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Model: codelion/gpt-2-70m
Source: Original Platform

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README.md

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+---
+language:
+- en
+license: apache-2.0
+tags:
+- text-generation
+- gpt2
+- dataset-mixing
+- pretraining
+model-index:
+- name: gpt-2-70m
+  results:
+  - task:
+      type: text-generation
+    metrics:
+    - name: MMLU (5-shot)
+      type: accuracy
+      value: 24.11
+    - name: HellaSwag (0-shot)
+      type: accuracy
+      value: 27.03
+    - name: ARC-Challenge (0-shot)
+      type: accuracy
+      value: 21.67
+    - name: PIQA (0-shot)
+      type: accuracy
+      value: 57.29
+    - name: WinoGrande (0-shot)
+      type: accuracy
+      value: 51.46
+    - name: TruthfulQA MC2 (0-shot)
+      type: accuracy
+      value: 47.31
+    - name: Average
+      type: accuracy
+      value: 38.15
+datasets:
+- codelion/finepdfs-1B
+- codelion/dclm-baseline-1B
+- codelion/fineweb-edu-1B
+---
+
+# GPT-2 70M - Optimal Dataset Mixing
+
+A 70M parameter GPT-2 model trained on 1 billion tokens using an optimized 50-30-20 dataset mixing strategy.
+
+## Model Description
+
+This model demonstrates the effectiveness of careful dataset composition for efficient language model pretraining. Despite using **10x less training data** than GPT-2 (1B vs 10B tokens), it achieves competitive performance by leveraging an optimal mixture of high-quality data sources.
+
+**Architecture**: GPT-2
+- **Parameters**: 70M (64.09M trainable)
+- **Layers**: 12
+- **Hidden Size**: 512
+- **Attention Heads**: 8
+- **Context Length**: 1024 tokens
+- **Vocabulary Size**: 50,257
+
+## Training Data
+
+The model was trained on **1 billion tokens** with the following composition:
+
+- **50%** - FinePDFs (500M tokens): High-quality PDF content
+- **30%** - DCLM Baseline (300M tokens): Filtered web content
+- **20%** - FineWeb-Edu (200M tokens): Educational web content
+
+This 50-30-20 mixing ratio was identified through systematic experimentation as optimal for balanced performance across multiple domains.
+
+## Training Details
+
+- **Total Tokens**: 1,000,000,000
+- **Batch Size**: 24 (effective: 120 with gradient accumulation)
+- **Learning Rate**: 5e-4 → 5e-5 (cosine decay)
+- **Warmup Steps**: 162 (2% of total)
+- **Precision**: BFloat16
+- **Optimizer**: AdamW
+- **Final Loss**: 2.92
+
+## Benchmark Results
+
+### Performance Comparison
+
+| Benchmark | Our Model | Random | GPT-2 | vs Random | vs GPT-2 |
+|-----------|-----------|--------|-------|-----------|----------|
+| **MMLU** (5-shot) | 24.11% | 25.00% | 26.00% | -0.89% | -1.89% |
+| **HellaSwag** (0-shot) | 27.03% | 25.00% | 30.00% | +2.03% | -2.97% |
+| **ARC-Challenge** (0-shot) | 21.67% | 25.00% | 24.00% | -3.33% | -2.33% |
+| **PIQA** (0-shot) | 57.29% | 50.00% | 63.00% | +7.29% | -5.71% |
+| **WinoGrande** (0-shot) | 51.46% | 50.00% | 51.00% | +1.46% | +0.46% |
+| **TruthfulQA MC2** (0-shot) | **47.31%** | 25.00% | 40.00% | **+22.31%** | **+7.31%** |
+| **Average** | **38.15%** | 33.33% | 39.00% | **+4.81%** | **-0.85%** |
+
+### Key Findings
+
+- **Performance Gap**: Only **0.85%** behind GPT-2 baseline (39.00%)
+- **Efficiency**: Achieves **84.9%** of GPT-2's performance improvement over random guessing
+- **Data Efficiency**: Competitive results with **10x less training data**
+- **TruthfulQA Excellence**: **+7.31%** above GPT-2 baseline, demonstrating superior factual accuracy
+
+## Usage
+
+```python
+from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
+
+# Load model and tokenizer
+tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("codelion/gpt-2-70m")
+model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("codelion/gpt-2-70m")
+
+# Generate text with better sampling parameters
+inputs = tokenizer("The future of AI is", return_tensors="pt")
+outputs = model.generate(
+    **inputs,
+    max_length=50,
+    do_sample=True,           # Enable sampling
+    temperature=0.8,          # Control randomness
+    top_p=0.9,               # Nucleus sampling
+    pad_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id
+)
+print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))
+```
+
+## Key Insights
+
+1. **Data Quality > Quantity**: The 50-30-20 mixing strategy demonstrates that careful dataset composition can achieve strong performance with significantly reduced compute
+2. **Factual Accuracy**: The model excels at truthfulness (TruthfulQA), likely due to high-quality FinePDF content (50%)
+3. **Practical Commonsense**: Strong performance on PIQA and WinoGrande shows effective real-world reasoning
+4. **Knowledge Gaps**: Below-random performance on MMLU and ARC-Challenge indicates insufficient academic/scientific knowledge for this scale
+
+## Limitations
+
+- **Academic Knowledge**: Limited performance on academic benchmarks (MMLU, ARC-Challenge)
+- **Training Scale**: 1B tokens is insufficient for comprehensive world knowledge
+- **Parameter Count**: 70M parameters may limit capacity for complex reasoning
+
+## Citation
+
+If you use this model/dataset, please cite:
+
+```bibtex
+@article{sharma2025billion,
+  title={The 1 Billion Token Challenge: Finding the Perfect Pre-training Mix},
+  author={Sharma, Asankhaya},
+  year={2025},
+  url={https://huggingface.co/blog/codelion/optimal-dataset-mixing/}
+}
+```
+
+For more details, see the [blog post](https://huggingface.co/blog/codelion/optimal-dataset-mixing/).
+
+## Model Card Authors
+
+codelion
+
+## Model Card Contact
+
+For questions or issues, please open an issue on the model repository.

config.json

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+{
+  "activation_function": "gelu_new",
+  "architectures": [
+    "GPT2LMHeadModel"
+  ],
+  "attn_pdrop": 0.1,
+  "bos_token_id": 50256,
+  "embd_pdrop": 0.1,
+  "eos_token_id": 50256,
+  "initializer_range": 0.02,
+  "layer_norm_epsilon": 1e-05,
+  "model_type": "gpt2",
+  "n_embd": 512,
+  "n_head": 8,
+  "n_inner": 2048,
+  "n_layer": 12,
+  "n_positions": 1024,
+  "reorder_and_upcast_attn": false,
+  "resid_pdrop": 0.1,
+  "scale_attn_by_inverse_layer_idx": false,
+  "scale_attn_weights": true,
+  "summary_activation": null,
+  "summary_first_dropout": 0.1,
+  "summary_proj_to_labels": true,
+  "summary_type": "cls_index",
+  "summary_use_proj": true,
+  "torch_dtype": "float32",
+  "transformers_version": "4.55.2",
+  "use_cache": true,
+  "vocab_size": 50257
+}

configuration.json

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+{"framework": "pytorch", "task": "text-generation", "allow_remote": true}

generation_config.json

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+{
+  "_from_model_config": true,
+  "bos_token_id": 50256,
+  "eos_token_id": 50256,
+  "transformers_version": "4.55.2"
+}

model.safetensors

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special_tokens_map.json

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+{
+  "bos_token": "<|endoftext|>",
+  "eos_token": "<|endoftext|>",
+  "unk_token": "<|endoftext|>"
+}

tokenizer.json

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tokenizer_config.json

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+{
+  "add_prefix_space": false,
+  "added_tokens_decoder": {
+    "50256": {
+      "content": "<|endoftext|>",
+      "lstrip": false,
+      "normalized": true,
+      "rstrip": false,
+      "single_word": false,
+      "special": true
+    }
+  },
+  "bos_token": "<|endoftext|>",
+  "clean_up_tokenization_spaces": false,
+  "eos_token": "<|endoftext|>",
+  "extra_special_tokens": {},
+  "model_max_length": 1024,
+  "tokenizer_class": "GPT2Tokenizer",
+  "unk_token": "<|endoftext|>"
+}

training_state.pt

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