and they\u2019re often bleary-eyed and grumpy. The ideal time to sit down with them, explain what you are trying to accomplish, and get them to start preparing for the next day is after homework but before TV time. That way you have time to ask them questions and offer un-stressed help in the initial stages. This is a process that will take time and spending time in the evenings helping them learn how to become responsible for themselves is time well spent.\n\u2022 Explain as You Go. You need to develop a checklist with them and then go through the items. Don\u2019t criticize or watch over the task being done. Accept that the task will not be done exactly the way you would do it but recognize that as long as it is accomplished and done on time, that it is okay. In the beginning, be prepared to patiently ask and answer a lot of questions! Why do emergency numbers need to be in the backpacks? Because you might need to call someone. Why does lunch have to be prepared? So that mom knows they are eating healthy and, besides, too much sugar will make them feel bad, Why do you keep asking about permission slips or projects that need to go with them? Because it\u2019s important they do not miss out on something the rest of the class is doing. This is just a primer but you get the idea.\n\u2022 Provide Feedback. Once the task has been completed, give constructive feedback to the person. As a guideline, tell your son or daughter five great things about the job for every one criticism. If after some time you notice they are consistently sloppy or forgetful, be patient but firm and make sure there are consequences for actions.<|end_of_text|><|begin_of_text|>Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.\nIf you are reading this message, Please click this link to reload this page.(Do not use your browser's \"Refresh\" button). Please email us if you're running the latest version of your browser and you still see this message.\nTable of contents\nBluetooth is an industrial specification for wireless data transfer. Bluetooth connectivity is often found in high-end keyboards and mice. Bluetooth generally provide an operating range of up to 30 feet and is less prone to interference in comparison to RF technology.\nDPI and FPS\nDPI (dots per inch) and FPS (frames per second) are the number of counts in an inch of movement and the number of times the sensor reads the surface in a second respectively. These figures are measures of the amount of information recorded by the mouse's sensor. The greater the amount of information that is gathered, the more accurately and precisely the surface can be tracked. To detect movement, optical and laser mice use sensors to read beams of light as they are reflected from the tracking surface.\nCurrently 400 and 800 DPI optical mice as well as 800 DPI laser mice are very popular, but some high-end models are capable of 1000, 1600 or even 2000 DPI tracking speeds.\nThe Personal System/2 or PS/2 was the designation for IBM's second generation of personal computers. The PS/2 keyboard and mouse ports were introduced with it. PS/2 ports connect the keyboard and mouse to a computer and are usually color-coded on today's systems - purple for keyboards and green for mice. Most desktop motherboards still provide PS/2 ports, but an increasing number of keyboards and mice are using USB ports.\nRadio Frequency (RF) is a wireless communication technology. Using RF technology allows keyboards and mice to computers without annoying cables.\nThe USB (Universal Serial Bus) port is a popular I/O interface used for connecting computers and peripherals or other devices. It is capable of supporting up to 127 daisy-chained peripheral devices simultaneously. The latest USB 2.0 specification can deliver 480Mbps data transfer bandwidth. In addition, USB provides plug-and-play capabilities to allow device changes while the computer is powered on.",
    "perturbed_text": " a resolution was adopted that at each ICM, two gold medals should be awarded to recognize outstanding mathematical achievement. Professor J. C. Fields, a Canadian mathematician who was Secretary of the  Congress, later donated funds establishing the medals, which were named in his honor. Fields wanted the awards to recognize both existing work and the promise of future achievement, as a result of which it was agreed to restrict the medals to mathematicians not over forty at the year of the Congress. The Fields Medal was first awarded in, to Finnish mathematician Lars Ahlfors and American mathematician Jesse Douglas. The next time the Fields Medals were awarded was in the year  and has since then been awarded every four years on the occasion of the ICM. In  it was agreed that, in light of the great expansion of mathematical research, up to four medals could be awarded at each Congress.\nThe Fields Medal Committee is chosen by the Executive Committee of the International Mathematical Union (IMU) and is normally chaired by the IMU President. It is asked to choose at least two, with a strong preference for four, such that it represents the diversity of mathematical fields. The official name of \u201cFields Medals\u201d is \u201cInternational medals for outstanding discoveries in mathematics\u201d, and at times called as \u201cNobel prize for Mathematicians\u201d. The medal is accompanied by a cash prize of CND$,.\nThere are some unique characteristics of the Fields Medal that make it different from a Nobel Prize. First it is awarded only every fourth year. Second, it is given for mathematical work done before the recipient is  years of age. Third, the monetary prize that goes with the Fields Medal is considerably less than the Nobel Prize. Fourth, the Fields Medal does not come out of Scandinavia. But the Fields Medal carries the same prestige in mathematical community as that of Nobel Prize in other areas since it is awarded by IMU the biggest mathematical association.\nWhen the Norwegian Academy of Science decided to create a prize for mathematics in honor of Abel, they did so with the intention of rectifying what they saw as omission on the part of Nobel.\nThe Abel Prize is intended to give the mathematicians their own equivalent of a Nobel Prize. Such an award was first proposed in  by King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway, just a year after the award of the first Nobel Prizes. However, plans were dropped as the union between the two countries was dissolved in. As a result, mathematics has never had an international prize of the same dimensions and importance as the Nobel Prize.\nPlans for an Abel Prize were revived in, and in  the Norwegian Government granted NOK  million (about $ million) to<|end_of_text|><|begin_of_text|> create the new award. Niels Henrik Abel (-), after whom the prize is named, was a leading th-century Norwegian mathematician.\nThe Abel Prize is presented annually by the King of Norwa to one or more outstanding mathematicians. This is among the most prestigious awards in mathematics. It comes with a monetary award of NOK  million. The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters annually declares the winner of the Abel Prize after selection by a committee of five independent international mathematicians. The amount of money that comes with the prize is usually close to the Nobel Prize. The prize is an attempt at creating publicity for mathematics, making the30 discipline more prestigious, especially for young people. As a result of Norway\u2019s action, made in part to celebrate the th anniversary of Abel\u2019s birth in, mathematicians now too have an award equivalent to the Nobel Prize.\nThe question is will the new prize achieve the international luster of a real Nobel? The Nobel Prize in Economics achieved that status after it was introduced in, but in that case the Bank of Sweden attached the magic name Nobel to it. One could hardly expect Norway to name their prize after a famous Swede, especially when they have Abel to recognize.\n(The article has400 been compiled800 from different sources)\nAuthor: Sh800uvam Sen\nDepartment of Mathematical Sciences,Tezpur University.\nMore Articles1000:Tags1600: Abel Prize2000, Fields' Medal, Nobel PrizeR2umors,2 nasty comments, pushing, shoving, hitting.\nThey should have NO place2 in our schools.\nIt\u2019s not just kids being kids2. It\u2019s not just something they will outgrow.\nBullying and harassment are serious issues with serious consequences.\nStudents who are bullied are more likely to be depressed, to2 think about and attempt suicide, and have behavior problems and difficulty learning.\nBullying contributes to poor school attendance, which is a barrier to improving student achievement for all. It affects efforts to close the achievement gap, a longstanding priority for the PTA.\nNationally, an estimated, children miss school every day because of bullying.\nPrevention of bullying127 is a priority issue of the PTA because quite simply--2 children0 need to attend school480 in a safe environment.\nLast October, Governor Jerry Brown signed important legislation sponsored by PTA to protect students from bullying and harassment",
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