thumb|250px|The [[Tree of life (biology)|tree of life showing the three domains of life on Earth]]

'''Evolution''' is a biological process. It is how living things change over time and how new species develop. The theory of evolution explains how evolution works, and how living and extinct things have come to be the way they are. 

The theory of evolution is an essential idea in biology. Theodosius Dobzhansky, a well-known evolutionary biologist, said: "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution".Dobzhansky, Theodosius 1973. Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. ''American Biology Teacher'' '''35''', 125-129. http://www.2think.org/dobzhansky.shtml

Evolution has been happening since life started on Earth and is happening now. Evolution is caused mostly by natural selection. Living things are not identical to each other. Even living things of the same species look, move, and behave differently to some extent. Some differences make it easier for living things to survive and reproduce. 

Differences may make it easier to find food, hide from danger, or give birth to offspring which survive. The offspring will have some of the things which made it easier for their parents to have and raise them. Over time, these good differences continue and are spread through the population. Many generations pass and living things change enough to become new species.

Individuals who have differences that make it harder to find food, have offspring or avoid being eaten are likely not to have offspring at all and so will not be parents of future generations.

It is known that living things have changed over time, because their remains can be seen in the rocks.  These remains are called 'fossils'.  They prove that the animals and plants of today are different from those of long ago.  The older the fossils, the bigger the differences from modern forms.Levin, Harold L. 2005. ''The Earth through time''. 8th ed, Wiley, N.Y. Chapter 6: Life on 
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The '''Fourier transform''' is a mathematical function that can be used to find the base frequencies that a wave is made of. Imagine playing a chord on a piano. When played, the sounds of the notes of the chord mix together and form a sound wave. This works because each of the different note's waves interfere with each other by adding together or canceling out at different points in the wave. A Fourier transform takes this complex wave and is able to find the frequencies that made it, meaning it can find the notes that a chord is made from.

The output of a Fourier transform is sometimes called a frequency spectrum or distribution because it displays a distribution of possible frequencies of the input. This function has many uses in cryptography, oceanography, machine learning, radiology, quantum physics as well as sound design and visualization.

The Fourier transform of a function f(x), sometimes written as \mathcal{F}\{f\}, is given by

F(\alpha)=\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} f(x) e^{-2 \pi i \alpha x} \, dx

where:

* \alpha is a frequency.
* F(\alpha) is the Fourier transform function and returns a value representing how prevalent frequency \alpha is in the original signal.
* e^{-2\pi i \alpha x} represents wrapping the input wave function f(x) around the origin of the complex plane at some frequency \alpha.

The '''inverse Fourier transform''' is given by

f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} F(\alpha) e^{+2 \pi i x \alpha} \, d \alpha 

A Fourier transform shows what frequencies are in a signal. For example, consider a sound wave which contains three different musical notes: A, B, and C. Making a graph of the Fourier transform of this sound wave (with the frequency on the ''x''-axis and the intensity on the ''y''-axis) will show a peak at each frequency which corresponds with one of the musical notes.

Many signals can be created by adding cosines and sines together with varying amplitudes and frequencies. The Fourier transform plots the amplitudes and phases of these co
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'''Algebra''' is a part of mathematics. It uses variables to represent a value that is not yet known or can be replaced with any value. When an equals sign (=) is used, this is called an equation. A very simple equation using a variable is: 2+3=x. In this example, x=5, or it could also be said that "x equals five". This is called ''solving for'' x.

Besides equations, there are inequalities (''less than'' and ''greater than''). A special type of equation is called the function. This is often used in making graphs because it always turns one input into one output.

Algebra can be used to solve real problems because the rules of algebra work in real life and numbers can be used to represent the values of real things. Physics, engineering and computer programming are areas that use algebra all the time. It is also useful to know in surveying, construction and business, especially accounting.

People who do algebra use the rules of numbers and mathematical operations used on numbers. The simplest are adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing. More advanced operations involve exponents, starting with squares and square roots.

Algebra was first used to solve equations and inequalities. Two examples are linear equations (the equation of a straight line, y=mx+b or y=mx+c) and quadratic equations, which has variables that are squared (multiplied by itself, for example: 2\cdot2, 3\cdot3, or x\cdot x).

== History ==
Early forms of algebra were developed by the Babylonians and Greek geometers such as Hero of Alexandria. However the word "algebra" is a Latin form of the Arabic word ''Al-Jabr'' ("casting") and comes from a mathematics book ''Al-Maqala fi Hisab-al Jabr wa-al-Muqabilah'', ("Essay on the Computation of Casting and Equation") written in the 9th century by a Persian mathematician, Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī, who was a Muslim born in Khwarizm in Uzbekistan. He flourished under Al-Ma'moun in Baghdad, Iraq through 813-833 CE, and died around 840 CE. The book w
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thumb|300px|A [[Brownian bridge, a stochastic process.]]
A '''Stochastic process''' is a mathematical description of random events that occur one after another. It is possible to order these events according to the time at which they occur.

This can be used to model such things as daily weather data, or exchange rate changes, or medical information like a patient's EKG, EEG, blood pressure or temperature.

Stochastic processes used in various disciplines, including physics, biology, finance, telecommunications, and operations research. They provide a powerful framework for analyzing and predicting the behavior of systems under uncertain conditions.

==References==

Category:Statistics
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In mathematics, a '''series''' is, roughly speaking, an addition of infinitely many terms, one after the other. The study of series is a major part of calculus and its generalization, mathematical analysis. Series are used in most areas of mathematics, even for studying finite structures in combinatorics through generating functions. The mathematical properties of infinite series make them widely applicable in other quantitative disciplines such as physics, computer science, statistics and finance.

Among the Ancient Greeks, the idea that a potentially infinite summation could produce a finite result was considered paradoxical, most famously in Zeno's paradoxes. Nonetheless, infinite series were applied practically by Ancient Greek mathematicians including Archimedes, for instance in the quadrature of the parabola. The mathematical side of Zeno's paradoxes was resolved using the concept of a limit during the 17th century, especially through the early calculus of Isaac Newton. The resolution was made more rigorous and further improved in the 19th century through the work of Carl Friedrich Gauss and Augustin-Louis Cauchy, among others, answering questions about which of these sums exist via the completeness of the real numbers and whether series terms can be rearranged or not without changing their sums using absolute convergence and conditional convergence of series. 

In modern terminology, any ordered infinite sequence (a_1,a_2,a_3,\ldots) of terms, whether those terms are numbers, functions, matrices, or anything else that can be added, defines a series, which is the addition of the  one after the other. To emphasize that there are an infinite number of terms, series are often also called '''infinite series''' to contrast with finite series, a term sometimes used for finite sums. Series are represented by an expression like
a_1+a_2+a_3+\cdots,
or, using capital-sigma summation notation,
\sum_{i=1}^\infty a_i.

The infinite sequence of additions expressed by a seri
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In computer science, '''breadth-first search (BFS)''' is a method used for traversing a graph. It starts at any item you want to use as a starting position in a graph, and explores all of the neighbor items at the present depth before to moving on to the items at the next depth level. A breadth-first search done on a tree (data structure) is called a level-order traversal.

thumb|187px|Animated example of a breadth-first search (level-order traversal) within a tree.

==Implementation==

void breadthFirstSearch(Item root) {
    Queue q = new Queue();
    root.found = true;
    q.enqueue(item);
    while (!q.isEmpty()) {
        Item v = q.dequeue();
        for (Item neighbor : v.neighbors()) {
            if (!neighbor.found) {
                neighbor.found = true;
                q.enqueue(neighbor);
            }
        }
    }
}

==Usage==
Though they have usage in a variety of disciplines, breadth first search algorithms are most often associated with finding the shortest distance between two points, such as on a map. 

==Related pages==
* Linear search
* Binary search
* Depth-first search
* Bidirectional search

Category:Searching and sorting algorithms
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thumb|300px|right|The minimum spanning tree of a [[planar graph. Each edge is labeled with its weight, which here is roughly proportional to its length.]]
A number of  problems from graph theory are called '''Minimum spanning tree'''. In graph theory, a tree is a way of connecting all the vertices together, so that there is exactly one path from any one vertex, to any other vertex of the tree. If the graph represents a number of cities connected by roads, one could select a number of roads, so that each city can be reached from every other, but that there is no more than one way to travel from one city to another.

A graph can have more than one spanning tree, just like there may be more than one way to select the roads between the cities.

Most of the time, graphs are weighted; each connection between two cities has a weight: It might cost something to travel on a given road, or one connection may be longer than the other, this means it takes more time to travel on that connection. In the language of graph theory, the connections are called ''edges''.

A minimum spanning tree is a tree. It is different from other trees in that it minimizes the total of the ''weights'' attached to the edges. Depending on what the graph looks like, there may be more than one minimum spanning tree. In a graph where all the edges have the same weight, every tree is a minimum spanning tree. If all the edges have different weights (that is: there are no two edges with the same weight), there is exactly one minimal spanning tree.

==Finding the minimum spanning tree==
===A first try===
It can be very simple to make an algorithm that will discover a minimum spanning tree:
  
  '''function''' MST(''G'',''W''):
     ''T'' = {}
     '''while''' ''T'' does not form a spanning tree:
         find the minimum weighted edge in ''E'' that is safe for ''T''
         ''T'' = ''T'' union {(''u'',''v'')}
     '''return''' ''T''

In this case, "safe" means that including the edge does not form a cycle 
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thumb|V8 (JavaScript engine) logo
A '''JavaScript engine''' is a program that runs JavaScript code. Web Browsers often have a JavaScript engine. It can also be used outside of web browsers, such as running services in Node.js or apps in the electron framework.

== Design ==
JavaScript was originally created as a scripting language to allow web pages to have changing, or dynamic, elements. Early Javascript engines were created as interpreters, programs that simply read the script and execute the instructions without analyzing it any more.

As JavaScript started being used more and more as a general-purpose language, execution speed, or how quickly the code is run, became more important for JavaScript engines. In response, many engines, such as V8 (Used in Chrome and Chromium) and SpiderMonkey (used in Firefox), started using Just-In-Time Compilation. In this method, it starts by compiling all of the code to optimized machine code, which is typically faster than interpretation, then running the result.

== References ==

Category:JavaScript
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'''Classical mechanics''' is the part of physics that describes how everyday things move and how their motion changes because of forces. If we know how things are moving now, classical mechanics allows us to predict how they will move in the future and how they were moving in the past. We can use classical mechanics to predict how things like planets and rockets move.

Classical mechanics is not accurate when things are the size of atoms or smaller: for those things, we use quantum mechanics instead. Classical mechanics is also not accurate when things move close to the speed of light: for those things, we use special relativity instead.

== Position, velocity, and acceleration ==

=== Position ===
The position of an object tells you where it is. For example, if you live in New York City and your friend lives in Seattle, your friend has a position of 3,876 kilometers (2,408 miles) west from you. But your friend would say that ''you'' have a position of 3,876 kilometers (2,408 miles) ''east'' from them instead. This is because position depends on where "position zero" or the ''origin'' is. For you, the origin is in New York City, but for your friend, the origin is in Seattle. So we make sure to always say where the origin is when we talk about position.

We talk about position using vectors: we first say a distance (such as 3,000 km) and then the direction (such as ''east'', ''left'', or ''38 degrees south''). If there is no direction, position is simply ''distance''. Position can sometimes be negative: for example, New York City is 3,876 kilometers (2,408 miles) east of Seattle and Seattle is ''negative'' 3,876 kilometers (2,408 miles) east of New York City. However, it is easier to say "west" instead of "negative east".

=== Velocity ===
When something moves, its position changes. You may pull a book closer to you, and the book has a new position. Or, you may walk away from your house and you have a new position. The velocity of an object tells you how fast the obj
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thumb|The Greek glyph "'''ψ'''" or "psi" when Latinized, is an old symbol for mental health and well being

'''Mental health''' encompasses emotional, psychological, and social well-being, influencing cognition, perception, and behavior. Mental health plays a crucial role in an individual's daily life when managing stress, engaging with others, and contributing to life overall. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is a "state of well-being in which the individual realizes their abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and can contribute to their community". It likewise determines how an individual handles stress, interpersonal relationships, and decision-making. Mental health includes subjective well-being, perceived self-efficacy, autonomy, competence, intergenerational dependence, and self-actualization of one's intellectual and emotional potential, among others.
Mental health also includes emotional, psychological, and social well-being, and it affects how people manage stress and make everyday decisions. 

From the perspectives of positive psychology or holism, mental health is thus not merely the absence of mental illness. Rather, it is a broader state of well-being that includes an individual's ability to enjoy life and to create a balance between life activities and efforts to achieve psychological resilience. Cultural differences, personal philosophy, subjective assessments, and competing professional theories all affect how one defines "mental health".

== Mental disorders ==

Mental health, as defined by the Public Health Agency of Canada, is an individual's capacity to feel, think, and act in ways to achieve a better quality of life while respecting personal, social, and cultural boundaries. Impairment of any of these is a risk factor for mental disorders, or mental illnesses, which is a component of mental health. In 2019, about 970 million people worldwide suffered from a mental disorder
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'''CSS''' is an abbreviation. It can stand for the following:
* Cascading Style Sheets, a technology to make HTML look better
* The Chinese Space Station, a planned space station in low earth orbit
* Content Scrambling System, a way to make it harder to copy DVDs
* Counter-Strike Source, an online first person shooter game
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The '''Laplace transform''' is a way to turn functions into other functions in order to do certain calculations more easily. This way of turning functions to other functions is very similar to U Substitution. The aim of this change is to be able to turn the hard work of integration into a simple algebraic addition and subtraction, just as logarithms allow one to add and subtract instead of multiplying and dividing. An example of its use is in ruin theory, which is a subject of actuarial science with regards to insurance.

Functions usually take a variable (say ''t'') as an input, and give some output (say ''f''). The Laplace transform converts these functions to take some other input (''s'') and give some other output (''F''). Because of certain shared properties of Laplace transforms, this makes it very easy to manipulate the original function into something useful.

In many kinds of engineering, especially electrical engineering and signal processing, the original function is said to be in the ''time domain'' and the new function given by the Laplace transform is said to be in the ''frequency domain''.

The Laplace transform of a function f(t), written as \mathcal{L}\{f(t)\} or F(s), is often formulated as:

:F(s) = \int_{0}^\infty {f(t) e^{-st} \mathrm{d}t} 
where:
*''f(t)'' is the input function
* ''t'' is the old domain
*''s'' is the new domain

== Related pages ==

* Fourier transform

== References ==

Category:Calculus
Category:Harmonic analysis
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'''Ethics''' is the study of good and bad behavior. It is one of the main parts of philosophy. Ethics tries to answer questions like:

* What actions are good? What actions are evil?
* How can we tell the difference?
* Are good and evil the same?
* How should we make hard decisions that might help or hurt other people?
* How do our actions affect others?

== Ideas about ethics ==
When discussing ethics, the philosophy is generally separated into:
* thinking about morality,
* the involvement of science, 
* the freedom of people to decide for themselves how to act within their own beliefs.

''Morality'' is what someone thinks or feels is good or bad.  There are many different moralities, but they share some things.  For example, most people think that murder (killing somebody) is wrong. (compare Exodus 20:13)  Some philosophers hope to find more things that moralities share.  They think that ethics should use the scientific method to study things that people think are good or bad.  Their work can be used to test the fairness of a situation, such as how people should treat each other.  An example of this kind of thinking is the categorical imperative.  Many countries have laws based on this idea of fairness.

== What is ethics used for? ==
Understanding ethics can help people decide what to do when they have choices. Many philosophers think that doing anything or making any choice is a part of ethics.

Ethics is part of other fields of study in many ways. Here are some ways:

* Ethics is part of the study of religion. In religion, people often learn what is good or bad from what they believe about God (or gods). Some important ideas about what is good or bad have come from religion. See Ten Commandments.
* Some theories of economics say ethics has to do with money. Money is a big part of most people's lives. Thinking about morality can be important in economics. For example, there is a saying about ethics taken from the Bible that 'the love of money is the root of all 
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thumb|right|200px|The structure of part of a DNA double helix 
180px|thumb|Chemical [[structure
 of DNA. The phosphate groups are yellow, the deoxyribonucleic sugars are orange, and the nitrogen bases are green, purple, pink, and blue. The atoms shown are: P=phosphorus O=oxygen =nitrogen H=hydrogen]]180px|thumb|right|DNA being copied

'''DNA''', short for '''deoxyribonucleic acid''', is the molecule that contains the genetic code of living  organisms. This includes animals, plants, protists, archaea and bacteria. It is made up of two polynucleotide chains in a double helix.

DNA, present in most cells such as skin, muscle, and nerve cells, contains the genetic instructions that cells use to make proteins, but it is absent in some cells like mature red blood cells. Mostly, these proteins are enzymes. DNA is inherited by children from their parents. This is why children share traits with their parents, such as skin, hair and eye color. The DNA in a person is a combination of the DNA from each of their parents.

Part of an organism's DNA is "non-coding DNA" sequences. They do not code for protein sequences. Some noncoding DNA is transcribed into non-coding RNA molecules, such as transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, and regulatory RNAs. Other sequences are not transcribed at all, or give rise to RNA of unknown function. The amount of non-coding DNA varies greatly among species. For example, over 98% of the human genome is non-coding DNA,Elgar G. & Vavouri T. 2008. Tuning in to the signals: non-coding sequence conservation in vertebrate genomes. ''Trends Genet''. '''24''' (7): 344–52.  while only about 2% of a typical bacterial genome is non-coding DNA.

Viruses use either DNA or RNA to infect organisms. The genome replication of most DNA viruses takes place in the cell's nucleus, whereas RNA viruses usually replicate in the cytoplasm.

Inside eukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into chromosomes. Before cell division, more chromosomes are made in the process of DNA replication. E
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In probability theory, the '''central limit theorem''' ('''CLT''') states that, under appropriate conditions, the distribution of a normalized version of the sample mean converges to a standard normal distribution. This holds even if the original variables themselves are not normally distributed. There are several versions of the CLT, each applying in the context of different conditions.

The theorem is a key concept in probability theory because it implies that probabilistic and statistical methods that work for normal distributions can be applicable to many problems involving other types of distributions.

This theorem has seen many changes during the formal development of probability theory. Previous versions of the theorem date back to 1811, but in its modern form it was only precisely stated in the 1920s.}}

In statistics, the CLT can be stated as: let X_1, X_2, \dots, X_n denote a statistical sample of size n from a population with expected value (average) \mu and finite positive variance \sigma^2, and let \bar{X}_{n} denote the sample mean (which is itself a random variable). Then the limit as n\to\infty of the distribution of (\bar{X}_n-\mu) \sqrt{n}  is a normal distribution with mean  0  and variance \sigma^2.

In other words, suppose that a large sample of observations is obtained, each observation being randomly produced in a way that does not depend on the values of the other observations, and the average (arithmetic mean) of the observed values is computed. If this procedure is performed many times, resulting in a collection of observed averages, the central limit theorem says that if the sample size is large enough, the probability distribution of these averages will closely approximate a normal distribution.

The central limit theorem has several variants. In its common form, the random variables must be independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.). This requirement can be weakened; convergence of the mean to the normal distribution also occurs f
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|space_worst=O(''n'')
|search_avg=O(1 + ''n''/''k'')
|search_worst=O(''n'')
|insert_avg=O(1)
|insert_worst=O(1)
|delete_avg=O(1 + ''n''/''k'')
|delete_worst=O(''n'')
}}
thumb|315px|right|A small phone book as a hash table

A '''hash table''' is a type of tool for storing information. In computer science, these tools for keeping track of information, or data, are called data structures.
A hash table is a data structure that uses a hash function to keep track of where data is. 
Each piece of information to be stored has a name, which is called a key. For example, a key might be a person's name. Each name is matched up to one piece of data called a value, like the person's telephone number. 

The data is kept in another data structure called an array, which is like many boxes, or buckets, in a column to hold data. Each box has a number starting from 0 and counting up. 

The idea behind a hash table is to find the box for a value using only its name. This means that no matter how many boxes there are, one can find information quickly by its name. It is very fast to use the box of an array by its number. A hash function reads a name and gives back a number. A hash table uses a hash function to find a box number for a name. 

A good hash table will always find information at the same speed, no matter how much data is put in. A lot of hash tables also let the user put key/value pairs (a name and its data) in and take them out at the same speed.
  

Because of this, hash tables can often find information faster than other tools, such as search trees or other table lookup structures. As a result, they are used in many kinds of computer software. They are used most often for associative arrays, databases, caches, and sets.

==Uses==
Many programming languages use hash tables, either as built-in associative arrays or as part of their standard library.

* .NET_Framework, which can be used from languages such as C# and VB.NET.
* JavaScript MDN |url=https://developer.mozilla.org/
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'''Insertion sort''' is a simple sorting algorithm that builds the final sorted array (or list) one item at a time by comparisons. It is much less efficient on large lists than more advanced algorithms such as quicksort, heapsort, or merge sort. However, insertion sort provides several advantages:

* Simple implementation: Jon Bentley shows a version that is three lines in C-like pseudo-code, and five lines when optimized.
* Efficient for (quite) small data sets, much like other quadratic (i.e., O(''n''2)) sorting algorithms
* May be more efficient in practice than most other simple quadratic algorithms such as selection sort or bubble sort  but relative incoming data order and read/write costs matter  with high exchange costs and randomly ordered data, selection sort is faster
* Adaptive, i.e., efficient for data sets that are already substantially sorted: the time complexity is O(''kn'') when each element in the input is no more than  places away from its sorted position
* Stable; i.e., does not change the relative order of elements with equal keys
* In-place; i.e., only requires a constant amount O(1) of additional memory space
* Online; i.e., can sort a list as it receives it

When people manually sort cards in a bridge hand, most use a method that is similar to insertion sort.

==Algorithm==
300px|thumb|right|A graphical example of insertion sort. The partial sorted list (black) initially contains only the first element in the list. With each iteration one element (red) is removed from the "not yet checked for order" input data and inserted in-place into the sorted list.

Insertion sort iterates, consuming one input element each repetition, and grows a sorted output list. At each iteration, insertion sort removes one element from the input data, finds the correct location within the sorted list, and inserts it there. It repeats until no input elements remain.

Sorting is typically done in-place, by iterating up the array, growing the sorted list behind it. At e
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thumb|250px|right|Babylonian clay tablet YBC 7289 (c. 1800–1600 BCE) with annotations. The approximation of the [[square root of 2 is four sexagesimal figures, which is about six decimal figures. 1+24/60+51/60^2+10/60^3\approx1.41421296]]

'''Numerical analysis''' studies different algorithms to get approximations for  problems of mathematical analysis. Approximations are used for the following reasons:
# There are no known ways to solve a problem using calculus. Examples for such problems are the Navier–Stokes equationsConstantin, P., & Foias, C. (1988). Navier-stokes equations. University of Chicago Press.Temam, R. (2001). Navier-Stokes equations: theory and numerical analysis (Vol. 343). American Mathematical Society.Foias, C., Manley, O., Rosa, R., & Temam, R. (2001). Navier-Stokes equations and turbulence (Vol. 83). Cambridge University Press.Girault, V., & Raviart, P. A. (2012). Finite element methods for Navier-Stokes equations: theory and algorithms (Vol. 5). Springer Science & Business Media. or the Three-body problem
# There is a way to solve a problem using calculus. Getting an exact solution is impractical though, because it requires a long time, or many resources. An example for this is calculating power series.

One of the earliest known uses of numerical analysis is a Babylonian clay tablet, which approximates the square root of 2. In a unit square, the diagonal has this length. Being able to compute the sides of a triangle is extremely important, for instance, in carpentry and construction.The New Zealand Qualification authority specifically mentions this skill in document 13004 version 2, dated 17 October 2003 titled [https://www.nzqa.govt.nz/nqfdocs/units/pdf/13004.pdf CARPENTRY THEORY: Demonstrate knowledge of setting out a building]

Numerical analysis continues this long tradition of practical mathematical calculations. Much like the Babylonian approximation of \sqrt2, modern numerical analysis does not seek exact answers, because exact answers 
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The '''periodic table''' is a table that puts all known chemical elements in a specific order. Elements that have similar characteristics are often put near each other.  In the table, the elements are placed in the order of their atomic numbers starting with the lowest number of one, hydrogen. The atomic number of an element is the same as the number of protons in that particular nucleus of an atom. In the  table the elements are arranged into ''periods'' and ''group.'' A row of elements across the table is called a ''period''. Each period has a number; from 1 to 8. Period 1 has only 2 elements in it: hydrogen and helium. Period 2 and Period 3 both have 8 elements. Other periods are longer. Elements in a period have consecutive atomic numbers. 

The periodic classification of elements offers a systematic approach to organizing and studying the universe's vast array of elements. This method is crucial for comprehending the chemistry of elements and their compounds. By grouping elements with similar properties, scientists uncover patterns and trends in these fundamental building blocks of matter. '''[https://learnwithvdk.blogspot.com/2024/08/periodic-classification-of-elements.html Read more ...]'''

center|thumb|507x507px|A standard periodic table
A column of elements down the table is called a ''group''. There are 18 groups in the standard periodic table.  Each group has a number: from 1 to 18. Elements in a group have electrons arranged in similar ways, according to the number of valency electrons, which gives them similar chemical properties (they behave in similar ways).  For example, group 18 is known as the noble gases because they are all gases and they do not combine with other atoms. '''[https://learnwithvdk.blogspot.com/2024/08/periodic-classification-of-elements.html Read more ...]'''

There are two systems of group numbers; one using Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3) and the other using Roman numerals (I, II, III). The Roman numeral names were used in most of the
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thumb|Similarly to a stack of plates, adding or removing is only practical at the top.
thumb|350px|right|Simple representation of a stack runtime with ''push'' and ''pop'' operations

In computer science, a '''stack''' is an abstract data type that serves as a collection of elements with two main operations:
* '''Push''', which adds an element to the collection, and
* '''Pop''', which removes the most recently added element.
Additionally, a peek operation can, without modifying the stack, return the value of the last element added (the item at the top of the stack). The name ''stack'' is an analogy to a set of physical items stacked one atop another, such as a stack of plates. 

The order in which elements are added to or removed from a stack is described as '''last in, first out''', referred to by the acronym '''LIFO'''. As with a stack of physical objects, this structure makes it easy to take an item off the top of the stack, but accessing a datum deeper in the stack may require removing multiple other items first.

Considered a sequential collection, a stack has one end which is the only position at which the push and pop operations may occur, the ''top'' of the stack, and is fixed at the other end, the ''bottom''. A stack may be implemented as, for example, a singly linked list with a pointer to the top element.

A stack may be implemented to have a bounded capacity. If the stack is full and does not contain enough space to accept another element, the stack is in a state of stack overflow.

==History==

Stacks entered the computer science literature in 1946, when Alan Turing used the terms "bury" and "unbury" as a means of calling and returning from subroutines. Subroutines and a two-level stack had already been implemented in Konrad Zuse's Z4 in 1945.

Klaus Samelson and Friedrich L. Bauer of the Technical University of Munich proposed the idea of a stack called  ("operational cellar") in 1955 and filed a patent in 1957. In March 1988, by which time Samelson wa
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alt=A two-state Markov chain|thumb|A two-state Markov chain. The [[probability of switching from one state to another is indicated by the numbers next to the arrows.]]
A '''Markov chain''' is a model of some random process that happens over time. Markov chains are called that because they follow a rule called the Markov property. The Markov property says that whatever happens next in a process only depends on how it is right now (the state). It doesn't have a "memory" of how it was before. It is helpful to think of a Markov chain as evolving through discrete steps in time, although the "step" doesn't need to have anything to do with time.

Markov chains can be discrete or continuous. Discrete Time Markov Chains are split up into discrete time steps, like t = 1, t = 2, t = 3, and so on. The probability that a chain will go from one state to another state depends only on the state that it's in right now. Continuous Time Markov Chains are chains where the time spent in each state is a real number. The amount of time the chain stays in a certain state is randomly picked from an exponential distribution, which basically means there's an average time a chain will stay in some state, plus or minus some random variation.

An example of a Markov chain are the dietary habits of a creature who only eats grapes, cheese or lettuce, and whose dietary habits conform to the following (artificial) rules:
* It eats exactly once a day.
* If it ate cheese yesterday, it will eat lettuce or grapes today with equal probability for each, and zero chance of eating cheese.
* If it ate grapes yesterday, it will eat grapes today with probability 1/10, cheese with probability 4/10 and lettuce with probability 5/10.
* Finally, if it ate lettuce yesterday, it won't eat it again today, but will eat grapes with probability 4/10 or cheese with probability 6/10.

This creature's eating habits can be modeled with a Markov chain since its choice depends on what it ate yesterday, not additionally on wha
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thumb|right|250px|
A '''Moon landing''' is the arrival of a spacecraft on the surface of the Moon. It is a follow up to Project Mercury. This includes both crewed and uncrewed (robotic) missions. The first man-made object to reach the surface of the Moon was the Soviet Union's Luna 2 mission, on 13 September 1959.

The United States' Apollo 11 was the first crewed mission to land on the Moon, on 20 July 1969.[http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/apollo11_40th.html NASA Apollo 11 40th anniversary]. There have been six missions with people onboard that landed on the Moon between 1969 and 1972. There were also numerous landings without people onboard, with no soft landings happening from 22 August 1976 until 14 December 2013.

To date, the United States is the only country to have successfully landed humans on the Moon. The last mission was in December, 1972, and the last human to walk on the Moon was Gene Cernan.

== References ==

Category:Moon
Category:Astronomy
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thumb|250px|right|[[Tim Henman hitting a backhand volley]]
right|thumb|200px|[[Andy Roddick before serving]]
thumb|Tennis balls
thumb|A female player
thumb|Scoreboard
'''Tennis''' is a sport played with a felt-covered rubber ball, a tennis racket, and a court. It is quite popular, and many people enjoy watching it.  

In the early 11th century, players in France first played with their hands a similar sport, which was called “''jeu de paume''”. In the 15th century, the players played with rackets. The sporty is now is called “tennis” and became popular in England and France. King Henry III of France was a big fan of the sport, which is now known as real tennis ("real" here meaning "royal"). The sport of "lawn tennis", played on grass courts, was invented in mid 19th-century England and later spread into many other countries.Tyzack, Anna, [http://www.countrylife.co.uk/news/culture/article/79487/The_True_Home_of_Tennis.html The True Home of Tennis]  ''Country Life'', 22 June 2005[http://www.itftennis.com/abouttheitf/worldwide/history.asp History of Tennis]  International Tennis Federation. Retrieved 28 July 2008.  

==Tennis matches==
There are many different kinds of courts, like grass, clay, or hard court. The goal of tennis is to hit the ball over the net into the other player’s court. When the other player cannot return the ball, a point is won. The game is played with two or four people  When it is played with two people, it is called "singles"''',''' and when it is played with four people, it is called "doubles". The court has "alleys" on each side, which are "fair" territory during doubles.

A tennis game has a number of sets. Each set has a number of games, and each game has points. The points are counted love (0, after the French ''l'oeuf''), fifteen (15), thirty (30), and forty (40). If both players get to forty, the score is ''deuce'' from which two more points are needed to win the game. When one player reaches six games, one set is finished.

During a thr
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In mathematics, the '''Laplace transform''', named after Pierre-Simon Laplace (), is an integral transform that converts a function of a real variable (usually , in the ''time domain'') to a function of a complex variable s (in the complex-valued frequency domain, also known as '''''s''-domain''' or '''''s''-plane''').  The functions are often denoted using a lowercase symbol for the time-domain function and the corresponding uppercase symbol for the frequency-domain function, e.g. x(t) and .

The transform is useful for converting differentiation and integration in the time domain into the algebraic operations multiplication and division in the Laplace domain (analogous to how logarithms are useful for simplifying multiplication and division into addition and subtraction). This gives the transform many applications in science and engineering, mostly as a tool for solving linear differential equations and dynamical systems by replacing ordinary differential equations and integral equations with algebraic polynomial equations, and by replacing convolution with multiplication.

For example, through the Laplace transform, the equation of the simple harmonic oscillator (Hooke's law) x''(t) + kx(t)=0 is converted into the algebraic equation s^2X(s) - s x(0) - x'(0) +kX(s) = 0, which incorporates the initial conditions x(0) and , and can be solved for the unknown function .  Once solved, the inverse Laplace transform can be used to transform it to the original domain. This is often aided by referencing tables such as that given below.

The Laplace transform is defined (for suitable functions ) by the integral

 \mathcal{L}\{f\}(s) = \int_0^\infty f(t) e^{-st} \, dt,

where  is a complex number.

The Laplace transform is related to many other transforms. It is essentially the same as the Mellin transform and is closely related to the Fourier transform. Unlike for the Fourier transform, the Laplace transform of a function is often an analytic function, meaning that it can b
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'''Optics''' is the science of light and how it interacts with the world. Optics explains how rainbows exist, how light reflects off mirrors, how light refracts through glass or water, and what splits light shining through a prism. In addition to visible light in the standard "spectrum" of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, optics also deals with invisible parts of the whole electromagnetic spectrum of which visible light is only a small part.

Optics is both a science and an area of engineering. It has been used to make many useful things, including eyeglasses, cameras, telescopes, and microscopes. Many of these things are based on lenses, which focus light and can make images of things that are bigger or smaller than the original.

While optics is an old science, new things are still being discovered in it. Scientists have learned how to make light travel through a thin optical fiber made of glass or plastic. Light can go long distances in a fiber. Fibers are used to carry phone calls and the Internet through cities and around the world.

== Related pages ==
*Spectroscopy
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In probability and statistics, the '''binomial distribution''' is a probability distribution which models the probabilities of having a certain number of successes among ''n'' identical trials (each having ''p'' as the probability of success). It is also written as \operatorname{Bin}(n, p). The variables n and p are thus the two parameters of a binomial distribution.

The binomial distribution has discrete values. It counts the number of successes in yes/no-type experiments. Each of these experiment, also called Bernoulli trial, either results in success or failure. Examples of binomial distribution include:
* Tossing a coin 10 times, and counting the number of ''face-up''s. (n=10, p=1/2)
* Rolling a dice 10 times, and counting the number of sixes. (n=10, p=1/6)
* Counting the number of green-eyed people among 500 randomly chosen people (assuming that 5% of all people have green eyes). (n=500, p=0.05)
In order to use the binomial distribution, the following must be true about the problem:
# The outcomes are '''mutually exclusive''', that is, there are two possible outcomes which cannot occur simultaneously (for example. in flipping a coin, there are two possible outcomes: '''heads''' or '''tails'''. It is always one or the other, never both or a mix of outcomes).
# The probability of a success (p) is consistent throughout the problem (for example, a basketball player makes 85% of his free throws. Each time the player attempts a free throw, 85% is assumed to be the likelihood of a made shot).
# The trials are '''independent''' of each other (for example, on the second flip of a coin, the first outcome does not impact the chance of the next toss: the chance of tossing a heads (or tails) is still 50%).

== Related pages ==

* Bernoulli distribution
* Poisson distribution

== References ==

Category:Probability distributions
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'''Database normalization''' is the process of structuring a relational database in accordance with a series of '''''normal forms''''' to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity. It was first proposed by British computer scientist Edgar F. Codd as part of his relational model.

Normalization entails organizing the columns (attributes) and tables (relations) of a database to ensure that their dependencies are properly enforced by database integrity constraints. It is accomplished by applying some formal rules either by a process of ''synthesis'' (creating a new database design) or ''decomposition'' (improving an existing database design).

== Objectives ==
A basic objective of the first normal form defined by Codd in 1970 was to permit data to be queried and manipulated using a "universal data sub-language" grounded in first-order logic."The adoption of a relational model of data ... permits the development of a universal data sub-language based on an applied predicate calculus. A first-order predicate calculus suffices if the collection of relations is in normal form. Such a language would provide a yardstick of linguistic power for all other proposed data languages, and would itself be a strong candidate for embedding (with appropriate syntactic modification) in a variety of host languages (programming, command- or problem-oriented)." Codd, [https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/362384.362685 "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks"] , p. 381 An example of such a language is SQL, though it is one that Codd regarded as seriously flawed.Codd, E.F. Chapter 23, [https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/77708.C1065772 "Serious Flaws in SQL"], in ''The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2''. Addison-Wesley (1990), pp. 371–389

The objectives of normalization beyond 1NF (first normal form) were stated by Codd as:

thumb|280px|An '''insertion anomaly'''. Until the new faculty member, Dr. Newsome, is assigned to teach at least one course, their detai
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}}
thumb|300px|A definite integral of a function can be represented as the [[signed area of the region bounded by its graph and the horizontal axis; in the above graph as an example, the integral of f(x) between a and b is the yellow (−) area subtracted from the blue (+) area|alt=Definite integral example]]

In mathematics, an '''integral''' is the continuous analog of a sum, and is used to calculate areas, volumes, and their generalizations. The process of computing an integral, called '''integration''', is one of the two fundamental operations of calculus, along with differentiation.Integral calculus is a very well-established mathematical discipline for which there are many sources. See  and , for example. Integration was initially used to solve problems in mathematics and physics, such as finding the '''area under a curve''', or determining displacement from velocity. Usage of integration expanded to a wide variety of scientific fields thereafter.

A '''definite integral''' computes the signed area of the region in the plane that is bounded by the graph of a given function between two points in the real line. Conventionally, areas above the horizontal axis of the plane are positive while areas below are negative. Integrals also refer to the concept of an ''antiderivative'', a function whose derivative is the given function; in this case, they are also called ''indefinite integrals''. The fundamental theorem of calculus relates definite integration to differentiation and provides a method to compute the definite integral of a function when its antiderivative is known; differentiation and integration are inverse operations.

Although methods of calculating areas and volumes dated from ancient Greek mathematics, the principles of integration were formulated independently by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in the late 17th century, who thought of the area under a curve as an infinite sum of rectangles of infinitesimal width. Bernhard Riemann later gave a 
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thumb|400px|right|Several sets of (''x'', ''y'') points, with the [[Pearson correlation coefficient of ''x'' and ''y'' for each set. The correlation reflects the noisiness and direction of a linear relationship (top row), but not the slope of that relationship (middle), nor many aspects of nonlinear relationships (bottom). N.B.: the figure in the center has a slope of 0 but in that case, the correlation coefficient is undefined because the variance of ''Y'' is zero.]]

In statistics, '''correlation''' is a type of statistical relationship between two random variables or bivariate data. It usually refers to the extent to which a pair of quantities are linearly related. More generally, an arbitrary relationship between variables is called an '''association''', meaning the degree to which the variability in one can be accounted for by the other.Upton, G., Cook, I. (2006) ''Oxford Dictionary of Statistics'', 2nd Edition, OUP. ISBN 978-0-19-954145-4 

The presence of a correlation is not sufficient to infer the presence of a causal relationship (i.e., correlation does not imply causation).
Furthermore, the concept of correlation is not the same as dependence: if two variables are independent, then they are uncorrelated, but the opposite is not necessarily trueeven if two variables are uncorrelated, they might be dependent on each other.

Correlations are useful because they can indicate a predictive relationship that can be exploited in practice. For example, an electrical utility may produce less power on a mild day based on the correlation between electricity demand and weather. In this example, there is a causal relationship, because extreme weather causes people to use more electricity for heating or cooling. 

There are several correlation coefficients that may be used to measure correlation, often denoted \rho or r. The most common of them is the , which is sensitive only to a linear relationship between two variables (which in turn may be present even when one var
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thumb|150px|[[Animals: Hoverfly on a Compositae inflorescence]]
thumb|150px|[[Plants: Wheat]]
thumb|150px|[[Fungi: ''Morchella esculenta'']]
thumb|150px|[[Virus: Gamma bacteriophage]]

'''Biology''' is the science that studies life, living things, and the evolution of life. Living things include animals, plants, fungi (such as mushrooms), and microorganisms such as bacteria and archaea.

The term 'biology' is relatively modern. It was introduced in 1799 by a physician, Thomas Beddoes."biology, n.". OED Online. 2019. Oxford University Press. ''Physiology therefore—or more strictly biology—by which I mean the doctrine of the living system in all its states, appears to be the foundation of ethics and pneumatology.'' It comes from the Greek word ''βίος'' (''bios''), "life", and the suffix ''-λογία'' (''logia''), "study of". Origin and meaning of biology by Online Etymology Dictionary|website=www.etymonline.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-29}}

People who study biology are called biologists. Biology looks at how animals and other living things behave and work, and what they are like. Biology also studies how organisms react with each other and the environment. It has existed as a science for about 200 years, and before that it was called "natural history". Biology has many research fields and branches. Like all sciences, biology uses the scientific method. This means that biologists must be able to show evidence for their ideas and that other biologists must be able to test the ideas for themselves.

Biology attempts to answer questions such as:

* "What are the characteristics of this living thing?" (comparative anatomy)
* "How do the parts work?" (physiology)
* "How should we group living things?" (classification, taxonomy)
* "What does this living thing do?" (behaviour, growth)
* "How does inheritance work?" (genetics)
* "What is the history of life?" (palaeontology)
* "How do living things relate to their environment?" (ecology)

Modern biology is influenced by e
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| screenshot = File:Linux 6.1.0-27 kernel (running on Debian Bookworm).png
| caption = Linux kernel 6.1.0 kernel booting, under Debian
| developer = Community contributors  Linus Torvalds
| programming language = C, C11 (gnu11) since 5.18, C89 (gnu89) before}} assembly, Rust}} and others
| released = 0.02 ()
| latest release version = '''Regular''':   / '''LTS''':    / 
| latest release date = 
| latest preview version = 
| latest preview date = 
| language = English
| license = GPL-2.0-only with Linux-syscall-note Aside from that, individual files can be provided under a different license that is required to be compatible with the GPL-2.0-only license (i.e., the GNU General Public License version 2) or a dual license, with one of the choices being the GPL version 2 or a GPLv2 compatible license.}}
| author = Linus Torvalds
}}

The '''Linux kernel''' is a free and open-source Unix-like kernel that is used in many computer systems worldwide. The kernel was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991 and was soon adopted as the kernel for the GNU operating system (OS), which was created to be a free replacement for Unix. Since the late 1990s, it has been included in many operating system distributions, many of which are called Linux. One such Linux kernel operating system is Android, which is used in many mobile and embedded devices.

Most of the kernel code is written in C as supported by the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), which has extensions beyond standard C. The code also contains assembly code for architecture-specific logic such as optimizing memory use and task execution. The kernel has a modular design such that modules can be integrated as software components  including dynamically loaded. The kernel is monolithic in an architectural sense since the entire OS kernel runs in kernel space.

Linux is provided under the GNU General Public License version 2, although it contains files under other compatible licenses.

== History ==

thumb|upright|[[Linus Torvalds at the Li
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'''String theory''' tries to use math to explain the four known fundamental forces—gravitation, electromagnetism, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force—together in one theory. This tries to solve the problems of having both classical physics and quantum physics.  

Einstein wanted a unified field theory, a single theory to explain the fundamental forces. Today's scientists want a unified field theory that also explains matter.  This is called the search for a theory of everything (TOE). The most famous theory used as a TOE is called superstring theory. It says there are 6 higher dimensions as well as the four dimensions of Height, Length, Width and Time).

Some superstring theories think that it is about the geometry of space. This idea is a big part of a theory called M-theory. Many string theorists believe that M-theory explains the universe and might explain how other universes, if they exist, are as part of the  "multiverse". M theory/supergravity theory has 7 higher dimensions and the four dimensions of Height, Length, Width and Time. 

== Background ==

Introductions to string theory that are designed for the general public must first explain physics.  Some of the controversies over string theory are because of people not understanding physics. A common misunderstanding even is the idea that a theory is proven true whenever something it says will happen happens.  Another misunderstanding is that earlier physical scientists, including chemists, have already explained the world. This leads to the misunderstanding that string theorists began making up new ideas after they became "set free from truth".

=== Classical realm ===

==== Newtonian physics ====

Newton's law of universal gravitation (UG) was published in 1687.  Newton's theory successfully explained objects big enough for us to see them. Coulomb's law explained electricity. Maxwell's electromagnetic field theory explained electricity and magnetism. This led to the creation of optics, the study of lig
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'''Artificial intelligence''' ('''AI''' or '''A.I.''') is a computer program or a machine that is able to learn and mimic human cognition.Russell, Stuart J. & Norvig, Peter 2003. ''Artificial intelligence: a modern approach''. 2nd ed, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.  Sometimes, AI is used to talk about neural networks or deep learning.Salam, M., Farooq, M.S., Ikram, A., Shahzad, M., Ali, A., Jaafar, N., 2025. Revised Artificial Intelligence Device Use Acceptance (RAIDUA) Model: Exploring Privacy Concerns for Socially Responsible AI Deployment and Ethical AI Leadership. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights 0, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-02-2025-0322

Artificial intelligence is a system's ability to understand external data, to learn from that data, and to use what it has learned to achieve specific goals or tasks through adaptation.

Artificial intelligence is widely applied in speech recognition, image recognition, robotics, autonomous systems, natural language processing, machine translation, predictive analytics, medical diagnostics, fraud detection, and the control of physical processes.

== Origin of name ==
John McCarthy came up with the name, "artificial intelligence" in 1956. Intelligence allows an organism to act in a meaningful way in its environment. It includes the ability to get sensory inputs, and to react to these.

== Laws ==
The European Union made a law (2024's second quarter) about ''artificial intelligence''. It is the world's first law that regulates AI.https://sciencebusiness.net/news/worlds-first-artificial-intelligence-law-moves-closer-passage-european-parliament

Connecticut and Colorado tried to pass laws (in 2024) regarding use of AI.

== History ==
AI research started with a conference at Dartmouth College in 1956. It was a month-long brainstorming session many people who like AI came to. At the conference, they wrote programs which were able to beat humans at checkers or solving word problems. The Department o
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'''General relativity''' is a theory of space and time. The theory was published by Albert Einstein in 1915.O'Connor J.J. and E.F. Robertson (1996), "[http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/HistTopics/General_relativity.html General relativity]". ''[http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Indexes/Math_Physics.html Mathematical Physics index]'', [http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/maths/ School of Mathematics and Statistics], [http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/ University of St. Andrews], Scotland, May, 1996. Retrieved 2015-02-04. 

The main idea of general relativity is that space and time are two different parts of spacetime. In general relativity, gravity does not work the same way that Sir Isaac Newton said gravity worked. According to Einstein, gravity changes not only space, but also time (gravitational time dilation).

==Idea==
An important idea in general relativity is the "principle of equivalence". An example is that two people, one on the surface of the Earth, and the other in an elevator in outer space but accelerating upwards at the speed of Earth's gravity will each observe the same behavior of an object they drop from their hands. The object will accelerate to the floor at the speed of Earth's gravity (9.8 m/s2) in either case.

This makes it impossible for either to tell whether or not they are at rest in a gravitational field or accelerating with no gravity. Other versions of this type of "thought experiment" were used to show that light would curve in an accelerating frame of reference.

In relativity, acceleration makes spacetime warp. Because gravity is the same as acceleration, spacetime warps around objects. This can be thought of as spacetime being a jello of some sort, curving into itself, so that a straight line ends up curving. The Sun and other objects with mass (and energy) curve four dimensional spacetime fabric. If there’s enough mass or energy in one place, a black hole is made, because the warping from acceleration becomes so extreme that future and inwar
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|tag2=bo|name2=ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ|postfix2= |tag3=zh|name3=珠穆朗玛峰|postfix3= }}
| translation = Holy Mother, Skyhead
| etymology = George Everest
| elevation_ref = ''.}} Ranked 1st
| prominence_ref = Ranked 1st(Special definition for Everest)
| isolation = n/a 
| map = Nepal#Nepal Province1#China#China Tibet topography#Asia
| map_caption = Location on the border between Koshi Province, Nepal and Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| label = Mount Everest
| label_position = left
| location = Solukhumbu District, Koshi Province, Nepal;''Geography of Nepal: Physical, Economic, Cultural and Regional'' by Netra Bahadur Thapa, D. P. Thapa Orient Longmans, 1969.Tingri County, Xigazê, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| country_type = Countries
| country = China and Nepal
| parent = Mahalangur Himal, Himalayas
| coordinates = 
| coordinates_ref = 
| first_ascent = 29 May 1953Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay  Ranked 1st
| normal_route = Southeast ridge (Nepal)
}}
'''Mount Everest'''; }} is the highest mountain on Earth. Mount Everest is in the Himalayas, a tall mountain range in Asia. It is about  high and one of the Seven Summits. Everest is located in the Mahalangur Himal sub-range of the Himalayas in the Solukhumbu district of Nepal.

Mount Everest is on the line between two countries: Nepal and China. The top of the mountain is in the "death zone", where the air is too thin for a human to live. People need large bottles of oxygen to let them breathe; However, some people have been able to walk through the death zone without oxygen bottles; Some of those came to the top of the mountain, and survived going down. The first people to get to the top were Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay in 1953. 

There are 18 ways (paths or routes) to get to the top,https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/150420-everest-climbing-sherpas-mountaineering-nepal-himalayas-guides. National Geographic (2015) but most people use only two ways.

As of the first week of October 2025, "At least 200 climbers
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| year = 
| designer = Robert GriesemerRob PikeKen Thompson
| developer = The Go Authors
| latest release version = 
| latest release date = }}
| latest_test_version = 
| latest_test_date = -->
| typing = Inferred, static, strong, structural, nominal
| implementations = gc, gofrontend
| programming language = Go, Assembly language (gc); C++ (gofrontend)
| dialects = 
| influenced_by = , Erlang,
| influenced = Odin, Crystal, Zig, V (Vlang)
| operating_system = many
| license = 3-clause BSD + patent grant
| file_ext = .go
}}

'''Go''', also known as '''Golang''', is a statically-typed concurrent programming language made by an engineer team at Google. 

== Example ==
Here is a hello world program in Go.

package main
// Import fmt library through the standard library.
import "fmt"

// Define entry point.
func main() {
    // Write to output.
    fmt.println("Hello world!")
}

== References ==

Category:Multi-paradigm programming languages
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thumb

'''Freedom of speech''' is the right to state one's opinions and ideas without being stopped or punished. Sometimes this is also called '''freedom of expression'''.

Freedom of speech may include freedom of the press and freedom of information. It usually includes ''speaking in public''; only rarely does it include speaking in the family or in other private situations. 

Most people think freedom of speech is necessary for a democratic government. In countries without free speech, people might be afraid to say what they think. Then, the government does not know what the people want. If the government does not know what they want, it cannot respond to their wants. Without free speech, the government does not have to worry as much about doing what the people want. Some people say this is why some governments do not allow free speech: they do not want to be criticised, or they fear there would be revolution if everyone knew everything that was happening in the country.

A well-known liberal thinker, John Stuart Mill, believed that freedom of speech is important because the society that people live in has a right to hear people's ideas. It's not just important because everyone should have a right to express him or herself.

Few countries with "free speech" let everything be said. For example, the United States Supreme Court said that it was against the law to shout "fire" in a crowded theater if there is no fire, because this might cause people to panic. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights also says that it is not okay to cause national, racial or religious hatred.International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 20 Also, some countries have laws against hate speech.

As Tocqueville pointed out, people may be hesitant to speak freely not because of fear of government punishment but because of social pressures.  When an individual announces an unpopular opinion, he or she may face the disdain of their community or even be subjected
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'''Gene editing''' may refer to:

*Genetic engineering of any organism by genome editing
*Genome editing, a type of genetic engineering
*Gene therapy, the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid polymers into a patient's cells as a way to treat disease
*CRISPR gene editing, a genetic engineering technique
*Zinc finger editing, using nucleases
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'''Space Complexity''' is a concept in theoretical computer science, specifically Complexity Theory, which is used to measure and describe the efficiency of an algorithm in terms of the amount of memory they will require to store the information they need. Algorithms, when implemented in computer programs, require two main resources when the program is executed: time and memory. Memory, particularly, may be expensive in large quantities. Therefore it is often desirable to make modifications to an algorithm so as to reduce its space complexity, that is, make it use less memory when run.

== Space Complexity and Input Size ==
As with time complexity, space complexity is usually given in terms of the input size, using Big-O notation. Usually, the input size is given as a number n that refers to an amount of elements that need to be considered to solve a problem. The space complexity is then often given as a function that gets larger as n increases. This function indicates how quickly the memory requirement grows when n is very large. 

'''Auxiliary Space Complexity''' refers to the amount of storage space that the algorithm will use besides the storage space which is already used for the input data. As the input data for any algorithm will have to be stored in memory, it is often more important to know whether the algorithm can operate "in place", i.e. without a need for memory that will grow as n gets large. 

== Relationship With Time Complexity ==
The other resource that algorithms consume is time. The so-called time complexity of an algorithm is measured in the same way and is more commonly taught first in courses covering algorithms. It is worth noting that there is a relationship between the auxiliary space complexity of an algorithm and its time complexity: since the former measures the amount of data that is created after the algorithm begins, the time complexity is always greater than the auxiliary space complexity.

Category:Theoretical computer science
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thumb|200px|A [[Brain mapping|mappingOliver Elbs, ''Neuro-Esthetics: Mapological foundations and applications (Map 2003)'', (Munich 2005) of the brain from the 1800s. Phrenology was one way that tried to explain the brain in the past, although it is now considered wrong.]]
'''Philosophy of mind''' is one part of philosophy that works with the mind. It is about thinking how the mind works, and how it relates to the world. It also deals with consciousness, which is also researched in psychology and physics.

==Mind-body problem==
The mind-body problem is the main problem that is talked about in philosophy of mind. It is the problem of how our minds and our bodies are related, and what exactly the mind is. Many different answers have been given to solve the mind-body problem. Most of them fall into the two groups of dualism and monism. 

=== Dualism as an answer to the mind-body problem ===

Dualism is the belief that minds and bodies are separate things. One of the main dualist views comes from René Descartes and is named Cartesian dualism, or substance dualism. Descartes thought that minds and bodies were two completely different substances (like matter) in the world. He argued that consciousness was different from the brain.

One reason to believe dualism is that when you ask most people what the mind is, they would say it is their personality or their soul. They would almost certainly deny that the mind simply is the brain, or vice versa, finding the idea that there is just one ''ontological'' thing at play to be too machine-like. Mental events have a subjective quality, whereas physical events do not. So, for example, one can ask what a blue sky looks like, or what nice music sounds like to a person. But it is odd, to ask what an increase in chemicals in your brain feels like. These subjective aspects of mental events are called "qualia" by philosophers. 

But if it is true that the mind can exist without the brain, dualists must explain how a non-physical mind ca
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'''Physical chemistry''' uses physics to study chemical systems.  It studies them at macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate levels.  It looks at concepts like motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics and dynamics.

Physical chemistry is not the same as chemical physics. Physical chemistry is mostly a macroscopic or supra-molecular science. The majority of physical chemistry concepts relate to bulk properties rather than to molecular/atomic structure alone. These include chemical equilibrium and colloids.

Some of the relationships that physical chemistry tries to resolve include the effects of:
#Intermolecular forces on the physical properties of materials (for example, plasticity, tensile strength, surface tension in liquids).
#Reaction kinetics on the rate of a reaction.
#The identity of ions on the electrical conductivity of materials.
#Surface chemistry and electrochemistry of membranes.

== History ==
thumb|right|Fragment of M. Lomonosov's manuscript 'Physical Chemistry' (1752)
The term "physical chemistry" was first used by Mikhail Lomonosov in 1752. He presented a lecture course with the title "A Course in True Physical Chemistry"  to the students of Petersburg University. 

Modern physical chemistry was developed in the 1860s to 1880s with work on chemical thermodynamics, electrolytes in solutions, chemical kinetics and other subjects. In 1876, Josiah Willard Gibbs wrote an article called, ''On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances''.  This paper introduced many of the main parts of physical chemistry, such as Gibbs energy, chemical potentials, Gibbs phase rule.Josiah Willard Gibbs, 1876, "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances", ''Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Sciences'' Other important discoveries include Heike Kamerlingh Onnes' work on enthalpy and macromolecular processes. 

The first scientific journal about physical chemistry was the German journal, ''Zeitschrift für Physi
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'''NoSQL''' (originally meaning "not only SQL" or "non-relational")http://nosql-database.org/ "NoSQL DEFINITION: Next Generation Databases mostly addressing some of the points : being non-relational, distributed, open-source and horizontally scalable". refers to a type of database design that stores and retrieves data differently from the traditional table-based structure of relational databases. Unlike relational databases, which organize data into rows and columns like a spreadsheet, NoSQL databases use a single data structure—such as key–value pairs, wide columns, graphs, or documents—to hold information. Since this non-relational design does not require a fixed schema, it scales easily to manage large, often unstructured datasets. IBM |url=https://www.ibm.com/topics/nosql-databases |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=www.ibm.com |language=en-us}} NoSQL systems are sometimes called ''"Not only SQL"'' because they can support SQL-like query languages or work alongside SQL databases in polyglot-persistent setups, where multiple database types are combined. Non-relational databases date back to the late 1960s, but the term "NoSQL" emerged in the early 2000s, spurred by the needs of Web 2.0 companies like social media platforms.

NoSQL databases are popular in big data and real-time web applications due to their simple design, ability to scale across clusters of machines (called horizontal scaling), and precise control over data availability. These structures can speed up certain tasks and are often considered more adaptable than fixed database tables. However, many NoSQL systems prioritize speed and availability over strict consistency (per the CAP theorem), using eventual consistency—where updates reach all nodes eventually, typically within milliseconds, but may cause brief delays in accessing the latest data, known as stale reads. While most lack full ACID transaction support, some, like MongoDB, include it as a key feature.

== Barriers to adoption ==
Barriers to w
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An operating system '''shell''' is a user interface that enables the user to interact with and access the services offered by the operating system. The user gives commands to the operating system through its shell. 

In simple words - a shell is a program that accepts the input from users and excutes program on their behalf by creating a new process, and whatever the response from that particular program - which could be input, output or error - it shows back to the user.

==Various shells==
There are various types of shells:
#Command line shells: the user types commands at the prompt. 
#Menu driven shells: the user selects commands from menus.
#Graphical user interface shells: the user selects  graphical menus and icons.

Examples of command line operating systems are UNIX and Disk Operating System (DOS). Examples of menu driven operating systems are the DOS shell. Finally, examples	of graphical user interface (GUI) operating system are Linux and Microsoft Windows.

Category:Computing
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Favorable traits pass on to more successful offspring than ones with less favorable traits, making the traits more common in the population. The Galapagos islands experience a drought and there were less soft, small seeds for the birds to eat. There was increase however with larger and hard seeds. The birds with a bigger beak ate the seeds more easily and passed on those traits. Several philosophers of the classical era, including Empedocles and his intellectual successor, the Roman poet Lucretius, expressed the idea that nature produces a huge variety of creatures, randomly, and that only those creatures that manage to provide for themselves and reproduce successfully persist. Empedocles' idea that organisms arose entirely by the incidental workings of causes such as heat and cold was criticised by Aristotle in Book II of ''Physics''. He posited natural teleology in its place, and believed that form was achieved for a purpose, citing the regularity of heredity in species as proof. Nevertheless, he accepted in his biology that new types of animals, monstrosities (τερας), can occur in very rare instances (''Generation of Animals'', Book IV). As quoted in Darwin's 1872 edition of ''The Origin of Species'', Aristotle considered whether different forms (e.g., of teeth) might have appeared accidentally, but only the useful forms survived So what hinders the different parts [of the body] from having this merely accidental relation in nature? as the teeth, for example, grow by necessity, the front ones sharp, adapted for dividing, and the grinders flat, and serviceable for masticating the food; since they were not made for the sake of this, but it was the result of accident. And in like manner as to the other parts in which there appears to exist an adaptation to an end. Wheresoever, therefore, all things together (that is all the parts of one whole) happened like as if they were made for the sake of something, these were preserved, having been appropriately constituted by
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|designer=Martin Odersky|developer=Programming Methods Laboratory of École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne}}

'''Scala''' is a general-purpose programming language—a language that is designed for solving all kinds of problems, not just a specific one.

It provides support for functional programming, and is statically typed. It is designed to fix some problems with Java, and to be concise—to be able to express a lot with only a little bit of code.

Scala code is supposed to be compiled into Java bytecode, so Scala code can be run on a Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Scala has language interoperability with Java—Scala code can be used in Java programs, and the other way around. The Scala Programming Language|website=www.scala-lang.org|access-date=2019-05-22}}

== Examples ==

=== "Hello, World" example ===
This is a small example of a Scala program. A simple Hello world program:
@main def main() = println("Hello, World!") 

== References ==

Category:Programming languages
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thumb|Illustration of matrix multiplication
In mathematics and linear algebra, '''matrix multiplication''' is multiplying two matrices together. The number of columns in the first matrix must be equal to the number of rows in the second matrix. The product of two matrices \mathbf{A} and \mathbf{B} is written as \mathbf{A}\mathbf{B}

To multiply two matrices, the rows of the first matrices are multiplied with the columns of the second. Then, the products are summed to make the entry in the product.

Matrix multiplication is associative, but not commutative.

== Related pages ==
*Matrix addition
*Determinant

== References ==

Category:Linear algebra
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}}
'''Quantum entanglement''' is the name given to a special connection between pairs or groups of quantum systems, or any objects described by quantum mechanics. Quantum entanglement is one of the biggest parts of quantum mechanics that makes it hard to understand in terms of the everyday world.

== Explanation ==
When we look at particles, we usually say that each particle has its own quantum state. Sometimes, two particles can act on one another and become an entangled system. When a pair or group of particles can only be described by the quantum state for the system, and not by individual quantum states, we say the particles are "entangled".

* Particles have a "quantum state", which is a way of describing their properties.
* Sometimes, two particles can interact with each other and become a "system" where they are entangled.
* When the quantum state of a group of particles can only be described for the whole system, and not for individual particles, we say that the particles are "entangled".

In simpler terms, "entangled" particles are those that are connected in such a way that their properties are linked and cannot be described independently. This is a strange phenomenon that is not fully understood, but it is an important idea in  physics.

== When and why do we see entanglement? ==
Entanglement between particles happens because little particles can push and pull on each other, just like big objects do in terms of gravity. If nothing else is acting on those particles, then there are certain things before and after the particles act on each other that have to stay the same. For example, the total momentum of both particles put together would be (roughly) the same before and after they act on each other.

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle tells us we can never know the momentum of a particle exactly, or even the total momentum of both particles put together. In fact, we can't ever know exactly what we will measure the momentum of a particle to be before we me
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thumb|400px|right|Example of samples from two populations with the same mean but different variances. The red population has mean  and variance  (), while the blue population has mean  and variance  ().

In probability theory and statistics, '''variance''' is the expected value of the squared deviation from the mean of a random variable. The standard deviation is obtained as the square root of the variance. Variance is a measure of dispersion, meaning it is a measure of how far a set of numbers are spread out from their average value. It is the second central moment of a distribution, and the covariance of the random variable with itself, and it is often represented by , , , , or .

An advantage of variance as a measure of dispersion is that it is more amenable to algebraic manipulation than other measures of dispersion such as the expected absolute deviation; for example, the variance of a sum of uncorrelated random variables is equal to the sum of their variances. A disadvantage of the variance for practical applications is that, unlike the standard deviation, its units differ from the random variable, which is why the standard deviation is more commonly reported as a measure of dispersion once the calculation is finished. Another disadvantage is that the variance is not finite for many distributions.

There are two distinct concepts that are both called "variance". One, as discussed above, is part of a theoretical probability distribution and is defined by an equation. The other variance is a characteristic of a set of observations. When variance is calculated from observations, those observations are typically measured from a real-world system. If all possible observations of the system are present, then the calculated variance is called the population variance. Normally, however, only a subset is available, and the variance calculated from this is called the sample variance. The variance calculated from a sample is considered an estimate of the full population 
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In computer science, a '''binary tree''' is a type of tree (data structure) where each item 
within the tree has at most two children.

==Types of binary trees==
alt=|thumb|A complete binary tree which is not full.
* In a '''balanced binary tree''' the left and right branches of every item differ in height by no more than 1.
* In a '''complete binary tree''' every level, except possibly the last, is completely filled, and all items in the last level are as far left as possible.
* In a '''full binary tree''' every item has either 0 or 2 children.
* In a '''perfect binary tree''' all interior items have two children and all leaves have the same depth or same level. A perfect binary tree is also a full and complete binary tree.

==Representations==

===Array===
A binary tree can be implemented using an array by storing its level-order traversal. In a zero-indexed array, the root is often stored at index 1.

For the ''nth'' item of the array its:
* left child is stored at the ''2n'' index.
* right child is stored at the ''2n+1'' index.
* parent is stored at the ''n/2'' index.

===References===
In a programming language with references, binary trees are typically constructed by having a tree structure which contains references to its left child and its right child.

==Traversals==
thumb|281px|Traversals of an example tree:
''Pre-order (red):'' 
''In-order (yellow):'' 
''Post-order (green):'' 

===Pre-order===
The current item is visited, then the left branch is visited, and then the right branch is visited.

void preOrder(Item item) {
    if (item == null) return;
    visit(item);
    preOrder(item.left);
    preOrder(item.right);
}

===In-order===
The left branch is visited, then the current item is visited, and then the right branch is visited.

void inOrder(Item item) {
    if (item == null) return;
    inOrder(item.left);
    visit(item);
    inOrder(item.right);
}

===Post-order===
The left branch is visited, the right branch is visited, and then the current item is
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In mathematics and computer science, '''Big O notation''' is a way of comparing rates of growth of different functions. It is often used to compare the efficiency of different algorithms, which is done by calculating how much memory is needed, and how much time it takes to complete.

The Big O notation is often used in identifying how complex a problem is, also known as the problem's complexity class. The mathematician Paul Bachmann (1837-1920) was the first to use this notation, in the second edition of his book "Analytische Zahlentheorie", in 1896. Edmund Landau (1877-1938) made the notation popular. For this reason, when people talk about a '''Landau symbols''', they refer to this notation.

Big O notation is named after the term "order of the function", which refers to the growth of functions. Big O notation is used to find the upper bound (the highest possible amount) of the function's growth rate, meaning it works out the longest time it will take to turn the input into the output. This means an algorithm can be grouped by how long it can take in a worst-case scenario, where the longest route will be taken every time.

More specifically, given two positive functions f(x) and g(x), we say that f is in the big O of g (written f \in O(g)) if for large enough x, f(x) \le k \cdot g(x) for some constant k. Algorithms|url=https://www.khanacademy.org/computing/computer-science/algorithms/asymptotic-notation/a/big-o-notation|access-date=2020-09-22|website=Khan Academy|language=en}} Brilliant Math & Science Wiki|url=https://brilliant.org/wiki/big-o-notation/|access-date=2020-09-22|website=brilliant.org|language=en-us}}

Big O is an expression that finds worst-case scenario run-time, showing how efficient an algorithm is without having to run the program on a computer. This is also useful due to the fact that different computers may have different hardware, and therefore need different amounts of time to complete it. Since Big O always assumes the worst-case, it can show
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In mathematics, '''exponentiation''' ('''power''') is an arithmetic operation on numbers. It can be thought of as repeated multiplication, just as multiplication can be thought of as repeated addition. 

In general, given two numbers x and y, the exponentiation of x and y can be written as x^y, and read as "x raised to the power of y", or "x to the yth power". Other methods of mathematical notation have been used in the past. When the upper index cannot be written, people can write powers using the ^  or ** signs, so that 2^4 or 2**4 means 2^4.

Here, the number x is called '''base''', and the number y is called '''exponent'''. For example, in 2^4, 2 is the base and 4 is the exponent.

To calculate 2^4, one simply multiply 4 copies of 2. So 2^4=2 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 \cdot 2, and  the result is 2 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 \cdot 2=16. The equation could be read out loud as "2 raised to the power of 4 equals 16."

More examples of exponentiation are:
*5^3=5\cdot{} 5\cdot{} 5=125
*x^2=x\cdot{} x
*1^x = 1 for every number ''x''

If the exponent is equal to 2, then the power is called '''square''', because the area of a square is calculated using a^2. So
:x^2 is the square of x

Similarly, if the exponent is equal to 3, then the power is called '''cube''', because the volume of a cube is calculated using a^3. So
:x^3 is the cube of x

If the exponent is equal to -1, then the power is simply the reciprocal of the base. So
:x^{-1}=\frac{1}{x}
If the exponent is an integer less than 0, then the power is the reciprocal raised to the opposite exponent. For example:
:2^{-3}=\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^3=\frac{1}{8}
If the exponent is equal to \tfrac{1}{2}, then the result of exponentiation is the square root of the base, with x^{\frac{1}{2}}=\sqrt{x}. For example:
:4^{\frac{1}{2}}=\sqrt{4}=2
Similarly, if the exponent is \tfrac{1}{n}, then the result is the nth root, where:
:a^{\frac{1}{n}}=\sqrt[n]{a}
If the exponent is a rational number \tfrac{p}{q}, then the result is the ''q''th root of the
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In computer science, '''counting sort''' is an algorithm for sorting a collection of objects according to keys that are small positive integers; that is, it is an integer sorting algorithm. It operates by counting the number of objects that possess distinct key values, and applying prefix sum on those counts to determine the positions of each key value in the output sequence. Its running time is linear in the number of items and the difference between the maximum key value and the minimum key value, so it is only suitable for direct use in situations where the variation in keys is not significantly greater than the number of items. It is often used as a subroutine in radix sort, another sorting algorithm, which can handle larger keys more efficiently.. See also the historical notes on page 181...

Counting sort is not a comparison sort; it uses key values as indexes into an array and the  lower bound for comparison sorting will not apply. Bucket sort may be used in lieu of counting sort, and entails a similar time analysis. However, compared to counting sort, bucket sort requires linked lists, dynamic arrays, or a large amount of pre-allocated memory to hold the sets of items within each bucket, whereas counting sort stores a single number (the count of items) per bucket.

==Input and output assumptions==
In the most general case, the input to counting sort consists of a collection of  items, each of which has a non-negative integer key whose maximum value is at most .
In some descriptions of counting sort, the input to be sorted is assumed to be more simply a sequence of integers itself, but this simplification does not accommodate many applications of counting sort. For instance, when used as a subroutine in radix sort, the keys for each call to counting sort are individual digits of larger item keys; it would not suffice to return only a sorted list of the key digits, separated from the items.

In applications such as in radix sort, a bound on the maximum key val
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thumb|240px|The price (P) of a product is determined by a balance between production at each price (supply, S) and the desires of those with [[purchasing power at each price (demand, D). The diagram shows a positive shift in demand from D1 to D2, resulting in an increase in price and quantity sold (Q) of the product.]]

'''Supply and demand''' is a model of microeconomics. It describes how a price is formed in a market economy. There are two determining factors on such a market, the number of things made available, called supply, and the number of things consumers want, called demand. Supply and demand shows how producers and consumers interact with each other. This relationship will fix the price for a certain type of good.  In perfect competition, the quantity demanded (demand) and the quantity supplied will be equal.  This happens at the equilibrium market price.

For normal goods, and a normal market, there are four basic laws that determine the change in the market, if either supply or demand changes:
*If the demand increases, and the supply remains the same, there will be a shortage, and the price will increase.
*If the demand decreases, and the supply remains the same, there will be a surplus, and the price will go down.
*If the supply increases, and the demand remains the same, there will be a surplus, and the price will go down.
*If the supply decreases, and the demand remains the same, there will be a shortage, and the price will increase.

When there is more supply, this will cause prices to fall because people will not want to pay more for items that can be found easily. When there is more demand, prices will go up because many people want to buy the same item but there is not enough supply for it.

When demands for new goods and services go up, new markets come into being. The greater the demand, the faster this happens. This greater number of providers makes the supply go up, which forces the price down toward the cost of production and distribution.


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| latest_release_date    = }}
| typing                 = duck, dynamic
| implementations        = Ruby MRI, YARV, Rubinius, MagLev, JRuby, MacRuby, RubyMotion, HotRuby, IronRuby, [https://github.com/mruby/mruby mruby]
| influenced_by          = Ada, C++, CLU, Dylan, Eiffel, Lisp, Perl, Python, Smalltalk
| influenced             = D,[http://www.digitalmars.com/d/1.0/ Intro – D Programming Language 1.0 – Digital Mars] Elixir, Falcon, Fancy, Groovy, Ioke, Mirah, Nu, Reia, Crystal
| operating_system       = Cross-platform
| license                = Ruby License or BSD License
| website                = 
| file_ext               = .rb, .rbw
| wikibooks              = Ruby Programming
}}
'''Ruby''' is the name of a programming language that was created in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto in Japan. Like other programming languages, such as Python, its structure (the way it works) is very similar to the English language. It has these qualities:

* Terse. Short, but still easy to understand.
* Dynamic. Easy to change, anytime and anywhere.
* Duck typing. If you think you understand it, you probably understand it.

Many programmers like it because the creator tried to make it easy and nice to use.

Ruby on Rails (RoR) is a web application framework that is implemented using the Ruby language.

== Example ==
An example Hello World program in Ruby:

puts "Hello World!"

An example program in Ruby that asks for your name and then says it:

puts "What's your name?"
name = gets.chomp
puts "Ah hello there, #{name}"

A function in Ruby that joins the 2 strings (or arrays/integers) into one, removes all numbers from it, capitalizes the string and then repeats it 5 times:

def somefunction(arg1, arg2) # creates a function with 2 arguments. the args can be called anything
    arg = arg1 + arg2 # this joins them into 1 string
    arg = arg.tr("1234567890","") # this replaces all the numbers with a nothing. erases them essentially.
    arg = arg.capitalize # read that out loud

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thumb|right|300px|[[Chi-squared distribution, showing  on the first axis and ''p''-value (right tail probability) on the second axis.]]

A '''chi-squared test''' (also '''chi-square''' or ''' test''') is a statistical hypothesis test used in the analysis of contingency tables when the sample sizes are large. In simpler terms, this test is primarily used to examine whether two categorical variables (''two dimensions of the contingency table'') are independent in influencing the test statistic (''values within the table''). 

The test is valid when the test statistic is chi-squared distributed under the null hypothesis, specifically Pearson's chi-squared test and variants thereof. Pearson's chi-squared test is used to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies in one or more categories of a contingency table. For contingency tables with smaller sample sizes, a Fisher's exact test is used instead.

In the standard applications of this test, the observations are classified into mutually exclusive classes. If the null hypothesis that there are no differences between the classes in the population is true, the test statistic computed from the observations follows a  frequency distribution. The purpose of the test is to evaluate how likely the observed frequencies would be assuming the null hypothesis is true.

Test statistics that follow a  distribution occur when the observations are independent. There are also  tests for testing the null hypothesis of independence of a pair of random variables based on observations of the pairs.

''Chi-squared tests'' often refers to tests for which the distribution of the test statistic approaches the  distribution asymptotically, meaning that the sampling distribution (if the null hypothesis is true) of the test statistic approximates a chi-squared distribution more and more closely as sample sizes increase.

== History ==
In the 19th century, statisti
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'''Renewable energy''' comes from renewable resources.Resources that for all practical purposes cannot be used up: United States Department of Energy [http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/information_resources/index.cfm/mytopic=60001#R Glossary of energy-related terms] (URL accessed Dec 21, 2006) It is different from fossil fuels as it does not produce as many greenhouse gases and other pollutants as fossil fuel combustion.

People have used traditional wind power, hydropower, biofuel, and solar energy for many centuries, all around the world. The mass production of electricity using renewable energy sources is now becoming more common.  
  
thumb|250px|Renewable energy sources: [[wind, sun, water (hydropower, tidal energy and wave power), biomass, and geothermal energy.]]

==Growth of renewables==
thumb|right|A hydropower plant in Japan
From the end of 2004, worldwide renewable energy capacity grew at rates of 10–60% annually for many technologies. For wind power and many other renewable technologies, growth sped up in 2009 relative to the previous four years. More wind power was added during 2009 than any other renewable technology. However, grid-connected PV increased the fastest of all renewables technologies, with a 60% annual average growth rate.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Selected renewable energy global indicatorsREN21 (2012). [http://www.map.ren21.net/GSR/GSR2012.pdf Renewables Global Status Report 2012]  p. 17.http://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/Resources/GSR/2014/GSR2014_full%20report_low%20res.pdf !! 2008 !! 2009 !! 2010 !! 2011 !! 2012 || 2013
|-
| Investment in new renewable capacity (annual) (109 USD) || 130 || 160 || 211 || 257 || 244 ||214
|-
| Renewables power capacity (existing) (GWe) || 1,140 || 1,230 || 1,320 || 1,360 || 1,470 || 1,560
|-
| Hydropower capacity (existing) (GWe) || 885 || 915 || 945 || 970 ||990|| 1,000
|-
| Wind power capacity (existing) (GWe) || 121 || 159 || 198 || 238 || 283 || 318 
|-
| Solar PV capacity (grid-co
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The '''Internet''' is the world’s largest global communication network for computers and other devices.
It connects many smaller networks from homes, schools, businesses, and governments. These networks share different kinds of information. The short form of the Internet is “the Net.” One of its most popular services is the World Wide Web, which is used by billions of people every day.
thumb|Logo of [[DARPA, an organization funded by the US government, which helped develop the Internet]]
The Internet was developed in the United States by the Department of Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The Internet was first connected in October 1969 and was called ARPANET. The World Wide Web was created at CERN in Switzerland in 1990 by a British (UK) scientist named Tim Berners-Lee.

Today, people use Internet services by paying Internet service providers (ISPs).
Some websites and tools are free, while others may show ads to earn money. There are also ongoing debates about censorship and freedom of speech on the Internet.

== Services ==
thumb|Visualization of Internet routing paths
The Internet is used for many things, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer and other documents of the World Wide Web.

The most used service on the Internet is the World Wide Web (which is also called the "Web" or “www”). The web contains websites, including social media, blogs, and wikis like Wikipedia. Webpages on the Internet can be seen and read by anyone (unless the page needs a password, or it is blocked).

The second biggest use of the Internet is to send and receive e-mail. E-mail is private and goes from one user to another. Instant messaging is similar to email, but allows two or more people to chat to each other faster.

Some governments think the internet is a bad thing, and block all or part of it.  For example, the Chinese government thinks that Wikipedia is bad, so often no one in China can read it or add to it. Another example of the internet being blo
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thumb|right|300px|A map showing the five main oceans of the world.

An '''ocean''' is a large body of water between continents. Oceans are extremely big and they join smaller seas together. Oceans (or marine) cover 70% of Earth. There are five main oceans: the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean.The largest ocean is the Pacific Ocean. The smallest ocean is the Arctic Ocean. Many types of animals live in oceans, such as carp, crabs, starfish, sharks, and whales.
Different water movements separate the Southern Ocean from the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. The Southern Ocean is also called the Antarctic Ocean, because it covers the area around Antarctica.

The deepest ocean is the Pacific Ocean. The deep ocean is characterized by cold temperatures, high pressure, and complete darkness. Some very unusual organisms live in this part of the ocean. They do not require high energy from the sun to survive, because they use chemicals from deep inside the Earth.

== Color ==
Although many people believe that the oceans are blue because the water reflects the blue sky, this is actually not true. Water has a very slight blue color that can only be seen when there is a lot of water. However, the main cause of the blue or blue/green color of the oceans is that water absorbs the red part of the incoming light, and reflects the green and blue part of the light. We then see the reflected light as the color of water.
thumb|Ocean and beach shore

== Plants and animals ==
Many organisms live in oceans. Organisms that live in oceans can live in salt water. They are affected by sunlight, temperature, water pressure, and water movement. Different ocean organisms live near the surface, in shallow waters, and in deep waters. Small plant organisms that live near the surface and use sunlight to produce food are called phytoplankton. Almost all animals in the ocean depend directly or indirectly on these plants. In shallow water, yo
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frame|A quadratic equation graphed in the coordinate plane.
A '''quadratic equation''' is an equation where its highest exponent is 2 (which is why it is called 'quadratic' from the Latin word ''quadratus'' 'square'). These equations can be rearranged to the standard form which is [https://books.google.com/books?id=e4_iBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA219 Extract of page 219]ː

ax^2+bx+c=0

where ''a'' is not equal to 0, otherwise the equation is linear. 

It makes a parabola (a "U" shape) when graphed on a coordinate plane. When people work with quadratic equations, one of the most common things they do is to ''solve'' it. This means to find the points on a coordinate grid where the graphed equation crosses the x-axis, or the horizontal axis. These points are called the "zeroes", or "roots", of a function. In other words, to solve the equation means to find the value of ''x'' so that ax^2+bx+c=0, where the coefficients, ''a'', ''b'', and ''c'', are all real numbers. There are different ways to find out the value of x. Plotting the function on a graph is one way. In the picture on the right, the function crosses the x-axis at the points (-1, 0) and (2, 0).

Graphing a quadratic equation makes it is very easy to find the roots, but it is not always convenient. So there are different ways to do this using math.

== Solving quadratic equations ==
A quadratic equation with real or complex coefficients has two solutions, called ''roots''. These two solutions may or may not be equal, and they may or may not be a real number.

=== Factoring ===
Some quadratic equations, like 2x^2-x-1=0, can be factorized. This equation can be written as (2x+1)(x-1)=0, which produces two separate equations, 2x+1=0 and x-1=0. This is because when any of the two equations is equal to zero, the original equation is equal to zero because the two equations are multiplied together to form the quadratic equation. From this equation, it is easy to use algebra to find out what the value of ''x'' is. In the first of th
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'''Calculus''' is a branch of mathematics that describes continuous change.

There are two different types of calculus. '''Differential calculus''' divides (''differentiates'') things into small (''different'') pieces, and tells us how they change from one moment to the next, while '''integral calculus''' joins (''integrates'') the small pieces together, and tells us how much of something is made, overall, by a series of changes. Calculus is used in many different sciences such as physics, astronomy, biology, engineering, economics, medicine and sociology.

==History==
In the 1670s and 1680s, Sir Isaac Newton in England and Gottfried Leibniz in Germany figured out calculus at the same time, working separately from each other. Newton wanted to have a new way to predict where to see planets in the sky, because astronomy had always been a popular and useful form of science, and knowing more about the motions of the objects in the night sky was important for navigation of ships. Leibniz wanted to measure the space (area) under a curve (a line that is not straight). Many years later, the two men argued over who discovered it first. Scientists from England supported Newton, but scientists from the rest of Europe supported Leibniz. Most mathematicians today agree that both men share the credit equally. Some parts of modern calculus come from Newton, such as its uses in physics. Other parts come from Leibniz, such as the symbols used to write it.

They were not the first people to use mathematics to describe the physical world — Aristotle and Pythagoras came earlier, and so did Galileo Galilei, who said that mathematics was the language of science. But both Newton and Leibniz were the first to design a system that describes how things change over time, and can predict how they will change in the future.

The name "calculus" was the Latin word for a small stone the ancient Romans used in counting and gambling. The English word "calculate" comes from the same Latin word.

==D
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}}}}}}
|image = Olympic rings without rims.svg
|image_upright =
|caption =
|abbreviation = Olympiad (for summer games only)
|motto = ''|(French: '')''}}
|formation = '''Summer'''Athens, Greece in 1896'''Winter'''Chamonix, France in 1924
|recurrence = Four years, alternated two years during the four-year cycle
|headquarters = Lausanne, Switzerland
|leader_title = President
|leader_name = Thomas Bach
|website =
|remarks =
}}

thumb|right|[[Ancient Greek discus thrower]]

The '''Olympic Games''' () is an important international event featuring summer and winter sports. Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games are held every four years. Originally, the ancient Olympic Games were held in Ancient Greece at Olympia. The first games were in 776 BC. They were held every four years until the 6th century AC. The first "modern" Olympics took place in 1896 in Athens, Greece. Athletes participate in the Olympics Games to represent their countries.

Over time the Olympics have become bigger. In old times, women were not allowed, but now there are women's events. The Winter Games were created for ice and snow sports. The Paralympic Games were created for athletes with physical disabilities. As well, the Olympics became bigger with the addition of the Youth Olympic Games for teenage athletes. World War I and World War II led to the cancellation of the 1916, 1940, and 1944 Games. As the decision-making body, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) is responsible for choosing the host city for each Olympic Games. The IOC is also responsible for choosing what sports are in the games. The creator of modern Olympics is Baron Pierre de Coubertin.

The celebration of the Games includes many rituals and symbols, such as Olympic flag and torch, as well as the opening and closing ceremonies. The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive, respectively, gold, silver, and bronze medals.

== Ancient Olympics ==

thumb|left|250px|Stadium in [[Olympia, Greece]]
The Olymp
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thumb|250px|right|Wind power: worldwide installed capacity (1996–2013)[http://www.gwec.net/index.php?id=180 GWEC, Global Wind Report Annual Market Update] thumb|Fenton Wind Farm at [[Minnesota]]

'''Wind power''' is the conversion of the energy in wind into a more useful form of energy, like electricity. It is a renewable source of energy that helps to cut down on the pollution of earth's air. 

Wind power capacity has expanded quickly to 336 GW in June 2014, and wind energy production was about 4% of total worldwide electricity usage, and growing fast. Wind power is widely used in European countries, and more recently in the United States and Asia.[http://www.gwec.net/uploads/media/07-02_PR_Global_Statistics_2006.pdf Global wind energy markets continue to boom – 2006 another record year]  (PDF).Global Wind Energy Council (2009).  [http://www.gwec.net/fileadmin/documents/Publications/Global%20Wind%202008%20Report.pdf Global Wind 2008 Report] , p. 9, accessed on January 4, 2010. In 2012, wind power accounted for approximately 30% of electricity generation in Denmark, 20% in Portugal and 18% in Spain.International Energy Agency (2013). [http://www.ieawind.org/annual_reports_PDF/2012/2012%20IEA%20Wind%20AR_smallPDF.pdf IEA Wind Energy: Annual Report 2012]  p. 5.

==How it works==
Wind power stations use the wind to turn a turbine which turns a magnet inside a coil (a type of generator). The wind has kinetic energy (movement energy) which is changed into mechanical energy by the blades on the turbine. The turbine then turns a generator which creates electrical energy (voltage). The turbine is usually connected by a gearbox to help control the speed it turns the generator. 

==Advantages==
Wind power stations are clean and renewable energy as they have the advantage over fossil fuel power stations as they do not produce any greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide or water vapour. They also do not produce for gases that helps to make acid rain such as sulphur dioxide. The
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| olympic    = 1896
| world      = 1973
| paralympic = 1960
}}

'''Swimming''' is an individual or team racing sport that requires the use of one's entire body to move through water. The sport takes place in pools or open water (e.g., in a sea or lake). Competitive swimming is one of the most popular Olympic sports, with varied distance events in butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, freestyle, and individual medley. In addition to these individual events, four swimmers can take part in either a freestyle or medley relay. A medley relay consists of four swimmers who will each swim a different stroke, ordered as backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly and freestyle.

Swimming each stroke requires a set of specific techniques; in competition, there are distinct regulations concerning the acceptable form for each individual stroke. There are also regulations on what types of swimsuits, caps, jewelry and injury tape that are allowed at competitions. There are many health benefits to swimming, but it is possible for competitive swimmers to incur injuries such as tendinopathy in the shoulders or knees.

==History==

thumb|[[Hero and Leander|Leander swimming across the Hellespont. Detail from a painting by Bernard Picart.]]
Evidence of recreational swimming in prehistoric times has been found, with the earliest evidence dating to Stone Age paintings from around 10,000 years ago. Written references date from 2000 BC, with some of the earliest references to swimming including the Iliad, the Odyssey, the Bible, Beowulf, the Quran and others. In 1538, Nikolaus Wynmann, a Swiss–German professor of languages, wrote the earliest known complete book about swimming, ''Colymbetes, sive de arte natandi dialogus et festivus et iucundus lectu'' (''The Swimmer, or A Dialogue on the Art of Swimming and Joyful and Pleasant to Read'').

Swimming emerged as a competitive recreational activity in the 1830s in England. In 1828, the first indoor swimming pool, St George's Baths was opened to the pu
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thumb|Rust icon
'''Rust''' is a programming language designed for systems, which are "software designed to provide a platform for other software".Klabnik, S., & Nichols, C. (2019). The Rust Programming Language (Covers Rust 2018). No Starch Press.Blandy, J. (2015). The Rust Programming Language: Fast, Safe, and Beautiful. O'Reilly Media, Inc..Naugler, D. (2018). An introduction to Rust programming. Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, 33(5), 97-97.Arbuckle, D. (2018). Rust Quick Start Guide: The Easiest Way to Learn Rust Programming. Packt Publishing Ltd. It is or was used to write operating system and web browser components, services such as OpenDNS and Tor, and game engines. It was made by former Mozilla engineer Graydon Hoare. Lambda the Ultimate|url=http://lambda-the-ultimate.org/node/4009|access-date=2021-04-14|website=lambda-the-ultimate.org}}

Software developer Graydon Hoare created Rust as a personal project while working at Mozilla Research in 2006. Mozilla officially sponsored the project in 2009. Since the first stable release in May 2015, Rust has been adopted by companies including Amazon, Discord, Dropbox, Facebook (Meta), Google (Alphabet), and Microsoft.

==Applications==
* AstrophysicsBlanco-Cuaresma, S., & Bolmont, E. (2016). What can the programming language Rust do for astrophysics?. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, 12(S325), 341-344.
* GPU programmingHolk, E., Pathirage, M., Chauhan, A., Lumsdaine, A., & Matsakis, N. D. (2013, May). GPU programming in rust: Implementing high-level abstractions in a systems-level language. In 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Parallel & Distributed Processing, Workshops and Phd Forum (pp. 315-324). IEEE.
* SimulationHansen, A., & Lewis, M. C. (2016). The Case for N-Body Simulations in Rust. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific Computing (CSC) (p. 3). The Steering Committee of The World Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering and Applied Computing (W
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In statistics, the '''mode''' is the value that appears most often in a set of data values.Damodar N. Gujarati. ''Essentials of Econometrics''. McGraw-Hill Irwin. 3rd edition, 2006: p. 110. If  is a discrete random variable, the mode is the value  at which the probability mass function  takes its maximum value, i.e., . In other words, it is the value that is most likely to be sampled.

Like the statistical mean and median, the mode is a summary statistic about the central tendency of a random variable or a population. The numerical value of the mode is the same as that of the mean and median in a normal distribution, but it may be very different in highly skewed distributions.

The mode is not necessarily unique in a given discrete distribution since the probability mass function may take the same maximum value at several points , , etc. The most extreme case occurs in uniform distributions, where all values occur equally frequently.

A mode of a continuous probability distribution is often considered to be any value  at which its probability density function has a locally maximum value. When the probability density function of a continuous distribution has multiple local maxima it is common to refer to all of the local maxima as ''modes'' of the distribution, so any peak is a mode. Such a continuous distribution is called ''multimodal'' (as opposed to ''unimodal'').

In symmetric unimodal distributions, such as the normal distribution, the mean (if defined), median and mode all coincide. For samples, if it is known that they are drawn from a symmetric unimodal distribution, the sample mean can be used as an estimate of the population mode.

==Mode of a sample==

The mode of a sample is the element that occurs most often in the collection. For example, the mode of the sample [1, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 12, 12, 17] is 6. Given the list of data [1, 1, 2, 4, 4] its mode is not unique. A dataset, in such a case, is said to be bimodal, while a set with more than two modes m
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right|thumb|An [[animation that shows how a Taylor series can be used to approximate a function. The blue line shows the exponential function f(x)=e^{x}. The red lines show the sum of ''n'' derivatives -- that is, ''n''+1 terms in the Taylor series. As ''n'' gets bigger, the red line gets closer to the blue line.]]
A '''Taylor series''' is an  idea used in computer science, calculus, chemistry, physics and other kinds of higher-level mathematics. It is a series that is used to create an estimate (guess) of what a function looks like. There is also a special kind of Taylor series called a '''Maclaurin series'''.

The theory behind the Taylor series is that if a point is chosen on the coordinate plane (x- and y-axes), then it is possible to guess what a function will look like in the area around that point. This is done by taking the derivatives (instant slope) of the function and adding them all together. The idea is that it is possible to add the infinite number of derivatives and come up with a single finite sum.

In mathematics, a Taylor series shows a function as the sum of an infinite series. The sum's terms are taken from the function's derivatives. Taylor series come from Taylor's theorem.

== History ==
The Ancient Greek philosopher Zeno of Elea first came up with the idea of this series. The paradox called "[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno's_paradoxes Zeno's paradox]" is the result. He believed that it would be impossible to add an infinite number of values and get a single finite value as a result.

Another Greek philosopher, Aristotle, came up with an answer to the philosophical question. It was Archimedes, however, who came up with a mathematical solution using his method of exhaustion. He was able to prove that when something is split up into an infinite number of tiny pieces, they will still add up to a single whole when all of them are added back together. The ancient Chinese mathematician Liu Hui proved the same thing several hundred years later.
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An '''application programming interface''' (API) is a set of functions, procedures, methods or classes used by computer programs to request services from the operating system, software libraries or any other service providers running on the computer. A computer programmer uses the API to make
computer applications.

An API works by making a structure for computers to interact with each other, including rules for interactions and methods the computers can use to quickly send data to each other. Because an API's goal is to connect computers with other computers, they are different from a user interface, which has the goal of connecting human users with computers.

Main types of web APIs:

* Open APIs - available to the public; they can be accessed by any external users.
* Partner APIs - available to strategic business partners; they are exposed to a public API developer portal.
* Internal APIs - available to a company's internal development teams; they are exposed to a private API developer portal.
* Composite APIs - are a sequence of tasks bundled into a single API call.

Types of API include web services API like the Twitter API, which allows programs to use the API to receive updates on tweets.

==References==

Category:Software
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A '''recurrent neural network''' ('''RNN''') is a special type of artificial neural network (a computer program) that can remember things it has seen before. RNNs do this by connecting information from the past (called a ''hidden state'') with new information. Because of this, RNNs are good at processing data in a sequence, like understanding language, translating between languages, or predicting what might come next in a sequence.

== References ==

Category:Machine learning
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thumb|[[Ancient Greek mathematician Euclid (holding calipers), 3rd century BC, as imagined by Raphael in this detail from the School of Athens (1509–1511)]]
'''Mathematics''' is the study of numbers, shapes, and patterns and letters. The word comes from the Greek ''μάθημα'' (máthema), meaning "science, knowledge, or learning", and is sometimes shortened to '''math or maths'''.

It is the study of:
* Numbers: including how things can be counted.
* Structure: including how things are organized, but also how they can be or could have been. This subfield is usually called algebra.
* Place: where things are, and spatial arrangement, including arrangements of spaces themselves. This subfield is usually called geometry.
* Change: how things become different. This subfield is usually called analysis.

Applied math is useful for solving problems in the real world. People working in business, science, engineering, and construction use mathematics. SIAM|website=www.siam.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-30}}

== Problem-solving in mathematics ==
Mathematics solves problems by using logic. One of the main tools of logic used by mathematicians is deduction. Deduction is a special way of thinking to discover and prove new truths using old truths. To a mathematician, the reason something is true (called a proof) is just as important as the fact that it is true, and this reason is often found using deduction. Using deduction is what makes mathematical thinking different from other kinds of scientific thinking, which might rely on experiments or on interviews.

Logic and reasoning are used by mathematicians to create general rules, which are an important part of mathematics. These rules leave out information that is not important so that a single rule can cover many situations. By finding general rules, mathematics solves many problems at the same time as these rules can be used on other problems. These rules can be called theorems (if they have been proven) or conjectures (if 
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thumb|Healthy eating pyramid per Harvard School of Public Health
'''Nutrition''' provides the cells of an organism with food, in a form they can use. Organisms need food to be able to keep their bodies working properly. They also need food to be able to do certain things. Malnutrition can happen when a person does not eat the right amount of nutrients. They can get better by changing their diet to have the right amount of the various nutrients.
==Overview==
Different organisms have different food requirements and eat different food in order to meet those requirements. Animals that do not eat meat. For example, will have to get certain nutrients like protein from other foods. A nutrition expert is called a dietician. Nutritionists are different because they do not need the government to recognize them as experts. Anyone can call themselves a nutritionist.

==Types==
The six main types of nutrient are carbohydrates, fats, minerals, proteins, vitamins and water. A macronutrient is a nutrient that needs to be eaten a lot. A micronutrient, such as a vitamin, is needed in smaller amounts, but it is still important. Carbohydrates are not needed by the body but most people eat a lot of them. Complex carbohydrates are more nutritious than simple carbohydrates. Complex carbohydrates are found in vegetables while simple carbohydrates are found in processed foods. They take longer to digest because they have more fiber. Because they stay in the stomach for longer they leave the person who has eaten them feeling fuller for longer. Protein is needed for building cells. It is found in milk, meat, fish, beans, eggs and other foods like quinoa. Proteins are made of amino acids.
===Fats===
Fat is found naturally in some foods. People often eat it in processed foods, such as cakes and chocolate, which are high in energy. Omega 3 and omega 6 fats are needed by the body. There are saturated fats and unsaturated fats. It is recommended that people avoid the saturated type. It has been li
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thumb|upright|[[Stephen Cole Kleene, introduced the concept in 1951]]
A '''regular expression''' (abbreviated '''regexp''' or '''regex''') is a way to describe sets of characters using syntactic rules. Many programming languages use or support regular expressions. A regular expression is then used by a special program or part of a programming language. This program will either generate a parser that can be used to match expressions or it will match such expressions itself. A simple use case for this is to find all words or phrases in a text that match a certain pattern. In one case, the 'pattern' might just be a word, but in more complex cases, there might be rules that say that the word needs to start with an uppercase letter, or that only certain letters are allowed. 

A '''regular expression processor''' is used for processing a regular expression statement in terms of a grammar in a given formal language, and with that examines a text string. 

A few examples of what can be matched with regular expressions:
* The sequence of characters "car" appearing consecutively in any context, such as in "car", "cartoon", or "bicarbonate".
* The sequence of characters "car" occurring in that order with other characters between them, such as in "Icelander" or "chandler".
* The word "car" when it appears as an isolated word.
* The word "car" when preceded by the word "blue" or "red".
* The word "car" when ''not'' preceded by the word "motor".
* A dollar sign immediately followed by one or more digits, and then optionally a period and exactly two more digits (for example, "$10" or "$245.99"). This does not match "$ 5", because of the space between the dollar sign and the digit, nor "€25", because there is no dollar sign.  

Regular expressions can be much more complex than these examples. Many regular expression languages also support "wildcard" characters. A more complex example might be t0 validate a date. Some months have 31 days, others have 30; February has 29 in some case
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In computer science, '''selection sort''' is an in-place comparison sorting algorithm. It has a O(''n''2) time complexity, which makes it inefficient on large lists, and generally performs worse than the similar insertion sort. Selection sort is noted for its simplicity and has performance advantages over more complicated algorithms in certain situations, particularly where auxiliary memory is limited.

The algorithm divides the input list into two parts: a sorted sublist of items which is built up from left to right at the front (left) of the list and a sublist of the remaining unsorted items that occupy the rest of the list. Initially, the sorted sublist is empty and the unsorted sublist is the entire input list. The algorithm proceeds by finding the smallest (or largest, depending on sorting order) element in the unsorted sublist, exchanging (swapping) it with the leftmost unsorted element (putting it in sorted order), and moving the sublist boundaries one element to the right. 

The time efficiency of selection sort is quadratic, so there are a number of sorting techniques which have better time complexity than selection sort.

== Example ==
Here is an example of this sort algorithm sorting five elements:

{| class="wikitable"
! Sorted sublist
! Unsorted sublist
! Least element in unsorted list
|-
| ()
| style="text-align:right;" | (12, 25, 64, 11, 22)
| 11
|-
|  (11)
| style="text-align:right;" | (25, 64, 12, 22)
| 12
|-
| (11, 12)
| style="text-align:right;" | ( 64, 25,  22)
| 22
|-
| (11, 12, 22)
| style="text-align:right;" | (25, 64)
| 25
|-
| (11, 12, 22, 25)
| style="text-align:right;" | (64)
| 64
|-
| (11, 12, 22, 25, 64)
| style="text-align:right;" | ()
|
|}
right|thumb|Selection sort animation. Red is current min. Yellow is sorted list. Blue is current item.
(Nothing appears changed on these last two lines because the last two numbers were already in order.)

Selection sort can also be used on list structures that make add and remove efficient, such as 
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A '''large language model''' ('''LLM''') is a type of artificial intelligence that can understand and create human language. These models learn by studying huge amounts of text from books, websites, and other sources.

==How they work==
LLMs work by finding patterns in language. They learn grammar, facts, and how words relate to each other by looking at billions of examples. The most powerful LLMs use a special design called "transformer," which helps them process large amounts of text quickly.

===Limitations===
While LLMs are powerful, they can make mistakes. They sometimes include biases from their training data, and they can produce incorrect information. They learn from existing text rather than having true understanding like humans do.

==History==
Before 2017, language models were much simpler. The big change came when Google created the "transformer" design, which made language models much more powerful.

Important developments include:
* 2018: BERT was released, which helped computers better understand language
* 2019: GPT-2 was created but was considered so powerful that its creators worried about misuse
* 2022: ChatGPT was released and became very popular with the public
* 2023: GPT-4 came out and could understand both text and images

===Modern developments===
Today, there are many different LLMs available. Some are private, like GPT-4, while others are open for anyone to use, like Deepseek and Mistral. , GPT-4 was considered one of the most capable language models.

==References==

Category:Machine learning
Category:Generative artificial intelligence
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'''Depression''' may refer to:

==Mental health==
* Depression (mood), a state of low mood and aversion to activity
* Mood disorders characterized by depression are commonly referred to as simply ''depression'', including:
** Major depressive disorder, also known as ''clinical depression''
** Bipolar disorder, also known as ''manic depression''
** Dysthymia, also known as ''persistent depressive disorder''
** Psychotic depression, depressive episode that is accompanied by psychotic symptoms
** Seasonal affective disorder, also known as ''seasonal depression''
** Atypical depression, characterized by improved mood in response to positive events
*Long-term depression, reduction of neuronal synapse efficacy

==Economics==
* Economic depression, a sustained, long-term downturn in economic activity in one or more economies
** Great Depression, a severe economic depression during the 1930s, commonly referred to as simply ''the Depression''
** Long Depression, an economic depression during 1873–96, known at the time as the ''Great Depression''
==Biology==
* Depression (kinesiology), an anatomical term of motion, refers to downward movement, the opposite of elevation
* Depression (physiology), a reduction in a biological variable or the function of an organ
* Central nervous system depression, physiological depression of the central nervous system that can result in loss of consciousness

==Earth science==
* Depression (geology), a landform sunken or depressed below the surrounding area
* Depression (weather), an area of low atmospheric pressure characterized by rain and unstable weather
==Art==
* "Depressed" (song), a song by English singer-songwriter Anne-Marie, 2025
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220px|right|thumb|Tangent to a curve. The red line is tangential to the curve at the point marked by a red dot.
220px|right|thumb|Tangent plane to a sphere

In geometry, the '''tangent line''' (or simply '''tangent''') to a plane curve at a given point is, intuitively, the straight line that "just touches" the curve at that point. Leibniz defined it as the line through a pair of infinitely close points on the curve.In "Nova Methodus pro Maximis et Minimis" (''Acta Eruditorum'', Oct. 1684), Leibniz appears to have a notion of tangent lines readily from the start, but later states: "modo teneatur in genere, tangentem invenire esse rectam ducere, quae duo curvae puncta distantiam infinite parvam habentia jungat, seu latus productum polygoni infinitanguli, quod nobis curvae aequivalet", ie. defines the method for drawing tangents through points infinitely close to each other. More precisely, a straight line is tangent to the curve  ''f''(''x'')}} at a point  ''c''}} if the line passes through the point  on the curve and has slope (''c'')}}, where ''f'' is the derivative of ''f''. A similar definition applies to space curves and curves in ''n''-dimensional Euclidean space.

The point where the tangent line and the curve meet or intersect is called the '''''point of tangency'''''. The tangent line is said to be "going in the same direction" as the curve, and is thus the best straight-line approximation to the curve at that point.
The tangent line to a point on a differentiable curve can also be thought of as a ''tangent line approximation'', the graph of the affine function that best approximates the original function at the given point.Dan Sloughter (2000) . "[https://math.dartmouth.edu/opencalc2/dcsbook/c3pdf/sec31.pdf Best Affine Approximations]" 

Similarly, the '''tangent plane''' to a surface at a given point is the plane that "just touches" the surface at that point. The concept of a tangent is one of the most fundamental notions in differential geometry and has be
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'''International law''', also called '''public international law''', is a set of laws used when there is a conflict between countries. These help set standards for human rights and global relations. Since there is no completely agreed authority to enforce it, the rules are suggestions for nations to follow.

Private International Law is when there is a conflict between two or more countries that broke a certain law based on the countries' law. It is composed of a set of treaties.

In recent years, people have also seen international organizations like the United Nations use international law.

== Related pages ==
* European Union law
* International human rights law
* Geneva Conventions
* Laws of war
* Roerich Pact

Category:International law
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A '''republic''' is a form of government that has no monarchy and no hereditary aristocracy, and instead the head of state (the highest political authority) is an elected office It originates from Rome. In 509 BC, the Romans overthrew the Roman Kingdom and established a republic, a government in which citizens elected representatives to rule on their behalf.

National sovereignty lies in the authority of the government, not in an emperor or monarch. The word ''republic'' comes from the Latin words '''res publica''',  meaning a "public thing". For example, the United States and India are republics. However, the United Kingdom and Canada are not republics since they have a monarch (King Charles III in both cases). 

Countries with a king or other monarch and free elections is called a constitutional monarchy, not republics. A constitutional monarchy resembles a republic because the constitution has been amended to remove power from the monarch and install institutions conforming to a philosophy of republicanism. That includes the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms, the Netherlands, Thailand, and countries in Scandinavia and elsewhere. What makes a republic different is that its laws are made and enforced without royal authority.

The head of state in a republic is generally a person who has been chosen by the citizens by direct election or by a group of elected representatives to act as the top representative of the people. In most republics, the head of state is called the president. In some countries, the president is elected and has a lot of political power. In others, the president does not hold much direct power but is important in the legal system for other reasons.

Sometimes, state is called a "republic" when its head is not called a "king". For example, the Roman Empire had an "emperor" and the Dutch Republic had a "stadholder", but they worked as hereditary monarchs.

Licchavi, in India, was an aristocratic state in the 6th and 5th centuries BC
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'''Entrepreneurship''' is the creation or extraction of economic value by identifying and commercializing opportunities to deliver products or services, a process that typically requires considerable initiation and bears risk. This process may also encompass the pursuit of values that extend beyond mere economic considerations.

The term '''entrepreneur''' () refers to an individual who creates and/or invests in one or more businesses, bearing most of the risks and enjoying most of the rewards. The process of setting up a business is also referred to as "entrepreneurship". The entrepreneur is often regarded as an innovator, a source of new ideas, goods, services, and business procedures.

Narrower definitions of entrepreneurship include the process of designing, launching, and operating a new business, often similar to a small business, or (per ''Business Dictionary'') as the "capacity and willingness to develop, organize, and manage a business venture along with any of its risks to make a profit". Individuals who create these businesses are often referred to as "entrepreneurs".

In the field of economics, the term ''entrepreneur'' is used for an entity that has the ability to translate inventions or technologies into products and services. In this sense, entrepreneurship encompasses the activities of both established firms and startups.

== Perspectives on entrepreneurship ==
In the 21st century, the governments of nation states have tried to promote entrepreneurship, as well as enterprise culture, in the hope that it would improve or stimulate economic growth and competition. After the end of supply-side economics, entrepreneurship was supposed to boost the economy.

As an academic field, entrepreneurship accommodates different schools of thought. It has been studied within disciplines such as management, economics, sociology, and economic history. Some view entrepreneurship as allocated to ''the entrepreneur''. These scholars tend to focus on what the entrepreneu
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| designer  = Brendan Eich
| developer = Netscape
| logo      = center|120px
| logo_alt  = Unofficial JavaScript Logo
|programming language=Scripting and programming language|File extensions=.js (Standard JavaScript)

.mjs .cjs .jsx .tsx .ts .es6 

.json (JavaScript Object Notation)}}

'''JavaScript''' is a high-level programming language that follows the ECMAScript standard. It was originally designed as a scripting language for websites but became widely adopted as a general-purpose programming language, and is currently the most popular programming language in use. JavaScript is usually found running in a web browser as interactive or automated content, ranging from popup messages and live clocks to large web applications. JavaScript is also commonly used in server-side programming through platforms like Node.js, or "embedded" in non-JavaScript applications where the base programming language lacks the high-level functionality that JavaScript offers.

Despite the similarities in name and syntax, JavaScript is not related to the programming language Java. Though the names of both languages are trademarks of Oracle Corporation, the two languages follow different design principles, and are actively developed by unrelated organizations.

Object Model

window (Global Object)
│
├── BOM (Browser Object Model)
│   ├── location
│   │   ├── href
│   │   ├── hostname
│   │   ├── pathname
│   │   ├── protocol
│   │   ├── assign()
│   │   ├── reload()
│   │   └── replace()
│   │
│   ├── navigator
│   │   ├── userAgent
│   │   ├── language
│   │   ├── platform
│   │   └── geolocation
│   │
│   ├── history
│   │   ├── length
│   │   ├── back()
│   │   ├── forward()
│   │   └── go()
│   │
│   ├── screen
│   │   ├── width
│   │   ├── height
│   │   ├── availWidth
│   │   └── availHeight
│   │
│   ├── console
│   │   ├── log()
│   │   ├── error()
│   │   ├── warn()
│   │   └── info()
│   │
│   ├── alert()
│   ├── prompt()
│   ├── confirm()
│   ├── open()
│   └── close()
│
├── DOM 
<|CHUNK_END|>
| last = 
| next = 
| participants = 14
| champions =  (6th title)
| most successful =  (6 titles)
| most runs       =  Sachin Tendulkar (2,278)
| most wickets    =  Glenn McGrath (71)
| website = 
| current = 
}}

The '''ICC Men's Cricket World Cup''' is a quadrennial world cup for cricket in One Day International (ODI) format, organised by the International Cricket Council (ICC). The tournament is one of the world's most viewed sporting events and considered the flagship event of the international cricket calendar by the ICC. 

The first Cricket World Cup was organised in England in June 1975, with the first ODI cricket match having been played only four years earlier. However, a separate Women's Cricket World Cup had been held two years before the first men's tournament, and a tournament involving multiple international teams had been held as early as 1912, when a triangular tournament of Test matches was played between Australia, England and South Africa. The first three World Cups were held in England. From the 1987 tournament onwards, hosting has been shared between countries under an unofficial rotation system, with 14 ICC members having hosted at least one match in the tournament.

The current format involves a qualification phase, which takes place over the preceding three years, to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase. In the tournament phase, 10 teams, including the automatically qualifying host nation, compete for the title at venues within the host nation over about a month. In the 2027 World Cup, the format will be changed to accommodate an expanded 14-team final competition.

A total of twenty teams have competed in the 13 editions of the tournament, with ten teams competing in the recent 2023 tournament. Australia has won the tournament six times, India and West Indies twice each, while Pakistan, Sri Lanka and England have won it once each. The best performance by a non-full-member team came when Kenya made the semi-finals of the 20
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thumb|upright=1.15|right|A complex number  can be visually represented as a pair of numbers  forming a [[vector (geometric)|position vector (blue) or a point (red) on a diagram called an Argand diagram, representing the complex plane. ''Re'' is the real axis, ''Im'' is the imaginary axis, and  is the "imaginary unit", that satisfies .]]

In mathematics, a '''complex number''' is an element of a number system that extends the real numbers with a specific element denoted , called the imaginary unit and satisfying the equation i^{2}= -1; because no real number satisfies the above equation,  was called an imaginary number by René Descartes. Every complex number can be expressed in the form a + bi, where  and  are real numbers,  is called the '''''', and  is called the ''''''. The set of complex numbers is denoted by either of the symbols \mathbb C or . Despite the historical nomenclature, "imaginary" complex numbers have a mathematical existence as firm as that of the real numbers, and they are fundamental tools in the scientific description of the natural world.For an extensive account of the history of "imaginary" numbers, from initial skepticism to ultimate acceptance, see 
"Complex numbers, as much as reals, and perhaps even more, find a unity with nature that is truly remarkable. It is as though Nature herself is as impressed by the scope and consistency of the complex-number system as we are ourselves, and has entrusted to these numbers the precise operations of her world at its minutest scales.", .

Complex numbers allow solutions to all polynomial equations, even those that have no solutions in real numbers. More precisely, the fundamental theorem of algebra asserts that every non-constant polynomial equation with real or complex coefficients has a solution which is a complex number. For example, the equation
(x+1)^2 = -9
has no real solution, because the square of a real number cannot be negative, but has the two nonreal complex solutions x=-1+3i and x=-1-3i.


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thumb|230px|Structure of [[tobacco mosaic virus: RNA coiled in a helix of repeating protein sub-units]]

A '''virus''' is a tiny parasite.Glaunsinger, Britt 2020 Viruses reveal the secrets of biology. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQHL9QabwLQ] This source makes the astonishing claim that there are !024 viral infections/second. Viruses reproduce inside other living things; they are not free-living. A virus makes copies of itself inside another organism's cells. When viruses infect living organisms, they can cause disease. There are many types of diseases caused by viruses, such as polio, ebola and hepatitis. Viruses outnumber all other forms of life on the planet by a long way.

A virus has a simple structure. It has just a protein coat which covers a strand of nucleic acid. Usually the nucleic acid is RNA; sometimes it is DNA. Viruses are much smaller than most kinds of bacteria, and can only be seen under an electron microscope. Viruses were not visible until the invention of the electron microscope.

Viruses reproduce by getting their nucleic acid strand into a prokaryote or eukaryote cell. The RNA or DNA strand then takes over the cell machinery to make copies of itself and the protein coat. The cell then bursts open, spreading the newly created viruses. All viruses reproduce this way, and there are no free-living viruses.Dimmock N.J; Easton, Andrew J; Leppard, Keith 2007. ''Introduction to modern virology''. 6th ed, Blackwell. Shors Teri 2017. ''Understanding viruses''. Jones and Bartlett. ISBN 978-1-284-02592-7 Viruses are everywhere in the environment, and all organisms can be infected by them.

With eukaryotic cells, the virus protein coat is able to enter the target cells by certain cell membrane receptors. With prokaryote bacteria cells, the bacteriophage physically injects the nucleic acid strand into the host cell.

When the host cell has finished making more viruses, it undergoes lysis, or breaks apart. The viruses are released and are then able to in
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thumb|300x300px|The drawing on the left side, is supposed to show an example of one hydrogen nucleus that has a bond to another hydrogen nucleus. (No picture has been taken of a bond between two (hydrogen) atoms; There is no [[evidence of any expert having seen (with the expert's own eyes) a bond between two atoms.) Those two nuclei are inside the electron cloud (that is made of the electrons of both of these two hydrogen atoms). To show when two atoms have a covalent bonding, one can put a line - on a drawing - between the nucleus of the one atom, and the nucleus of the other atom.]]

A '''chemical bond''' is a type of attraction force which holds together different chemical species. Atoms bonded stay together unless the needed amount of energy is transferred to the bond. 

In general, strong chemical bonding comes with the sharing or transfer of electrons between the participating atoms. The atoms in molecules, crystals, metals and diatomic gases are held together by chemical bonds. 

There are two types of bonds; covalent and ionic. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. Ionic bonding is the attraction between oppositely charged ions. Chemical bonds are negatively charged electrons that are pulling protons into each other.

Because atoms and molecules are three-dimensional, it is difficult to use a single method to indicate orbitals and bonds. In molecular formulas the chemical bonds between atoms are indicated in different ways depending on the type of discussion.

A common way chemists describe chemical bonds is through the number of electrons each atom has on itself. Each atom is drawn with the number of electrons as dots or lines to form a maximum of eight.  If the electrons form a chemical bond then a line is drawn between the two electrons. The number of bonds developed increases the number of lines. Atkins, Peter; Loretta Jones 1997. ''Chemistry: molecules, matter and change''. New York: W. H. Freeman, pp. 294–295. ISBN 0-7167-3107-X

Bonds can be
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thumb|400px|Standard Model of [[elementary particles.1 GeV/''c''2 = 1.783x10-27 kg.  1 MeV/''c''2 = 1.783x10-30 kg.]] 

The '''Standard Model''' (SM) of physics is a theory of the elementary particles, which are either fermions or bosons. It also explains three of the four basic forces of nature. The four fundamental forces are: gravity, electromagnetism, the weak force, and the strong force. Gravity is the one the model does not explain.

The model uses the parts of physics called quantum mechanics and special relativity, and the ideas of physical field and symmetry breaking. Some of the mathematics of the SM is group theory, and also as equations which have biggest and smallest points, called Lagrangians and Hamiltonians. 
 
== Fermions==
Fermions are particles that join together to make up all "matter" we see. Examples of groups of fermions are the proton and the neutron. Fermions have properties, such as charge and mass, which can be seen in everyday life. They also have other properties, such as spin, weak charge, hypercharge, and color charge, whose effects do not usually appear in everyday life. These properties are given numbers called quantum numbers. 

Fermions are particles whose spin numbers equal an odd, positive number times one half: 1/2, 3/2, 5/2, etc. We say that fermions have "half integer spin."

An important fact about fermions is that they follow a rule called the Pauli exclusion principle. This rule says that no two fermions can be in the same "place" at the same time, because no two fermions in an atom can have the same quantum numbers at the same time. Fermions also obey a theory called Fermi-Dirac statistics. The word "fermion" honors the physicist Enrico Fermi.

There are 12 different types of fermions. Each type is called a "flavor." Their names are:

* '''Quarks''' — up, down, strange, charm, top, bottom
* '''Leptons''' — electron, muon, tau, electron neutrino, muon neutrino, tau neutrino. The electron is the best known lepton.

Quarks ar
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| latest release version = 5.2
| latest release date = 
| repo = 
| programming language = 
| engine = GPT-5.5
| operating system = 
| genre = Generative artificial intelligence chatbot
| license = Proprietary
| website = chatgpt.com
}}
'''ChatGPT''' is an AI chatbot. It was launched by OpenAI in November 2022. The program was first built using a large language model that OpenAI made, called GPT-3.5. The GPT-3.5 model was first "trained" to predict text that comes after initial text. After the model learned to complete text, supervised and reinforcement learning techniques were used to make the model more likely to follow instructions, and other preferences.

ChatGPT was launched as a prototype on November 30, 2022. The website received more than one million users after five days. By January 2023, ChatGPT reached over 100 million users. It got attention for its answers in many areas of knowledge but its lack of accuracy was said to be a problem.

ChatGPT has used different 'large language models' (LLMs) to generate text. The first model that ChatGPT used was called GPT-3.5. The GPT-4 model was released in 2023, and this model often gave better answers than GPT-3.5. More recently GPT-4o, the o1-preview and GPT-5 models were released. The o1 models can take more time to answer questions, and can solve more complicated problems than other models. While the o1 models are working on an answer, they can show a summary of their working out. Scientists have claimed that o1 models are progress to the goal of artificial general intelligence (AGI).

ChatGPT used to be completely free for research, but it got so popular that OpenAI started using a freemium model. OpenAI created ChatGPT Plus, a subscription service which costs $20 per month. Users can still use the free version of ChatGPT, but ChatGPT Plus users can use more features, and more capable models.
thumb|264x264px|Example of a ChatGPT generated image

== Criticism and misuse ==
There is a risk that ChatGPT can be used
<|CHUNK_END|>
thumb|right|240px|Example of a [[Binary tree|binary max-heap containing items between 1 and 100.]]

In computer science, a '''heap''' is a type of tree (data structure) that satisfies the heap property. Heaps are useful when you need to remove the item with the highest (or lowest) value. A common implementation of a heap is the binary heap in which the tree is a complete binary tree.

==Heap property==
* In a max-heap, the value of each item is less than or equal to the value of its parent, with the maximum-value item at the root.
* In a min-heap, the value of each item is greater than or equal to the value of its parent, with the minimum-value item at the root.

==Operations==
* ''find'': return a maximum item of a max-heap or a minimum item of a min-heap.
* ''insert'': add a new item to the heap.
* ''extract'': returns the maximum item from a max-heap (or minimum item from a min-heap) after removing it.
* ''delete'': removes the root of a max-heap (or min-heap).
* ''size'': return the number of items in the heap.
* ''is-empty'': return true if the heap is empty, false otherwise.

==Maintaining the heap property==
* ''insert'': insert the item at the bottom rightmost location; swap the item with its parent until the heap property is preserved.
* ''delete'': remove the root; swap it with the item at the bottom rightmost location; swap the new root downwards with the smaller of its children (for a min-heap) until the heap property is preserved.

==References==

Category:Data structures
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thumb|[[Axel Helsted, "Geometry"]]

'''Geometry''' (from Ancient Greek: Γεωμετρία (romanized: ''Geometria'' (English: "Land measurement") derived from Γη (romanized: Ge; English: "Earth" or "land") and also derived from Μέτρον) (romanized: ''Métron''; English: "A measure")) is a branch of mathematics that studies the size, shapes, positions and dimensions of things. We can only see shapes that are flat (2D) or solid (3D), but mathematicians (people who study math) are able to study shapes that are 4D, 5D, 6D, and so on.

Squares, circles and triangles are some of the simplest shapes in flat geometry. Cubes, cylinders, cones and spheres are simple shapes in solid geometry.

== Uses ==
Plane geometry can be used to measure the area and perimeter of a flat shape. Solid geometry can measure a solid shape's volume and surface area.

Geometry can be used to calculate the size and shape of many things. For example, geometry can help people find:
* the surface area of a house, so they can buy the right amount of paint
* the volume of a box, to see if it is big enough to hold a liter of food
* the area of a farm, so it can be divided into equal parts
* the distance around the edge of a pond, to know how much fencing to buy.

== Origins ==
Geometry is one of the oldest branches of mathematics. Geometry began as the art of surveying of land so that it could be shared fairly between people. The word "geometry" is from a Greek word that means "to measure the land". It has grown from this to become one of the most important parts of mathematics. The Greek mathematician Euclid wrote the first book about geometry, a book called ''The Elements''.

== Non-Euclidean geometry ==
Plane and solid geometry, as described by Euclid in his textbook Elements, is called "Euclidean Geometry". This was simply called "geometry" for centuries. In the 19th century, mathematicians created several new kinds of geometry that changed the rules of Euclidean geometry. These and earlier kinds were called 
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thumb|[[Ammonia and hydrochloric acid form ammonium chloride. This is a neutralization.]]
A '''base''' is a substance that can accept a hydrogen ion (H+) from another substance. A chemical can accept a proton if it has a negative charge, or if the molecule has an electronegative atom like oxygen, nitrogen, or chlorine that is rich in electrons. Like acids, some bases are strong and others are weak. The weak bases are less likely to accept protons, while the strong bases quickly take protons in solution or from other molecules.
An acid is a base's "chemical opposite". An acid is a substance that will donate a hydrogen atom to the base. 

Bases have a pH greater than 7.0.  Weak bases generally have a pH value of 79 while strong bases have a pH value of 9–14. 

==How bases work==
Bases react with acids. This reaction makes a weaker acid and weaker base, called the conjugates.

In water, strong bases make hydroxide ions. The hydroxide takes a hydrogen ion from an acid. This makes a water molecule, which is neutral (it is the same as the solvent). The other parts of the acid and the counterion from the base are attracted together to make neutral salts. Because adding the base to the acid makes its pH more neutral, this is called neutralization.

Weak bases react without making hydroxide. For example, ammonia () is a weak base that dissolves in water but does not react. When a strong acid like hydrochloric acid is added, it gives a hydrogen ion to the ammonia molecule, making ammonia's conjugate acid, the ammonium ion . The ammonium solution will stay slightly acidic unless a stronger base is added, which will change it back into ammonia.

== Characteristics ==

Bases have these characteristics:
*Bitter taste (opposed to sour taste of acids)
*Slimy, or soapy feel on fingers (slippery)
*Many bases react with acids and precipitate salts.
*Strong bases may react violently with acids. An acid spill can be safely neutralised by using a mild base.
*Bases turn red litmus paper b
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thumb|360px|A picture of airflow, modeled using a differential equation.

A '''differential equation''' is a mathematical equation that involves variables like x or y, as well as the rate at which those variables change. Differential equations are special because the solution of a differential equation is itself a function instead of a number.

In applications of mathematics, problems often arise in which the dependence of one parameter on another is unknown, but it is possible to write an expression for the rate of change of one parameter relative to another (derivative). In this case, the problem is reduced to finding a function by its derivative related to some other expressions.

==Types of differential equations==
If a differential equation only involves x and its derivative, the rate at which x changes, then it is called a first order differential equation. A higher-order differential equation has derivatives of other derivatives. If there are more variables than just x and y, then it is said to be a partial differential equation. Sometimes, something will obey several differential equations at the same time. These are said to be modeled by coupled differential equations.

Some differential equations can be solved exactly, and some cannot. Sometimes one can only be estimated, and a computer program can do this very fast. Although they may seem overly-complicated to someone who has not studied differential equations before, the people who use differential equations tell us that they would not be able to figure important things out without them. Most scientists and engineers (as well as mathematicians) take at least one course in differential equations while in college. Some mathematicians devote their career to investigating differential equations that are difficult to solve.

== Uses ==
Differential equations are used in many fields of science since they describe real-world things:
* In physics for various forms of movement, or oscillations
* Radioactive decay
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An '''operating system''' ('''OS''') is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources, and provides common services for computer programs.https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.17710 Operating System research article

Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, peripherals, and other resources.

For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and frequently makes system calls to an OS function or is interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computerfrom cellular phones and video game consoles to web servers and supercomputers.

, Android is the most popular operating system, with a 38% market share, followed by Microsoft Windows at 33%, iOS and iPadOS at 15%, macOS at 4%, and Linux at 1%. Android, iOS, and iPadOS are operating systems for mobile devices such as smartphones, while Windows, macOS, and Linux are for desktop computers. Linux distributions are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors. Other specialized classes of operating systems (special-purpose operating systems), such as embedded and real-time systems, exist for many applications. Security-focused operating systems also exist. Some operating systems have low system requirements (e.g. light-weight Linux distribution). Others may have higher system requirements.

Some operating systems require installation or may come pre-installed with purchased computers (OEM-installation), whereas others may run directly from media (i.e. live CD) or flash memory (i.e. a LiveUSB from a USB stick).

==Definition and purpose==
An operating system is difficult to define, but has been called "the layer of software that manages a computer's resources for it
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thumb|300px|Various social media platforms
'''Social media''' are new media technologies that facilitate the creation, sharing and aggregation of content (such as ideas, interests, and other forms of expression) amongst virtual communities and networks. Common features include:

* Online platforms enable users to create and share content and participate in social networking.
* User-generated content such as text posts or comments, digital photos or videos, and data generated through online interactions.
* Service specific profiles that are designed and maintained by the social media organization.
* Social media helps the development of online social networks by connecting a user's profile with those of other individuals or groups.

The term ''social'' in regard to media suggests platforms enable communal activity. Social media helps people connect and build networks.|title=The Culture of Connectivity: A Critical History of Social Media |date=2013-01-02 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-997079-7 |language=en}} Users access social media through web-based or mobile applications. These interactive platforms allow individuals, communities, businesses, and organizations to share, co-create, discuss, participate in, and modify user-generated or self-curated content. Social media is used to share memories, form friendships, build communities and learn. They may be used to promote people, companies, products, and ideas. Social media can be used to consume, publish, or share news.

Popular social media platforms with over 100 million registered users include Twitter, Facebook, WeChat, ShareChat, Instagram, Pinterest, QZone, Weibo, VK, Tumblr, Baidu Tieba, Threads, and LinkedIn. Depending on the interpretation, other popular platforms that are sometimes referred to as social media services include YouTube, Letterboxd, QQ, Quora, Telegram, WhatsApp, Signal, LINE, Snapchat, Viber, Reddit, Discord, and TikTok. Wikis and Roblox are examples of collaborative content
<|CHUNK_END|>
| latest release version = 
| latest release date = }}
| designer = James Gosling
| developer = Oracle Corporation
| typing = Static, strong, safe, nominative, manifest
| memory management = Garbage-collected
| influenced_by = CLU, Simula67, Lisp, Smalltalk, Ada 83, C++, C#,Java 5.0 added several new language features (the enhanced for loop, autoboxing, varargs and annotations), after they were introduced in the similar (and competing) C# language. [http://www.barrycornelius.com/papers/java5/]  [http://www.levenez.com/lang/]  Eiffel, Mesa, Modula-3, Oberon,Niklaus Wirth stated on a number of public occasions, e.g. in a lecture at the Polytechnic Museum, Moscow in September 2005 (several independent first-hand accounts in Russian exist, e.g. one with an audio recording: ), that the Sun Java design team licensed the Oberon compiler sources a number of years prior to the release of Java and examined it: a (relative) compactness, type safety, garbage collection, no multiple inheritance for classes all these key overall design features are shared by Java and Oberon. Objective-C,Patrick Naughton cites Objective-C as a strong influence on the design of the Java programming language, stating that notable direct derivatives include Java interfaces (derived from Objective-C's protocol) and primitive wrapper classes. [http://cs.gmu.edu/~sean/stuff/java-objc.html]  UCSD Pascal, Object Pascal
| influenced = Ada 2005, ArkTS, BeanShell, C#, Chapel, Clojure, ECMAScript, Fantom, Gambas, Groovy, Hack, Haxe, J#, JavaScript, JS++, Kotlin, PHP, Python, Scala, Vala
| website = ||}}
| file_ext = .java, .class, .jar, .jmod, .war
| wikibooks = Java Programming
}}

'''Java''' is a high-level, general-purpose, memory-safe, object-oriented programming language. It is intended to let programmers ''write once, run anywhere'' (WORA), meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need to recompile. Java applications are usually compiled to bytecode that can
<|CHUNK_END|>
In classical software architecture, the architecture is often layered. There is one layer for the user interface, another for the application logic, and yet another for accessing persistent data (such as a database). In classical software architecture, an application server is used, which will run the different services (such as different entry points of a web site, or different parts of the business application). The problem with this approach is that such application servers often do not scale very well, they need a lot of resources, and services are often tightly coupled.

'''Microservices''' are patterns of Software architecture: The approach is similar to the pattern described above, but the services are very small: very often they only provide one or two very specific functions. To get the same situation as above, these services must interact with each other. Very often they do this using RESTful service calls. Each microservice still has the parts of the user interface layer, the application layer, and the layer to access persistent data. Very often, microservices run in an application container. Data Basecamp|url=https://databasecamp.de/en/use-case/microservices|access-date=2022-09-25|language=en-US}} When the load requires it, special software in the application container can be used to run several instances (or copies) of the specific service.

Microservices is a specialization of an implementation approach for service-oriented architectures (SOA) used to build flexible, independently deployable software systems. The microservices approach is a first realisation of SOA that followed the introduction of DevOps and is becoming more popular for building continuously deployed systems.

==References==

Category:Computer science
<|CHUNK_END|>
thumb|The element [[sulfur has a crystalline structure]]
thumb|[[Bromine is one of only two elements that are liquid at 25°C. The other is Mercury]]

A '''chemical element''' is a substance that is made up of only one type of atom. Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

The number of protons in an atom is called the atomic number. For example, all atoms with 6 protons are atoms of the chemical element carbon, and all atoms with 92 protons are atoms of the element uranium. The number of neutrons in the nucleus does not have to be the same in every atom of an element. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. Saying that a substance "contains only one type of atom" really means that it contains only atoms that all have the same number of protons.

The number of protons in the nucleus causes its electric charge. This fixes the number of electrons in its normal (un-ionized) state. The electrons in their atomic orbitals determine the element's various chemical properties.

Elements are the basic building blocks for all types of substances. If a substance contains more than one type of atom, it is a compound or a mixture. The smallest particle of a compound is a molecule.

118 different chemical elements are known to modern chemistry. 92 of these elements can be found in nature, and the others can only be made in laboratories. The human body is made up of 26 elements. The last natural element discovered was uranium, in 1789. The first man-made element was technetium, in 1937.

Chemical elements are commonly arranged in the periodic table. Where the elements are in the table tells us about their properties relative to the other elements.

==Chemical symbols==
Chemical elements are given a unique ''chemical symbol''. Chemical symbols are used all over the world. This means that, no matter which language is spoken, there is no confusion about what the symbol means. Chemical symbols of elements almost always come from t
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In information theory, the '''entropy''' of a random variable quantifies the average level of uncertainty or information associated with the variable's potential states or possible outcomes. This measures the expected amount of information needed to describe the state of the variable, considering the distribution of probabilities across all potential states. Given a discrete random variable X, which may be any member x within the set \mathcal{X} and is distributed according to p\colon \mathcal{X}\to[0, 1], the entropy is
\Eta(X) := -\sum_{x \in \mathcal{X}} p(x) \log p(x),
where \Sigma denotes the sum over the variable's possible values. The choice of base for \log, the logarithm, varies for different applications. Base 2 gives the unit of bits (or "shannons"), while base ''e'' gives "natural units" nat, and base 10 gives units of "dits", "bans", or "hartleys". An equivalent definition of entropy is the expected value of the self-information of a variable.

The concept of information entropy was introduced by Claude Shannon in his 1948 paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120615000000*/https://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol27-1948/articles/bstj27-3-379.pdf PDF], archived from [http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol27-1948/articles/bstj27-3-379.pdf here] ) ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120615000000*/https://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol27-1948/articles/bstj27-4-623.pdf PDF], archived from [http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol27-1948/articles/bstj27-4-623.pdf here] ) and is also referred to as '''Shannon entropy'''. Shannon's theory defines a data communication system composed of three elements: a source of data, a communication channel, and a receiver. The "fundamental problem of communication" – as expressed by Shannon – is for the receiver to be able to identify what data was generated by the source, based on the signal it receives through the channel. Shannon considered various ways to encode, compress, and transmi
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| author                 = Ryan Dahl
| developer              = OpenJS Foundation
| released               = 
| latest release version = 
| latest release date    = }}
| programming language   = JavaScript, C++, Python, C
| operating system       = z/OS, Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, SmartOS, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, IBM AIX
| genre                  = Runtime environment
| license                = MIT License
}}

'''Node.js''' is a cross-platform, open-source JavaScript runtime environment that can run on Windows, Linux, Unix, macOS, and more. Node.js runs on the V8 JavaScript engine, and executes JavaScript                                                                                 code outside a web browser. According to the Stack Overflow Developer Survey, Node.js is one of the most commonly used web technologies.

Node.js allows developers to use JavaScript for writing command line tools and server-side scripting. Running Javascript on the server is commonly used to generate dynamic web page content before the page is sent to the user's web browser. Consequently, Node.js represents a "JavaScript everywhere" paradigm, unifying web-application development around a single programming language, as opposed to using different languages for the server- versus client-side programming.

Node.js has an event-driven architecture capable of asynchronous I/O. These design choices aim to optimize throughput and scalability in web applications with many input/output operations, as well as for real-time Web applications (e.g., real-time communication programs and browser games).

The Node.js distributed development project was previously governed by the Node.js Foundation, and has now merged with the JS Foundation to form the OpenJS Foundation. OpenJS Foundation is facilitated by the Linux Foundation's Collaborative Projects program.

== History ==
thumb|Ryan Dahl, creator of Node.js, in 2010|alt=
thumb|Rocket Turtle, the official mascot of Node.js since February 2024|upright=0
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Limit § Mathematics}}

In mathematics, a '''limit''' is the value that a function (or sequence) approaches as the argument (or index) approaches some value. Limits of functions are essential to calculus and mathematical analysis, and are used to define continuity, derivatives, and integrals.
The concept of a limit of a sequence is further generalized to the concept of a limit of a topological net, and is closely related to limit and direct limit in category theory.
The limit inferior and limit superior provide generalizations of the concept of a limit which are particularly relevant when the limit at a point may not exist.

==Notation==
In formulas, a limit of a function is usually written as
 \lim_{x \to c} f(x) = L,
and is read as "the limit of f of x as x approaches c equals L". This means that the value of the function f can be made arbitrarily close to L, by choosing x sufficiently close to c. Alternatively, the fact that a function f approaches the limit L as x approaches c is sometimes denoted by a right arrow (→ or \rightarrow), as in
f(x) \to L \text{ as } x \to c,
or in

f(x) \xrightarrow[x \to c]{} L,

which reads "f of x tends to L as x tends to c".

==History==

According to Hankel (1871), the modern concept of limit originates from Proposition X.1 of Euclid's Elements, which forms the basis of the Method of exhaustion found in Euclid and Archimedes: "Two unequal magnitudes being set out, if from the greater there is subtracted a magnitude greater than its half, and from that which is left a magnitude greater than its half, and if this process is repeated continually, then there will be left some magnitude less than the lesser magnitude set out."

Grégoire de Saint-Vincent gave the first definition of limit (terminus) of a geometric series in his work ''Opus Geometricum'' (1647): "The ''terminus'' of a progression is the end of the series, which none progression can reach, even not if she is continued in infinity, but which she can approach nearer than 
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160px|thumb|A [[directed graph with three vertices (blue circles) and three edges (black arrows).]]

In computer science, a '''graph''' is an abstract data type that is meant to implement the undirected graph and directed graph concepts from the field of graph theory within mathematics.

A graph data structure consists of a finite (and possibly mutable) set of ''vertices'' (also called ''nodes'' or ''points''), together with a set of unordered pairs of these vertices for an undirected graph or a set of ordered pairs for a directed graph. These pairs are known as ''edges'' (also called ''links'' or ''lines''), and for a directed graph are also known as ''edges'' but also sometimes ''arrows'' or ''arcs''. The vertices may be part of the graph structure, or may be external entities represented by integer indices or references.

A graph data structure may also associate to each edge some ''edge value'', such as a symbolic label or a numeric attribute (cost, capacity, length, etc.).

==Operations==
right|UML class diagram of a Graph (abstract data type)
The basic operations provided by a graph data structure ''G'' usually include:See, e.g. , Section 13.1.2: Operations on graphs, p. 360. For a more detailed set of operations, see 
* : tests whether there is an edge from the vertex ''x'' to the vertex ''y'';
* : lists all vertices ''y'' such that there is an edge from the vertex ''x'' to the vertex ''y'';
* : adds the vertex ''x'', if it is not there;
* : removes the vertex ''x'', if it is there;
* : adds the edge ''z'' from the vertex ''x'' to the vertex ''y'', if it is not there;
* : removes the edge from the vertex ''x'' to the vertex ''y'', if it is there;
* : returns the value associated with the vertex ''x'';
* : sets the value associated with the vertex ''x'' to ''v''.

Structures that associate values to the edges usually also provide:
* : returns the value associated with the edge (''x'', ''y'');
* : sets the value associated with the edge (''x'', ''y'') to ''v''.
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'''Special relativity''' (or '''the special theory of relativity''') is a theory (Well supported idea) in physics that was developed and explained by Albert Einstein in 1905. It applies to all physical phenomena, so long as gravitation is not significant. Special relativity applies to "flat spacetime", which is space without gravity.

Einstein knew that some weaknesses had been discovered in older models. For example, older models said light moved in a luminiferous aether. Various tiny effects were expected if this theory were true. Gradually it seemed these predictions were not going to work out.

Eventually, in 1905, Einstein drew the conclusion that the concepts of space and time needed a fundamental rethink. His idea was special relativity, which brought together a new principle (Law), the constancy of the speed of light (the speed of light is always the same), and the previously established principle of relativity (physics is the same for everyone) 

Galileo had already established the principle of relativity, which said that physical events must look the same to all observers, and no observer has the "right" way to look at the things studied by physics. For example, the Earth is moving very fast around the Sun, but we do not notice it because we are moving with the Earth at the same speed; therefore, from our point of view, the Earth is at rest. However, Galileo's math could not explain some things, such as the speed of light. According to him, the measured speed of light in an empty vacuum should be different for different speeds of the observer in comparison with its source. However, the Michelson-Morley experiment showed that this is not true, at least in a vacuum. Einstein's theory of special relativity explained this among other things.

== Basics of special relativity ==

Imagine that you are moving towards something that is also moving to you. If you measure that thing's speed, it will look like like it's moving faster than if you were not moving toward
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}}
| date        = )
----
|25 June 1950 – present (''de jure'')()}}
| place       = 
| territory   = Korean Demilitarized Zone established
* North Korea gains the city of Kaesong, but loses a net total of , including the city of Sokcho, to South Korea
| result      = Inconclusive
| combatant1  = 
| combatant1a = 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
}}

| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
}}

| 
| 
|  Pakistan
| 
| 

}}
| combatant2  = 
| combatant2a = 
*  (unofficial)
}}

| 
| }}
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
}}
| commander1  =  Syngman Rhee
*  Chung Il-kwon
*  Paik Sun-yup
*  Lee Hyung-geun
*  Shin Sung-mo
*  Trygve Lie
*  Dag Hammarskjöld
*  Harry S. Truman
*  Dwight D. Eisenhower}}
*  George C. Marshall
*  Robert A. Lovett
*  Douglas MacArthur
*  Matthew Ridgway
*  Mark W. Clark
*  Walton Walker
*  James Van Fleet
*  Clement Attlee
*  Winston Churchill
}}
| commander2  =  Kim Il Sung
*  Kim Tu-bong
*  Pak Hon-yong
*  Choe Yong-gon
*  Kim Chaek
*  Mao Zedong
*  Zhou Enlai
*  Peng Dehuai
*  Chen Geng
*  Deng Hua
*  Hong Xuezhi
*  Song Shilun
*  Han Xianchu
*  Joseph Stalin
*  Pavel Zhigarev
}}
| strength1   =  602,902
|  326,863
|  14,198Ethiopia – 1,271Greece – 1,263France – 1,119|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711030514/http://www.usfk.mil/About/United-Nations-Command |archive-date=11 July 2016}}
|  8,123
|  5,455
|  2,282
|  2,274
|  1,496
|  1,389
|  1,271
|  1,263
|  1,185
|  1,068 
|  900
|  826 
|  819
|  52
| '''Medical support and others:'''
|  346
|  170
|  120
|  109
|  100
|  72
|'''Together:''' 968,302
}}
 [https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_201408070704130850.pdf The Statistics of the Korean War - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 2014 (PDF)]  (combat troops):'''
| 1,789,000[https://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf Fact Sheet: America's Wars".]  U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, Washington D.C., May 2017.
| 1,300,000
| 56,000
| 26,791
| 21,212
| 17,164
|  7
<|CHUNK_END|>
thumb|right|[[Coalbrookdale is a town in England where new ideas for industry were tried.  Here it is at night in 1801.  The fires are from the large scale making of iron.]]

The '''Industrial''' '''Revolution''' is the name of the time when there was a big change in the way things were made. Instead of things being hand-made in small workshops, they were made more cheaply in large quantities by machines in factories. This improved the idea of assembly lines. People found that they could make many more things using an assembly line than each person working individually.

This mass production meant that the goods were sold for less.  It started in the 1760s. Many people began to move from an agricultural based life in the country to the towns where the factories offered more and better paid work. 

A Second Industrial Revolution began in the 1870s.

350px|center|A [[loom in a weaving shed in 1835]]

== Beginnings ==
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 18th century. Many of the technological innovations were of British origin. In particular, the County of Shropshire was important, for it had both minerals (e.g. iron ore and coal) and transport on the River Severn.Szostak, Rick 1991. ''The role of transportation in the industrial revolution: a comparison of England and France. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.Usher, Abbott Payson 1920. ''An introduction to the industrial history of England''. University of Michigan Press.Uglow, Jenny 2002. ''The Lunar Men: the friends who made the future 1730–1810''. London: Faber and Faber.
 This led to the group of industries near the Ironbridge Gorge and the town of Coalbrookdale.

In the mid-18th century Britain was the world's leading trading nation.  It controlled a global trading empire with colonies in North America and Africa, and with some political influence on the Indian subcontinent, through the activities of the East India Company.
  The development of trade and the rise of business were major
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| latest release version = 
| latest release date = }}
| latest preview version = 
| latest preview date = }}
| license = 
| file extensions = .js • .mjs • .cjs
| file format = 
| website = 
| implementations = V8, JavaScriptCore, SpiderMonkey;Chakra (deprecated)
| influenced by = Java, Scheme, Self, AWK, HyperTalk
| influenced = ActionScript, ArkTS, AssemblyScript, CoffeeScript, Dart, Haxe, JS++, Opa, TypeScript
| wikibooks = JavaScript
}}

'''JavaScript''' ('''JS''')}} is a programming language and core technology of the Web, alongside HTML and CSS. Created by Brendan Eich in 1995, it is maintained by Ecma International's TC39 technical committee, with related Web APIs maintained by W3C and WHATWG. MDN |url=https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/JavaScript_technologies_overview |website=MDN Web Docs |access-date=25 April 2026 |date=27 October 2025}} As of 2025, JavaScript is the most widely used programming language on GitHub.

Web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine that executes the client code. These engines are also utilized in some servers and a variety of apps. The most popular runtime system for non-browser usage is Node.js.

JavaScript is a high-level, often just-in-time–compiled language that conforms to the ECMAScript standard. It has dynamic typing, prototype-based object-orientation, and first-class functions. It is multi-paradigm, supporting event-driven, functional, and imperative programming styles. It has application programming interfaces (APIs) for working with text, dates, regular expressions, standard data structures, and the Document Object Model (DOM).

The ECMAScript standard does not include any input/output (I/O), such as networking, storage, or graphics facilities. In practice, the web browser or other runtime system provides JavaScript APIs for I/O.

Although Java and JavaScript are similar in name and syntax, the two languages are distinct and differ greatly in design.

== History ==
=== Creation at Ne
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thumb|''Dark matter'' is invisible. The effect of [[gravitational lensing causes multiple images of the same galaxy. A ring of ''dark matter'' has been suggested to explain this. In this image of galaxy cluster (CL0024+17) the dark matter is seen in blue.|263x263px]]

'''Dark matter''' is a type of matter thought to be responsible for much of the mass in the universe.

The idea arose when astronomers found that the mass of large astronomical objects, figured out  from their gravitational effects, was much greater than the mass figured out from the "luminous matter" they contain: stars, gas, and dust.

Dark matter was first proposed by Jan Oort in 1932 as a reason for the spinning speeds of stars in the Milky Way. Fritz Zwicky in 1933 used dark matter to explain "missing mass" in the spinning speeds of galaxies in clusters. Later, many other observations have suggested that there is dark matter in the universe. The spinning speeds of galaxies,[http://www.darkmatterphysics.com/Galactic-rotation-curves-of-spiral-galaxies.htm First observational evidence of dark matter]. Darkmatterphysics.com. Retrieved on 6 August 2013. gravitational lensing of background objects, the temperature distribution of hot gas in galaxies and clusters of galaxies: these are some of the examples that make scientists believe in dark matter.

According to the Planck mission team, and based on the standard model of cosmology, the total mass–energy of the known universe contains 4.9% ordinary matter, 26.8% dark matter and 68.3% dark energy. So, dark matter is estimated to make up 84.5%  of the total matter in the universe, while dark energy plus dark matter make up 95.1% of the total "stuff" in the universe.Ferris, Timothy. 2015. Dark Matter. ''National Geographic''. [http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2015/01/hidden-cosmos/ferris-text] 
 
Because dark matter does not seem to give off or reflect light, x-rays, or any other radiation, the instruments that are used to find normal matter (like hot gas
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Rasmus Lerdorf began assembling C code originally written for CGI scripts into a library and accessing the library's functions, including SQL queries, through HTML-embedded commands in 1994;  
 | designer               = Rasmus Lerdorf
 | developer              = The PHP Group
 | latest release version = 7.3.6
 | latest release date    = 
 | latest preview version = 
 | latest preview date    = 
 | typing                 = Dynamic, weak
 | implementations        = Zend Engine, Phalanger, Quercus, Project Zero, HHVM
 | dialects               =
 | influenced by          = C, C++, Java, Perl, Tcl
 | influenced = Hack
 | programming language   = C
 | operating system       = Cross-platform
 | license                = PHP License
 | website                = 
 | wikibooks              = PHP Programming|Tags=<?php, <? (not enabled by default), <?= (shortcut of the echo function), ?> (closing tag for all the other ones)}}

'''PHP''' ('''Hypertext Preprocessor'''; used to stand for '''Personal Home Page''') is a scripting language that helps people make web pages more interactive by allowing them to do things that can't be done with technologies running on the visitors computer. PHP code is run on the web server (the website's computer). It is called a ''preprocessor'' because it builds the information before sending it to the computer that visits the web page.

A website programmed with PHP can have pages that are password protected. A website without PHP or similar technologies can't do this, as the visitor can find a way to access the page. For example, by finding where the password is stored. Standard PHP file extensions are (but not only): .php, .php3, and .phtml, but a web server can be set up to use any extension.http://www.w3schools.com/php/php_intro.asp Retrieved on 30 October, 2007

Its structure was influenced by many languages like C, Perl, Java, C++, and even Python. It is considered to be free software by the Free Software Foundation. 

Multiple PHP frameworks 
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In database theory, the '''CAP theorem''', also named '''Brewer's theorem''' after computer scientist Eric Brewer, states that any distributed data store can provide at most two of the following three guarantees:
; Consistency: Every read receives the most recent write or an error. Consistency means that all clients see the same data at the same time, no matter which node they connect to. For this to happen, whenever data is written to one node, it must be instantly forwarded or replicated to all the other nodes in the system before the write is deemed ‘successful’ IBM |url=https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/cap-theorem |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=www.ibm.com |language=en}}. Consistency as defined in the CAP theorem is quite different from the consistency guaranteed in ACID database transactions.
; Availability: Every request received by a non-failing node in the system must result in a response, without the guarantee that it contains the most recent version of the data System Design in a Hurry |url=https://www.hellointerview.com/learn/system-design/core-concepts/cap-theorem |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=Hello Interview |language=en}}. This is the definition of availability in CAP theorem as defined by Gilbert and Lynch.  Availability as defined in CAP theorem is different from high availability in software architecture.
; Partition tolerance: The system continues to operate despite an arbitrary number of messages being dropped (or delayed) by the network between nodes.

When a network partition failure happens, it must be decided whether to do one of the following:
* cancel the operation and thus decrease the availability but ensure consistency
* proceed with the operation and thus provide availability but risk inconsistency.  This does not necessarily mean that system is highly available to its users.

thumb|CAP theorem Euler diagram

Thus, if there is a network partition, one has to choose between consistency or availability.

During times of normal operati
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| logo size = 230px
| paradigms = Multi-paradigm: object-oriented, functional, imperative, block structured, generic, reflective, concurrent
| family = 
| released = 
| designer = JetBrains
| developer = JetBrains
| latest release version = 
| latest release date = |df=y}}
| latest preview version =  -->
| latest preview date = 
| typing = Inferred, static, strong
| implementations = 
| dialects = 
| platform = * Android
* JVM

* iOS, iPadOS (tier 1 Kotlin |url=https://kotlinlang.org/docs/native-target-support.html |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=Kotlin Help |language=en-US}}); tvOS, watchOS (tier 2 support) <!-- "Kotlin/Native Runtime" is "Stable" while e.g. "Kotlin/Native interop with C and Objective-C" is "Beta". I got confused about "Beta" while iOS tier 1, so asked AI, and it says:

You are also correct that, as of October 2025, the ability to import Objective-C libraries into Kotlin code is in Beta. This is a different concern than the stability of the Kotlin-to-iOS path. 
* The Beta status for importing Objective-C libraries refers to the stability and potential migration issues that can arise when using C or Objective-C code from your Kotlin Multiplatform module.
* In contrast, the process of exporting Kotlin code to Objective-C (and thus making it available to Swift) is stable and robust.
..
# Why iOS is Tier 1 despite the limitations
The "tier 1" status refers to the overall production-readiness of KMP for targeting iOS, not the perfection of the Swift developer experience. The Kotlin team at JetBrains and Google (which officially supports KMP on Android) consider the core technology stable and ready for use in production scenarios.
-->
* macOS (with tier 1 support for Apple silicon)
* Linux
* Windows 
* JavaScript ([https://kotlinlang.org/docs/js-overview.html Kotlin/JS]) <!-- AI says: Kotlin/JS itself is not deprecated. It remains a supported and actively developed target platform within the Kotlin ecosystem ..
However, certain aspects related to its us
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}}
thumb|315px|A data structure known as a [[hash table.]] 
In computer science, a '''data structure''' is a way to organize and store data that is usually chosen for efficient access to data. More precisely, a data structure is the physical implementation of a data type, including specifications of the data organization and storage format, as well functions or operations for working with this data. Data structures are closely related to abstract data types (ADTs). The data structure describes the representation of data in memory and how operations are carried out, while the ADT describes the logical form or algebraic structure of the data type—what operations are allowed and what results they produce—without describing how those operations are implemented. Some authors do not use the term "abstract data type" and simply refer to the logical and physical forms of the data structure.

==Usage ==
Efficient data structures are essential for managing large datasets and are fundamental to algorithm design. Relational databases commonly use B-tree indice for data retrieval, while compiler implementations usually use hash tables to look up identifiers. Filesystems and search engines make extensive use of specialized data structures. Rob Pike has stated that the choice of data structure almost always has a greater impact on efficiency than the choice of algorithm, as the algorithm is often self-evident. Data structures are used to organize data in both primary memory (RAM) and secondary storage (such as disks).

==Implementation==
Implementing a data structure involves writing a set of subroutines—such as insertion, deletion, traversal, or lookup—that create and manipulate instances of that structure. Data structures can be implemented using a variety of programming languages and techniques. A data structure corresponds directly to a single concrete implementation, in contrast to an ADT which describes behavior and operations independently of any particular implementation. 
<|CHUNK_END|>
In mathematics and statistics, the '''mean''' is a kind of average. Besides the mean, there are other kinds of average, and there are also a few kinds of mean. While arithmetic mean is the most commonly used mean, there are various other means and they are calculated differently. It is important to know the difference as many websites and authors have got this wrong. 

Mean of some values under an operations can be thought of as the value by which we can replace all the previous values and still get the same accumulation over the operation. Here, operation is important as it determines the way accumulation is calculated and in turn what kind of mean is the actual representative of the problem at the hand. 

For example, if the operation is addition, then the mean would be arithmetic mean, if the operation is product then the mean would be the geometric mean, and so on. 

Arithmetic mean is calculated by adding all of the values together, then dividing by the number of values. For example, if 1, 2, 2, 100, 100 is a set of numbers or scores. If we add all the numbers, the answer is 205.  By dividing this number by the number of numbers (5), we find that the mean is 41. The difficulty with this particular set of numbers is that no one in this group scored anything like a 41, and it does not tell us much about what kind of scores these numbers represent.

== Calculation details ==
In general, to find the average of N numbers, the N numbers are added and the total is divided by N.

In symbols, if the numbers are X_1, X_2, X_3, ... X_N, the total is:
:X_1 + X_2 + X_3 + ... + X_N

The total is divided by N to make the average:
:{X_1 + X_2 + X_3 + ... + X_N} \over N 
If X_1, X_2, X_3, ..., X_N are all the numbers in a sample X, then this average is also called the sample mean of X, and represented by the symbol \overline{X}.

=== Examples ===

* Lucy is 5 years old. Tom is 6 years old. Emily is 7 years old. To find the average age:
**Add the three numbers :
::5+6+7=18  
:* 
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'''Stoicism''' was a school of Hellenistic philosophy. It was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early third century BC. It concerns the active relationship between cosmic determinism and human freedom. This philosophy claims that it is virtuous to maintain a will (a determination, ''prohairesis'') which is according to the participants "in accord with nature". The Stoics believed that the universe was ruled by reason, which they thought of as God being present in nature itself.

Stoic doctrine was popular in Greece and the Roman Empire from its founding until all the schools of philosophy were ordered closed in 529 AD by the Emperor Justinian I, who thought their pagan character was at odds with his Christian faith.Agathias, ''Histories'', 2.31.

== Stoic philosophers ==
* Antipater of Tarsus (210 BC129 BC)
* Cato the Younger (Uticensis 94 BC46 BC)
* Chrysippus (280 BC204 BC)
* Cleanthes (of Assos), (330 BC232 BC)
* Diodotus, (~120 BC59 BC), teacher of Cicero
* Diogenes of Babylon (230 BC150 BC)
* Epictetus (55 AD135 AD)
* Hierocles (2nd century AD)
* Marcus Aurelius (121 AD180 AD)
* Musonius Rufus (25 AD100AD)
* Panaetius of Rhodes (185 BC109 BC)
* Posidonius of Apameia (~135 BC51 BC)
* Seneca (4 BC65 AD)
** Contemporaries: Musonius Rufus, Rubellius Plautus, Thrasea Paetus
* Zeno of Citium (332 BC262 BC), founder of Stoicism
** Contemporaries: Aristo of Chios, pupil of Zeno; Herillus of Carthage

== References ==

Category:Philosophical movements and positions
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thumb|180px|A basketball.
thumb|A basketball match between [[Bulgaria and Turkey]]
thumb|Giannis Antetokoummpo throws a basketball

'''Basketball''' is a team sport where two teams (usually consisting of five players) play against each other on a rectangular court. The objective is to get the ball through a hoop mounted high on a backboard on the opponent's side of the court, while preventing the opponent from shooting it into your team's hoop. It is a very popular sport worldwide, played with a round and usually orange (orange-brown) ball that bounces. Basketball players mainly use skills such as dribbling, playing defense, running, passing, shooting, and jumping. Each made basket is worth two points, while a basket made from beyond the three-point line is worth three points. If a player gets into too much physical contact, they may be given free-throws which are worth one point each. The game typically lasts for four quarters and the team with the most points at the end of the four quarters win the game. If the score is tied at the end of the game, there will be additional play time, called overtime, to allow one team to win the match.

The game is played between men's teams and between women's teams. Basketball has been played in the Summer Olympic Games since 1936. The shot clock rule started in 1954 for professional basketball. The first basketball game took place in 1892, where the court was half the size of what it is today. In 1891, the game was invented by James Naismith.

==The history of basketball==
In early December 1891, James Naismith (1861–1939), a Canadian physical education teacher at Springfield College in Springfield, Massachusetts, invented an indoor game called basketball. He invented the sport to keep his students from becoming bored during the winter. Naismith wrote the basic rules and then nailed a peach basket onto a 20-foot tall pole. Unlike modern basketball hoops, the bottom of the peach-basket was still there, so after a point was score
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}}

In computer science, '''merge sort''' (also commonly spelled as '''mergesort''' or ) is an efficient and general purpose comparison-based sorting algorithm. Most implementations of merge sort are stable, which means that the relative order of equal elements is the same between the input and output. Merge sort is a divide-and-conquer algorithm that was invented by John von Neumann in 1945. A detailed description and analysis of bottom-up merge sort appeared in a report by Goldstine and von Neumann as early as 1948.

==Algorithm==
Conceptually, a merge sort works as follows:
#Divide the unsorted list into ''n'' sub-lists, each containing one element (a list of one element is considered sorted).
#Repeatedly merge sublists to produce new sorted sublists until there is only one sublist remaining.  This will be the sorted list.

Merge sort is efficient because merging and sorting two sublists can be performed in linear time, provided that the sublists are already sorted.

===Top-down implementation ===
Example C-like code using indices for top-down merge sort algorithm that recursively splits the list into sublists (called ''runs'' in this example) until sublist size is 1, then merges those sublists to produce a sorted list. The copy back step is avoided with alternating the direction of the merge with each level of recursion (except for an initial one-time copy, that can be avoided too). 

As a simple example, consider an array with two elements. The elements are copied to b, then merged back to a. If there are four elements, when the bottom of the recursion level is reached, single element runs from a are merged to b, and then at the next higher level of recursion, those two-element runs are merged to a. This pattern continues with each level of recursion.

// Copy a section of the array a into array b (from begin to end - 1)
void copyArray(int[] a, int begin, int end, int[] b) {
    for (int k = begin; k < end; ++k) {
        b[k] = a[k];
    }
}

// Merge two sort
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A person with diabetes is called a '''diabetic'''.

'''Diabetes''' could be: 

* Type 1 diabetes
** Diabetes mellitus (type 1, T1D) - autoimmune disease affecting the pancreas, hormones, which usually requires insulin injections
* Type 2 diabetes
** Diabetes mellitus (type 2, T2D) - usually caused by diet or obesity
* Diabetes insipidus - caused by the hormone vasopressin. Causes increased thirst and urination

=== Other Types of diabetes ===

* Latent autoimmune diabetes (LADA)
* Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY)

Category:Metabolic disorders
Category:Autoimmune diseases
Category:Endocrine diseases
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400px|thumb|[[Planets and dwarf planets of the Solar System. Compared with each other, the sizes are correct, but the distances are not]]

The '''Solar System''' is a group of space objects that are held together by gravity, with the Sun in the center. The Sun is a huge ball of hot glowing gas that gives off light and heat. Everything else in the Solar System moves around the Sun. The Solar System formed about 4.6 billion years ago when a giant cloud of gas and dust collapsed and started to spin.  Scientists call this process the solar nebula theory. As the cloud collapsed, gravity caused it to spin faster and flatten into a disk. The Sun formed at the center, while the remaining material in the disk slowly stuck together to form planets through a process called accretion.

Most of the material went into forming the Sun, and the rest became planets and other objects. There are eight main planets, including Earth, and many moons that orbit them. There are also dwarf planets like Pluto, as well as asteroids, comets, meteoroids, and tiny particles called interplanetary dust. Our Solar System is part of a galaxy called the Milky Way. It lies in a part of the galaxy called the Orion Arm, about 27,000 light-years from the center of the Milky Way.

There are eight planets in our Solar System. Starting from the closest to the Sun, they are: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Scientists often group them into two main types. Terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) are small and made mostly of rock and metal. Giant planets include gas giants (Jupiter and Saturn), made mostly of hydrogen and helium, and ice giants (Uranus and Neptune), which have more icy materials like water, methane, and ammonia. Each planet moves around the Sun in an oval-shaped path called an ellipse. These paths are all mostly in the same flat area of space, called the ecliptic plane.  The ecliptic plane is the flat, disk-shaped region formed by the rotation of
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thumb|[[Hydrochloric acid (in beaker) reacting with ammonia fumes to produce ammonium chloride (white smoke).]]
thumb|Acids can be dangerous: The holes in the paper were made by a solution with 98% sulfuric acid.
An '''acid''' is a type of chemical compound. The definition of an acid has changed as people discovered more about chemistry. Acids were originally grouped together by their properties: they taste sour, change the color of litmus paper to red, and make salts when reacted with certain other chemicals.

There are two main definitions of acid used by chemists today. A Brønsted–Lowry acid is a chemical that can donate a hydrogen ion () (generally speaking, this will be a proton) to another substance. A Lewis acid is a chemical that can receive a pair of electrons from another substance. In both cases, the other substance the acid reacts with is called a base.

pH is used to measure the strength of acids that are dissolved in water.

A chemical can donate a proton if the hydrogen atom is attached to an electronegative atom like oxygen, nitrogen, or chlorine. Some acids are strong and others are weak. The weak acids hold on to some of their protons, while the strong acids let go of all of them. All acids will release hydrogen ions into solutions. The amount of ions that get released per molecule will determine if the acid is weak or strong. Weak acids are acids that partially release the hydrogen atoms that are attached. These acids, then, may lower pH by dissociation of hydrogen ions, but not completely. Weak acids generally have a pH value of 4-6 while strong acids have a pH value of 1 to 3.

A base is an acid's "chemical opposite." A base is a substance that will accept the acid's hydrogen atom. Bases are molecules that can  split apart in water and release hydroxide ions.

==How acids work==
Acids and bases typically exist together in equilibrium. This means that within a sample of an acid, some molecules will give up their protons and others will accept the
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thumb|100px|Example distribution with positive skewness. The data presented is from experiments on wheat grass growth.

'''Skewness''' in probability theory and statistics is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable about its mean. Similarly to kurtosis, it provides insights into shape-related characteristics of a distribution. The skewness value can be positive, zero, negative, or undefined.

For a unimodal distribution (a distribution with a single peak), negative skew commonly indicates that the  is on the left side of the distribution, and positive skew indicates that the tail is on the right. In cases where one tail is long but the other tail is thick, skewness does not obey a simple rule. For example, a zero value in skewness means that the tails on both sides of the mean balance out overall; this is the case for a symmetric distribution but can also be true for an asymmetric distribution where one tail is long and thin, and the other is short but thick. Thus, the symmetry of a distribution cannot be inferred using only its skewness; the distribution shape must be taken into account.

== Introduction ==
Consider the two distributions in the figure. Within each graph, the values on the right side of the distribution taper differently from the values on the left side. These tapering sides are called   and they provide a visual means to determine which of the two kinds of skewness a distribution has:
# }}: The left tail is longer; the mass of the distribution is concentrated on the right of the figure. The distribution is said to be ,  or , despite the fact that the curve itself appears to be skewed or leaning to the right; "left" refers instead to the left tail being drawn out and, often, the mean being skewed to the left of a typical center of the data. A left-skewed distribution usually appears as a right-leaning curve.
# }}: The right tail is longer; the mass of the distribution is concentrated on the left of
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:
thumb|right|Fruits and vegetables are a source of vitamins
A '''vitamin''' is a chemical compound that is needed in small amounts for the human body to work correctly. They include Vitamin A, many B vitamins (like B1, B2, B3, B6, and B12), Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, and Vitamin K. For example, citrus fruits such as oranges and lemons contain vitamin C. A vitamin is also a pill that contains vitamins, eaten regularly to keep one healthy like dietary supplements''.'' 

The term was coined in 1912 by biochemist Casimir Funk, who isolated a complex of micronutrients and proposed the complex be named ''vitamine''. By convention the word ''vitamin'' does not include other essential nutrients, such as certain minerals, essential fatty acids and essential amino acids. 

Thirteen vitamins are recognized at present. Vitamins are classified by their biological and chemical activity, and not their structure. Each vitamin name (the word ''vitamin'' followed by a letter) refers to a number of vitamer compounds which all show the same biological activity. For example, ''vitamin A'' refers to several different chemicals.  Vitamers convert to the active form of the vitamin in the body. They are sometimes inter-convertible to one another as well.

The body does not make these chemicals. They come from other places, usually food. A short term lack of a certain vitamin is usually not a problem, because the body can store vitamins for a short time. Not having a certain vitamin for a longer period of time can lead to different diseases, depending on the vitamin. Probably the best-known of these diseases is scurvy, which results from not having enough Vitamin C. Beriberi and rickets are others. 

Today, many drug companies make inexpensive pills that contain various vitamins. They help people avoid those diseases.

Vitamins can be either fat-soluble or water-soluble.  Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) can be stored in the body, and are used when needed.  Water-soluble ones only
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'''Genetics''' is a discipline of biology.The word comes from the Ancient Greek for ''origin'' It is the science of heredity. This includes the study of genes, and the inheritance of variation and traits of living organisms.King R.C. Stansfield W.D. & Mulligan. P.K. 2006. ''A dictionary of genetics'', 7th ed. Oxford.Griffiths A.J.H. et al. (eds) 2000. ''An introduction to genetic analysis''. 7th ed, Freeman, New York.  [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=iga.section.60]Hartl D. & Jones E. 2005. ''Genetics: analysis of genes and genomes''. 6th ed, Jones & Bartlett. . In the laboratory, genetics works by mating carefully selected organisms, and analysing their offspring. More informally, genetics is the study of how parents pass some of their characteristics to their children. It is an important part of biology, and gives the basic rules on which evolution acts.

The fact that living things inherit traits from their parents has been known since prehistoric times. It is used to improve crop plants and animals by selective breeding. The modern science of genetics tries to understand the process of inheritance. This began with the work of Gregor Mendel in the mid-nineteenth century.Weiling F. The earlier ideas of Imre Festetics were completely forgotten for many years. Although he did not know the physical basis for heredity, Mendel saw that organisms inherit traits via discrete units of inheritance, now called genes.

Modern genetics has expanded beyond inheritance. It studies the way genes work.

== DNA ==
thumb|right|100px|A model of a DNA molecule.
Living things are made of millions of tiny self-contained components called cells. Inside each cell are long and complex molecules called deoxyribonucleic acid, known for short as DNA.There are a few exceptions to this – red blood cells, for instance, lose their DNA and most of their other structures before going into the blood. Some DNA stores information for making proteins. The bits of DNA which do this are 
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thumb|200px|Chemistry is the science of [[chemical elements and compounds]]

'''Chemistry''' is the science that studies what everything is made of and how it changes. It looks at matter, which is anything that takes up space. Chemistry tries to understand how matter is built, how it behaves, and how it can change. Chemistry explores how tiny particles called atoms and molecules come together, break apart, or rearrange to form new substances. People often call chemistry the “central science” because it connects other sciences like physics (which studies energy and forces) and biology (which studies living things). Chemistry helps explain things all around us, like why iron rusts, how food gives us energy, and how soap cleans our hands.

The history of chemistry is lengthy. Thousands of years ago, people in places like Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China used early forms of chemistry in their daily lives. They practiced metalworking, made dyes for clothes, and learned to ferment food and drinks. These skills were based on watching and experimenting, even though people did not yet understand the science behind them. Later, a practice called alchemy became popular. Alchemists hoped to turn ordinary metals into gold and find a magic liquid that would give eternal life. Even though their ideas were not always scientific, alchemists invented tools and methods that would help future scientists. In the 1600s, chemistry began to change. Scientists like Robert Boyle said that experiments, not just ideas, should be used to understand the world. In the 1700s, Antoine Lavoisier carefully measured chemicals and discovered that matter cannot be created or destroyed, only changed. This became a key idea in modern chemistry. As time went on, scientists developed the atomic theory, created the periodic table, and learned how atoms bond together.

Chemistry is a type of physical science, which means it focuses on understanding matter and how it changes using careful measurements and 
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thumb|''Integration'' is about finding the surface ''s'', given ''a'', ''b'' and ''y = f(x)''. The formula for the integral from ''a''  to ''b'', graphed above, is:    Formula:   \int\limits_{a}^{b} f(x)\,dx

thumb|What is the integral (animation)

In calculus, an '''integral''' is the space under a graph of an equation (sometimes said as "the area under a curve"). An integral is the reverse of a derivative, and integral calculus is the opposite of differential calculus. A '''derivative''' is the steepness (or "slope"), as the rate of change, of a curve. The word "integral" can also be used as an adjective meaning "related to integers".

The symbol for integration, in calculus, is: \textstyle \int_{\,}^{\,} as a tall letter "S".

Integrals and derivatives are part of a branch of mathematics called calculus. The link between these two is very important, and is called the fundamental theorem of calculus. The theorem says that an integral can be reversed by a derivative, similar to how an addition can be reversed by a subtraction.

Integration helps when trying to multiply units into a problem. For example, if a problem with rate, \left(\tfrac{\text{distance}}{\text{time}}\right), needs an answer with just distance, one solution is to integrate with respect to time. This means multiplying in time to cancel the time in \left(\tfrac{\text{distance}}{\text{time}}\right)\times\text{time}. This is done by adding small slices of the rate graph together. The slices are close to zero in width, but adding them together indefinitely makes them add up to a whole. This is called a Riemann sum.

Adding these slices together gives the equation that the first equation is the derivative of. Integrals are like a way to add many tiny things together by hand. It is like summation, which is adding 1+2+3+4....+n. The difference with integration is that we also have to add all the decimals and fractions in between.

Another time integration is helpful is when finding the volume of a solid. 
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upright=1.35|thumb|Various examples of physical phenomena

'''Physics''' is the science of how things move in space and time and how the universe works. It studies matter and forces.

The word ''physics'' comes from the Greek word ἡ φύσις or physis meaning "nature".At the start of ''The Feynman Lectures on Physics'', Richard Feynman offers the atomic hypothesis as the single most important scientific concept, that ''all things are made up of atoms – little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another'' ..." Physics can also be defined as "that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events".Maxwell J.C. 1878. ''Matter and motion''. Van Nostrand, p9. 

Physics is very important in engineering and developing new technologies, such as aviation, electronics and weapons. One reason for starting the mathematical field of calculus was to help develop mechanics, a branch of physics.

Modern physics connects ideas about the four laws of symmetry and conservation of energy, momentum, charge, and parity. 

Astronomy, now a part of physics, is the oldest natural science. In the past it was a part of 'natural philosophy' with other fields of science, such as chemistry and biology. During the scientific revolution, these fields became separate, and physics became a distinct field of knowledge.

== History ==
=== Ancient astronomy ===

Astronomy is one of the oldest natural sciences. The Sumerians, and Ancient Egyptians studied the stars, mostly with a view to prediction and religion. The first Babylonian star maps date from about 1200 BC. That astronomical events are periodic also dates back to the Babylonians.Aaboe A. 1991. ''Mesopotamian mathematics, astronomy, and astrology''. The Cambridge Ancient History. Volume III (2nd ed). Cambridge University Press.   Their understanding was not scientifi
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thumb|right|[[Merge sort]]

In computer science, a '''sorting algorithm''' is an algorithm that puts elements of a list into an order. The most frequently used orders are numerical order and lexicographical order, and either ascending order or descending order. Efficient sorting is important for optimizing the efficiency of other algorithms (such as search and merge algorithms) that require input data to be in sorted lists. Sorting is also often useful for canonicalizing data and for producing human-readable output.

Formally, the output of any sorting algorithm must satisfy two conditions:
# The output is in monotonic order (each element is no smaller/larger than the previous element, according to the required order).
# The output is a permutation (a reordering, yet retaining all of the original elements) of the input.

Although some algorithms are designed for sequential access, the highest-performing algorithms assume data is stored in a data structure which allows random access.

== History and concepts ==
From the beginning of computing, the sorting problem has attracted a great deal of research, perhaps due to the complexity of solving it efficiently despite its simple, familiar statement. Among the authors of early sorting algorithms around 1951 was Betty Holberton, who worked on ENIAC and UNIVAC. Bubble sort was analyzed as early as 1956. }} Asymptotically optimal algorithms have been known since the mid-20th century new algorithms are still being invented, with the widely used Timsort dating to 2002, and the library sort being first published in 2006.

Comparison sorting algorithms have a fundamental requirement of n \log{n} - 1.4427n + O(\log{n}) comparisons. Algorithms not based on comparisons, such as counting sort, can have better performance.

Sorting algorithms are prevalent in introductory computer science classes, where the abundance of algorithms for the problem provides a gentle introduction to a variety of core algorithm concepts, such as big O n
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In statistics and probability theory, '''correlation''' refers to how similar two sets of data are. Data Basecamp|url=https://databasecamp.de/en/statistics/correlation-and-causation|access-date=2022-07-01|language=en-US}} This relationship means that if one set of data changes, the other will change as well (at least more commonly than if it were up to pure chance).

==Overview==

Correlation does not always mean that one causes the other. In fact, it is very possible that there is a third factor involved. Correlation can have one of two directions: Positive or negative. If it is positive, then the two sets go up together. If it is negative, then one goes up while the other goes down. Lots of different measurements of correlation are used for different situations. For example, on a scatter graph, people draw a best fit line to show the correlation between two variables.|group=lower-alpha}}

Correlation can be measured with correlation coefficients. The most common correlation coefficients are Pearson correlation coefficient and Spearman's rank correlation. Correlation is useful in real life. An example of correlation is the height of a parent and their children.thumb|This scatter graph has positive correlation. You can tell because the ''trend'' is up and right. The red line is the [[line of best fit|best fit line.]]

==Correlation==

''Strong'' and ''weak'' are words used to describe the strength of correlation. If there is strong correlation, then the points are all close together. If there is weak correlation, then the points are all spread apart.
There are ways of making numbers show how strong the correlation is. These measurements are called '''correlation coefficients'''.

The best known is the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, sometimes denoted by r or its Greek equivalent \rho.Even though it is called 'Pearson', it was first made by Francis Galton. You plug data into a formula, and it gives you a number between -1 and 1. If the number is 1 or 
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frame|A linked list is a sequence of nodes that contain two fields: data (an integer value here as an example) and a link to the next node. The last node is linked to a terminator used to signify the end of the list.
In computer science, a '''linked list''' is a linear collection of data elements whose order is not given by their physical placement in memory. Instead, each element points to the next. It is a data structure consisting of a collection of nodes which together represent a sequence. In its most basic form, each node contains data, and a reference (in other words, a ''link'') to the next node in the sequence. This structure allows for efficient insertion or removal of elements from any position in the sequence during iteration. More complex variants add additional links, allowing more efficient insertion or removal of nodes at arbitrary positions. A drawback of linked lists is that data access time is linear with respect to the number of nodes in the list. Because nodes are serially linked, accessing any node requires that the prior node be accessed beforehand (which introduces difficulties in pipelining). Faster access, such as random access, is not feasible. Arrays have better cache locality compared to linked lists.

Linked lists are among the simplest and most common data structures. They can be used to implement several other common abstract data types, including lists, stacks, queues, associative arrays, and S-expressions, though it is not uncommon to implement those data structures directly without using a linked list as the basis.

The principal benefit of a linked list over a conventional array is that the list elements can be easily inserted or removed without reallocation or reorganization of the entire structure because the data items do not need to be stored contiguously in memory or on disk, while restructuring an array at run-time is a much more expensive operation. In an array, the data is stored in memory is in contiguous fashion i.e. the
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thumb| Energy from sunlight, water absorbed by roots, [[carbon dioxide|and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. These make glucose and oxygen by photosynthesis]]

'''Photosynthesis''' is a process in which green plants make their own food from sunlight, using the help of leaves to produce sugar. It is the process by which these organisms convert light energy into chemical energy, which is used to produce food.Photosynthesis is the process by which leaving plant cells containing chlorophyll produced food substances (glucose and starch) from carbon dioxide and oxygen is released as a bio product  

== Origin ==
Photosynthesis is not an accident. It happens because its building blocks occur in space, and get included when planets form. We have no idea as to how common or rare this process is. We do know that higher elements are formed in supernovae, and that is the origin of all elements higher than helium.Bryant D.A. & Frigaard N.U. 2006. Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated. ''Trends in Microbiology'' '''14''', p488–496. PMID 16997562.  The higher elements found in Halley's Comet have been analysed.Brandt, John C. McGraw−Hill AccessScience: ''Halley's Comet''. McGraw-Hill.Oro J. Historical understandings of life's beginnings. In J. William Schopf (editor). 2002. ''Life's origin''. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23391-3

Before photosynthesis, the Earth's atmosphere had almost no oxygen. Even without oxygen, some simple life-forms could have existed. But the key event for life as we know it was the Great Oxygenation Event.Cloud, Preston E. 1968. Atmospheric and hydrospheric evolution on the primitive Earth. ''Science'' '''160''' (3829): 729–736. PMID 5646415 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5646415/] 

=== Ways it is done ===
Photosynthesis can happen in different ways, but there are some parts that are common.

6CO_2 + 6H_2O \xrightarrow{light\ + \ chlorophyll} C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2

:carbon dioxide + water + light energy → glucose + oxygen
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'''Number theory''' is a part of mathematics. It explains what some types of numbers are, what properties they have, and ways that they can be useful.

Topics in number theory are: 
* Prime numbers 
* Factorization 
* Matrix

Important theorems in number theory are: 
* Chinese remainder theorem
* Fundamental theorem of arithmetic 
* Fermat's last theorem 
* Fermat's little theorem 

== Applications ==
A well-known application of number theory is encrypted messaging (encryption).  Data compression also makes use of the field.

==Further reading==
* G.H. Hardy; E.M. Wright (2008) [1938]. An introduction to the theory of numbers. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921986-5.
* Vinogradov, I.M. (2003) [1954]. Elements of Number Theory (reprint o 1954 ed.). Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.
* Ivan M. Niven; Herbert S. Zuckerman; Hugh L. Montgomery (2008) [1960]. An introduction to the theory of numbers (reprint of the 5th edition 1991 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-81-265-1811-1.
*Kenneth H. Rosen (2010). Elementary Number Theory (6th ed.). Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-321-71775-7.
* Borevich, A. I.; Shafarevich, Igor R. (1966). Number theory. Pure and Applied Mathematics. 20. Boston, MA: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-117850-5. MR 0195803.
* Serre, Jean-Pierre (1996) [1973]. A course in arithmetic. Graduate texts in mathematics. 7. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-90040-7.

==Other websites==
* 
* [https://encyclopediaofmath.org/wiki/Number_theory Number Theory] 
* [http://www.numbertheory.org/ Number Theory Web]
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| designer = Microsoft
| developer = Microsoft
| latest release version = 
| latest release date = }}
| latest preview version = 
| latest preview date = }}
| typing = Duck, gradual, structural
| scope = 
| implementations = 
| dialects = 
| influenced by = C#, Java, JavaScript
| influenced = AtScript, AssemblyScript
| programming language = 
| platform = 
| operating system = 
| license = Apache License 2.0
| file ext = .ts, .tsx
| wikibooks = 
}}

'''TypeScript''' is a programming language from Microsoft. It is a type of JavaScript that adds static typing. It became public in October 2012 when Microsoft worked on it for two years.

TypeScript can be compiled to most versions of ECMAScript (JavaScript).

== References ==

Category:JavaScript
Category:Multi-paradigm programming languages
Category:Functional languages
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thumb|right|Sketch of [[flow diagram for continuous integration]]

'''Continuous integration''' ('''CI''') is the practice of integrating source code changes frequently and ensuring that the integrated codebase is in a workable state. Typically, developers merge changes to an integration branch, and an automated system builds and tests the software system. 
Often, the automated process runs on each commit or runs on a schedule such as once a day. Grady Booch first proposed the term CI in 1991, although he did not advocate integrating multiple times a day, but later, CI came to include that aspect.

== History ==

The earliest known work (1989) on continuous integration was the Infuse environment developed by G. E. Kaiser, D. E. Perry, and W. M. Schell.

In 1994, Grady Booch used the phrase continuous integration in ''Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications'' (2nd edition) to explain how, when developing using micro processes, "internal releases represent a sort of continuous integration of the system, and exist to force closure of the micro process".

In 1997, Kent Beck and Ron Jeffries invented extreme programming (XP) while on the Chrysler Comprehensive Compensation System project, including continuous integration. Beck published about continuous integration in 1998, emphasising the importance of face-to-face communication over technological support. In 1999, Beck elaborated more in his first full book on Extreme Programming. CruiseControl, one of the first open-source CI tools, was released in 2001.

In 2010, Timothy Fitz published an article detailing how IMVU's engineering team had built and been using the first practical CD system. While his post was originally met with skepticism, it quickly caught on and found widespread adoption as part of the lean software development methodology, also based on IMVU.

== Practices ==

The core activities of CI are developers co-locate code changes in a shared, integration area frequently and that the resultin
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'''Game theory''' is the study of how and why people make decisions.Skyrms, Brian 1996. ''Evolution of the social contract''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-55583-8
Rapoport A. & Chammah A.M. 1965. ''Prisoner's dilemma: a study in conflict and cooperation''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. (Specifically, it is "the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers".) It helps people understand parts of science and politics. An alternative term suggested "as a more descriptive name for the discipline" is interactive decision theory.

In the Cold War period, the strategic decisions of the United States and the Soviet Union were sometimes viewed as an exercise in game theory. Skyrms, Brian
1990. ''The dynamics of rational deliberation''. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674218857 In that case the "players" being studied were the United States and the Soviet Union.For a more detailed discussion of the use of game theory in ethics, see the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy's entry [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/game-ethics/ game theory and ethics].

Game theory is not just about games, but how and why businesses make decisions, and just about any decision based on valuing likely outcomes.Rapoport A. 1960. ''Fights. games and debates''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.   In game theory, all of these situations are "games" since the people involved make  choices based on how they value the possible outcomes of the choices.  This is true even of cases where the decisions of a single person only affect that one person.

Game theory is found in the financial choices people make, and is found in the study of economics.

== Prisoner's Dilemma ==

One example is the prisoner's dilemma. It gives an example where co-operation  may not be the "best choice" in game theory.

Suppose two people are arrested for a crime, and the police are uncertain which person committed the crime, and which pers
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thumb|300px|right|An undirected graph.

'''Graph theory''' is a field of mathematics about graphs. A graph is an abstract representation of: a number of points that are connected by lines. Each point is usually called a ''vertex'' (more than one are called ''vertices''), and the lines are called ''edges''. Graphs are a tool for modelling relationships. They are used to find answers to a number of problems.

Some of these questions are:
* What is the best way for a mailman to get to all of the houses in the area in the least amount of time? The points could represent street corners and lines could represent the houses along the street. (see Chinese postman problem)
* A salesman has to visit different customers, but wants to keep the distance traveled as small as possible. The problem is to find a way so they can do it. This problem is known as Travelling Salesman Problem (and often abbreviated ''TSP''). It is among the hardest problems to solve. If a commonly believed conjecture is true (described as '''P''' ≠ '''NP'''), then an exact solution requires one to try all possible routes to find which is shortest.
* How many colors would be needed to color a map, if countries sharing a border are colored differently? The points could represent the different areas and the lines could represent that two areas are neighboring. (look at the Four color theorem)
* Can a sketch be drawn in one closed line? The lines of the drawing are the lines of the graph and when two or more lines collide, there is a point in the graph. The task is now to find a way through the graph using each line one time. (look at Seven Bridges of Königsberg)

== Different kinds of graphs ==
125px|thumb|A directed graph.
* Graph theory has many aspects. Graphs can be directed or undirected. An example of a directed graph would be the system of roads in a city. Some streets in the city are one way streets. This means, that on those parts there is only one direction to follow.
* Graphs can be weighted. An e
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| conventional_long_name = Federative Republic of Brazil
| common_name            = Brazil
| image_flag             = Flag of Brazil.svg
| alt_flag               = 
| image_coat             = Coat of arms of Brazil.svg
| alt_coat               = 
| symbol_type            = Coat of arms
| national_motto         = ''""''"Order and Progress"
| national_anthem        = Hino Nacional Brasileiro"Brazilian National Anthem"Hino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec
| royal_anthem           = 
| other_symbol_type      = National seal
| other_symbol           = Selo Nacional do Brasil 150px
| image_map              = Brazil (orthographic projection).svg
| alt_map                = 
| map_caption            = 
| image_map2             = 
| alt_map2               = 
| map_caption2           = 
| capital                = Brasília
| coordinates            = }}
| largest_city           = São Paulo
| languages_type         = Official language
| languages              = Brazilian Portuguese
| languages2_type        = Other important languages
| languages2             = 
| ethnic_groups          = 47.73% White43.13% Brown (multiracial)7.61% Black1.09% Asian0.43% indigenous
| ethnic_groups_year     = 2010[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/caracteristicas_da_populacao/tabelas_pdf/tab3.pdf Caracteristicas da População e dos Domicílios do Censo Demográfico 2010 — Cor ou raça]
| demonym                = Brazilian
| government_type        = Federal presidential constitutional republic
| leader_title1          = President
| leader_name1           = Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
| leader_title2          = Vice President
| leader_name2           = Geraldo Alckmin
| leader_title3          = President of the Chamber of Deputies
| leader_name3           = Hugo Motta
| leader_title4          = President of the Senate
| leader_name4           = Davi Alcolumbre
| leader_title5          = Chief Justice
| leader_name5           = Luís Roberto Barroso
| leader_title6          = 
| lead
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}}

  |

    | rowclass2 = mergedrow| label2 = Bengali: | data2 = 

    | rowclass3 = mergedrow| label3 = Bodo: | data3 = 

    | rowclass4 = mergedrow| label4 = Dogri: | data4 = 

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    | rowclass7 = mergedrow| label7 = Kannada: | data7 = 

    | rowclass8 = mergedrow| label8 = Kashmiri: | data8 = 

    | rowclass9 = mergedrow| label9 = Konkani: | data9 = 

    | rowclass10 = mergedrow| label10 = Maithili: | data10 = 

    | rowclass11 = mergedrow| label11 = Malayalam: | data11 = 

    | rowclass12 = mergedrow| label12 = Marathi: | data12 = 

    | rowclass13 = mergedrow| label13 = Meitei: | data13 = 

    | rowclass14 = mergedrow| label14 = Nepali: | data14 = 

    | rowclass15 = mergedrow| label15 = Odia: | data15 = 

    | rowclass16 = mergedrow| label16 = Punjabi: | data16 = 

    | rowclass17 = mergedrow| label17 = Sanskrit: | data17 = 

    | rowclass18 = mergedrow| label18 = Santali: | data18 = 

    | rowclass19 = mergedrow| label19 = Sindhi: | data19 = 

    | rowclass20 = mergedrow| label20 = Tamil: | data20 = 

    | rowclass21 = mergedrow| label21 = Telugu: | data21 = 

    | rowclass22 = mergedrow| label22 = Urdu: | data22 = 

  }}
 }}
| image_flag             = Flag of India.svg
| alt_flag               = Horizontal tricolour flag bearing, from top to bottom, deep saffron, white, and green horizontal bands. In the centre of the white band is a navy-blue wheel with 24 spokes.
| image_coat             = File:Emblem of India.svg
| symbol_width           = 60px
| symbol_type            = State Emblem
| other_symbol           = "I Bow to Thee, Mother".}}}}
File:Vande Mataram on Mohan Veena.ogg
| other_symbol_type      = National song
| national_motto         = 
| englishmotto           = "Truth Alone Triumphs"}}
| national_anthem        = "Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People"}}
File:Jana Gana Mana instrumental.ogg
| image_map              = India (orthographic projection).svg
| map_width  
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The '''Space Race''' was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War enemies, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), to achieve better spaceflight capability than the other. It had its origins in the intercontinental ballistic missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations following World War II. Both governments saw having better spaceflight technology as necessary for national security. The Space Race enabled the first launches of artificial satellites, uncrewed space probes to the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and ultimately to the Moon.[https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/space-race history.com, Space Race]

The competition started on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intention to launch artificial satellites during the "International Geophysical Year" (July 1, 1957 to December 31, 1958), by declaring they would also launch a satellite "in the near future". The Soviet Union achieved the first successful artificial satellite launch on October 4, 1957 of Sputnik 1, and sent the first human to space with the orbital flight of Yuri Gagarin on April 12, 1961. The USSR demonstrated an early lead in the race with these and other early firsts over the next few years, including flight durations measured in days instead of hours, the first multi-person crewed spaceflight, and the first spacewalk. In 1966 the Soviet Venera became the first probe to land on Venus.

But the USSR lost its early lead after US president John F. Kennedy raised the stakes by setting a goal of "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth". American spaceflight capability overtook the Soviets with flights lasting up to two weeks long; two craft meeting in space (rendezvous) and joining (docking); astronauts working outside spacecraft; and using high-energy liquid hydrogen as rocket fuel in the Saturn family of rockets.  Kennedy's Moon landing goal was achieve
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thumb|Functional areas of the cerebral cortex.
thumb|The comparison of brain sizes
thumb|A hand holding a brain

The '''brain''' is the part of the body which lets living beings think. It does some bodily functions, such as telling the rest of the body what to do. Almost all animals have a brain: the exceptions are sponges, cnidarians, and lancelets. Plants and fungi do not have brains, although they do react to changes in their environment.

The brain is made up of special cells called nerves, which are connected with each other and with other nerves in our body. The brain gets input from sense organs, and changes behavior in response to this information. In humans, the brain also controls our use of language, and is capable of abstract thought.Calvin, William H. [1996] 1998. ''How brains think: evolving intelligence, then & now''. Phoenix, London.  The brain is the main control centre of the whole body.''Encyclopedia of discovery: science''. Weldon Owen, 2001, 3031.  

In all animals, the brain is protected in some way. In ourselves, and all vertebrates, it is protected by the bones of the skull.

== Function ==
The brain does the thinking, learning, and feeling for the body. For humans, it is the source of consciousness.We do not know for sure whether other mammals have consciousness, but it is likely from their behaviour. The brain also controls basic autonomic body actions, like breathing, digestion, and heartbeat, that happen automatically. These activities, and much else, are governed by unconscious functions of the brain and nervous system. All the information about the world gathered by our senses is sent through nerves into the brain, allowing us to see, hear, smell, taste, and feel things. The brain processes this information, and we experience it as pictures, sounds, and so on. The brain also uses nerves to tell the body what to do, for example by telling muscles to move or our heart to beat faster.

This is generally true but some activity is caused by 
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thumb|right|A [[Venn diagram illustrating the intersection of two sets]]
'''Set theory''' is the study of sets in mathematics. Sets are collections of objects. We refer to these objects as "elements" or "members" of the set. To write a set, one wraps the numbers in {curly brackets}, and separates them with commas. For example. the set \{1,2,3\} holds 1, 2, and 3. Sets are also often referred to using capital roman letters such as A, B, C.

There are three methods one can use to describe a set: Description method, Roster method (tabular form) and Rule method (set builder form).

==History==
Set theory was created around 1874 by Georg Cantor. Basics, Examples, & Formulas|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/set-theory|access-date=2020-08-20|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}} It had to be made better because collections of objects can cause problems if we work with them without explaining them better. Russell's paradox was one of the problems. Think about the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. If it were inside itself, then the rule which defines it would mean that it is ''not'' inside itself. But, if it were not inside itself, then the rule which defines it would mean that it ''is'' inside itself. This was a serious problem, and it meant that the old set theory was broken.
It was improved by people including Zermelo and Bertrand Russell.

==Theory==
Set theory begins by giving some examples of things that are sets. Then it gives rules in which you can make other sets from the already known sets. Collections of objects that are not sets are called (proper) classes. It is possible to do mathematics using only sets, rather than classes, so that the problems that classes cause in mathematics do not occur.

* Example: An object o and a set A. If o is a ''member'' (or ''element'') of A, we write o\in A. Since sets are objects, the membership relation can relate sets as well.

A binary relation between two sets is the subset relation, also calle
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and below part.
|image=Dijkstra Animation.gif|caption=Dijkstra's algorithm to find the shortest path between ''a'' and ''b''.  It picks the unvisited vertex with the lowest distance, calculates the distance through it to each unvisited neighbor, and updates the neighbor's distance if smaller. Mark visited (set to red) when done with neighbors.
|data=GraphUsually used with priority queue or heap for optimization
|time=\Theta(|E| + |V| \log|V|)
}}

'''Dijkstra's algorithm''' (, ) is an algorithm for finding the shortest paths between nodes in a weighted graph, which may represent, for example, a road network. It was conceived by computer scientist Edsger W. Dijkstra in 1956 and published three years later.
 
Dijkstra's algorithm finds the shortest path from a given source node to every other node. It can be used to find the shortest path to a specific destination node, by terminating the algorithm after determining the shortest path to that node. For example, if the nodes of the graph represent cities, and the costs of edges represent the distances between pairs of cities connected by a direct road, then Dijkstra's algorithm can be used to find the shortest route between one city and all other cities. A common application of shortest path algorithms is network routing protocols, most notably IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System) and OSPF (Open Shortest Path First). It is also employed as a subroutine in algorithms such as Johnson's algorithm.

The algorithm uses a min-priority queue data structure for selecting the shortest paths known so far. Before more advanced priority queue structures were discovered, Dijkstra's original algorithm ran in \Theta(|V|^2) time, where |V| is the number of nodes.  proposed a Fibonacci heap priority queue to optimize the running time complexity to \Theta(|E|+|V|\log|V|), where |E| is the number of edges. This is asymptotically the fastest known single-source shortest-path algorithm for arbitrary directed graphs with unbound
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thumb|BFS on [[Maze-solving algorithm]]
thumb|187px|Top part of [[Tic-tac-toe game tree]]
'''Breadth-first search''' ('''BFS''') is an algorithm for searching a tree data structure for a node that satisfies a given property. It starts at the tree root and explores all nodes at the present depth prior to moving on to the nodes at the next depth level. Extra memory, usually a queue, is needed to keep track of the child nodes that were encountered but not yet explored. 

For example, in a chess endgame, a chess engine may build the game tree from the current position by applying all possible moves and use breadth-first search to find a winning position for White. Implicit trees (such as game trees or other problem-solving trees) may be of infinite size; breadth-first search is guaranteed to find a solution nodethat is, a node satisfying the specified property if one exists.

In contrast, (plain) depth-first search (DFS), which explores the node branch as far as possible before backtracking and expanding other nodes, may get lost in an infinite branch and never make it to the solution node. Iterative deepening depth-first search avoids the latter drawback at the price of exploring the tree's top parts over and over again. On the other hand, both depth-first algorithms typically require far less extra memory than breadth-first search.

Breadth-first search can be generalized to both undirected graphs and directed graphs with a given start node (sometimes referred to as a 'search key'). In state space search in artificial intelligence, repeated searches of vertices are often allowed, while in theoretical analysis of algorithms based on breadth-first search, precautions are typically taken to prevent repetitions.

BFS and its application in finding connected components of graphs were invented in 1945 by Konrad Zuse, in his (rejected) Ph.D. thesis on the Plankalkül programming language, but this was not published until 1972.. See pp. 96–105 of the linked pdf file (internal 
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/ 
| latest_release_version = 
  | date1    = }}

  | branch2  = 1.35
  | version2 = 
  | date2    = }}

  | branch3  = 1.34
  | version3 = 
  | date3    = }}
}}
| programming language = Go
| genre = Cluster management software
| license = Apache License 2.0
| website = 
}}

'''Kubernetes''' (), also known as '''K8s,''' is an open-source container orchestration system for automating software deployment, scaling, and management. Originally designed by Google, the project is now maintained by a worldwide community of contributors, and the trademark is held by the Cloud Native Computing Foundation.

The name ''Kubernetes'' comes from the Ancient Greek term  , which is also the origin of the words ''cybernetics'' and (through Latin) ''governor''. "Kubernetes" is often abbreviated with the numerical contraction "K8s", meaning "the letter K, followed by 8 letters, followed by s".

Kubernetes assembles one or more computers, either virtual machines or bare metal, into a cluster which can run workloads in containers. It works with various container runtimes, such as containerd and CRI-O. Its suitability for running and managing workloads of all sizes and styles has led to its widespread adoption in clouds and data centers. There are multiple distributions of this platform—from independent software vendors (ISVs) as well as hosted-on-cloud offerings from all the major public cloud vendors.

The software consists of a control plane and nodes on which the actual applications run. It includes tools like kubeadm and kubectl which can be used to interact with its REST-based API.

== History ==
thumb|Google Kubernetes Engine talk at 2017 Google Cloud Summit
Kubernetes was announced by Google on June 6, 2014. The project was conceived and created by Google employees Joe Beda, Brendan Burns, and Craig McLuckie. Others at Google soon joined to help build the project including Ville Aikas, Dawn Chen, Brian Grant, Tim Hockin, and Daniel Smith. Other companies such as Red Hat and CoreOS
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thumb|An example of stable sorting on [[Playing card|playing cards. When the cards are sorted by rank with a stable sort, the two 5s must remain in the same order in the sorted output that they were originally in. When they are sorted with a non-stable sort, the 5s may end up in the opposite order in the sorted output.]]
A '''sorting algorithm''' is an algorithm that puts the elements of a collection into a certain order. Most commonly, numbers are sorted by their value, and words are sorted by their alphabetical order (as they would appear in a dictionary or phone book). Efficient sorting is important for other things: finding an element in a sorted collection is easier, and merging a new element may also be easier if the collection is sorted.

Note that not all sorting algorithms can be applied in all cases. An example might be that the records can only be read one after another (sequentially); they might be stored on a tape. 

Category:Searching and sorting algorithms
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In software engineering, a '''microservice''' architecture is an architectural pattern that organizes an application into a collection of loosely coupled, fine-grained services that communicate through lightweight protocols. This pattern allows teams to develop, deploy, and scale services independently, improving modularity, scalability, and adaptability. However, it introduces additional complexity, particularly in managing distributed systems and inter-service communication, making the initial implementation more challenging compared to a monolithic architecture.

== Definition ==

There is no single, universally agreed-upon definition of microservices. However, they are generally characterized by a focus on modularity, with each service designed around a specific business capability. These services are loosely coupled, independently deployable, and often developed and scaled separately, enabling greater flexibility and agility in managing complex systems. Microservices architecture is closely associated with principles such as domain-driven design, decentralization of data and governance, and the flexibility to use different technologies for individual services to best meet their requirements. Nadareishvili, I., Mitra, R., McLarty, M., Amundsen, M., Microservice Architecture: Aligning Principles, Practices, and Culture, O'Reilly 2016

== Usage ==

It is common for microservices architectures to be adopted for cloud-native applications, serverless computing, and applications using lightweight container deployment via OS-level virtualization. According to Fowler, because of the large number (when compared to monolithic application implementations) of services, decentralized continuous delivery and DevOps with holistic service monitoring are necessary to effectively develop, maintain, and operate such applications. A consequence of (and rationale for) following this approach is that the individual microservices can be individually scaled. In the monolithic approach,
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}}
| icon =
| screenshot = 
| extension = .html, .htm
| mime = text/html
| type code = TEXT
| uniform type = public.html
| owner = World Wide Web Consortium & WHATWG
| genre = Markup language
| container for = 
| contained by =
| extended from = SGML
| extended to = XHTML
| standard = ISO/IEC 15445[http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/ W3C HTML 4.01]
[http://dev.w3.org/html5/spec/ W3C HTML 5] (draft)
}}
'''HyperText Markup Language''' ('''HTML''') is a markup language used to create web pages. It was created in 1990 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, a British computer scientist who is credited with inventing the World Wide Web. Webpages can include writing, links, pictures, and even sound and video. HTML tells web browsers what webpages should look like. HTML also adds meta information to webpages. Meta information is information about a webpage e.g., the name of the person who created the page. Web browsers usually do not show meta information.

HTML is often used with Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and JavaScript. CSS is used to change the way HTML looks. JavaScript tells websites how to behave. It can also change HTML and CSS.

HTML is made by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). There are many versions of HTML. As of September 2018, the current standard of HTML is called HTML 5 and is specifically at version 5.2.

== Tags ==
HTML uses "elements" to let the browser know how a webpage is made of. Elements are shown as "tags" in the code, written with angle brackets: . Tags ''usually'' come in pairs: an opening tag defines the start of a block of content and a closing tag defines the end of that block of content. There are many kinds of tags, and each one has a different purpose. See '''Basic HTML Tags''' below for tag examples.

Some tags only work in certain browsers. For example, the  tag, which was used to make something appear when the person presses the right button of the mouse, only worked on the Mozilla Firefox browser until version 85. Other browsers simply
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sinks after hitting a mine in the Dardanelles
* A British Vickers machine gun crew wears gas masks during the Battle of the Somme
* Albatros D.III fighters of Jagdstaffel 11
 }}
| date        = ()
)
|Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-LayeSigned 10 September 1919()
|Treaty of Neuilly-sur-SeineSigned 27 November 1919()
|Treaty of TrianonSigned 4 June 1920()
|Treaty of SèvresSigned 10 August 1920()
|United States–Austria Peace TreatySigned 24 August 1921()
|United States–Germany Peace TreatySigned 25 August 1921()
|United States–Hungary Peace TreatySigned 29 August 1921()
|Treaty of LausanneSigned 24 July 1923()
}}
| place       = 
| casus       = Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (28 June) followed by Austro-Hungarian declaration of war on Kingdom of Serbia (28 July) and Russian mobilisation against Austria-Hungary (29 July).
| territory   = * Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East
* Transfer of German colonies and territories, regions of the former Ottoman Empire, regions of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire and Soviet Union territories to other countries
| result      = Allied victory
* Central Powers victory on the Eastern Front is made worthless by defeat on the Western Front
* All empires in mainland Europe collapse (including Germany, Russia, Turkey and Austria-Hungary)
* Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War – the Russian Empire becomes the Soviet Union
* Widespread unrest and revolutions throughout Europe and Asia
* Creation of the League of Nations (more...)
| combatant1  = '''Allied Powers''':
 
(1914–1918)
*  
(1914–1918)
*  
(1914–1917)
*  
(1914–1918)
*  
(1915–1918)
*  (1917–1918)}}
* 
 }}
| combatant2  = '''Central Powers:'''  
(1914–1918)
* 
(1914–1918)
*  
(1914–1918)
* 
(1915–1918)
* 
 }}
| commander1  =  Raymond Poincaré
*  H. H. Asquith
*  David Lloyd George
*  Nicholas II
*  Woodrow Wilson
*  Yoshihito
''and others''...
 }}
| commander2  =  Wilhelm II
*  Franz Joseph I #
*  Mehmed V #
*  Ferdinand I
''and others''...
 }}
| s
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'''Trigonometry''' (from the Greek ''trigonon'' = three angles and ''metron'' = measure) is a part of elementary mathematics dealing with angles, triangles and '''trigonometric functions''' such as '''sine''' (abbreviated sin), '''cosine''' (abbreviated cos) and '''tangent''' (abbreviated tan). Definition, Formulas, Ratios, & Identities|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/trigonometry|access-date=2020-09-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}} It has some connection to geometry, although there is disagreement on exactly what that connection is; for some, trigonometry is just a section of geometry.

== Overview and definitions ==
right|thumbnail|A standard right triangle. '''C''' is the [[right angle in this picture]]
Trigonometry uses a large number of specific words to describe parts of a triangle. Some of the definitions in trigonometry are:
* '''Right-angled triangle''' - A right-angled triangle is a triangle that has an angle equal to 90 degrees. (A triangle cannot have more than one right angle) The standard trigonometric ratios can only be used on right-angled triangles.
* '''Hypotenuse''' - The hypotenuse of a triangle is the longest side, and the side that is opposite the right angle. For example, for the triangle on the right, the hypotenuse is side ''c''.
* '''Opposite''' of an angle - The opposite side of an angle is the side that does not intersect with the vertex of the angle. For example, side ''a'' is the opposite of angle ''A'' in the triangle to the right.
* '''Adjacent''' of an angle - The adjacent side of an angle is the side that intersects the vertex of the angle but is not the hypotenuse. For example, side ''b'' is adjacent to angle ''A'' in the triangle to the right.

== Trigonometric ratios ==
There are three main trigonometric ratios for right triangles, and three reciprocals of those ratios, making up a total of 6 ratios. They are:

* '''Sine''' (sin) - The sine of an angle is equal to the \textstyle \text{Opposite} \over \text{
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thumb|Sculpture in [[Berlin depicting a stack of books on which are inscribed the names of great German writers.]]
thumb|240px|Old book bindings at a [[library]]
'''Literature''' is a group of works of art that are made of words. Most are written, but some are shared by word of mouth. Literature usually means a work of poetry, theatre or narrative. There are many different kinds of literature, such as poetry, plays, or novels. They can also be put into groups by their language, historical time, place of origin, genre, and subject. The word "literature" comes from the Latin word "literatura," which means "writing formed with letters."

Most of the earliest works were epic poems. Epic poems are long stories or myths about adventures, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh from ancient Mesopotamia. ''Ramayana'' and ''Mahabharta'', two Indian epics, are still read today. The Iliad and ''Odyssey'' are two famous Greek poems by Homer. They were shared over time through speaking and memory and were written down around the 9th or 8th century BCE. Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/summary/Homer-Greek-poet|access-date=2023-03-25|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}

Literature can also mean imaginative or creative writing, which is read for its artistic value. Literature is also related to people and community. According to Sangidu (2004) as quoted by Arfani et.al (2023), "literature is a part of society, a fact that inspires authors to involve themselves in the life order of the community where they are and try to fight for the position of the social structure and the problems face in society". 

==Related pages==
*English literature
*French literature
*Italian literature
*German literature
*Japanese literature
*American literature
*Spanish literature
*Modernist literature

== References ==
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''Track & Field'' (video game)}}

'''Track and Field''' is a sport that includes many different kinds of athletic contests that are based on running, jumping, and throwing. The name used in North America is derived from where the sport takes place, a running track and a grass field for the throwing and some of the jumping events. Track and field is categorized under the umbrella sport of athletics, which also includes road running, cross country running and race walking. Though the sense of "athletics" as a broader sport is not used in American English, outside of the United States the term ''athletics'' can either be used to mean just its track and field component or the entirety of the sport (adding road racing and cross country) based on context.

The foot racing events, which include sprints, middle- and long-distance events, race walking, and hurdling, are won by the athlete who completes it in the least time. The jumping and throwing events are won by those who achieve the greatest distance or height. Regular jumping events include long jump, triple jump, high jump, and pole vault, while the most common throwing events are shot put, javelin, discus, and hammer. There are also "combined events" or "multi events", such as the pentathlon consisting of five events, heptathlon consisting of seven events, and decathlon consisting of ten events. In these, athletes participate in a combination of track and field events. Most track and field events are individual sports with a single victor; the most prominent team events are relay races, which typically feature teams of four. Events are almost exclusively divided by gender, although both the men's and women's competitions are usually held at the same venue. One exception are mixed relays, in which two men and two women make up the four-person team. If a race has too many people to run all at once, preliminary heats will be run to narrow down the field of participants.

Track and field is one of the oldest sports. In a
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'''Speciation''' is about how species form. It is a major part of evolutionary biology.

Darwin thought most species came directly from pre-existing species. This is called '''anagenesis''': species by changing, or 'phyletic evolution'. For much of the 20th century, scientists thought most species came when earlier species split. This is called '''cladogenesis'''.
The general view was that most species splitting is caused or helped on its way by '''isolating mechanisms'''.

No doubt the physical separation of species which once lived together is a main factor. It is illustrated by so many examples, some of which are discussed below.

However, work in the last 20 years has shown some other causes. Analysing the DNA sequence of living things has shown that there is often some hybridisation between related species. That means genes have been transferred by these crosses. In turn, that means reproductive isolation is not the only definition of a species, and speciation does not always need allopatry (species to be reproductively separated).Mallet J. 2001. The speciation revolution. ''J. Evolutionary Biology'' '''14''', 887-888.Wang R.L; Wakeley J. & Hey J. 1997. Gene flow and natural selection in the origin of ''Drosophila pseudoobscura'' and close relatives. ''Genetics''' '''147''' 1091-1106.Shapiro B.J; Le Ducq J.B. & Mallet J. 2016. What is speciation? ''PLoS Genetics'' '''12''' (3):e1005860. [https://mallet.oeb.harvard.edu/publications/what-speciation] The sections below illustrate the idea that physical separation was of prime importance in the formation of new species.

== Isolating mechanisms ==
Isolating mechanisms are things which prevent successful breeding between groups in a species. Reproductive isolation of populations is established. This is particularly important to the biological species concept, as species are usually defined by their reproductive isolation.

Isolating mechanisms can be divided into two groups, before and after fertilisation.

=== Befo
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In computer science, '''ACID''' (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability) is a set of properties of database transactions intended to guarantee data validity despite errors, power failures, and other mishaps. For example, a transfer of funds from one bank account to another, involving multiple changes such as debiting one account and crediting another, is a single transaction.

In 1983, Andreas Reuter and Theo Härder coined the acronym ''ACID'', building on earlier work by Jim Gray who named atomicity, consistency, and durability, but not isolation, when characterizing the transaction concept. These four properties are the major guarantees of the transaction paradigm, which has influenced many aspects of development in database systems.

According to Gray and Reuter, the IBM Information Management System supported ACID transactions as early as 1973 (although the acronym was created later).

BASE stands for '''b'''asically '''a'''vailable, '''s'''oft state, and '''e'''ventually consistent: the acronym highlights that BASE is opposite of ACID, like their chemical equivalents. ACID databases prioritize consistency over ''availability'' — the whole transaction fails if an error occurs in any step within the transaction; in contrast, BASE databases prioritize ''availability'' over ''consistency'': instead of failing the transaction, users can access inconsistent data ''temporarily'': data consistency is achieved, but ''not immediately''. A database either leans towards ACID or BASE, but it cannot be both (according to CAP theorem). For example, SQL databases (like MySQL, PostgreSQL, AWS RedShift) are structured over the ACID model, while NoSQL databases (like DynamoDB or MongoDB) use the BASE architecture. However, some NoSQL databases might exhibit certain ACID traits.

== Characteristics ==
The characteristics of these four properties as defined by Reuter and Härder are as follows:

=== Atomicity ===

Transactions are often composed of multiple statements. Atomic
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| latest_release_version = ISO/IEC 14882:2026
| latest_release_date    = 
| latest_test_version    =
| latest_test_date       =
| typing                 = Static, unsafe, nominative
| implementations        = C++ Builder, clang, Comeau C/C++, GCC, Intel C++ Compiler, Microsoft Visual C++, Sun Studio
| dialects               = ISO/IEC C++ 1998, ISO/IEC C++ 2003, ISO/IEC C++ 2011, ISO/IEC C++ 2014, ISO/IEC C++ 2017, ISO/IEC C++ 2020
| influenced_by          = C, Simula, Ada 83, ALGOL 68, CLU, ML
| influenced             = Perl, LPC, Lua, Pike, Ada 95, Java, PHP, D, C99, C#, Falcon
| operating_system       = Cross-platform (multi-platform)
| license                =
| website                =
| file_ext               = .h .hh .hpp .hxx  .cc .cpp .cxx 
| wikibooks              = C++ Programming
|logo caption=C++ logo used by ISO}}
right|thumb|Bjarne Stroustrup, the creator of C++
'''C++''' ('''pronounced "c plus plus"''') is a computer programming language based on C. It was created for writing computer programs. In the 1990s, C++ became one of the most used programming languages in the world. Like C, C++ uses manual memory management (unlike most mainstream languages, where memory management is automatic), while the syntax usually used for it is similar, but different.

The C++ programming language was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs in the 1980s, and was originally named "C with classes". The language was planned as an improvement on the C programming language, adding features based on object-oriented programming. Step by step, a lot of advanced features were added to the language, like exception handling, templates, "move semantics" and namespaces (not full module support, while that was added later) and new operator overloading capabilities were added in versions C++11 and C++20.

C++ runs on a most platforms (all mainstream ones), such as Windows and the various versions of UNIX, such as macOS, Linux, and BSD. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200713161758
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thumb|222x222px
thumb

The '''greenhouse effect''' occurs when certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere (the air around the Earth) trap infrared radiation. This makes the planet become warmer, similar to the way a greenhouse becomes warmer.IPCC, 2013: [https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_AnnexIII_FINAL.pdf Annex III: Glossary] [Planton S. (ed)]. In: ''Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' Stocker T.F. D. Qin G.-K. Plattner M. Tignor S.K. Allen J. Boschung A. Nauels Y. Xia V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York. 

The most important greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are: water vapor, carbon dioxide(CO2), and methane. When there is more greenhouse gas in the air, the air holds more heat. This is why more greenhouse gases cause climate change and global warming.

The greenhouse effect is natural. It is important for life on Earth. Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth's average temperature would be around 18 or –19 degrees Celsius (0 or 1 degree Fahrenheit). Earth would be locked in an ice age. Because of the greenhouse effect, the Earth's actual average temperature is 14 degrees Celsius (57 degrees Fahrenheit). 

The problem is that recently, the greenhouse effect has become stronger. This is because humans have been burning large amounts of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide. Since carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, it has caused the planet to warm over the past 150 years.
thumb| upright=2.0| The greenhouse effect and its impact on climate were succinctly described in this 1912 ''[[Popular Mechanics'' article.]]

About 10,000 years ago, before people started burning large amounts of fossil fuels, there were 260 to 280 parts per million (ppm) of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, but now there is over 400 ppm. Most scientists say that having 350 p
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thumb|300px|right|A [[planar graph and its minimum spanning tree. Each edge is labeled with its weight, which here is roughly proportional to its length.]]
A '''minimum spanning tree''' ('''MST''') or '''minimum weight spanning tree''' is a subset of the edges of a connected, edge-weighted undirected graph that connects all the vertices together, without any cycles and with the minimum possible total edge weight. That is, it is a spanning tree whose sum of edge weights is as small as possible. More generally, any edge-weighted undirected graph (not necessarily connected) has a '''minimum spanning forest''', which is a union of the minimum spanning trees for its connected components.

There are many use cases for minimum spanning trees. One example is a telecommunications company trying to lay cable in a new neighborhood. If it is constrained to bury the cable only along certain paths (e.g. roads), then there would be a graph containing the points (e.g. houses) connected by those paths. Some of the paths might be more expensive, because they are longer, or require the cable to be buried deeper; these paths would be represented by edges with larger weights. Currency is an acceptable unit for edge weight – there is no requirement for edge lengths to obey normal rules of geometry such as the triangle inequality. A ''spanning tree'' for that graph would be a subset of those paths that has no cycles but still connects every house; there might be several spanning trees possible. A ''minimum spanning tree'' would be one with the lowest total cost, representing the least expensive path for laying the cable.

==Properties==

===Possible multiplicity===
If there are  vertices in the graph, then each spanning tree has  edges.

thumb|This figure shows there may be more than one minimum spanning tree in a graph. In the figure, the two trees below the graph are two possibilities of minimum spanning tree of the given graph.
There may be several minimum spanning trees of the same we
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| cultural_origins = 1970s in South Bronx
| popularity = Extremely high worldwide, since 1980s and 1990s
| derivatives =
| subgenrelist = List of hip hop genres
| subgenres = 
| fusiongenres = 
| regional_scenes = British hip hop
}}

'''Hip hop''' is a type of culture/art style that started in the 1970s in The Bronx. It began in Jamaican American, African American, and Puerto Rican/Hispanic and Latino American urban areas in some of the larger cities of the United States. Hip hop uses drumbeats produced by a drum machine, and rapping, where the rapper or group chants or says words with a rhythm that rhymes. The lyrics of hip hop songs are often about the life of urban people in the big cities. Hip hop music also uses musical styles from pop such as disco. Rap and hip hop music have become successful music genres.

Hip hop's connection to reggae music goes beyond mere musical influence; it is rooted in the shared cultural experiences of the African diaspora. DJ Kool Herc, a key figure in the early development of hip hop in the Bronx, was a Jamaican immigrant who brought with him the tradition of 'toasting' from reggae culture. This practice, involving rhythmic spoken word over music, evolved into the rapping style central to hip hop. The use of sound systems, another reggae staple, played a crucial role in the block parties where hip hop culture flourished. Thus, reggae's influence is integral to the formation of hip hop, not just as a musical genre, but as a cultural movement.

Hip hop as a culture involves the music as well as a style of dressing called "urban" clothes (baggy pants, Timberland leather work boots, and oversize shirts); a dancing style called breakdancing or "B-boying"; and graffiti, a street art in which people paint pictures or words on walls. In the 2000s, hip hop music and hip hop culture are very popular in the United States and Canada. Hip hop musicians usually use nicknames. Many of the popular hip hop musicians from the 2000s use nicknames, s
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| discontinued = 
| latest release version = 
| latest release date = }}
| latest preview version = 
| programming language = Go
| operating system = Linux, Windows, macOS
| platform = x86-64, ARM, s390x, ppc64le
| language = 
| genre = OS-level virtualization
| license = Free / Paid 
| website = 
}}
'''Docker''' is a technology that bundles a software program with all the other software that application needs to run, such as an operating system, third-party software libraries, etc. Software bundled like this is called a '''container'''. Data Basecamp|url=https://databasecamp.de/en/data/docker-basics|access-date=2022-07-15|language=en-US}}

The benefit of using Docker to put applications in containers is that they can be run on different kinds of computers (for example, both a laptop and a web server), without the risk of a missing software library or a different operating system causing the application to not work.

==References==

Category:Computer programming
Category:Virtualization software
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A '''convolutional neural network''' ('''CNN''', or '''ConvNet''') is a program used by computers to see things in the real world.  A camera or other system takes a picture, and the computer uses the CNN to tell what the picture is or means.  It is part of deep learning.  Models that work with spatial data, for example images and video, use convolutional neural networks. People use convolutional neural networks with vehicles that drive and steer themselves, medical imaging, and in computer vision and deep learning.

==References==

Category:Vision
Category:Machine learning
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'''Venture capital''' ('''VC''') is a form of private equity financing provided by firms or funds to startup, early-stage, and emerging companies, that have been deemed to have high growth potential or that have demonstrated high growth in terms of number of employees, annual revenue, scale of operations, etc. Venture capital firms or funds invest in these early-stage companies in exchange for equity, or an ownership stake. Venture capitalists take on the risk of financing start-ups in the hopes that some of the companies they support will become successful. Because startups face high uncertainty, VC investments have high rates of failure. Start-ups are usually based on an innovative technology or business model and often come from high technology industries such as information technology (IT) or biotechnology.

Pre-seed and seed rounds are the initial stages of funding for a startup company, Silicon Valley Bank |url=https://www.svb.com/startup-insights/vc-relations/stages-of-venture-capital/ |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=www.svb.com |language=en}} typically occurring early in its development. During a seed round, entrepreneurs seek investment from angel investors, venture capital firms, or other sources to finance the initial operations and development of their business idea. Seed funding is often used to validate the concept, build a prototype, or conduct market research. This initial capital injection is crucial for startups to kickstart their journey and attract further investment in subsequent funding rounds.

Typical venture capital investments occur after an initial "seed funding" round. The first round of institutional venture capital to fund growth is called the Series A round. Venture capitalists provide this financing in the interest of generating a return through an eventual "exit" event, such as the company selling shares to the public for the first time in an initial public offering (IPO), or disposal of shares happening via a merger, via a sale to 
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In Japanese, the name of the country as it appears on official documents, including the country's constitution, is  ( or ''Nihon-koku''), meaning "State of Japan". Despite this, the short-form name 日本 (''Nippon'' or ''Nihon'') is often used officially.}}|}}
| image_flag             = Flag of Japan.svg
| alt_flag               = Centered deep red circle on a white rectangle
| image_coat             = Imperial Seal of Japan.svg
| alt_coat               = Golden circle subdivided by golden wedges with rounded outer edges and thin black outlines
| symbol_type            = Imperial crest
| other_symbol           = 75x75px75px
| other_symbol_type      = Government crest of JapanState Seal of Japan
| national_anthem        = }}}}}}center
| image_map              = Japan (orthographic projection).svg
| map_width              = 220px
| alt_map                = Projection of Asia with Japan's Area coloured green
| map_caption            = Area controlled by Japan shown in green—claimed, but uncontrolled shown in light green
| capital                = Tokyo
| coordinates            = 
| largest_city           = capital
| languages_type         = National language
| languages              = Japanese
| ethnic_groups          = 
| ethnic_groups_year     = 2011}}
| demonym                = Japanese
| government_type        = Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
| leader_title1          = Emperor
| leader_name1           = Naruhito
| leader_title2          = Prime Minister
| leader_name2           = Sanae Takaichi
| leader_title3          = Deputy Prime Minister
| leader_name3           = Vacant
| legislature            = National Diet
| upper_house            = House of Councillors
| lower_house            = House of Representatives
| sovereignty_type       = Formation
| established_event1     = National Foundation Day
| established_date1      = February 11, 660 BCAccording to legend, Japan was founded on this date by Emperor Jimmu, the country's first Emperor.
| establis
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'''Unsupervised learning''' is a type of machine learning where algorithms find patterns in data without any labels. This is different from supervised learning, where data comes with labels to guide the learning process. Other types of learning, like weak or semi-supervised learning, use some labeled data, while self-supervised learning is sometimes considered a form of unsupervised learning.

In unsupervised learning, the data is often collected from sources like the internet with little processing, making it cheaper than supervised learning, where labeled datasets are created manually.

There are special algorithms for unsupervised learning, such as k-means for grouping similar data, PCA for reducing data complexity, and autoencoders for learning useful representations. With the rise of deep learning, large-scale unsupervised learning is mostly done using neural networks trained with gradient descent and special training techniques.

Sometimes, models trained with unsupervised learning are used directly, but often they are adjusted for other tasks. For example, a model trained to generate text can later be fine-tuned for tasks like text classification. Similarly, autoencoders can learn useful features that help improve other models, such as those used in image generation.

== References ==

Category:Machine learning
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thumb|The [[Code of Hammurabi, a legal text written about 1700BC. It is among the oldest legal texts known today.]]
thumb|[[Stele with the actual text, Louvre Museum]]
'''Law''' is a set of rules made by a particular place or authority to keep society safe and peaceful. 

Courts or police help to make sure these rules are followed. They can punish people who break the laws, for example by making them pay a fine or by sending them to jail. In ancient societies, leaders wrote laws that told people how they should live, work and do business with each other. In most countries today, laws are written and voted on by groups of politicians in a legislature, such as a parliament or congress, elected (chosen) by the governed peoples. Many countries today have a constitution that sets out the basic structure of that society, while other laws deal with more detailed matters. People in a society are generally free to do anything that is ''legal'' (allowed by law). An activity is ''illegal'' if it breaks a law or does not follow the laws.

A legal code is a written code of laws that are enforced. This may deal with things like police, courts, or punishments. A lawyer, jurist or attorney is a professional who studies and argues the rules of law. In the United States, there are two kinds of attorneys - "transactional" attorneys who write contracts and "litigators" who go to court. In the United Kingdom, these professionals are called solicitors and barristers respectively.

The ''Rule of Law'' is the law which says that government can only legally use its power in a way the government and the people agree on. It limits the powers a government has, as agreed in a country's constitution. The ''Rule of Law'' prevents dictatorship and protects the rights of the people. When leaders enforce the legal code honestly, even on themselves and their friends, this is an example of the rule of law being followed. "The rule of law", wrote the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle in 350 BC, "is b
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thumb|Diagram of a CRISPR [[locus. There are three main parts. 1. ''cas'' genes, 2. a leader sequence, and 3. A repeat-spacer array. 
The arrangement of the three components is not always as shown]]
thumb|CRISPR Cascade protein (cyan) bound to CRISPR RNA (green) and phage DNA (red)
thumb|CRISPR/Cas9

'''CRISPR''' is a term in DNA research. It stands for ''clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats''. These are part of the genetic code in prokaryotes: most bacteria and archaea have it. It is their defence against attack by viruses.Grissa I; Vergnaud G. & Pourcel C. 2007. The CRISPRdb database and tools to display CRISPRs and to generate dictionaries of spacers and repeats. ''BMC Bioinformatics'' '''8''': 172. [http://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2105-8-172] Its structure and function was discovered in the 21st century.Gesner E.M; Schellenberg M.J; Garside E.L; George M.M. & Macmillan A.M. 2011. Recognition and maturation of effector RNAs in a CRISPR interference pathway. ''Nature Structural & Molecular Biology''. '''18''' (6): 688–692.See Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna, 2020.Wiedenheft B; Sternberg S.H; Doudna J.A. 2012. RNA-guided genetic silencing systems in bacteria and archaea. ''Nature''. '''482''' (7385): 331–338.[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22337052/]

CRISPR has a lot of short repeated sequences. These sequences are part of an adaptive immune system for prokaryotes. It allows them to remember and counter the bacteriophages which prey on them. They work as a kind of acquired immunity for bacteria.Lecture by Jennifer Doudna [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=47pkFey3CZ0]Mojica F.J.M. et al 2000. Biological significance of regularly spaced repeats in the genomes of Archaea, Bacteria and mitochondria. ''Molecular Microbiology'' '''36''': 244–246.

They can modify the genes of almost any organism. They are used by researchers as a tool to cut and insert genes in genetic modificat
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'''Nuclear physics''' is the part of physics that studies the nucleus of the atom. Everything on the earth is made up of atoms; they are the smallest part of a chemical element that still has the properties of that specific element. When two or more atoms combine they create what we know as the molecule, which is the smallest part of a chemical compound which still has the properties of that specific compound. Understanding the structure of atoms is key in studies such as physics, chemistry, biology, etc.  
thumb|Diagram of the CNO Cycle.
== Atoms ==
=== Structure ===
Atoms are made up of electrons, neutrons, and protons. The protons and neutrons are in the center of the atom, which is called the nucleus. The protons and neutrons are the heaviest part of the atom and make up most of its mass. The electrons move around the nucleus very quickly, making what is called an electron cloud. The electron cloud has a very small mass, but it makes up most of the space of the atom. The electrons have a negative charge, and the protons have a positive charge. Due to the charges in the atom, that is how the atom stays together, by attraction of the electric charges present in the atom.

=== Properties ===
thumb|Model of atom.Atoms have different features that single out one atom from another, and show how each atom can change in different conditions. These properties include atomic number, mass number, atomic mass and weight, and isotopes.

=== Forces acting ===
In an atom there are three fundamental forces that keep atoms together. electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force. The electromagnetic force keeps the electrons attached to the atom. The strong nuclear  force keeps the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus. The weak nuclear force controls how the atom decays.

=== Quantum ===
In the early 20th century, scientists had trouble explaining the behavior of atoms using their current knowledge of matter. So to deal with this they made a brand ne
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Deep Learning (''South Park'')}}
alt=Representing images on multiple layers of abstraction in deep learning|thumb|upright=1.35|Representing images on multiple layers of abstraction in deep learning

In machine learning, '''deep learning''' ('''DL''') focuses on utilizing multilayered neural networks to perform tasks such as classification, regression, and representation learning. The field takes inspiration from biological neuroscience and revolves around stacking artificial neurons into layers and "training" them to process data. The adjective "deep" refers to the use of multiple layers (ranging from three to several hundred or thousands) in the network. Methods used can be supervised, semi-supervised or unsupervised.

Some common deep learning network architectures include fully connected networks, deep belief networks, recurrent neural networks, convolutional neural networks, generative adversarial networks, transformers, and neural radiance fields. These architectures have been applied to fields including computer vision, speech recognition, natural language processing, machine translation, bioinformatics, drug design, medical image analysis, climate science, material inspection and board game programs, where they have produced results comparable to and in some cases surpassing human expert performance.

Early forms of neural networks were inspired by information processing and distributed communication nodes in biological systems, particularly the human brain. However, current neural networks do not intend to model the brain function of organisms, and are generally seen as low-quality models for that purpose. Massachusetts Institute of Technology |language=en}}

== Overview ==
Most modern deep learning models are based on multi-layered neural networks such as convolutional neural networks and transformers, although they can also include propositional formulas or latent variables organized layer-wise in deep generative models such as the nodes in deep belief net
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thumb|right|230px|[[Ilya Mechnikov, one of the founders of immunology]]
thumb|right|250px|A [[scanning electron microscope photo of a single neutrophil (in yellow), engulfing some anthrax bacteria (in orange).]]

The '''immune system''' is the set of tissues which work together to resist infections. The immune mechanisms help an organism identify a pathogen, and neutralize its threat.Janeway C.A ''et al'' 2001. Basic concepts in immunology, Chapter 1 in ''Immunobiology'', 5th ed, New York: Garland Science. 

The immune system can detect and identify many different kinds of disease agents. Examples are viruses, bacteria and parasites. The immune system can detect a difference between the body's own healthy cells or tissues, and 'foreign' cells. Detecting an unhealthy intruder is complicated, because intruders can evolve and adapt so that the immune system will no longer detect them.

Once a foreign cell or protein is detected, the immune system creates antibodies to fight the intruders, and sends special cells ('phagocytes') to eat them up.

== Innate immune system ==
Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess enzyme systems that protect against viral infections. Basic immune mechanisms appeared in ancient life forms and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include antimicrobial peptides (called defensins), phagocytosis, and the complement system. These make up the '''innate immune system''', which defends the host from infections in a non-specific way. The simplest innate system is the cell wall or barrier on the outside to stop intruders getting in. For example, skin stops most outside bacteria getting in.

=== The response ===
The innate immune system responds very quickly to anything foreign that enters the body. When something gets past the skin, as through a cut, the immune cells work to find the intruder and to alert each other of the foreign object. Small immune cells bring other cells from all over 
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'''Big ''O'' notation''' is a mathematical notation that describes the approximate size of a function on a domain. Big O is a member of a family of notations invented by the German mathematicians Paul Bachmann and Edmund Landau and expanded by others, collectively called '''Bachmann–Landau notation'''. The letter O stands for ''Ordnung'', that is, the order of approximation.

In computer science, big O notation is used to classify algorithms by how their run time or space requirements grow with the input.

 In analytic number theory, big O notation expresses bounds on the growth of an arithmetical function, as for the remainder term in the prime number theorem.
In mathematical analysis, including calculus, Big O notation bounds the error when truncating a power series and expresses the quality
of approximation of a real or complex valued function by a simpler function.

Often, big O notation characterizes functions according to their growth rates as the variable becomes large: different functions with the same asymptotic growth rate may be represented using the same O notation. The letter O is used because the growth rate of a function is also referred to as the '''order of the function'''. A description of a function in terms of big O notation only provides an upper bound on the growth rate of the function.

Associated with big O notation are several related notations, using the symbols  o, \sim,  \Omega, \ll, \gg, \asymp,  \omega, and  \Theta to describe other kinds of bounds on growth rates. 

Bachmann proposed the notation in 1894 and Landau extended it in 1909. An earlier notation was proposed by Paul du Bois-Reymond in 1870.

== Formal definition ==
Let f, the function to be estimated, be either a real or complex valued function defined on a domain D, and let g, the comparison function, be a non-negative real valued function defined on the same set D. Common choices for the domain are intervals of real numbers, bounded or unbounded, the set of positive integer
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thumb|A hairpin loop from a pre-mRNA. Highlighted are the [[nucleobases (green) and the ribose-phosphate backbone (blue). This is a single strand of RNA that folds back upon itself. ]]
'''RNA''' is an acronym for '''ribonucleic acid''', a nucleic acid. Many different kinds are now known.Only the most important are described here. A complete list is available at :en:List of RNAs.

RNA is physically different from DNA. DNA has two strands that twist around each other, but RNA only has one strand. RNA also has different bases than DNA. These bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.

Adenine bonds with uracil. Guanine bonds with cytosine. In this way, we say that adenine is complementary to uracil and that guanine is complementary to cytosine. Adenine, guanine and cytosine are also in DNA. In RNA, uracil replaces thymine as a complement to adenine.

'''RNA''' also has ribose. This is different from the deoxyribose in DNA. These differences result in RNA being more chemically reactive than DNA. This makes it the more suitable molecule to take part in cell reactions.

RNA is the carrier of genetic information in certain viruses, especially retroviruses like HIV. This is the only exception to the general rule that DNA is the hereditary substance.

== Protein synthesis RNAs ==
=== Messenger RNA (mRNA) ===
thumb|650px|center|The structure of a mature eukaryotic mRNA. A fully processed mRNA includes a [[5' cap, 5' UTR, coding region, 3' UTR, and poly(A) tail. UTR = untranslated region]]

The main function of RNA is to carry information of amino acid sequences from the genes to ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes are where proteins are assembled.

This is done by '''messenger RNA''' (mRNA). A strand of DNA is the blueprint for the mRNA which is transcribed from that DNA strand. The sequence of base pairs is transcribed from DNA by an enzyme called RNA polymerase. Then the mRNA moves from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm to form proteins. The mRNA transl
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'''Agile software development''' is an umbrella term for approaches to developing software that reflect the values and principles agreed upon by The Agile Alliance, a group of 17 software practitioners, in 2001. As documented in their ''Manifesto for Agile Software Development'', the practitioners value: 

* Individuals and interactions over processes and tools
* Working software over comprehensive documentation
* Customer collaboration over contract negotiation
* Responding to change over following a plan

The practitioners cite inspiration from new practices at the time including extreme programming, scrum, dynamic systems development method, adaptive software development, and being sympathetic to the need for an alternative to documentation-driven, heavyweight software development processes.

Many software development practices emerged from the agile mindset. These agile-based practices, sometimes called ''Agile'' (with a capital A), include requirements, discovery, and solutions improvement through the collaborative effort of self-organizing and cross-functional teams with their customer(s)/end user(s).

While there is much anecdotal evidence that the agile mindset and agile-based practices improve the software development process, the empirical evidence is limited and less than conclusive.

==History==
Iterative and incremental software development methods can be traced back as early as 1957,Gerald M. Weinberg, as quoted in : "We were doing incremental development as early as 1957 in Los Angeles, under the direction of Bernie Dimsdale at IBM's Service Bureau Corporation. He was a colleague of John von Neumann, so perhaps he learned it there, or assumed it as totally natural. I do remember Herb Jacobs (primarily, though we all participated) developing a large simulation for Motorola, where the technique used was, as far as I can tell ... All of us, as far as I can remember, thought waterfalling of a huge project was rather stupid, or at least ignorant of the rea
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'''Chi-squared test''' (or \Chi^2 test) is a statistical hypothesis test. It usually tests the hypothesis that "the experimental data does not differ from untreated data". That is a null hypothesis. The distribution of the test statistic is a chi-squared distribution when the null hypothesis is true.

The test results are regarded as 'significant' if there is only one chance in 20 that the result could be got by chance.
==Groups==
There are three main groups of tests:
*Tests for distribution check that the values follow a given probability distribution.
*Tests for independence check that the values are independent; if this is the case, no value can be left out without losing information.
*Tests for homogeneity: These check that all samples taken have the same probability distribution, or are from the same set of values.

Category:Statistical tests
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thumb|350px|[[Claude Monet, ''Impression, Sunrise'', (1872), oil on canvas, Musée Marmottan]]

'''Impressionism''' is a style of painting which began in France in the late 19th century. Impressionist painting shows lifelike subjects painted in a broad, rapid style, with brushstrokes that are easily seen and colours that are often bright. The term 'impressionism' comes from a painting by Claude Monet, which he showed in an exhibition with the name ''Impression, soleil levant'' ("Impression, Sunrise"). An art critic called Louis Leroy saw the exhibition and wrote a review in which he said that all the paintings were just "impressions". 

Impressionist painters are mostly known for their work in oil paint on canvas. Some impressionist painters also made watercolours and prints. There is also some impressionist sculpture.

== History ==
thumb|250px|Corot, ''Italian landscape''. Corot's pictures influenced the Impressionists

In the 19th century, most artists learned to paint by attending an art school or academy. The academies were very strict about the way that young artists learnt to paint. The popular style of painting was called classicism. Classical paintings were always done inside a studio. They often showed stories from mythology. An artist would prepare for a painting by doing lots of drawings. The paintings were very smoothly and carefully painted.

At the same time there were several painters who loved to paint the French landscape and the village people in a realist way, different from Classicism. They would often make small quick paintings out of doors, and then finish them in the studio. These artists include Gustave Courbet and Jean-Baptiste Corot. Edgar Degas wrote in 1883: "There is one master, Corot. We are nothing in comparison, nothing"."Il y a un seul maître, Corot. Nous ne sommes rien en comparaison, rien". A group of young painters who admired the work of these artists became friends and started painting together. These artists were Claude Monet, 
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The '''space complexity''' of an algorithm or a data structure is the amount of memory space required to solve an instance of the computational problem as a function of characteristics of the input. It is the memory required by an algorithm until it executes completely. This includes the memory space used by its inputs, called '''input space''', and any other (auxiliary) memory it uses during execution, which is called '''auxiliary space'''.

Similar to time complexity, space complexity is often expressed asymptotically in big ''O'' notation, such as O(n),
O(n\log n), O(n^\alpha), O(2^n), etc., where  is a characteristic of the input influencing space complexity.

==Space complexity classes==

Analogously to time complexity classes DTIME(f(n)) and NTIME(f(n)), the complexity classes DSPACE(f(n)) and NSPACE(f(n)) are the sets of languages that are decidable by deterministic (respectively, non-deterministic) Turing machines that use O(f(n)) space. The complexity classes PSPACE and NPSPACE allow f to be any polynomial, analogously to P and NP.  That is,
\mathsf{PSPACE} = \bigcup_{c \in \Z^+} \mathsf{DSPACE}(n^c)
and
\mathsf{NPSPACE} = \bigcup_{c \in \Z^+} \mathsf{NSPACE}(n^c)

==Relationships between classes==

The space hierarchy theorem states that, for all space-constructible functions f(n), there exists a problem that can be solved by a machine with f(n) memory space, but cannot be solved by a machine with asymptotically less than f(n) space.

The following containments between complexity classes hold.
\mathsf{DTIME}(f(n)) \subseteq \mathsf{DSPACE}(f(n)) \subseteq \mathsf{NSPACE}(f(n)) \subseteq \mathsf{DTIME}\left(2^{O(f(n))}\right)

Furthermore, Savitch's theorem gives the reverse containment that if f \in \Omega(\log(n)),
\mathsf{NSPACE}(f(n)) \subseteq \mathsf{DSPACE}\left((f(n))^2\right).

As a direct corollary, \mathsf{PSPACE} = \mathsf{NPSPACE}. This result is surprising because it suggests that non-determinism can reduce the space necessary to solve a probl
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thumb|start=7.2|end=438|Lecture by Dr. Noel de Miranda about cancer
'''Cancer''' is a type of disease where cells grow out of control, divide and invade other tissues. In a person without cancer, cell division is under control. In most tissues, healthy cells divide in a controlled way and copy themselves to create new healthy cells. With cancer, this normal cell division goes out of control. Cells change their nature because mutations have occurred in their genes. All the daughter cells of cancer cells are also cancerous. Such cells are responsible for growing more cancer cells in the body.

If the abnormal cells do not invade other tissues or organs, but just divide and swell up their original tissue, this is not called "cancer". It is called a tumour (when there are multiple they are tumours). Tumours are usually not a threat to life because they can be cut out. However, some tumours occur in places where they cannot be cut out, and they can be fatal. Some brain tumours are of this type.

The symptoms of cancer are caused by the cancerous cells invading other tissues. This is called metastasis. Metastasis is when cancer cells move through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. When this happens, a person's cancer can be spread to other places in the body. Eventually those other tissues cannot work as well, and the whole body begins to get worse, and may die.

Cancer can affect anybody at any age. Most types of cancer are more likely to affect people as they get older. This is because as a person's DNA gets older, their DNA may become damaged, or damage that happened in the past may get worse. One type of cancer that is more common in young men, rather than older people, is testicular cancer (cancer of the testicles).

Cancer is one of the biggest and most researched causes of death in developed countries. Studying cancer and its treatment is called oncology.

== Causes ==
Cancer is one of the most common causes of death around the world. It causes about 16% (or one 
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In calculus, '''multivariable calculus''' or '''multivariate calculus''' is the extension of regular, one-dimensional calculus to more than one dimension. Most of the concepts from calculus, such as continuity and chain rule, still work in more than one dimension, though sometimes with greater complexity and counter-intuitive result. 

Special multivariable uses include ''partial derivatives'', or differentiation with only one dimension at a time, and ''multiple integration'', or integrating over more than one dimension. The gradient operator \nabla, defined in terms of partial derivatives, is used to define higher concepts such as Laplace operator, divergence and curl. By integrating a multivariable function over several variables, one can define an integral over an area, surface or volume as well.

== Related pages ==

* Vector calculus

== References ==

Category:Calculus
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In programming languages, an '''array''' is a way of storing several items (such as integers).
These items must have the same type (only integers, only strings, ...) because an array can not store different kinds of items.
Every item in an array has a number so the programmer can get the item by using that number.
This number is called the ''index''.
In most programming languages, the first item has index 0, the second item has index 1 and so on.

When the programmer creates an array, they must give the size of the array.
This is the number of items that can be stored in the array.
If the programmer wants to store more items, then they must create a new array.
This is because the size of an array can not be changed.

==Arrays in C==
In the programming language C, arrays can be created like this:

int array[5];

This creates an array of integers and it can store 5 integers.
The programmer can now store integers in the array by doing:

array[0] = 1;
array[1] = 18;
array[2] = 5;
array[3] = 33;
array[4] = 50;

The programmer can use a value in the array like this:

int k = 3 + array[3];  // k is now 3 + 33 = 36

==Arrays in Java==
In the programming language Java, arrays can be created like this:

int[] array = new int[5];

This creates an array of integers and it can store 5 integers.
The programmer can now store integers in the array by doing:

array[0] = 1;
array[1] = 18;
array[2] = 5;
array[3] = 33;
array[4] = 50;

The programmer can use a value in the array like this:

int k = 3 + array[3];  // k is now 3 + 33 = 36

== Related pages ==
* Associative array

==Sources==

Category:Data structures
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'''Combinatorics''' is an area of mathematics primarily concerned with counting, both as a means and as an end to obtaining results, and certain properties of finite structures. It is closely related to many other areas of mathematics and has many applications ranging from logic to statistical physics and from evolutionary biology to computer science.

Combinatorics is well known for the breadth of the problems it tackles. Combinatorial problems arise in many areas of pure mathematics, notably in algebra, probability theory, topology, and geometry,Björner and Stanley, p. 2 as well as in its many application areas. Many combinatorial questions have historically been considered in isolation, giving an ''ad hoc'' solution to a problem arising in some mathematical context. In the later twentieth century, however, powerful and general theoretical methods were developed, making combinatorics into an independent branch of mathematics in its own right. One of the oldest and most accessible parts of combinatorics is graph theory, which by itself has numerous natural connections to other areas. Combinatorics is used frequently in computer science to obtain formulas and estimates in the analysis of algorithms.

== Definition ==
The full scope of combinatorics is not universally agreed upon. According to H. J. Ryser, a definition of the subject is difficult because it crosses so many mathematical subdivisions. Insofar as an area can be described by the types of problems it addresses, combinatorics is involved with:
* the ''enumeration'' (counting) of specified structures, sometimes referred to as arrangements or configurations in a very general sense, associated with finite systems,
* the ''existence'' of such structures that satisfy certain given criteria,
* the ''construction'' of these structures, perhaps in many ways, and
* ''optimization'': finding the "best" structure or solution among several possibilities, be it the "largest", "smallest" or satisfying some other ''optim
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thumb|[[Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980), one of the main existentialist philosophers]]

'''Existentialism''' is a way of thinking that focuses on what it means for people to exist. It is a philosophical movement. It became well known in books and movies of the 19th and 20th centuries. Existentialism is known for dealing with nihilistic problems, but is generally still a kind of . It says that humans have will and consciousness, but they live in a world that does not. The premise that people must make choices about their life while knowing they are mortal is what existentialism is all about.

It was started by the Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard (18131855).Bullock, Alan & Trombley, Stephen 1999. ''The new Fontana dictionary of modern thought''. 3rd ed, Fontana, London. p297/8 
Kierkegaard was a very religious man, but existentialism in the 20th century became more and more atheistic. Most of its main thinkers and writers were in mainland Europe. For example, Jean-Paul Sartre spent most of the Second World War in a German prison camp, reading the philosophy of Martin Heidegger.Stevenson, Leslie & Haberman, David L. ''Ten theories of human nature''. Oxford University Press, chapter 9: Sartre: radical freedom.  When he came out he gave a lecture called ''Existentialism and Humanism''. This early lecture may be easier to read than his later work.Sartre, Jean-Paul 1974. ''Existentialism and humanism''. Methuen, London. 

Many religions and philosophies (ways of thinking about the world) say that human life has a meaning (or a purpose). But people who believe in existentialism think that the world and human life have ''no meaning unless people give them meaning'': ‘existence precedes [is before] essence’. This means that we find ourselves existing in the world, and then we give ourselves meaning, or 'essence'. As Sartre said, "We are condemned to be free". This means that we have no choice but to choose, and that we have full responsibility for our choices. Another way t
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thumb|183x183px|A logo for [[Bitcoin. Bitcoin was the first decentralized cryptocurrency.]]
'''Cryptocurrency''' is a type of currency which uses digital files as money. Often, people create these files using the same ways as cryptography (the science of hiding information). Cryptocurrency users can use Digital signatures to keep the transactions safe, and to let other people check that the transactions are real.[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3024330 Cryptocurrencies: A Brief Thematic Review] . ''Economics of Networks Journal.'' Social Science Research Network (SSRN). Date accessed 28 august 2017. The creators of the first cryptocurrencies made them to be free of government-given currencies.

No single person controls cryptocurrencies. Instead they are decentralized and controlled by many people. This is different from 'centralized' electronic money and central banks, which a small group of people control. The control of each cryptocurrency works through a distributed ledger (a list of transactions shared by everyone), usually a blockchain. This lets everyone know all of the financial transactions that happen.

Bitcoin, first released as open-source software in 2009, is famous because it was the first decentralized cryptocurrency. Since then, people have created more than 4,000 cryptocurrencies (sometimes called '''altcoins''', or ''alternative coins''). 

== The value problem ==
In many cases, it is not possible to exchange cryptocurrencies for real currencies such as the US dollar. It is only possible to convert them to other cryptocurrencies. People can also use them to buy things. But some cryptocurrencies can be converted to real currencies. Those cryptocurrencies usually have high volatility, (their price changes very often).  Using them is very risky. They are also a target for Pump-and-Dump-Attacks. They act like a big distributed economic system: because they are not issued or controlled by central banks, their value is difficult to in
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}}

'''Natural language processing''' ('''NLP''') is the processing of natural language information by a computer. NLP is a subfield of computer science and is closely associated with artificial intelligence. NLP is also related to information retrieval, knowledge representation, computational linguistics, and linguistics more broadly.

Major processing tasks in an NLP system include: speech recognition, text classification, natural language understanding, and natural language generation.

== History ==

Natural language processing has its roots in the 1950s. Already in 1950, Alan Turing published an article titled "Computing Machinery and Intelligence," which proposed what is now called the Turing test as a criterion of intelligence, though at the time that was not articulated as a problem separate from artificial intelligence. The proposed test includes a task that involves the automated interpretation and generation of natural language.

=== Symbolic NLP (1950s – early 1990s) ===
thumb|A document parsed into an abstract syntax tree|class=skin-invert-image
The premise of symbolic NLP is often illustrated using John Searle's Chinese room thought experiment: Given a collection of rules (e.g., a Chinese phrasebook, with questions and matching answers), the computer emulates natural language understanding (or other NLP tasks) by applying those rules to the data it confronts.

* '''1950s''': The Georgetown experiment in 1954 involved fully automatic translation of more than sixty Russian sentences into English. The authors claimed that within three or five years, machine translation would be a solved problem.  However, real progress was much slower, and after the ALPAC report in 1966, which found that ten years of research had failed to fulfill the expectations, funding for machine translation was dramatically reduced. Little further research in machine translation was conducted in America (though some research continued elsewhere, such as Japan and Europe"ALPAC: the (
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'''Nuclear energy''' may refer to:
*Nuclear power, the use of sustained nuclear fission or nuclear fusion to generate heat and electricity
*Nuclear binding energy, the energy required to split a nucleus of an atom
*Nuclear potential energy, the potential energy of the particles inside an atomic nucleus

Category:Nuclear energy
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thumb|upright=1.3|[[Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 29|P. Oxy. 29, one of the oldest surviving fragments of Euclid's ''Elements'', a textbook used for millennia to teach proof-writing techniques. The diagram accompanies Book II, Proposition 5.]]A '''mathematical proof''' is a way to show that a mathematical theorem is true. To prove a theorem is to show that theorem holds in all cases (where it claims to hold). To prove a statement, one can either use axioms, or theorems which have already been shown to be true. Many techniques for proving a statements exist, and these include proof by induction, proof by contradiction and proof by cases.

== Proof by induction ==

One type of proof is called proof by induction. This is usually used to prove that a theorem holds for all numbers (or all numbers from some point onwards). There are 4 steps in a proof by induction.

1. State that the proof will be by induction, and state which variable will be used in the induction step.

2. Prove that the statement is true for some beginning case.

3. Assume that for some value ''n'' = ''n0'', the statement is true and has all of the properties listed in the statement. This is called the '''induction step'''.

4. Show that the statement is true for the next value, ''n0''+1.

Once that is shown, it would mean that for any value of ''n'' that is picked, the next one is true. Since it is true for some beginning case (usually ''n''=1), it's true for the next one (''n''=2). And since it is true for 2, it must be true for 3. And since it is true for 3, it must be true for 4, etc. Induction shows that it is always true, precisely because it is true for whatever comes after any given number.

An example of proof by induction is as follows:

Prove that for all natural numbers ''n'', 2(1+2+3+....+''n''-1+''n'')=''n''(''n''+1).

Proof: First, the statement can be written as "For all natural numbers ''n'', 2\sum_{k=1}^n k=n(n+1)."

By induction on n,

First, for n=1, 2\sum_{k=1}^1 k=2(1)=1(1+1), so this is tr
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In software design and software engineering, the '''observer pattern''' is a software design pattern in which an object, called the '''''subject''''' (also known as '''''event source''''' or '''''event stream'''''), maintains a list of its dependents, called '''observers''' (also known as '''''event sinks'''''), and automatically notifies them of any state changes, typically by calling one of their methods. The subject knows its observers through a standardized interface and manages the subscription list directly.

This pattern creates a one-to-many dependency where multiple observers can listen to a single subject, but the coupling is typically synchronous and direct—the subject calls observer methods when changes occur, though asynchronous implementations using event queues are possible. Unlike the publish-subscribe pattern, there is no intermediary broker; the subject and observers have direct references to each other.

It is commonly used to implement event handling systems in event-driven programming, particularly in-process systems like GUI toolkits or MVC frameworks. This makes the pattern well-suited to processing data that arrives unpredictably—such as user input, HTTP requests, GPIO signals, updates from distributed databases, or changes in a GUI model.

==Overview==
The observer design pattern is a behavioural pattern listed among the 23 well-known "Gang of Four" design patterns that address recurring design challenges in order to design flexible and reusable object-oriented software, yielding objects that are easier to implement, change, test, and reuse.

The observer pattern addresses the following requirements:

* A one-to-many dependency between objects should be defined without making the objects tightly coupled.
* When one object changes state, an open-ended number of dependent objects should be updated automatically.
* An object can notify multiple other objects.

The naive approach would be for one object (subject) to directly call specific method
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frame|right|[[UML notation for a class. This Button class has variables for data, and functions. Through inheritance, a subclass can be created as a subset of the Button class. Objects are instances of a class.]]

'''Object-oriented programming''' ('''OOP''') is a programming paradigm based on objects – software entities that encapsulate data and function(s). An OOP computer program consists of objects that interact with one another. An ''OOP language'' is one that provides object-oriented programming features, but as the set of features that contribute to OOP is contested, classifying a language as OOP – and the degree to which it supports OOP – is debatable. As paradigms are not mutually exclusive, a language can be multi-paradigm (i.e. categorized as more than only OOP).

Notable languages with OOP support include Ada, ActionScript, C++, Common Lisp, C#, Dart, Eiffel, Fortran 2003, Haxe, Java, JavaScript, Kotlin, Logo, MATLAB, Objective-C, Object Pascal, Perl, PHP, Python, R, Raku, Ruby, Scala, SIMSCRIPT, Simula, Smalltalk, Swift, Vala and Visual Basic (.NET).

==History==

The idea of "objects" in programming began with the artificial intelligence group at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Here, "object" referred to LISP atoms with identified properties (attributes).
Another early example was Sketchpad created by Ivan Sutherland at MIT in 1960–1961. In the glossary of his technical report, Sutherland defined terms like "object" and "instance" (with the class concept covered by "master" or "definition"), albeit specialized to graphical interaction.
 Later, in 1968, AED-0, MIT's version of the ALGOL programming language, connected data structures ("plexes") and procedures, prefiguring what were later termed "messages", "methods", and "member functions".

Topics such as data abstraction and modular programming were common points of discussion at this time.

Meanwhile, in Norway, Simula was developed during the years 1961
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thumb|260px|'''Pythagorean theorem'''The sum of the areas of the two squares on the shorter sides (''a'' and ''b'') equals the area of the square on the longest side (''c'').
In mathematics, the ''' Pythagorean theorem''' or [https://www.bloglovin.com/@justtutors5/pythagoras-theorem-with-proof-formula-example Pythagoras's theorem] is a statement about the sides of a right triangle. 

One of the angles of a right triangle is always equal to 90 degrees, one of the angles of a rectangle. This angle is the right angle. The two sides next to the right angle are called the legs and the other side is called the hypotenuse. The hypotenuse is the side opposite to the right angle, and it is always the longest side. 
==Claim of the theory==
The Pythagorean theorem says that the area of a square on the hypotenuse (longest side) is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares on the legs (short sides). In this picture, the area of the blue square added to the area of the red square makes the area of the purple square. It was named after the Greek mathematician Pythagoras:

If the lengths of the legs are ''a'' and ''b'', and the length of the hypotenuse is ''c'', then, a^2+b^2=c^2.

For example, if the shorter sides measure  3.75 and 5, then the theorem says to multiply both numbers by themselves, then add to get the long side:

1.) 3.75 × 3.75 = 14.0625

2.) 5 × 5 = 25

3.) 14.0625 + 25 = 39.0625

4.) √39.0625 = 6.25

==Types of proofs==
There are many different proofs of this theorem. They fall into four categories:
# Those based on linear relations: the algebraic proofs.
# Those based upon comparison of areas: the geometric proofs.
# Those based upon the vector operation.
# Those based on mass and velocity: the dynamic proofs.Loomis, Elisha S. 1927. ''The Pythagorean proposition: its proofs analysed and classified and bibliography of sources''. Cleveland, Ohio.
== Proof ==
300px|right
One proof of the Pythagorean theorem was found by a Greek mathematician, Eudoxus of Cnidus.


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text/xml
| type code =
| uniform type = public.xml
| conforms to = public.text
| magic =
| owner = World Wide Web Consortium
| genre = Markup language
| container for =
| contained by =
| extended from = SGML
| extended to = Numerous, including:XHTML, RSS, Atom, KML
| standard = [http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-xml-20081126/ 1.0 (Fifth Edition)] [http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/ 1.1 (Second Edition)] 
| free = Yes
}}
The '''Extensible Markup Language''' ('''XML''' for short) is a markup language like HTML, but built to be extensible, Data Basecamp|url=https://databasecamp.de/en/data/xml-file|access-date=2022-09-25|language=en-US}} and was created by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). XML defines rules for the construction of a document. XML adds context to the information in a document. It does not say how this should be displayed.

Some programs get information out of an XML-document. To do that, they need an API. Data Basecamp|url=https://databasecamp.de/en/data/api-en|access-date=2022-08-11|language=en-US}}  There are many APIs for XML. JSON was built to replace this purpose of XML.

You can write a description of an XML document in a way that is useful for programmers. There are several languages for this; the best known is called DTD.

== Syntax ==
XML uses less than () to show tags. For example, a paragraph in HTML would be <p>.

A closing tag is a tag used to enclose the value of the tag. The tag has a slash (/) before its name. For example, </p>

A tag which is empty can be represented as an opening tag but with a slash before the >. For example, <p/> (or <p />)

The XML specification defines a valid XML document as a well-formed XML document which also conforms to the rules of a Document Type Definition (DTD).

== Languages ==
The following languages are based on XML.

=== Text ===
* XSL-FO
* DocBook
* DITA
* XHTML (HTML based on ALL)
* TEI (Text Encoding Initiative)
* NITF (News Industry Text Format)

=== Images ===
* SVG (vector graphics)
* X
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'''Regression analysis''' is a field of statistics. It is a tool to show the relationship between the inputs and the outputs of a system. Regression analysis is often used for prediction of trends. It is also used for studying whether one thing causes another.  

The first type of regression analysis was linear regression. The method of least squares was first published by Legendre in 1805A.M. Legendre. ''Nouvelles méthodes pour la détermination des orbites des comètes'' (1805). “Sur la Méthode des moindres quarrés” is an appendix. and in 1809 by Gauss.C.F. Gauß. ''Theoria Motus Corporum Coelestium in Sectionibus Conicis Solem Ambientum''. (1809) Both used the method to predict the movement of planets around the sun. Gauss published an improved method in 1821. 
== Related pages ==
* Correlation
* Regression toward the mean

== References ==

Category:Statistics
Category:Mathematical approximation
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In object-oriented programming, the '''factory method pattern''' is a design pattern that uses factory methods to deal with the problem of creating objects without having to specify their exact classes. Rather than by calling a constructor, this is accomplished by invoking a factory method to create an object. Factory methods can be specified in an interface and implemented by subclasses or implemented in a base class and optionally overridden by subclasses. It is one of the 23 classic design patterns described in the book ''Design Patterns'' and is subcategorized as a creational pattern.

==Overview==
The factory method design pattern solves problems such as:
* How can an object's subclasses redefine its subsequent and distinct implementation? The pattern involves creation of a factory method within the superclass that defers the object's creation to a subclass's factory method.
* How can an object's instantiation be deferred to a subclass? Create an object by calling a factory method instead of directly calling a constructor.

This enables the creation of subclasses that can change the way in which an object is created (for example, by redefining which class to instantiate).

==Definition==
According to ''Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software'': "Define an interface for creating an object, but let subclasses decide which class to instantiate. Factory method lets a class defer instantiation to subclasses."

Creating an object often requires complex processes not appropriate to include within a composing object. The object's creation may lead to a significant duplication of code, may require information inaccessible to the composing object, may not provide a sufficient level of abstraction or may otherwise not be included in the composing object's concerns. The factory method design pattern handles these problems by defining a separate method for creating the objects, which subclasses can then override to specify the derived type of product 
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right|thumb|350px|The [[normal distribution, often called the "bell curve"]]
'''Probability distribution''' is a term from mathematics. Suppose there are many events with random outcomes. A probability distribution is the theoretical counterpart to the frequency distribution. A frequency distribution simply shows how many times a certain event occurred. A probability distribution says how many times it ''should'' have occurred in the long run (that is, its probability). The probability distribution of a random variable X is often written as f_X(x) (or simply f(x)). Such a distribution can either be discrete, taking a discrete (or countable) amount of values, or continuous, taking an uncountable amount of values (as from a continuous interval).

As an example, the probability distribution for a single roll of a normal 6-sided dice can be presented by:
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
|+Probability distribution for a dice roll event
|-
! scope="row" | Result
|1||2||3||4||5||6
|-
! scope="row" | Probability of result
|\frac {1}{6}||\frac {1}{6}||\frac {1}{6}||\frac {1}{6}||\frac {1}{6}||\frac {1}{6}
|}
where result is the outcome of the dice roll, and the probability shows the chances of that result occurring. If we roll a dice 60 times, then in the long run, we should expect to have each side appear 10 times on average. 

There are different probability distributions. Data Basecamp|url=https://databasecamp.de/en/statistics/normal-distribution|access-date=2023-05-29|language=en-US}} Each of them has its use, its benefits and its drawbacks. Some common probability distributions include:

* Binomial distribution
* Cauchy distribution
* Chi-square distribution
* Exponential distribution
* Gumbel distribution
* Normal distribution 
* Poisson distribution
* Student's t-distribution

== Related pages ==

* Probability density function

== References ==
<|CHUNK_END|>
| s = 
| p = Zhōngguó
| bpmf = ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨㄛˊ
| w = Chung1kuo2
| mi = 
| myale = jung1gwo2
| gr = Jong gwo
| mps = Jung1guo2
| tp = Jhong1guo2
| xej = ﺟْﻮ ﻗُﻮَع
| poj = Tiong-kok
| gan = Tung-koe̍t
| wuu = Tson平kueh入
| j = Zung1gwok3
| y = Jūnggwok
| h = Dung24Gued2
| buc = 
| hsn = [tan55kua13]
| cha = [ʦən33kue24]
}}

'''China''' ( Pinyin: Zhōngguó) is a cultural region, an ancient civilization, and a nation in East Asia. Geographically, China’s longest river is the Yangtze River, which runs through mega cities and is home to many species. It is the world’s third longest river.

== Origins ==
The first recorded use of the word "China" is dated to be 190."[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=china China]", ''Online Etymology Dictionary'' It is derived from ''chīnī'', a Persian adjective meaning 'Chinese' which was popularized in Europe by Marco Polo.Wood, Francis, ''Did Marco Polo go to China'' (1995), p. 61.

== History ==

thumb|left|The Great Wall

=== Ancient (2100 B.C.  1500 A.D.) ===
Ancient China was one of the first civilizations, and was active since the 2nd millennium BC as a feudal society. Chinese civilization was also one of the few to invent writing, with the others being Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley civilization, the Maya civilization, the Minoan civilization of ancient Greece, and Ancient Egypt. Ancient China reached its golden age during the Tang Dynasty (c. A.D. 10th century). It is the home of Confucianism and Daoism.

Before the Qin Dynasty united China, there were many small feudal states, nominally loyal to the Zhou King, which typically fought each other for hundreds of years in battles for control of China. The majority of these states were ruled by relatives and clansmen of the Zhou royal house and carried the surname Ji (姬), and were tied by family bonds to the Zhou king, to whom they were ritually subordinate, as members of collateral or lesser lineages. A minority of these states, such as the Qin and Chu, were ruled by non-Zhou clansmen, 
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In machine learning, '''supervised learning''' is the task of inferring a function from labelled training data. Data Basecamp|url=https://databasecamp.de/en/ml/supervised-learning-models|access-date=2022-07-01|language=en-US}} The results of the training are known beforehand, the system simply learns how to get to these results correctly. Usually, such systems work with vectors. They get the training data and the result of the training as two vectors and produce a ''classifier''. Usually, the system uses inductive reasoning to generalize the training data.

== References ==

Category:Machine learning
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| search_worst = \text{O}(\log n)
| insert_avg = \text{O}(\log n)
| insert_worst = \text{O}(\log n)
| delete_avg = \text{O}(\log n)
| delete_worst = \text{O}(\log n)
}}
thumb|Animation showing the insertion of several elements into an AVL tree. It includes left, right, left-right and right-left rotations.
thumb|right|262px|Fig. 1: AVL tree with balance factors (green)

In computer science, an '''AVL tree''' (named after inventors '''A'''delson-'''V'''elsky and '''L'''andis) is a self-balancing binary search tree. In an AVL tree, the heights of the two child subtrees of any node differ by not more than one; if at any time they differ by more than one, rebalancing is done to restore this property. Lookup, insertion, and deletion all take  time in both the average and worst cases, where n is the number of nodes in the tree prior to the operation. Insertions and deletions may require the tree to be rebalanced by one or more tree rotations.

The AVL tree is named after its two Soviet inventors, Georgy Adelson-Velsky and Evgenii Landis, who published it in their 1962 paper "An algorithm for the organization of information". [https://zhjwpku.com/assets/pdf/AED2-10-avl-paper.pdf English translation] by Myron J. Ricci in ''Soviet Mathematics - Doklady'', 3:1259–1263, 1962.  It is the first self-balancing binary search tree data structure to be invented.

AVL trees are often compared with red–black trees because both support the same set of operations and take \text{O}(\log n) time for the basic operations. For lookup-intensive applications, AVL trees are faster than red–black trees because they are more strictly balanced. Similar to red–black trees, AVL trees are height-balanced. Both are, in general, neither weight-balanced nor \mu-balanced for any \mu\leq\tfrac{1}{2};[https://cs.stackexchange.com/q/421 AVL trees are not weight-balanced? (meaning: AVL trees are not μ-balanced?)] Thereby: A Binary Tree is called \mu-balanced, with 0 \le\mu\leq\tfrac12, if for every node N, t
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'''Accounting''' or '''accountancy''' is the job of sharing financial information about a business to managers and shareholders or owners.Elliot, Barry & Elliot, Jamie: ''Financial accounting and reporting'', Prentice Hall, London 2004, , p. 3, [https://books.google.com/books?id=82B1L70-xrsC&dq=Financial%20accounting%20and%20reporting&pg=PA3 Google Books] Accounting is often called the "language of business". '''Accountants''' are people who do accounting, carry out the auditing or checking of a company's books and records. In Britain, this auditing is often carried out by a qualified person called a "chartered accountant". In the United States, the professional designation is Certified Public Accountant or "CPA".

When accountants do accounting work, they write in the books of account (ledgers) that belong to a company. Every time money is spent or earned, it is written in the ledger. The information in the ledger is used to prepare the company accounts monthly, quarterly (every three months) and annually (every year). The  accounts show what money the company has taken in over time and what it has spent money on. It also shows if the business made a profit in the year (if it made more money than it spent), who owes the company money, who the company owes money to, and any big expensive items the company has bought which they expect to use for many years. Lenders, managers, investors, tax authorities (the people who collect taxes for the government) and other decision-makers look at these accounts. Managers and investors look at the ledger and make decisions about how to spend money in the future. Lenders like banks look at the accounts before they lend money to the company. Tax authorities look at them to check that the company is paying the correct amount of taxes.

== Where the word comes from ==
The word ''accountant'' originally comes from the Latin word ''computare'' – "to reckon, count, number", via French.  "Accomptant" was the original spelling and pronunc
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thumb|The chance of hitting a given spot on a darts target board is zero. Modelling the probability therefore uses regions on the darts board.
'''Probability theory''' is the part of mathematics that studies random situations.[http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9375936 Probability theory, Encyclopaedia Britannica]Chow, Y. S., & Teicher, H. (2003). Probability theory: independence, interchangeability, martingales. Springer Science & Business Media.Feller, W. (2008). An introduction to probability theory and its applications (Vol. 2). John Wiley & Sons.Durrett, R. (2019). Probability: theory and examples (Vol. 49). Cambridge University Press.Jaynes, E. T. (2003). Probability theory: The logic of science. Cambridge University Press.Chung, K. L., & Zhong, K. (2001). A course in probability theory. Academic Press. Probability theory usually studies random events, random variables, stochastic processes, and non-deterministic events (events that do not follow a simple pattern).   

Tossing a coin, winning the lottery, or rolling a die are random events. However, random events have certain patterns, which can be studied and predicted, using probability theory. 

Scientists can use probability theory to obtain information about things that would be too complex to deal with, like statistical mechanics.Tolman, R. C. (1979). The principles of statistical mechanics. Courier Corporation.Ruelle, D. (1999). Statistical mechanics: Rigorous results. World Scientific.Thompson, C. J. (2015). Mathematical statistical mechanics. Princeton University Press. Also, scientists discovered (in the 20th century) that atoms, and everything that we know, obeys something called quantum mechanics,Flügge, S. (2012). Practical quantum mechanics. Springer Science & Business Media.Griffiths, D. J., & Schroeter, D. F. (2018). Introduction to quantum mechanics. Cambridge University Press.Baym, G. (2018). Lectures on quantum mechanics. CRC Press. which uses lots of probability theory.

== History ==
Th
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thumb|right|250px|The top diagram shows how the strength of sunlight is less nearer the Earth's poles. The lower map shows how much solar energy hits the Earth's surface after clouds and dust must have reflected and absorbed some solar energy.

thumb|250px|Solar Radiation Map: Global Horizontal Irradiation in Europe

'''Solar energy''' is a type of energy that comes from the sun's heat. People have been using solar energy for thousands of years in different ways, such as heating, cooking, and drying. Nowadays, it is also used to create electricity in areas where other sources of power are not available, such as remote locations and even outer space.

The cost of generating electricity from solar energy is decreasing, making it a more affordable option. Since the sun provides heat and light constantly, solar energy is considered a renewable energy source and an alternative to non-renewable resources like coal and oil.

==Energy uses==
Solar energy is used in various ways today, including:
* As a source of heat for making hot water, heating buildings and cooking
* To generate electricity through the use of solar cells or heat engines
* To take the salt away from sea water, making it drinkable.
* To use sun rays for drying clothes and towels.
*It is used by plants for the process of photosynthesis.
* To use in cooking (Solar cookers).

== Energy from the Sun ==
After passing through the Earth's atmosphere, most of the Sun's energy is in the form of visible light and infrared light radiation. Plants convert the energy in sunlight into chemical energy (sugars and starches) through the process of photosynthesis. Humans regularly use this store of energy in various ways, such as when they burn wood or fossil fuels, or when simply eating plants, fish and animals.

Solar radiation reaches the Earth's upper atmosphere with the power of 1366 watts per square meter (W/m2). Since the Earth is round, the surface nearer its poles is angled away from the Sun and receives much less 
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thumb|200px|[[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, ''At the Moulin Rouge: Two Women Waltzing'', 1892]]
thumb|200px|[[Vincent van Gogh, ''Country road in Provence by Night'' 1889]]
thumb|200px|[[Paul Cézanne, ''The Large Bathers'' 1898–1905]]
thumb|200px|[[Paul Gauguin, ''The Spirit of the Dead keeps watch,'' 1892]]
thumb|200px|[[Georges Seurat, ''The Models'' 1888]]

'''Modern art''' refers to artistic works produced from the 1860s to about the 1970s. It refers to the style and philosophy of the art produced during that era.Atkins, Robert. 1990. ''Artspeak: a guide to contemporary ideas, movements, and buzzwords''. New York: Abbeville Press. p102 The period coincides with the invention of mechanical means of recording images: photography and film.Scharf, Aaron 1974. ''Art and photography''. Penguin, Harmondsworth. 

The term ''modern art'' is usually associated with art in which the traditions of the past have been thrown aside in a spirit of experimentation.Gombrich E.H. 1958. ''The Story of Art''. London: Phaidon.p419  Modern artists experimented with new ways of seeing and with fresh ideas about the nature of materials and functions of art. A tendency toward abstraction is characteristic of much modern art, including minimalism . More recent artistic production is often called Contemporary art or Postmodern art.

== History ==
Modern art begins with the heritage of painters like Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec all of whom were essential for the development of modern art. At the beginning of the 20th century Henri Matisse and several other young artists including the pre-cubist Georges Braque, André Derain, Raoul Dufy and Maurice de Vlaminck revolutionized the Paris art world with 'wild', multi-colored, expressive, landscapes and figure paintings that the critics called Fauvism.

Henri Matisse's two versions of ''The Dance'' marked a key point in his career and in the development of modern painting.Russell T. Clemen
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In computer science, '''linear search''' or '''sequential search''' is a method for finding an element within a list. It sequentially checks each element of the list until a match is found or the whole list has been searched.

A linear search runs in linear time in the worst case, and makes at most  comparisons, where  is the length of the list. If each element is equally likely to be searched, then linear search has an average case of }} comparisons, but the average case can be affected if the search probabilities for each element vary. Linear search is rarely practical because other search algorithms and schemes, such as the binary search algorithm and hash tables, allow significantly faster searching for all but short lists.

==Algorithm==
A linear search sequentially checks each element of the list until it finds an element that matches the target value. If the algorithm reaches the end of the list, the search terminates unsuccessfully.

===Basic algorithm===
Given a list  of  elements with values or records , and target value , the following subroutine uses linear search to find the index of the target  in .

# Set  to 0.
# If  ''T''}}, the search terminates successfully; return .
# Increase  by 1.
# If , go to step 2. Otherwise, the search terminates unsuccessfully.

===With a sentinel===
The basic algorithm above makes two comparisons per iteration: one to check if  equals ''T'', and the other to check if  still points to a valid index of the list. By adding an extra record  to the list (a sentinel value) that equals the target, the second comparison can be eliminated until the end of the search, making the algorithm faster. The search will reach the sentinel if the target is not contained within the list.

# Set  to 0.
# If  ''T''}}, go to step 4.
# Increase  by 1 and go to step 2.
# If , the search terminates successfully; return . Else, the search terminates unsuccessfully.

===In an ordered table===
If the list is ordered such that , the search can establ
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A '''greedy algorithm''' is an algorithm which, at each step, makes the choice that is locally optimal, and subsequently does not reconsider past choices. Greedy algorithms are often used to solve combinatorial optimization problems. If an optimization problem only depends on the partial solution of solving it for one subproblem, we can solve this problem by "greedily" considering only the locally optimal subproblem. In this sense, a greedy algorithm is a special case of a dynamic programming algorithm. Uriel Feige notes that: [Greedy algorithms] may be viewed as the ultimate form of dynamic programming, in which only one partial solution is maintained. The problem needs to have much more structure for this approach to work. In many cases, a greedy algorithm does not produce an exact solution, but can yield solutions that approximate an exact solution in a reasonable amount of time.

An example of a problem which admits an exact greedy solution, the activity selection problem. Given a collection of tasks which can be done between allotted time intervals, the problem is to determine the maximum number of tasks that can be done. A greedy algorithm in O(\log(n)) which solves this problem sorts the tasks by the end time and then repeatedly chooses the first task that begins after the last task ended.

Many classic algorithms in computer science such as the Huffman coding algorithm, Prim's algorithm, Kruskal's algorithm, and Dijkstra's algorithm all use greedy properties in their design. Mathematicians frequently use ''greedy strategies'' in proofs as well. A classic example is what Raphael Yuster refers to as the greedy proof that every tournament in graph contains a Hamiltonian path.

==Characterizations==
Since there is no formal definition of what a greedy algorithm is, a complete characterization of when a problem admits a greedy algorithm as a solution is not known. However, special cases have been identified. Jack Edmonds showed that a greedy algorithm can be used
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'''Marketing''' is an activity that connects producers with customers. It may be B2B (business to business) marketing or B2C (business to consumer). It may include market research and advertising.  

The term ''marketing'', which is commonly known as attracting customers, incorporates knowledge gained by studying the management of exchange relationships and is the business process of identifying, anticipating and satisfying customers' needs and wants.  

== Definitions ==
* Exchange value and building strong relationship with customers.

* Marketing-" To create, grow, develop, maintain, defend, and own markets".

* An approach to business that seeks to identify, anticipate, and satisfy customers needs.[http://www.marketingprofs.com/2/whatismarketing.asp "What Is Marketing?"] ''marketingprofs.com''

* ''Al Ries'' and ''Jack Trout'' defined marketing as simply "war" between competitors.

* At a macro level, marketing is the process of raising the standard of living, by identifying the existing problems and unsatisfied needs of people and then satisfying that need with a product/service that delivers value to the customer.

== References ==

Category:Marketing
Category:Business process
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'''Organic chemistry''' is the study of chemical compounds that contain carbon. Carbon has the ability to form a chemical bond with a wide variety of chemical elements and other carbon atoms because of its 4 valence, or outermost, electrons. This allows a nearly unlimited number of combinations, called organic compounds. The subject of carbon compounds is called organic chemistry because all known organisms, or living things, are made up of water and carbon compounds. Organic chemistry largely involves the synthesis, or formation, of organic products by chemical reaction using different reactants and reagents, the substances used up during a reaction. Several different areas of chemistry expand on the concepts and principles of organic chemistry, including biochemistry, microbiology, organometallic chemistry and medicine.

== History ==
The term organic originates from Jons Jacob Berzelius, a 19th century Swedish scientist, who used the term to refer to substances present in living things. During Berzelius’ time, the vital force theory was popular. This theory stated that a ''life force'' was needed to produce the organic compounds found only in living things. The vital force theory began losing support after an 1828 experiment conducted by Friedrich Wöhler. His work showed that urea, an organic compound, could be created from ammonium cyanate, an inorganic compound.

== Hydrocarbons ==

The study of hydrocarbons is a very large part of organic chemistry.  Hydrocarbons are molecules containing only the elements carbon and hydrogen in the form of chains.  Hydrocarbons can be classified into two categories based on the presence of a benzene ring, a circular type of hydrocarbon.  Aliphatic hydrocarbons do not contain a benzene ring and aromatic hydrocarbons do.Georgia State University, ''Hydrocarbons'', http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/organic/hydrocarbon.html

==Reactions==
Organic chemistry reactions happen because electrons are not shared evenly in a chemi
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thumb|Smartphone used to read [[Wikipedia]]
right|thumb|[[HTC Corporation|HTC Desire Z, with a large touchable display and a QWERTY keyboard]]

A '''smartphone''' is a mobile device. Kent, Joel (May 2010). https://books.google.it/books?id=ekdkWGqw29EC&pg=PA34&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false. 2010 CMOS Emerging Technologies Conference Presentation Slides. Vol. 6. CMOS Emerging Technologies. ISBN 9781927500057. It works as a computer but are small and portable like a mobile phone or a E-reader. It uses a system on a chip or a minimal instruction set computer so it can be small.

'''Uses include''':
* Sending and receiving emails, text, photographs and multimedia messages
* Registering contacts
* Calculator, currency conversions, alarm, etc. functions
* Browsing the Internet using a mobile browser
* Playing games
* Video chat
* Mobile payment for goods or services
* Barcode scanning
* Photography and video recording
* Use as torch to make light in dark areas
* Taking and searching notes 
* Mapping the user's location by GPS (Global Positioning System) 

Another way to think of smartphones is that they are PDAs that can make voice calls like any other mobile phone. Older phones also used computer technology, but lacked many of the parts of a computer that were too big to fit into a phone. Modern phone makers have been able to use smaller parts. Most smartphones are also GPS receivers and digital cameras.

Because smartphones are small computers, they run an operating system that is often common between devices to ensure compatibility. The majority of smartphones run on Apple iOS or Google Android.https://www.statista.com/statistics/263437/global-smartphone-sales-to-end-users-since-2007/ . Statista.  Most can do multitasking, running  more than one program which helps the user do things quicker and easier. Users can get more programs, called mobile apps, from the manufacturer's app store, such as the Apple App Store and Google Play which can help them complete special ta
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[[Jeremy Bentham was a main utilitarian philosopher of the 18th and 19th centuries|thumb]]

'''Utilitarianism''' is the view that the right thing to do is whatever is most useful. It is a  about ethics. The word "utilitarianism" comes from the word "utility", which means "usefulness". In most forms of utilitarianism, things that increase human well-being or happiness are called useful. This is not limited to the happiness caused by a single action but also includes the happiness of all people involved and all future consequences.

In general, the theory of utilitarianism is that whatever brings the most happiness to the greatest number of people is the right thing to do.

== History ==
The theory was made popular by 18th and 19th century British philosophers like Francis Hutcheson, Jeremy Bentham, and John Stuart Mill, but the idea goes all the way back to ancient times.

Bentham wrote about this idea with the words "The greatest good for the greatest number," but did not use the word ''utilitarianism''. It was Mill, a follower of Bentham's ideas, who named the idea.

== Utilitarianism in Practice ==
Many philosophers argue that utilitarianism has important practical implications for how we should live ethically. For instance, according to utilitarianism we should help the poor, prevent animal suffering, and ensure that future generations have good lives.

== Related pages ==
*Hedonism
*Happiness pump

== References ==

Category:Philosophical movements and positions
Category:Ethics
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'''Dark energy''' is the name given to the force that is believed to accelerate the expansion of the universe. Distant galaxies appear to be moving away from us at high speed: the idea is that the universe is getting bigger and has been since the Big Bang. Measurements are now accurate enough to allow astronomers to tell that these galaxies seem to be accelerating away from us. The universe is expanding at an increasing rate.
==Understanding==
This faster and faster expansion is not understood by scientists. There are many ideas for what might be causing the rapid expansion. However, at the moment, cosmologists who study it do not have an answer. It is ''as if'' there was something there in empty space providing a repulsive force (Anti-gravity) that makes the universe expand. This has been named '''dark energy'''.

A 2011 research article sets out the problem for theoretical physics.

== Related pages ==
* Dark matter
* Hubble's law
* Metric expansion of space
* Nature timeline

== References ==

Category:Astrophysics
Category:Cosmology
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thumb|A plot of [[normal distribution (or bell-shaped curve) where each band has a width of 1 standard deviation–See also: 68–95–99.7 rule.]]
thumb|[[Cumulative distribution function of a normal distribution with expected value 0 and standard deviation 1]]

In statistics, the '''standard deviation''' is a measure of the amount of variation of the values of a variable about its (arithmetic) average. A low standard deviation indicates that the values of a set tend to be close to their average, while a high standard deviation indicates that the values are spread out over a wider range.  Standard deviation may be abbreviated '''SD''' or '''std dev''', and is most commonly represented in mathematical texts and equations by the lowercase Greek letter '''''' (sigma).

The standard deviation of a random variable, sample, statistical population, data set or probability distribution is the square root of its variance (the variance being the average of the squared deviations from the mean). A useful property of the standard deviation is that, unlike the variance, it is expressed in the same unit as the data. Standard deviation can also be used to calculate standard error for a finite sample, and to determine statistical significance.

When only a sample of data from a population is available, the term ''standard deviation of the sample'' or ''sample standard deviation'' can refer to either the above-mentioned quantity as applied to those data, or to a modified quantity that is an unbiased estimate of the ''population standard deviation'' (the standard deviation of the entire population).

==Relationship with standard error and statistical significance==

The standard deviation of a population or sample and the standard error of a statistic (e.g., of the sample mean) are quite different, but related. The sample mean's standard error is the standard deviation of the set of means that would be found by drawing an infinite number of repeated samples from the population and computi
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| developer              = Junio Hamano and others
| released               = 
| latest release version = 
| latest release date    = 
| latest preview version = 
| latest preview date    = 
| programming language   = C, Shell, Perl, Tcl
| operating system       = POSIX (Linux, macOS, Solaris, AIX), Windows
| size                   = 
| language               = English
| genre                  = Version control
| license                = GPL-2.0-only}}
| standard               = 
| AsOf                   = 
}}

'''Git''' () is a distributed revision control system. It is a computer program that helps people create other computer programs together. Git was made to be fast. "So I'm writing some scripts to try to track things a whole lot faster." It was created by Linus Torvalds for use in developing the Linux kernel which he also created. Git's current development is looked after by Junio Hamano. It is free and open source software released under the GNU General Public License version 2 software license.

==References==

;Notes

==Other websites==

* 
* [http://book.git-scm.com/ Git Community Book]
* [http://utsl.gen.nz/talks/git-svn/intro.html Introduction to git-svn for Subversion/SVK users and deserters]  by Sam Vilain
* [http://eagain.net/articles/git-for-computer-scientists/ Git for computer scientists]
* [http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~blynn/gitmagic/ Git Magic]: a comprehensive listing of Git tips & tricks
* [http://jonas.nitro.dk/git/quick-reference.html Git Quick Reference] 
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4XpnKHJAok8 Linus Torvalds hosting a Google Tech Talk on Git]

Category:Free software
Category:Microsoft Windows software
Category:Linux software
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A '''galaxy''' is a group of many stars, with gas, dust, and dark matter.Sparke L.S. & Gallagher III J.S. 2000. ''Galaxies in the Universe: an introduction''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521671868.Hupp E; Roy S. & Watzke M. 2006.[http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/aug/HQ_06297_CHANDRA_Dark_Matter.html]  The name 'galaxy' is taken from the Greek word ''galaxia'' meaning milky, a reference to our own galaxy, the Milky Way.

thumb|400px|NGC 2775 galaxy in the constellation of [[Cancer (constellation)|Cancer.]]

Gravity holds galaxies together against the general expansion of the universe. In effect, the expansion of the universe takes place between groups of galaxies, not inside those groups. Gravity holds the galaxy together. The same applies to  groups and clusters of galaxies, such as our Local Group where the Milky Way is, and the Virgo Cluster, a collection of more than 1,000 (might even be 2,000) galaxies. The gravitation is produced by the matter and energy in a galaxy or group of galaxies. Everything in a galaxy moves around a centre of mass, which is also an effect of gravity.  

There are various types of galaxies: elliptical, spiral and lenticular galaxies, which can all be with or without bars. There are also irregular galaxies. 

All galaxies exist inside the universe. The observable Universe contains more than 2 trillion (1012) galaxies and, overall, as many as an estimated  stars (more stars than all the grains of sand on planet Earth).

==Description==
There are galaxies of different sizes and type. Typical galaxies range from dwarfs with as few as ten millionESO 2000: [http://www.eso.org/outreach/press-rel/pr-2000/pr-12-00.html]  (107) stars up to giants with a hundred trillionWilford, John Noble 1990. "Sighting of largest galaxy hints at clues on the clustering of matter". ''New York Times''. [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/26/us/sighting-of-largest-galaxy-hints-clues-on-the-clustering-of-matter.html. Retrieved 2010-05-06] (1014) s
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thumb|250px|[[Count Basie with his orchestra and vocalist Ethel Waters, in the movie ''Stage Door Canteen'', 1943]]

| cultural_origins = Late 19th-century United States
| instruments = . In jazz fusion of the 1970s, electric bass, electric piano and synthesizer were common.
| derivatives = 
| subgenrelist =
| subgenres = }}

'''Jazz''' is a type of music which was invented in the United States. Jazz music combines African-American music with European music. Jazz first became popular in the 1910s. Some common jazz instruments include the saxophone, trumpet, guitar, piano, double bass, and drums.

==Definition==
It is difficult to give an exact definition for "jazz". A singer Nina Simone said, "Jazz is not just music, it is a way of life, it is a way of being, a way of thinking". But when we talk about jazz as music, one important part of jazz is improvisation (improv), which means the person playing is making music up as they go along. If a jazz band is playing a song, the song may have several solos where one player will improvise while the rest of the band, except for the rhythm section (such as the piano, bass, or drums), does not play. Most jazz is very rhythmic, which is called "swing," and uses "blue" notes. Blue notes are notes that are played at a slightly different pitch from normal.

== History ==
thumb|left|[[Benny Goodman, one of the first swing big band leaders to become widely popular.]] 
Jazz began in the United States in the early 20th century. Jazz music was first based on the music of African slaves who were forced to work in the plantations of the southern United States. This included call and response songs, spirituals, chants and blue notes. These characteristics are what developed blues, a sad song that slaves sung during their labor. These influences were indirect, through earlier musical forms such as ragtime. 

Jazz also has musical styles from European music, as well as the brass and stringed instruments and (sometimes) the use of musical n
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In computer science, '''divide and conquer''' is an algorithm design paradigm. A divide-and-conquer algorithm recursively breaks down a problem into two or more sub-problems of the same or related type, until these become simple enough to be solved directly. The solutions to the sub-problems are then combined to give a solution to the original problem.

The divide-and-conquer technique is the basis of efficient algorithms for many problems, such as sorting (e.g., quicksort, merge sort), multiplying large numbers (e.g., the Karatsuba algorithm), finding the closest pair of points, syntactic analysis (e.g., top-down parsers), SAT solving, and computing the discrete Fourier transform (FFT).

Designing efficient divide-and-conquer algorithms can be difficult. As in mathematical induction, it is often necessary to generalize the problem to make it amenable to a recursive solution. The correctness of a divide-and-conquer algorithm is usually proved by mathematical induction, and its computational cost is often determined by solving recurrence relations.

== Divide and conquer ==
thumb|Divide-and-conquer approach to sort the list (38, 27, 43, 3, 9, 82, 10) in increasing order. ''Upper half:'' splitting into sublists; ''mid:'' a one-element list is trivially sorted; ''lower half:'' composing sorted sublists. 
The divide-and-conquer paradigm is often used to find an optimal solution of a problem. Its basic idea is to decompose a given problem into two or more similar, but simpler, subproblems, to solve them in turn, and to compose their solutions to solve the given problem. Problems of sufficient simplicity are solved directly. 
For example, to sort a given list of ''n'' natural numbers, split it into two lists of about ''n''/2 numbers each, sort each of them in turn, and interleave both results appropriately to obtain the sorted version of the given list (see the picture). This approach is known as the merge sort algorithm.

The name "divide and conquer" is sometimes applie
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| date        = 
|()}}
| place       = Major theaters: 
| result      =  
* Collapse of Nazi Germany
* Fall of the Japanese and Italian Empires
* Allied occupations of Germany and Japan and foundation of the Italian Republic
* Beginning of the Atomic Age
* Dissolution of the League of Nations and creation of the United Nations
* Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as rival superpowers and beginning of the Cold War (more...)

| combatants_header = Participants
| combatant1  = '''Allies'''
| combatant2  = '''Axis'''
| commander1  = '''Main Allied leaders:''' Joseph Stalin
*  Franklin D. Roosevelt
*  Winston Churchill
*  Chiang Kai-shek}}
| commander2  = '''Main Axis leaders:''' Adolf Hitler
*  Hirohito
*  Benito Mussolini}}
| casualties1 = 
| casualties2 = 
| campaignbox = 
}}

'''World War II''', or the '''Second World War''', was a global conflict (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) which involved fighting between the Allies and the Axis. Most of the world's countries, including all of the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allied Powers include the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the Axis Powers include Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and the Empire of Japan.

The war was one of the biggest and deadliest wars in human history, where about 60 million people died. During the war, many atrocities were done by countries, including The Holocaust, genocide of over 6 million Jews and many others by the Nazis. During the war, strategic bombings became common, including the atomic bombings over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the only use of nuclear weapons on any war until today.  

The war in Europe began when Nazi Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. France and the United Kingdom reacted by declaring war on Germany. By 1941, most of Europe was under German control, including France, Norway, Austria, Hungary, Denmark, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. Only the British remained fighting against the Axis in North Afric
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thumb|300px|A 'ticker': dealers' tool for watching market changes

A stock market is an institution where people and computers buy and sell shares of companies. 

==Shares==
Shares are small pieces of a company. Shares can be bought by humans, companies, and mutual funds. When buying shares in a company, the buyer owns a small part of that company.  The price of a share can be based on many different things. The main thing that affects the price is the balance between supply and demand. If many buyers want to buy a stock the price goes up. If there are more sellers than buyers, the price goes down.

== Stock brokers ==
Some buyers trade shares in stocks through a stockbroker. A stockbroker is a person who buys or sells stocks for their customers. A stockbroker can also help customers make choices in stocks. Their advice is based on public information about the companies.

== How the Share Market Works ==
The interplay of buyers and sellers drives the operation of the stock market. Orders to purchase or sell shares can be placed through brokers or internet trading platforms. These orders are matched on stock exchanges, where supply and demand dynamics determine the price. The stock market works on the supply and demand concept, with prices moving based on a variety of factors such as corporate performance, economic conditions, and investor mood.

== Stock markets in the world ==
There are dozens of stock markets (or "exchanges") in the world, including 18 of them in the U.S. (as of early 2025). Some of the better known stock exchanges are:
* NYSE (New York Stock Exchange) - USA
* NASDAQ - USA
* London Stock Exchange - UK
* Tokyo Stock Exchange - JP
* Toronto Stock Exchange - CA

== Cultural changes in the stock market ==
Trading stocks online has become more popular. Stocks can be traded online. There is a fee or commission each time a position is opened.

==References==
The SEC's list of licensed exchanges can be found here: https://www.sec.gov/about/divisions-offic
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thumb|upright=1.3|Each row of points is a sample from the same normal distribution. The colored lines are 50% confidence intervals for the population mean ''μ''. At the center of each interval is the sample mean \bar{x}, marked with a diamond. The blue intervals contain ''μ'', and the red ones do not.

According to frequentist inference, a '''confidence interval''' ('''CI''') is a range of values which is likely to contain (in repeated sampling) the true value of an unknown statistical parameter, such as a population mean. Rather than reporting a single point estimate (e.g. "the average screen time is 3 hours per day"), a confidence interval provides a range, such as 2 to 4 hours, along with a specified '''confidence level''', typically 95%. 

A 95% confidence level does not imply a 95% probability that the true parameter lies within a particular calculated interval, which is instead associated with the credible interval in Bayesian inference. The confidence level instead reflects the long-run reliability of the method used to generate the interval. In other words, if the same sampling procedure were repeated 100 times from the same population, approximately 95 of the resulting intervals would be expected to contain the true population mean. The frequentist approach sees the true population mean as a fixed unknown constant, while the confidence interval is calculated using data from a random sample. Because the sample is random, the interval endpoints are random variables. 

== Definition ==
Let X be a random sample from a probability distribution with statistical parameter (\theta, \varphi). Here, \theta is the quantity to be estimated, while \varphi includes other parameters (if any) that determine the distribution. A confidence interval for the parameter \theta, with confidence level or coefficient \gamma, is an interval (u(X), v(X)) determined by random variables u(X) and v(X) with the property:
P(u(X) 

The number \gamma, which is typically large (e.g. 0.95), i
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The '''CAP theorem''', also known as Brewer's theorem, is a concept in distributed computing that outlines the trade-offs between three crucial properties—Consistency, Availability, and Partition Tolerance. Proposed by Eric Brewer around the year 2000, the CAP theorem asserts that, in a distributed data store, it is impossible to simultaneously guarantee all three of the following:

# Consistency: Every read operation in the system returns the most recent write. In other words, all nodes in the system have the same data at the same time.
# Availability: Every request to the system receives a non-error response, without any guarantee that it contains the most recent write. The system remains responsive even in the face of failures.
# Partition Tolerance: The system continues to operate despite the loss of messages or network partitions, ensuring that each node can operate independently.

In a distributed system, network partitions (communication breakdowns between nodes) are inevitable. The CAP theorem acknowledges that, during a network partition, a choice must be made between providing consistency or availability. This led to the famous saying that in the event of a network partition, a system can either be "consistent and partition-tolerant (CP)" or "available and partition-tolerant (AP)."

The CAP theorem is a fundamental principle in designing and understanding distributed systems, influencing architects and engineers in making decisions about system trade-offs based on the specific requirements and priorities of their applications.

Category:Computer science
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'''Information theory''' is a branch of applied mathematics and electrical engineering.  Information theory measures the amount of information in data that could have more than one value.  In its most common use, information theory finds physical and mathematical limits on the amounts of data in data compression and data communication.  Data compression and data communication are statistical, because they guess unknown values.  The amount of information in data measures how easily it is guessed by a person who does not know its value.  

A key measure in information theory is "entropy". Entropy quantifies the amount of uncertainty involved in the value of a random variable or the outcome of a random process. For example, identifying the outcome of a fair coin flip (with two equally likely outcomes) provides less information (lower entropy) than specifying the outcome from a roll of a dice (with six equally likely outcomes). Some other important measures in information theory are mutual information, channel capacity, error exponents, and relative entropy.
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thumb|Duke (Java mascot)
'''Java''' is the name of a programming language created by Sun Microsystems. This company was bought out by Oracle Corporation, which continues to keep it up to date. It is designed to be platform-independent, which means that code written in Java can run on any device or operating system that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed. This makes Java a popular choice for developing cross-platform applications and games. Additionally, Java has a large and active community, and a wide range of libraries and frameworks available for use. , Java 20 is the latest version (will be supported until September 2023), while Java 17, 11 and 8 are the current long-term support (LTS) versions. Being an LTS version means that it will continue getting updates for multiple years. The next planned LTS version is Java 21 (LTS), planned for September 2023.

Being an open-source platform, Java isn't just supported by Oracle, e.g., Eclipse Adoptium also supports Java (JVM), to at least May 2026 for Java 8, and at least September 2027 for Java 17.

Java, which was called ''Oak'' when it was still being developed, is object-oriented, meaning it is based on objects that work together to make programs do their jobs. Java code looks similar to C, C++, or C#, but code written in those languages will not work in Java in most cases without being changed. Upwork|access-date=2018-10-05|language=en-US}}

Java runs on many operating systems, including Android, the world's most popular mobile operating system (while Java continues to be used on Android, even by its maker Google, they no longer prefer Java; now Kotlin is their preferred language, though it can also be used with all Java code). This makes Java [https://codershot.com/20-best-java-coding-websites/ platform independent]. It does this by making the Java compiler turn code into Java bytecode instead of machine code. This means that when the program is executed, a Java Virtual Machine interprets (or just-in-time c
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'''Molecular biology''' is the study of biology at a molecular level. The field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly cell biology, genetics, biophysics and biochemistry.Alberts B. Johnson A. Lewis J. Raff M. Roberts K. Walter P. 2008. ''Molecular biology of the cell'', 5th ed. Garland. Lodish H. Berk A. Matsudaira P. Kaiser C.A. Krieger M. Scott M.P. Zipurksy S.L. Darnell J. 2004. ''Molecular cell biology'', 5th ed. Freeman, NY.

Molecular biology tries to explain the interactions between the various systems of a cell. It studies the relationship of DNA, RNA and how proteins are made, and how these interactions are regulated.

== Relationship to other specialities ==
thumb|250px|right|''Schematic relationship between biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology''

Researchers in molecular biology use specific techniques that are typical for molecular biology, but they combine these with techniques and ideas from genetics and biochemistry. This diagram shows one possible view of the relationship between the fields:

*''Biochemistry'' is the study of the chemical substances and vital processes occurring in living organisms.
*''Genetics'' is the study of inheritance: the effect of genetic differences on organisms.
*''Molecular biology'' includes the study of the structure and function of all carbon-based macromolecules. This includes the chain of events from gene to protein: replication, transcription and translation. Much of the work in molecular biology is quantitative, and recently much work has been done at the interface of molecular biology and computer science in bioinformatics and computational biology. As of the early 2000s, the study of the genome has been amongst the most prominent sub-field of molecular biology.
*''Cytology'', which includes the appearance of cells and cell structures, microscopy, and the use of stains and tags to help distinguish organelles and processes.

== Related pages ==
*DNA and chromosome structure 
*Genom
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thumb|200px|Rusting of iron
thumb|200px|A bonfire is an example of a [[redox reaction.]]

A '''chemical reaction''' happens when one or more chemicals are changed into one or more other chemicals.

Some examples are:
* iron and oxygen combining to make rust
* vinegar and baking soda combining to make sodium acetate, carbon dioxide and water
* things burning or exploding
* many reactions that happen inside living things, such as photosynthesis
* electrochemical reactions when discharging or recharging batteries

Some reactions are fast, and others are slow. Some happen at different speeds, depending on temperature or other things. For example, wood does not react with air when it is cold, but if it is made hot enough, it will start to burn. Some reactions give out energy. These are exothermic reactions. In other reactions, energy is taken in. These are endothermic reactions.

Nuclear reactions are ''not'' chemical reactions. Chemical reactions involve only the electrons of atoms; nuclear reactions involve the protons and neutrons in the atomic nuclei.

== Four basic types ==
thumb|center|500px|The four basic chemical reactions types: synthesis, decomposition, single replacement and double replacement

=== Synthesis ===
In a synthesis reaction, two or more simple substances combine to form a more complex substance. 

:A + B \longrightarrow AB

"Two or more reactants giving one product" is another way to identify a synthesis reaction. One example of a synthesis reaction is the combination of iron and sulfur to form iron(II) sulfide:

:8Fe + S_8 \longrightarrow 8FeS

Another example is simple hydrogen gas combined with simple oxygen gas to produce a more complex substance, such as water.[http://utahscience.oremjr.alpine.k12.ut.us/sciber99/8th/matter/sciber/chemtype.htm To react or not to react?]  Utah State Office of Education. Retrieved 4 June 2011

=== Decomposition ===
A decomposition reaction is when a more complex substance breaks down into its more simple parts. I
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}}: "Historians do not fully agree on its starting and ending points, but the period is generally considered to span from the announcement of the Truman Doctrine on 12 March 1947 to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991."}} ()
| above            = Cold War
| abovestyle       = background-color:#C3D6EF;font-size:110%
| subheaderstyle   = background-color:#DCDCDC
| image1           = 250px
| caption1         =  and  states during the Cold War era
| image2           = 250px
| caption2         = The "Three Worlds" of the Cold War between 30 April and 24 June 1975:

}}

The '''Cold War''' ('''1947-1991''') was the fighting between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies between the end of World War II and the fall of the Soviet Union. It is called the "Cold" War because the Americans and the Soviets never actually fought each other directly.

Instead, they influenced or intervened in conflicts known as proxy wars in which powerful countries fight a foreign war but do not send their own troops. Both sides built large militaries with many new weapons and advanced technology. They spied on and threatened each other.

== Conflicting countries ==
Most of the countries on one side were allied by NATO, whose most powerful country was the United States. Most of the countries on the other side were allied by the Warsaw Pact, whose most powerful country was the Soviet Union.Applebaum, Anne 2012. ''Iron Curtain: the crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944–1956''. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-51569-3

The Western Bloc was the name of the capitalist countries led by the United States. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is an alliance that was created in 1949 and included the United States, the United Kingdom, France, West Germany, Canada, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark, Greece, and Turkey. Other countries allied with the Western Bloc included Israel, Brazil, South Korea, Kenya (1960-1991), Banglade
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thumb|Example of a [[Binary tree|binary max-heap with node keys being integers between 1 and 100]]
In computer science, a '''heap''' is a tree-based data structure that satisfies the '''heap property''': In a ''max heap'', for any given node C, if P is the parent node of C, then the ''key'' (the ''value'') of P is greater than or equal to the key of C. In a ''min heap'', the key of P is less than or equal to the key of C.Black (ed.), Paul E. (2004-12-14). Entry for ''heap'' in ''Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures''. Online version. U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 14 December 2004. Retrieved on 2017-10-08 from https://xlinux.nist.gov/dads/HTML/heap.html. The node at the "top" of the heap (with no parents) is called the ''root'' node.

The heap is one maximally efficient implementation of an abstract data type called a priority queue, and in fact, priority queues are often referred to as "heaps", regardless of how they may be implemented. In a heap, the highest (or lowest) priority element is always stored at the root. However, a heap is not a sorted structure; it can be regarded as being partially ordered. A heap is a useful data structure when it is necessary to repeatedly remove the object with the highest (or lowest) priority, or when insertions need to be interspersed with removals of the root node.

A common implementation of a heap is the binary heap, in which the tree is a complete binary tree (see figure). The heap data structure, specifically the binary heap, was introduced by J. W. J. Williams in 1964, as a data structure for the heapsort sorting algorithm. Heaps are also crucial in several efficient graph algorithms such as Dijkstra's algorithm. When a heap is a complete binary tree, it has the smallest possible height—a heap with ''N'' nodes and ''a'' branches for each node always has log''a'' ''N'' height.

Note that, as shown in the graphic, there is no implied ordering between siblings or cousins and no implied sequence f
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In finance, '''Investment''' or '''investing''' means that an asset is bought, or that money is put into a bank to get a future interest from it. Investment is total amount of money spent by a shareholder in buying shares of a company. In economic management sciences, investments means longer-term savings.

It is a term used in business management, finance and economics, related to saving or deferring consumption. Literally, the word means the "action of putting something in to somewhere else" (perhaps originally related to a person's garment or 'vestment').

==Types of investment==
There are two major uses of the term investment between the economics field and the finance field. Economists refer to a real investment (such as a machine or a house), while financial economists refer to a financial asset, such as money that is put into a bank or the market which may then be used to buy a real asset. Advisors, who tell people how to manage their investments, might say that even when an investment is losing money because of bad times, not to give up and withdraw it.  Instead, wait for the situation to improve. This is a risk for each person to decide.

== Business management ==
The investment decision (also known as ''capital budgeting'') is one of the fundamental decisions of business management.

==Related pages==
*Gold coin
*Fixed assets investment
*Portfolio management
*Social Investment
*Speculation

== Other websites ==

*
*[http://www.ft.com Financial Times]
*[http://online.wsj.com/public/us Wall Street Journal]
*[http://www.nasdaq.com/ NASDAQ]
*[http://www.ridgewoodgrp.com/recommended_reading.htm Good books on investing and value investing] 

Category:Business
Category:Finance
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In economics, '''gross domestic product''' ('''GDP''') is how much a place produces in an amount of time. GDP can be calculated by adding up its output (total production) inside a country.

To find the GDP of a country, one adds up all consumer spending (C), all investment (I), all government spending minus taxes (G), and the value of exports minus imports (''X – M''). This is shown by the equation:GDP = C + I + G + (X - M) This measure is often used to find out how healthy a country is; a country with a high value of GDP can be called a large economy. The United States has the largest GDP in the world.Economic Power in a Changing International System - Page 25, Ewan W. Anderson, Ivars Gutmanis, Liam D. Anderson - 2000 Germany has the largest in Europe,OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform, 2004, p 92 Nigeria in Africa and China in Asia.China and the World Economy, Yih-chyi Chuang, Simona Thomas - 2010

When a country's GDP is negative for two consecutive quarters it is considered to be in a recession. This is an unhealthy state for the country.

There are different ways to calculate GDP. Nominal GDP is the total amount of money spent on all the goods (new and final) in an economy; however, real GDP (adjusting for changes in prices) tries to correct this number for inflation. For example, if the prices rise by 2% (meaning, everything costs 2% more) and the nominal GDP grows by 5%, the real GDP growth is only increased by 3%.

== GDP per capita == 
GDP per capita is the total income of a country divided by the number of people living in that country. It shows how rich people are, on average.

There are also different ways of calculating GDP per capita: nominal and purchasing power parity (PPP). Nominal does not take into account the inflation rate and the cost of living of a country, but it's more useful when comparing national economies on the international market. PPP may be more useful when comparing peoples' living standards between countries.

== Gross national prod
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thumb|In a [[bean machine or Galton box most balls end up close to the center. In the long run, they will show a normal distribution]]
'''Probability''' is a part of applied mathematics.DeGroot, M. H., & Schervish, M. J. (2012). Probability and statistics. Pearson Education.Johnson, R. A., Miller, I., & Freund, J. E. (2000). Probability and statistics for engineers (Vol. 2000, p. 642p). London: Pearson Education.Walpole, R. E., Myers, R. H., Myers, S. L., & Ye, K. (1993). Probability and statistics for engineers and scientists (Vol. 5). New York: Macmillan. It has to do with chance, the study of things that might happen or might not happen.

For example, using probability, one can show that by throwing a coin up in the air and letting it land, half of the time it will land with one side facing up, and half of the time with the other side facing up. Many coins have a picture of the face of a famous person on one side, and something else on the other side. Often people call the side with the face "heads", and the other side "tails".

The probability (p) of an event ''E'', written P(E), is always between zero (impossible) and one (certain).

If we roll a die (plural: dice), then the chance that it will land on 1 is 1/6 (because there are 6 numbers on a die). Similarly, the chance it will land on 2 is also 1/6. The chance it will land on any number between 1 and 6 is 1, because every time we roll the die, it will always land on a number between 1 and 6.

Probability can be figured out using mathematics. For example, if one rolls six dice, the chance of them getting a number more than ten is not obvious, but can be figured out using math and science.

One of the most interesting things about chance is that to figure out the probability that two things will both happen, one usually multiply their two probabilities together. For example, suppose that one wants to know the probability of rolling two dice and getting a certain combination (it could be two 6s or a 3 then a 5,
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thumb|Here is another way to think of prime numbers. The number 12 is not prime, because a [[rectangle can be made, with sides of lengths four and three. This rectangle has an area of 12, because all 12 blocks are used. This cannot be done with 11. No matter how the rectangle is arranged, there will always be blocks left over, except for the rectangle with sides of lengths for 11 and 1. 11 is therefore a prime number.]]

A '''prime''' is a natural number that has exactly two divisors: one and itself. A natural number can be gotten by multiplying two numbers. These two numbers are called its divisors. Any natural number is equal to one times the number itself, so those two numbers are two of its divisors. A prime is a number with ''only'' two divisors: one and itself.

The prime numbers are the numbers other than one which are ''not'' equal to m \times n (except one times itself). The smallest prime number is two. The next prime numbers are 3, 5, 7, 11, and 13. The set of prime numbers is sometimes written as \mathbb{P}.

If the number has any other divisors besides one and itself, then the number is called a composite number. The smallest composite number is four, because two times two equals four; thus four has three divisors. One is not a composite number or a prime number because it only has one divisor, one.

The fundamental theorem of arithmetic states that every positive integer can be written as a product of primes in a unique way, though the way the prime numbers occur is a difficult problem for mathematicians. When a number is larger, it is more difficult to know if it is a prime number. One of the answers is the prime number theorem. One of the unsolved problems is Goldbach's conjecture.

There is no largest prime number. One of the most famous mathematicians, Euclid, recorded a proof that there is no largest prime number. However many scientists and mathematicians are still searching to find it as part of the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search.

== How 
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upright=1.35|thumb|thumbtime=6:15|''[[A Trip to the Moon'' (1902) is considered to be a turning point in the development of narrative and science fiction films.]]

A '''film''', '''movie''', or '''motion picture''' is a work of visual art that simulates experiences and otherwise communicates ideas, stories, perceptions, emotions, or atmosphere through the use of moving images that are generally, since the 1930s, synchronized with sound and sometimes using other sensory stimuli.

Films are produced by recording actual people and objects with cameras or by creating them using animation techniques and special effects. They comprise a series of individual frames, but when these images are shown rapidly in succession, the illusion of motion is given to the viewer. Flickering between frames is not seen due to an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed. Also of relevance is what causes the perception of motion: a psychological effect identified as beta movement.

Films are considered by many to be an important art form; films entertain, educate, enlighten and inspire audiences. The visual elements of cinema need no translation, giving the motion picture a universal power of communication. Any film can become a worldwide attraction, especially with the addition of dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue. Films are also artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them.

== History ==

=== Precursors ===

The art of film has drawn on several earlier traditions in fields such as oral storytelling, literature, theatre and visual arts. Forms of art and entertainment that had already featured moving or projected images such as shadowgraphy, camera obscura, shadow puppetry and magic lantern.

=== 1830s–1880s: Before celluloid ===
thumb|left|Animated GIF of ''Prof. Stampfer's Stroboscopische Scheibe'' No. X (Trentsensky & Vieweg 
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'''Electromagnetism''' is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. The others are gravity, and the strong and weak interactions of particle physics.A. Beiser (1987). Concepts of Modern Physics (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill (International). ISBN 978-0-07-100144-1

The electromagnetic force pushes or pulls anything that has an electric charge, like electrons and protons. It includes the electric force, which pushes all charged particles, and the magnetic force, which only pushes moving charges.

There are two types of electric charge: positive and negative. The electric force pulls opposite charges (positive and negative) towards each other. It pushes similar charges (both positive, or both negative) away from each other.L.H. Greenberg (1978). Physics with Modern Applications. Holt-Saunders International W.B. Saunders and Co. ISBN 978-0-7216-4247-5

== What is a field? ==
The electromagnetic force comes from something called an electromagnetic field. In physics, a field is how we keep track of things that might change in space and time. It is like a set of labels for every point in space. For instance, the air temperature in a room could be described by a field, where the labels are just numbers saying how hot it is at that point in the room. We could have more complicated labels as well. On a map of wind speeds, the label could be a number saying how strong the wind is and also an arrow saying which way it is blowing. We call this a vector field because each label is a vector - it has a direction (the arrow) and a magnitude (its strength).P.M. Whelan; M.J. Hodgeson (1978). Essential Principles of Physics (2nd ed.). John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-3382-2

Electric and magnetic fields are also fields. Instead of keeping track of temperature or wind speed, they tell us how much push or pull a charged particle will feel at that point in space, and which direction it will be pushed. Like wind speeds, electric fields are also vector fields, so they can be drawn as arrows. The a
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, the number of occurrences.  is the expected rate of occurrences. The vertical axis is the probability of  occurrences given . The function is defined only at integer values of ; the connecting lines are only guides for the eye.
| cdf_image   = 325px
| cdf_caption = The horizontal axis is the index , the number of occurrences. The CDF is discontinuous at the integers of  and flat everywhere else because a variable that is Poisson distributed takes on only integer values.
| notation    = \operatorname{Pois}(\lambda)
| parameters  = \lambda\in (0, \infty)  (rate)
| support     = k \in \mathbb{N}_0 (Natural numbers starting from 0)
| pdf         = \frac{\lambda^{k}e^{-\lambda}}{k!}
| cdf         = \frac{\Gamma(\lfloor k+1 \rfloor, \lambda)}{\lfloor k \rfloor !}, or e^{-\lambda} \sum_{j=0}^{\lfloor k\rfloor} \frac{\lambda^j}{j!}, or Q(\lfloor k+1 \rfloor, \lambda)
(for k \ge 0, where \Gamma(x, y) is the upper incomplete gamma function, \lfloor k \rfloor is the floor function, and Q is the regularized gamma function)
| mean        = \lambda
| median      = \approx\left\lfloor\lambda + \frac{1}{3} - \frac{1}{50 \lambda} \right\rfloor
| mode        = \left\lceil \lambda \right\rceil - 1, \left\lfloor \lambda \right\rfloor
| variance    = \lambda
| skewness    = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\lambda}}
| kurtosis    = \frac{1}{\lambda}
| entropy     = \lambda\Bigl[1 - \ln(\lambda)\Bigr] + e^{-\lambda}\sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{\lambda^k\ln(k!)}{k!}
  or for large \lambda  
\begin{align}\approx\frac{1}{2}\ln\left( 2 \pi e \lambda \right) - \frac{1}{12 \lambda} - \frac{1}{24 \lambda^2} \\- \frac{19}{360 \lambda^3} + \mathcal{O} \left(\frac{1}{\lambda^4}\right)\end{align}
| pgf         = \exp \left[\lambda \left( z - 1 \right)\right]
| mgf         = \exp \left[\lambda \left( e^{t} - 1 \right)\right]
| char        = \exp \left[\lambda \left( e^{it} - 1 \right)\right]
| fisher      = \frac{1}{\lambda}
}}

In probability theory and statistics, the '''Poisson distribution''' () is a discrete probab
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thumb|300px|Economists study how people make decisions, such as those that occur in a [[market.|alt=A vegetable vendor in a marketplace.]]
thumb|[[São Paulo's stock exchange. Buyers and sellers are not present themselves. They use intermediaries and technology to trade. Most ideas about buying and selling are the same as in a "real" market though.]]
thumb|The [[New York Stock Exchange in New York City, USA]]

'''Economics''' is the social science which studies economic activity: how people make choices to get what they want. It has been defined as "the study of scarcity and choice" and is basically about the choices people make. It also studies what affects the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services in an economy.

Investment and income relate to economics.Krugman, Paul; Robin Wells (2012) ''Microeconomics: Second Edition in Modules'' Worth Publishers page 2 The word comes from Ancient Greek, and relates to ''οἶκος'' ''oíkos'' "house" and ''νόμος'' ''nomos'' "custom" or "law". The models used in economics today were mostly started in the 19th century. People took ideas from political economy and added to them because they wanted to use an empirical approach similar to the one used in the natural sciences.Clark, B. (1998). ''Political-economy: A comparative approach''. Westport, CT: Preager.

== Subjects and objects in economics ==
The subjects (actors) in economic study are households, business companies, the government (the state), and foreign countries. '''Households''' offer their "factors of production" to companies. This includes labor, land, capital (things like machines and buildings) and information. In exchange for their factors of production, households get income which they use to consume (buy) goods from firms representing consumption expenditure. 

'''Business companies''' produce and sell goods and services and buy factors of production from households and from other companies. 

'''The state''' or public sector includes institu
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A '''complex number''' is a number, but is different from common numbers in many ways. A complex number is made up using two numbers combined. The first part is a real number, and the second part is an imaginary number. The most important imaginary number is called i, defined as a number that will be -1 when squared ("squared" means "multiplied by itself"): i^2 = i \times i = -1\ . All other imaginary numbers are i multiplied by a real number, in the same way that all real numbers can be thought of as 1 multiplied by another number. Arithmetic functions such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division can also be performed with complex numbers. They follow commutative, associative and distributive properties, just like real numbers. The set of complex numbers is often represented using the symbol \mathbb{C}. Brilliant Math & Science Wiki|url=https://brilliant.org/wiki/complex-numbers/|access-date=2020-08-12|website=brilliant.org|language=en-us}}

Complex numbers were discovered while attempting to solve special equations that have exponents in them. These equations began to pose problems for mathematicians. As a comparison, using negative numbers, it is possible to find the ''x'' in the equation a + x = b for all real values of ''a'' and ''b'', but if only positive numbers are allowed for ''x'', it is sometimes impossible to find a positive ''x'', as in the equation 3+x=1.

With exponentiation, there is a difficulty to be overcome. There is no real number that gives −1 when it is squared. In other words, −1 (or any other negative number) has no real square root. For example, there is no real number x that solves the equation (x+1)^2=-9. To solve this problem, mathematicians introduced a symbol ''i'' (I representing the square root of -1) and called it the ''imaginary unit''. This is the imaginary number that will give −1 when it is squared.

The first mathematicians to have thought of this were probably Gerolamo Cardano and Rafael Bombelli. They lived in 
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| common_name            = the European Union
| linking_name           = the European Union
| image_flag             = Flag of Europe.svg
| alt_flag               = Circle of 12 gold stars on a blue background
| motto                  = 
| englishmotto           = "United in Diversity"
| anthem                 = "Ode to Joy" (instrumental)

| image_map              = EU_on_a_globe.svg
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| alt_map                = Globe projection with the European Union in green
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'''Functional programming''' is a programming paradigm where values are passed around into functions, and those functions are themselves values. Functional programmers often try to make large parts of their code referentially transparent.

==Related pages==
* Filter (functional programming)
* Map (functional programming)
* Monad (functional programming)

==References==

Category:Computer science
Category:Computer programming
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thumb|250px|The [[Old Bailey in London (in 1808) were  more than 100,000 criminal trials between 1674 and 1834 were held, including all death penalty cases.]]
'''Criminal law''' is the part of public law that is about social norms. People who violate these norms are punished for their violation. It is different from civil law. Criminal law wants to protect certain values, such as life and limb, or property. 

Criminal law has different objectives:		
*'''Retribution''' – Criminals ought to ''suffer'' in some way. This is the most widely seen goal. Because of what they did, they profited from others, or they caused harm to them. As a consequence, criminal law will put criminals at some unpleasant disadvantage to "balance the scales". People submit to the law to receive the right not to be murdered and if other people act against these laws, they surrender the rights granted to them by these law. For this reason, one who murders may be executed himself. A related theory includes the idea of "righting the balance."
*'''Deterrence''' – ''Individual'' deterrence is aimed toward the specific offender. The aim is to impose a sufficient penalty to discourage the offender from criminal behavior. ''General'' deterrence aims at society at large. By imposing a penalty on those who commit offenses, other people are discouraged from committing those offenses.
*'''Incapacitation''' – Designed simply to keep criminals ''away'' from society so that the public is protected from their misconduct. This is often achieved through prison sentences today.  The death penalty or banishment have served the same purpose.
*'''Rehabilitation''' – Aims at transforming an offender into a valuable member of society. Its primary goal is to prevent further offense by convincing the offender that their conduct was wrong.
*'''Restoration''' – This is a victim-oriented theory of punishment.  The goal is to repair, through state authority, any injury inflicted upon the victim by the offender. For example,
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| adjectives = 
| symbol = 24px|class=skin-invert|🜨 and class=skin-invert|24px|♁
| image = The Blue Marble, AS17-148-22727.jpg
| image_alt = Photograph of Earth taken by the Apollo 17 mission. The Arabian peninsula, Africa and Madagascar lie in the upper half of the disc, whereas Antarctica is at the bottom.
| caption = ''The Blue Marble'', Apollo 17, December 1972
Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (ed.). ''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac'', 3rd edition, University Science Books, 2005, p. 604. ISBN 0-935702-68-7.
| aphelion = 
| perihelion =  Seidelmann, P. K. (ed.) (2005). ''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac'', 3rd edition, University Science Books, p. 604. ISBN 0-935702-68-7.
| time_periastron = 2023-Jan-04
| semimajor = Bretagnon, P.; Francou, G. (1988). “Planetary theories in rectangular and spherical variables: VSOP87 solution.” *Astronomy & Astrophysics*, 202: 309. (see the tabulated semi-major axis values) :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}
| eccentricity = 
| period = 
| avg_speed =  NASA (2022). "Earth Fact Sheet". Solar System Exploration, NASA. [https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov] 
| mean_anomaly = 
| inclination =  – Sun's equator; | – invariable plane; Arthur N. Cox (ed.). ''Allen’s Astrophysical Quantities'', 4th ed., Springer, 2000, p. 294. ISBN 978-0-387-98746-0. | – J2000 ecliptic}}
| asc_node =  – J2000 ecliptic
| arg_peri = 
| satellites = 1, the Moon
| allsatellites = yes
| mean_radius =  David R. Lide (ed.), ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'', 81st edition, CRC Press, 2000, p. 14-1. ISBN 0-8493-0481-4.
| equatorial_radius =  U.S. Naval Observatory (2013). “Earth: Physical Parameters.” Astronomical Applications Dept. [https://asa.usno.navy.mil/static/files/2013/Astronomical_Constants_2013.pdf usno.navy.mil]
| polar_radius =  Cazenave, A. & Ahrens, T. J. (eds.). ''Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants''. American Geophysical Union, 1995. (AGU Refere
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although it is unclear as yet which model the particle best supports or whether multiple Higgs bosons exist.''
| theorised = R. Brout, F. Englert, P. Higgs, G.S. Guralnik, C.R. Hagen, and T.W.B. Kibble (1964)
| discovered = Large Hadron Collider (2011-2013)
| symbol = 
| mass = 
 (CMS+ATLAS)
| mean_lifetime = 
 is predicted to be . The mean lifetime is given by \tau = \hbar/\Gamma.|group="Note"|name="meanlife"}} (predicted)
| decay_particle =
bottom-antibottom pair (predicted) 
two W bosons (observed)
two gluons (predicted)
tau-antitau pair (predicted) 
two Z-bosons (observed) 
two photons (observed) 
various other decays (predicted)
| electric_charge = 0 ''e''
| colour_charge = 0
| spin = 0 (tentatively confirmed at 125 GeV)
| parity = +1 (tentatively confirmed at 125 GeV)
| num_spin_states =}}
thumb|250px|A computer-generated image of a [[Higgs interaction]]

The '''Higgs boson''' (or '''Higgs particle''') is an elementary particle in the Standard Model of physics. In the 1960s Peter Higgs was the first person to suggest that this particle might exist. On 14 March 2013, scientists at CERN confirmed for the first time that they had found a Higgs particle. Media and Press Relations|website=press.cern|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-03}}

The Higgs particle is one of the 17 particles in the Standard Model, the model of physics which describes all known basic particles. The Higgs particle is a boson. Bosons are thought to be particles which are responsible for all physical forces. Other known bosons are the photon, the W and Z bosons, and the gluon. Scientists do not yet know how to combine gravity with the Standard Model.
The Grand Patchwork. [http://thegrandpatchwork.com/ quantum excitation] 

The Higgs field is a fundamental field of crucial importance to particle physics theory. Unlike other known fields such as the electromagnetic field, the Higgs field takes the same non-zero value almost everywhere. The question of the Higgs field's existence was the last unveri
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thumb|250 px|right|Typical Poisson distribution
In probability and statistics, '''Poisson distribution''' is a probability distribution. It is named after Siméon Denis Poisson. It measures the probability that a certain number of events occur within a certain period of time. The events need to be unrelated to each other. They also need to occur with a known average rate, represented by the symbol \lambda (lambda). 

More specifically, if a random variable X follows Poisson distribution with rate \lambda, then the probability of the different values of X can be described as follows: 

:P(X=x)=\frac{e^{-\lambda} \lambda^x}{x!}    for x = 0, 1, 2, \ldots 

Examples of Poisson distribution include:
* The numbers of cars that pass on a certain road in a certain time
* The number of telephone calls a call center receives per minute
* The number of light bulbs that burn out (fail) in a certain amount of time
* The number of mutations in a given stretch of DNA after a certain amount of radiation
* The number of errors that occur in a system
* The number of Property & Casualty insurance claims experienced in a given period of time

== Related pages ==

* Binomial distribution
* Exponential distribution

== References ==

Category:Probability distributions
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thumb|300x300px|A painting by [[Renoir is a work of art.]]

'''Art''' is a creative activity. It produces a product, an object. '''Art''' is a diverse range of human activities in creating visual, performing subjects, and expressing the author's thoughts. The product of art is called a '''work of art''', for others to experience.Various definitions in: Wilson, Simon & Lack, Jennifer 2008. ''The Tate guide to modern art terms''. Tate Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85437-750-0E.H. Gombrich 1995. ''The story of art''. London: Phaidon. ISBN 978-0714832470Kleiner, Gardner, Mamiya and Tansey. 2004. ''Art through the ages''. 12th ed. 2 volumes, Wadsworth. ISBN 0-534-64095-8 (vol 1) and ISBN 0-534-64091-5 (vol 2)

Some art is useful in a practical sense, such as a sculptured clay bowl that can be used. That kind of art is sometimes called a ''craft''.

Those who make art are called artists. They hope to affect the emotions of people who experience it. Some people find art relaxing, exciting or informative. Some say people are driven to make art due to their inner creativity.

"The arts" is a much broader term. It includes drawing, painting, sculpting, photography, performance art, dance, music, poetry, prose and theatre.

== Types of art ==
thumb|Statues made by Botero, in front of the Culture Palace in Medellin, Colombia
thumb|A scene from the Musical Chicago, performed at a theatre, in [[Brno.]]
thumb|247x247px|Nude Recumbent Woman, is a photograph by Jean-Christophe Destailleur. It was a featured image on Commons and is also a work of art.
Art is divided into the plastic arts, where something is made, and the performing arts, where something is done by humans in action. The other division is between pure arts, done for themselves, and practical arts, done for a practical purpose, but with artistic content.

* Plastic art
** Fine art is expression by making something beautiful or appealing to the emotions by visual means: drawing, painting, printmaking, sculpture
** Literature: p
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thumb|alt=A labeled binary tree of size 9 and height 3, with a root node whose value is 1. The above tree is unbalanced and not sorted.|A labeled binary tree of size 9 (the number of nodes in the tree) and height 3 (the height of a tree defined as the number of edges or links from the top-most or root node to the farthest leaf node), with a root node whose value is 1. The above tree is unbalanced and not sorted.

In computer science, a '''binary tree''' is a tree data structure in which each node has at most two children, referred to as the ''left child'' and the ''right child''. That is, it is a ''k''-ary tree where  2}}. A recursive definition using set theory is that a binary tree is a triple , where ''L'' and ''R'' are binary trees or the empty set and ''S'' is a singleton (a single–element set) containing the root.

From a graph theory perspective, binary trees as defined here are arborescences. A binary tree may thus be also called a '''bifurcating arborescence''', a term which appears in some early programming books before the modern computer science terminology prevailed. It is also possible to interpret a binary tree as an undirected, rather than directed graph, in which case a binary tree is an ordered, rooted tree. Some authors use '''rooted binary tree''' instead of ''binary tree'' to emphasize the fact that the tree is rooted, but as defined above, a binary tree is always rooted.

In mathematics, what is termed ''binary tree'' can vary significantly from author to author. Some use the definition commonly used in computer science, but others define it as every non-leaf having exactly two children and don't necessarily label the children as left and right either.

In computing, binary trees can be used in two very different ways:

*First, as a means of accessing nodes based on some value or label associated with each node. Binary trees labelled this way are used to implement binary search trees and binary heaps, and are used for efficient searching and so
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'''Free will''' is being able to choose between different actions. If we judge an action (for example, as good or bad) it only makes sense if the action is freely chosen.

Things like advice, persuasion, and prohibition, are pointless unless people have some kind of free will. Free will means people can do different things. Different results come from different courses of action.Aristotle, ''On Interpretation'' c. 9 18b 30, Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica Part 1, Q.83 a1 Traditionally, only actions that are freely willed deserve credit or blame. If there is no free will, there is no sense or justice in rewarding or punishing anybody for any action.

Free will is a major problem in ethical philosophy, and is also relevant to the philosophy of science.

In ordinary life, and in law, people are generally assumed to have free will, and are responsible for what they do.

== In philosophy == 
=== Determinism ===
Determinism comes from the idea that our world – and the universe – is in some way rather like a machine. This idea goes back a long way in history (at least 2,500 years).Dijksterhuis E.J. ''The mechanization of the world picture''. Oxford University Press. Introduction: "[nothing] has had a more profound and far-reaching effect than the... conception of the world usually called mechanical or mechanistic".

==== Hard determinism ====
There is more than one kind of determinism, but essentially it is the idea
that events in the past fully decide (cause) events in the future. It is the same as saying "the universe is like a clockwork instrument". If you knew everything about it, you could predict exactly what will happen. To illustrate this Pierre-Simon Laplace proposed a thought experiment in 1814, which he called Laplace's demon.  If determinism is the case, then there can be no free will.

The view that a deterministic universe means people do not have free will is called "incompatibilism". It means if determinism is true, it is incompatible with free will, and s
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| logo_size = 150px
| logo_alt = Tux the penguin
| family = Unix-like
| developer = Community
| source model = Mainly open source, proprietary software also available
| latest release version = 
| latest release date = 
| latest preview version = 
| latest preview date = 
| repo = 
| marketing target = Personal computers, mobile devices, embedded devices, servers, mainframes, supercomputers
| kernel type = Monolithic (Linux kernel)
| ui = Many
| released = 
| programmed in = Primarily C and assembly
| prog language = Many

| license = GPLv2 and other free and open-source licenses, except for the "Linux" trademark and administered by the Linux Mark Institute.}}
| website = 
| language = Multilingual
| updatemodel = 
| working state = Current
| year = 1991
}}

'''Linux''' or '''GNU/Linux''' is a Unix-like operating system (or family of) for computers. The Linux kernel (the basis of the operating system) is free software, meaning people can use it, see how it works, change it, or share it.

There is a lot of software for Linux and—like Linux itself—a lot of the software for Linux is free software.

The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel that Linus Torvalds developed, at first alone. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or ''distro'' for short). Distributions also include supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project.

Popular Linux distributions include Debian, Fedora, and Ubuntu. Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SuSE Linux Enterprise Server. Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland, and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma. Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether, and include a solution stack such as LAMP. Anyone may make a distribution for any purpose.

Linux was originally developed for personal computers.  Birthday Is Commemorated - Subtly - by Creator |url=http://ww
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thumb|A [[class diagram exemplifying the singleton pattern.]]

In object-oriented programming, the '''singleton pattern''' is a software design pattern that restricts the instantiation of a class to a singular instance. It is one of the well-known "Gang of Four" design patterns, which describe how to solve recurring problems in object-oriented software. The pattern is useful when exactly one object is needed to coordinate actions across a system.

More specifically, the singleton pattern allows classes to:
* Ensure they only have one instance
* Provide easy access to that instance
* Control their instantiation (for example, hiding the constructors of a class)

The term comes from the mathematical concept of a singleton.

== Common uses ==
Singletons are often preferred to global variables because they do not pollute the global namespace (or their containing namespace). Additionally, they permit lazy allocation and initialization, whereas global variables in many languages will always consume resources.

The singleton pattern can also be used as a basis for other design patterns, such as the abstract factory, factory method, builder and prototype patterns. Facade objects are also often singletons because only one facade object is required.

Logging is a common real-world use case for singletons, because all objects that wish to log messages require a uniform point of access and conceptually write to a single source.

== Implementations ==
Implementations of the singleton pattern ensure that only one instance of the singleton class ever exists and typically provide global access to that instance.

Typically, this is accomplished by:
* Declaring all constructors of the class to be private, which prevents it from being instantiated by other objects
* Providing a static method that returns a reference to the instance
The instance is usually stored as a private static variable; the instance is created when the variable is initialized, at some point before when the static 
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thumb|380px|Inflation 2019
thumb|A coin worth 50 million [[Reichsmarks 1923|alt=]]
'''Inflation''' means that the general level of prices is going up. More money will be needed to pay for goods (like a loaf of bread) and services (like getting a haircut at the hairdresser's). Economists measure inflation regularly to know an economy's state. Inflation changes the ratio of money towards goods or services; more money is needed to get the same amount of a good or service, or the same amount of money will get a lower amount of a good or service. Economists defined certain customer baskets to be able to measure inflation. There can be positive and negative effects. The opposite of inflation is deflation.

== Causes of inflation  ==
When the total money in an economy (the money supply) increases too rapidly, the quality of the money (the currency value) often decreases. Economists generally think that the increased money supply (monetary inflation) causes the price of goods/services to increase (price inflation) over a longer period. They disagree on causes over a shorter period.

=== Demand-pull inflation ===

Demand-pull inflation says that inflation is the result of "too much money chasing too few goods." In other words, if the need for buying goods is growing faster than the amount of goods that have been made, prices will go up. This is most likely to happen in economies that are growing fast.

Whenever a product is bought or sold beyond its real price that it is worth, inflation of money happens. For example, if a company makes a small amount of goods and a lot of people buy them, then the company will higher the prices of these goods.

=== Cost-push inflation ===
The cost-push inflation theory says that when the cost of making goods (which are paid by the company) go up, people make prices higher, because they want to make a profit from selling that product. The higher costs of making goods can include things like workers' wages, taxes to be paid to the government,
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alt=Map of world dividing climate zones, largely influenced by latitude. The zones, going from the equator upward (and downward) are Tropical, Dry, Moderate, Continental and Polar. There are subzones within these zones.|thumb|center|370px|Worldwide Climate Classifications
thumb|World Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification Map
'''Climate''' means the usual condition of the temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, and other meteorological patterns in an area of the Earth's surface for a long time. In simple terms, climate is the average condition for about thirty years. Climate and weather are different: weather is the day to day conditions in the atmosphere.

'''The types of climates are''': Tropical, Desert/dry, Temperate, Polar, Mediterranean. 
* Polar climate (also called boreal climate), has long, usually very cold winters, and short summers. For example, near the north and south poles.
* Temperate climates have four seasons. Some of the countries which have a temperate climate are: most of the European countries.
* Deserts are very dry. They just have one or two seasons such as: Saudi Arabia and many African countries.
* Tropical climates have warm temperature and only two seasons; wet and dry. An example of a place with a tropical climate is the Amazon Rainforest in Brazil.
* The Mediterranean climate is usually hot and dry in summer, and is cool and wet in winter. An example of a country with a Mediterranean climate is Spain.

The latitude, ground, and height can change the climate of a location. It is also important to note if oceans or other large bodies of water are nearby. Climates are most commonly classified by temperature and precipitation. The most commonly used classification was the Köppen climate classification, first made by Wladimir Köppen. The Thornthwaite system,C. W. Thornthwaite, "An Approach Toward a Rational Classification of Climate", ''Geographical Review'', 38:55-94, 1948 which was used from 1948, not only uses temperatu
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right|230px|thumb|[[Francis Bacon]]
right|230px|thumb|[[Henri Poincaré]]
right|200px|thumb|[[Karl Popper]]

'''Philosophy of science''' is the part of philosophy that studies sciences.

Philosophers who are interested in science study how knowledge is built up by scientists and what makes science different from other activities. No doubt, modern science has advanced knowledge in a wide range of fields. How has it done so? To tackle this issue, a number of other issues also have to be tackled.

== What makes science distinct? ==
Some people like Thomas Henry Huxley think that in earlier times, science was nothing but organized common sense. However, during the 20th century, science produced many ideas which were nothing like common sense, like general relativity. It was then was clear that science really was something different from common sense, but what was it? That is called the demarcation problem.

The demarcation problem refers to the distinction between science and non-science like pseudoscience. Karl Popper called that the central question in the philosophy of science. No solution to the problem has had full agreement among philosophers; some of them think the problem is unsolvable or uninteresting.

The logical positivists tried to base science on observation. In their view, truth was achieved by logic and observation. Non-science was non-observational and meaningless.

Against that, Popper argued that the central property of science is falsifiability. All scientific claims can be proved false, at least in principle. If no such proof can be found despite sufficient effort, then the claim is likely true. Popper's ideas were applauded by many scientists like Peter Medawar. However, skeptics noticed that ideas were often not discarded when a prediction was refuted. The ideas were simply adjusted to take into account the new findings. It was clear from this that although falsifiability was important, it could not be a simple way to distinguish science from non-s
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In computer science, '''depth-first search (DFS)''' is a method used for traversing a graph. It starts at an arbitrary item of a graph and explores as far as possible along each branch before backtracking.

thumb|Animated example of a depth-first search within a tree.

==Implementation==

===Recursive===

void depthFirstSearch(Item root) {
    if (root == null) return;
    root.found = true;
    for (Item neighbor : root.neighbors()) {
        if (!neighbor.found) depthFirstSearch(n);
    }
}

== Uses ==
 
An example: To make a program that searches all the files on your computer, it has to be able to keep track of which folders it has already searched through, so it doesn't look through the same folder twice. So it does this: inside each folder, it goes as far down into subfolders as it can. Every time it checks something to see if it matches, it will write it down on the list as "already searched". Then it will leave and go to the next subfolder. If there are no subfolders left, it will backtrack another step and look in the next bigger folder. It does this until it has looked through everything.
 
We know that this is the best way to make sure the search program looks through every folder and file once, and only once, because graph theory has proved it.

==Related pages==
* Linear search
* Binary search
* Breadth-first search

Category:Searching and sorting algorithms
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| Consumer_Reports    = 
| medicinenet         = 
| rxlist              = 

| MeshID              = 
}}

An '''antibiotic''' is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention of such infections. They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. A limited number of antibiotics also possess antiprotozoal activity.For example, metronidazole:  Antibiotics are not effective against viruses such as the ones which cause the common cold or influenza. Drugs which inhibit growth of viruses are termed antiviral drugs or antivirals. Antibiotics are also not effective against fungi. Drugs which inhibit growth of fungi are called antifungal drugs.

Sometimes, the term ''antibiotic''—literally "opposing life", from the Greek roots ἀντι ''anti'', "against" and βίος ''bios'', "life"—is broadly used to refer to any substance used against microbes, but in the usual medical usage, antibiotics (such as penicillin) are those produced naturally (by one microorganism fighting another), whereas non-antibiotic antibacterials (such as sulfonamides and antiseptics) are fully synthetic. However, both classes have the same effect of killing or preventing the growth of microorganisms, and both are included in antimicrobial chemotherapy. "Antibacterials" include bactericides, bacteriostatics, antibacterial soaps, and chemical disinfectants, whereas antibiotics are an important class of antibacterials used more specifically in medicine and sometimes in livestock feed.

==Early history==

The earliest use of antibiotics was found in northern Sudan, where ancient Sudanese societies as early as 350–550 CE were systematically consuming antibiotics as part of their diet. Chemical analyses of Nubian skeletons show consistent, high levels of tetracycline, a powerful antibiotic. Researchers believe they were brewing beverage
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'''Web development''' is the process of designing, developing and maintaining websites and web apps. Web development encompasses several different fields, most commonly referring to the programming of websites. Front-end development is the act of developing the user interface and client-side code, while back-end development focuses on the infrastructure behind a website, mainly server-side code.

Since the World Wide Web was released publicly in 1993, web development has evolved greatly, with websites changing from a collection of static HTML pages to complex projects using frameworks, servers, and databases.

== Overview ==
Web development includes many individual tasks, including web design, web content development, networking, and coding. Among web professionals, "web development" usually refers to the main non-design aspects of building websites: writing markup and coding.

Web development is generally split into two fields: front-end development and back-end development. Front-end developers create the user interface of websites, turning web designs into HTML, CSS, and JavaScript code. Front-end developers must also make sure that websites work consistently across different browsers and devices. Back-end development, also known as server-side development, focuses on the infrastructure behind a website, including APIs, database management, and security. Some choose to be full-stack developers, meaning they work on both the front-end and back-end.

==History==

thumb|300x300px|Timeline of web development
The World Wide Web is often categorised into three generations: Web 1.0, Web 2.0, and Web 3.0 (or Web3). It was invented in 1989, and released to the public in 1993. April 30, 1993 |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/world-wide-web-launches-in-public-domain |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206200329/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/world-wide-web-launches-in-public-domain |archive-date=6 February 2025 |access-
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A '''startup company''' ('''startup''' or '''start-up''') is a new and fast-growing company. They try to meet a marketplace need, offering an innovative product, process or service.

A start-up is usually a small business, a partnership or an organization. Rapid growth is what they aim for. Often, startup companies use the internet, e-commerce, computers, and telecommunications.

The term became fashionable in the dot-com bubble of the late 1990s, when a great number of internet-based companies were formed.Blank, Steve and Dorf, Bob 2012. ''The startup owner's manual. K&S Ranch. 

== References ==

Category:Companies
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thumb|right|A visual form of '''recursion''' is the [[Droste effect. This image has a smaller version of itself inside of it.]]
'''Recursion''' refers to something being a part of its own definition.

== Description ==
Usually, a recursive function refers to itself in some cases (or inputs), but not in every case. A function that referred to itself in every case would never terminate.

When a function refers to itself, it often uses a smaller input than the input it was given. In this way, it can solve a problem by first solving a simpler version of the problem.

== Example ==
An example of a recursive function f(n) is:

*If n > 0 then return n \times f(n-1).
*If n = 0 then return 1.
This function computes the factorial of a natural number. It works because n!=n(n-1)!, n > 0 and 0!=1.

The definition has two cases: a recursive case for n>0, and a case for n=0 that is not recursive. The case that is not recursive is called a "base case".

== Uses ==

Recursion can be used to write computer programs. A program that uses recursion may be easier to write and understand than a program that does the same thing without recursion.

Recursion is used in mathematics to prove theorems. This method is called induction.

The idea of recursion can be seen in art and language. For example:
* A fractal image contains smaller versions of itself.
* In the rules of grammar, a sentence can be part of another sentence.

== Easter Eggs ==
In the Google search engine, if you type up "recursion", it will say "Did you mean: Recursion", a reference to the meaning of recursion.

==References==

Category:Computer science
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'''Continuous delivery''' ('''CD''') is a software engineering approach in which teams produce software in short cycles, ensuring that the software can be reliably released at any time. It aims at building, testing, and releasing software with greater speed and frequency. The approach helps reduce the cost, time, and risk of delivering changes by allowing for more incremental updates to applications in production. A straightforward and repeatable deployment process is important for continuous delivery.

== Principles ==
According to Neal Ford, continuous delivery adopts "Bring the pain forward," tackling tough tasks early, fostering automation and swift issue detection.

Continuous delivery treats the commonplace notion of a ''deployment pipeline'' as a lean Poka-Yoke: a set of validations through which a piece of software must pass on its way to release. Code is compiled if necessary and then packaged by a build server every time a change is committed to a source control repository, then tested by a number of different techniques (possibly including manual testing) before it can be marked as releasable.

Developers used to a long cycle time may need to change their mindset when working in a CD environment. Any code commit may be released to customers at any point. Patterns such as feature toggles can be very useful for committing code early which is not yet ready for use by end users. Using NoSQL can eliminate the step of data migrations and schema changes, often manual steps or exceptions to a continuous delivery workflow. Other useful techniques for developing code in isolation such as code branching are not obsolete in a CD world, but must be adapted to fit the principles of CD - for example, running multiple long-lived code branches can prove impractical, as a releasable artifact must be built early in the CD process from a single code branch if it is to pass through all phases of the pipeline.

==Deployment pipeline==
thumb
Continuous delivery is enabled throu
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In probability theory and statistics, the '''median''' of a data set ''X'', sometimes written as \widetilde{X}, is a number describing the data set. This number has the property that it divides a set of observed values in two equal halves, so that half of the values are below it and half are above.

If there are a finite number of elements, the median is easy to find. The values need to be arranged in a list, from the lowest to highest. If there is an odd number of values, the median is the one at position (n+1)/2. For example, if there are 13 values, they can be arranged into two groups of 6, with the median in between, at position 7. With an even number of values, as there is no single number which divides all of the numbers to two halves, the median is defined as the mean of the two central elements. With 14 observations, this would be the mean of the elements at positions 7 and 8, which is their sum divided by 2.

Alternatively, the median of an even-sized list is sometimes defined as either of the two middle elements; the choice being either (a) always the smallest one, (b) always the largest one, or (c) randomly choose between the two. This alternative definition has two important advantages: it guarantees that the median is always a list element (for example. a list of integers will never have a fractional median), and it guarantees that the median exists for any ordinal-valued data. On the other hand, when one of the choices (a) or (b) is taken, the median of a sample will be biased, which is an unwanted property of a statistical estimator. Definition (c) does not have that disadvantage, but it is more difficult to do. It also has the disadvantage that the same list of values does not have a well-defined, deterministic median.

thumb|Distribution curve with mode, median and mean. Median is the middle.

== Median and mean ==
Median and mean are different in several ways. Mean is a better measure in many cases, because many of the statistical tests can use mea
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procedural (imperative), functional, structured, reflective
| released = 
| designer = Guido van Rossum
| developer = Python Software Foundation
| latest release version = 
| latest release date = }}
| latest preview version = 
| latest preview date = }}
| typing = Duck, dynamic, strong typing; gradual (since 3.5, but ignored in CPython)
| implementations = CPython, PyPy, Stackless Python, MicroPython, CircuitPython, IronPython, Jython
| dialects = Cython, RPython, Starlark
| influenced = Apache Groovy, Boo, Cobra, CoffeeScript, D, F#, Genie, Go, JavaScript, Julia, Nim, Ring, Ruby, Swift, V (Vlang)
| license = Python Software Foundation License
| website = 
| wikibooks = Python Programming
| influenced_by = ABC, Ada, ALGOL 68, APL, C, C++, CLU, Dylan, Haskell, Icon, Java, Lisp, Modula-3, Perl, Standard ML
| operating system = Windows, Linux/UNIX, macOS and more
| file ext = .py, .pyi, .pyc, .pyd, .pyo (prior to 3.5),File extension .pyo was removed in Python 3.5. See [https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0488/ PEP 0488]  , .pyz (since 3.5)
}}

'''Python''' is an open-source programming language. It was made as a language that is both easy to work on and understand. It was made by a Dutch programmer named Guido van Rossum in 1991, who named it after the television program Monty Python's Flying Circus.

Python is an interpreted language. This means it does not need to be compiled before running. A program called an interpreter runs Python code on almost any computer. So, a programmer can change the code and quickly see what happens. But this also makes Python slower than compiled languages like C, because it is not changed into machine code before running. Instead, this happens while the program is running.

== Python use ==
Python is usually used for making websites, automating common tasks, and making charts and graphs. Since it's simple to learn, people who are not computer experts, like bookkeepers and researchers, often learn Python.

Its standard library is made u
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A '''permutation''' is a single way of arranging a group of objects.  It is useful in mathematics.   

A permutation can be changed into another permutation by simply switching two or more of the objects. For example, the way four people can sit in a car is a permutation. If some of them chose different seats, then it would be a different permutation.

==Permutations without repetitions==
The factorial has special application in defining the number of permutations in a set which does not include repetitions. The number n!, read "n factorial", is precisely the number of ways we can rearrange n things into a new order. For example, if we have three fruit: an orange, apple and pear, we can eat them in the order mentioned, or we can change them (for example, an apple, a pear then an orange). The exact number of permutations is then 3! = 1 \cdot 2 \cdot 3 = 6. The number gets extremely large as the number of items (n) goes up.

In a similar manner, the number of arrangements of r items from n objects is considered a partial permutation. It is written as nPr (which reads "n permute r"), and is equal to the number n (n-1) \cdots (n - r + 1) (also written as n! / (n-r)!).

== Related pages ==

* Combination (mathematics)
* Superpermutation

== References ==

Category:Combinatorics
Category:Abstract algebra
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thumb|The [[Milky Way as seen from La Silla Observatory]]

'''Astronomy''' is the scientific study of celestial bodies. It is a major branch of space science. Stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets and nebulae are studied, as are supernovae explosions, gamma ray bursts, and cosmic microwave background radiation. Astronomy includes the development, physics, chemistry, meteorology and movement of celestial bodies. The big questions are the structure and development of the universe.

Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences.  The patterns of stars in the night sky were called constellations in Late Latin.  They used the positions of the stars to navigate, and to find when was the best time to plant crops.

Astrophysics is an important part of astronomy. A related subject, cosmology, is concerned with studying the universe as a whole, and the way the universe changed over time. Astronomy is not the same as ''astrology'', a belief that the motion of the stars and the planets may affect human lives.

There are two main types of astronomy, ''observational'' and ''theoretical'' astronomy. Observational astronomy uses telescopes and cameras to ''observe'' or look at stars, galaxies and other astronomical objects. Theoretical astronomy explains what we see. It predicts what might happen. Observations show whether the predictions work.  The main work of astronomy is to explain puzzling features of the Universe.  For many years the most important issue was the motions of planets. Many other topics are now studied.

Day-time astronomy is possible, but could be harmful. The Sun, is our biggest star, better describes as a big all of light and observing directly is dangerous. It is too bright, and can burn your eyes and can cause permanent blindness. To look at the Sun you need  proper shields and equipment. Some other individual bright stars and planets can be seen during daylight hours through a telescope or a powerful pair of binoculars.

== History of astronomy ==

=
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In game theory, the '''Nash equilibrium''' is a proposed solution of a non-cooperative game having two or more players in which each player knows the equilibrium strategies of the other players, and no player can gain anything more by changing only their own strategy. The equilibrium is named after John Forbes Nash Jr..

If each player has chosen, and no player can win anything more by choosing a different strategy for themselves, then they have a Nash equilibrium.

==References==

Category:Game theory
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thumb|''[[Bill of Rights 1689|Bill of Rights'' (1689)]]

'''Human rights''' are rights and freedoms that all people should have. 
}}
Today, the ideas of human rights are protected as legal rights in national and international law.
They are seen as ''universal,'' which means they are meant for everyone, no matter what their race, religion, ethnicity, nationality, age, sex, political beliefs (or any other kind of beliefs), intelligence, disability, sexual orientation, or gender identity are.

Everyone has all of these rights, it is not possible to only grant some of them:

== History ==

The idea of human rights originated from ideas found in religion and philosophy in Western Europe. The modern Western idea of human rights started in the European Enlightenment. In the 16th century, some people started suggesting that everyone had the religious and political right to choose their religion and their leaders. This sort of thinking was important in the English Civil War. After the war, the philosopher John Locke argued that people should have a certain set of human rights. These ideas were also important in the American revolution and the French revolution in the 18th century.

In the 19th century, John Stuart Mill was an important philosopher who also thought about human rights. He said that people should be able to control their own bodies and minds. He talked about three special ideas:
* freedom of speech
* freedom of assembly
* freedom to seek happiness, while not hurting others.

Hegel was a philosopher who wrote about the idea of free will. He believed that in order to have freedom, a person should be able to: 
* own property
* make contracts with other people
* make moral promises to people
* live with anyone
* get protection from laws
* have a voice in government

== Laws ==

Because people believe that human rights are important, countries make laws to protect them. These laws say that governments cannot take away people's basic rights. They make sure people who
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In mathematics, '''Boolean algebra''' is an algebra for binary digits (where 0 means false and 1 means true). It is equipped with three operators: conjunction (AND), disjunction (OR) and negation (NOT). It uses normal math symbols, but it does not work in the same way. It is named for George Boole, who invented it in the middle 19th century. Boolean algebra did not get much attention except from mathematicians until the 20th century, when engineers began using it for logic gates.

== NOT gate ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! NOT
|-
| '''0'''
| 1
|-
| '''1'''
| 0
|}

The NOT operator is written with a bar over numbers or letters like this:

:\bar{1} = 0
:\bar{0} = 1
:\bar{\mbox{A}} = \mbox{Q}

It means that the output is ''not'' the input.

== AND gate ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! AND
! 0
! 1
|-
| '''0'''
| 0
| 0
|-
| '''1'''
| 0
| 1
|}

The AND operator is written as \cdot like this:

:0 \cdot 0 = 0
:0 \cdot 1 = 0
:1 \cdot 0 = 0
:1 \cdot 1 = 1

The output is true if and only if one and the other input is true.

== OR gate ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! OR
! 0
! 1
|-
| '''0'''
| 0
| 1
|-
| '''1'''
| 1
| 1
|}

The OR operator is written as + like this:

:0 + 0 = 0
:0 + 1 = 1
:1 + 0 = 1
:1 + 1 = 1

If one or the other input is true, then the output to be true (and false otherwise).

== XOR gate ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! XOR
! 0
! 1
|-
| '''0'''
| 0
| 1
|-
| '''1'''
| 1
| 0
|}

XOR basically means "exclusive or", meaning one input or the other must be true, but not both.

The XOR operator is written as - like this:

:0 - 0 = 0
:0 - 1 = 1
:1 - 0 = 1
:1 - 1 = 0

In other words, the XOR operator returns true precisely when one or the other input is true—but not both.

== Identities ==

Different gates can be put together in different orders:

:\overline{\mbox{A} \cdot \mbox{B}} is the same as an AND then a NOT. This is called a NAND gate.

It is not the same as a NOT then an AND: \overline{\mbox{A}} \cdot \overline{\mbox{B}}

:\mbox{A} + 1 = 1
:\mbox{A} \cdot 1 = \mbox{A}
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| apoapsis =  
| semimajor =  )}}
| eccentricity = 0.054 9
| period =  
| synodic_period =  
| avg_speed = 1.022 km/s
| inclination = 5.145° to the ecliptic(between 18.29° and 28.58° to Earth's equator)
| asc_node = regressing by one revolution in 18.6 years
| arg_peri = progressing by one revolution in 8.85 years
| satellite_of = Earth
| flattening = 0.001 25 
| mean_radius =  
| circumference = 10,921 km (equatorial)
| surface_area =  km² }} 
| volume =  km³ }} 
| mass =  kg }} 
| density = 3,346.4 kg/m³
| surface_grav =  
| escape_velocity = 2.38 km/s
| sidereal_day = 27.321 582 d (synchronous)

| rot_velocity = 4.627 m/s
| axial_tilt = 1.542 4° (to ecliptic)6.687° (to orbit plane)
| albedo = 0.12
| magnitude = −2.5 to −12.9The ''maximum value'' is given based on scaling of the brightness from the value of -12.74 given for an equator to Moon-centre distance of 378 000 km in the NASA factsheet reference to the minimum Earth-Moon distance given there, after the latter is corrected for the Earth's equatorial radius of 6 378 km, giving 350 600 km. The ''minimum value'' (for a distant new moon) is based on a similar scaling using the maximum Earth-Moon distance of 407 000 km (given in the factsheet) and by calculating the brightness of the earthshine onto such a new moon. The brightness of the earthshine is   Radius of Moon's orbit)² ] relative to the direct solar illumination that occurs for a full moon. (;  radius × equatorial ).−12.74 (mean full moon)
| angular_size = 29.3 to 34.1 arcminutes
The range of angular size values given are based on simple scaling of the following values given in the fact sheet reference: at an Earth-equator to Moon-centre distance of 378 000 km, the angular size is 1896 arcseconds. The same fact sheet gives extreme Earth-Moon distances of 407 000 km and 357 000 km. For the maximum angular size, the minimum distance has to be corrected for the Earth's equatorial radius of 6 378 km, giving 350 600 km.
| temp_name1 = equator
| min_temp_1 = 
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thumb|250px|The [[Sun generates its energy by nuclear fusion of hydrogen nuclei into helium. In its core, the Sun fuses 620 million metric tons of hydrogen each second.]]
'''Nuclear fusion'''            is the process of making a single heavy nucleus (part of an atom) from two lighter nuclei. This process is called a nuclear reaction. It releases a large amount of energy. Fusion Education |access-date=2011-03-18 |archive-date=2015-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101154238/http://fusedweb.pppl.gov/CPEP/Chart_Pages/5.Plasmas/SunLayers.html |url-status=dead }}

The nucleus made by fusion is heavier than either of the starting nuclei. However, it is not as heavy as the combination of the original mass of the starting nuclei (atoms). This lost mass is changed into lots of energy. This is shown in Einstein's famous ''E=mc2'' equation.

Fusion happens in the middle of stars, like the Sun. Hydrogen atoms are fused together to make helium. This releases lots of energy. This energy powers the heat and light of the star.
Not all elements can be joined. Heavier elements are less easily joined than lighter ones. Iron (a metal) cannot fuse with other atoms. This is what causes stars to die. Stars join all of their atoms together to make heavier atoms of different types, until they make iron. The iron nucleus cannot fuse further because of its high nuclear binding energy. The reactions stop. The star eventually cools and dies.[http://www.iter.org/sci/beyonditer "Progress in Fusion". ITER.]

On Earth it is very difficult to start nuclear fusion reactions that release more energy than is needed to start the reaction.  The reason is that fusion reactions only happen at high temperature and pressure, like in the Sun, because both nuclei have a positive charge, and positive repels positive.  The only way to stop the repulsion is to make the nuclei hit each other at very high speeds.  They only do that at high pressure and temperature.  The only successful approach s
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In probability theory and statistics, the '''variance''' is a way to measure how far a set of numbers is spread out.
Variance describes how much a random variable differs from its expected value. The variance is defined as the average of the squares of the differences between the individual (observed) and the expected value. This means that it is always positive. A variance is often represented by the symbol \sigma^2, if the data is the entire population, and s^2, if the data is from a sample.

In practice, variance is a measure of how much something changes. For example, temperature has more variance in Moscow than in Hawaii.

The variance is not simply the average difference from the expected value. The standard deviation, which is the square root of the variance and comes closer to the average difference, is also not simply the average difference. Variance and standard deviation are used because it makes the mathematics easier—when adding two random variables together.

In accountancy, a variance refers to the difference between the budget for a cost, and the actual cost.

== History ==
Karl Pearson, the father of biometry, first used the term variance as follows:"''It is here attempted to (show) the biometrical properties of a population of a more general type that has (..) been examined, inheritance in which follows this scheme. It is hoped that in this way it will be possible to make a more exact analysis of the causes of human variability. The great body of available statistics shows us that the deviations of a human measurement from its mean follow very closely the Normal Law of Errors, and that  therefore, the variablility may be uniformly measured by the standard deviation, corresponding to the square root of the mean square error.''"Ronald Aylmer Fisher: [http://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/15097/1/9.pdf ''The correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance.''], Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. '''52''': 399-433, 
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thumb|right|upright=1.5|Animated map showing the continent codes.    North America    South America    Antarctica    Africa    Europe    Asia    Oceania 

A '''continent''' is a large area of the land on Earth that is joined. There are no strict rules for what land is considered a continent, but in general the Earth is known to have seven continents; these being, Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Europe, North America, South America and Oceania or Australia

==Statistics==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="4" | Continents of the world
|-
! rowspan="2" | Continent
! colspan="2" | Area
! rowspan="2" | Population
|-
! km²
! mi²
|-
! Asia
| align="right" | 44,579,000
| align="right" |
| align="right" |4.6 billion
|-
! Africa
| align="right" | 30,221,532
| align="right" |
| align="right" |5
|-
! North America
| align="right" | 24,709,000
| align="right" |
| align="right" |580 million
|-
! South America
| align="right" | 17,840,000
| align="right" |
| align="right" |420 million
|-
! Antarctica
| align="right" | 14,000,000
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 3000
|-
! Europe
| align="right" | 10,180,000
| align="right" |
| align="right" |750 million
|-
! Oceania *
| align="right" | 8,525,989
| align="right" |
| align="right" |42 million
|-
!World
|
|
| align="right" | about 7,900,000,000
|}

The most populous continent by population is Asia, followed by Africa. The third most populous continent is Europe. The fourth most populous is North America, and then South America. In sub-Saharan Africa, the largest age group are denarians (in their teens). In north Africa, the largest age group are vicenarian (in their twenties). In Europe, most people are tricenarian (in their thirties) or quadragenarian (in their forties).

== Continents ==
Geologists use the term ''continent'' to mean continental crust, a platform of metamorphic and igneous rock, largely of granitic composition. Continental crust is less dense and much thicker than oceanic crust, which is why it "floats" higher
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'''Backtracking''' is a class of algorithms for finding solutions to some computational problems, notably constraint satisfaction or enumeration problems, that incrementally builds candidates to the solutions, and abandons a candidate ("backtracks") as soon as it determines that the candidate cannot possibly be completed to a valid solution.

The classic textbook example of the use of backtracking is the eight queens puzzle, that asks for all arrangements of eight chess queens on a standard chessboard so that no queen attacks any other.  In the common backtracking approach, the partial candidates are arrangements of ''k'' queens in the first ''k'' rows of the board, all in different rows and columns.  Any partial solution that contains two mutually attacking queens can be abandoned.

Backtracking can be applied only for problems which admit the concept of a "partial candidate solution" and a relatively quick test of whether it can possibly be completed to a valid solution.  It is useless, for example, for locating a given value in an unordered table.  When it is applicable, however, backtracking is often much faster than brute-force enumeration of all complete candidates, since it can eliminate many candidates with a single test.

Backtracking is an important tool for solving constraint satisfaction problems, such as crosswords, verbal arithmetic, Sudoku, and many other puzzles.  It is often the most convenient technique for parsing, for the knapsack problem and other combinatorial optimization problems.  It is also the program execution strategy used in the programming languages Icon, Planner and Prolog.

Backtracking depends on user-given "black box procedures" that define the problem to be solved, the nature of the partial candidates, and how they are extended into complete candidates.  It is therefore a metaheuristic rather than a specific algorithm – although, unlike many other meta-heuristics, it is guaranteed to find all solutions to a finite problem in a bou
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thumb|[[Coral reefs are a highly productive marine ecosystem.]]
thumb|[[Rainforest ecosystems are rich in biodiversity. This is the Gambia River in Senegal]]

An '''ecosystem''' (or ecological system) is a large community of living organisms (plants, animals and microbes) and non-living components in a particular area.Molles, Manuel C. 1999. ''Ecology: concepts and applications''. Boston: WCB/McGraw-HIll.  The living and physical components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows.Odum E.P. 1971. ''Fundamentals of ecology''. 3rd ed, New York: Saunders.  Ecosystems are of any size, but usually they are in specific places. 

Each ecosystem has its own community. An aquarium community, for example, can have small fish and other organisms. A desert community may have cacti, small snakes, and scorpions. A pond community can have frogs, insects, snakes, and plants, and a forest community may have rabbits, foxes and pine trees. The species in a community are divided into populations according to the particular habitats and ecological niches in the ecosystem.
thumb|alt=An ecosystem|An example of an ecosystem

== Energy ==
Ecosystems are stable, but changeable. They react to major changes in the environment, especially climate changes. For example, the major rainforests have lasted for a long time (perhaps 50 million years or more in some cases). As the rainfall and temperature changes, they change. We know that the Amazon rainforest shrank in size during ice ages, and expanded in the warmer periods.

== Primary production ==
What drives all ecosystems is the primary production. Primary production is the production of organic matter from inorganic carbon sources. This happens through photosynthesis. It drives the carbon cycle, which influences global climate via the greenhouse effect.

Through the process of photosynthesis, plants capture energy from sunlight and use it to combine carbon dioxide and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen. The photosynt
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250px|thumb|Nuclear fission diagram shows a [[neutron being absorbed by a uranium nucleus which then becomes unstable and splits into two new atoms with release of energy and some more neutrons.]] 

'''Nuclear fission,''' is a kind of nuclear reaction. It is when an atom splits apart into smaller atoms. Some fission reactions give off a lot of energy, and are used in nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors. Nuclear fission was discovered in December 1938 by physicists Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch, who observed a uranium nucleus splitting in two. Although they originally thought the two tiny resulting nuclei were barium isotopes, what Meitner and Frisch truly saw was a process that would revolutionize nuclear chemistry: nuclear fission.

An atom is the smallest particle which makes up a chemical element (e.g. hydrogen, oxygen, magnesium). All atoms are very small. Atoms are made of three components or particles: Protons, neutrons and electrons. The protons and neutrons are clumped together in a ball called a nucleus, at the center of every atom. The electrons orbit around the nucleus in its 'electron cloud'. Elements which have large nuclei, such as uranium and plutonium, can be made to fission. 

If a (relatively) very large atomic nucleus is hit by a slow-moving neutron, it will sometimes become unstable and break into two nuclei. When the nucleus breaks apart (or '''fissions''') it releases energy, mostly as gamma rays and heat. It also causes some neutrons to be released from the nucleus.

This reaction can  occur "spontaneously" if the original nucleus is highly unstable. The resulting products are radioactive isotopes, but do not release enough energy to generate usable power or make a bomb due to the lack of a chain reaction. It can also be induced by a neutron.

For a few isotopes (an atom with the same amount of protons but a different amount of neutrons) such fission can release many neutrons. If those neutrons then hit other atoms, they will make the other at
<|CHUNK_END|>
88px|right|thumb|A diagram of the structure of [[fructose]]
'''Carbohydrates''' are chemical compounds that contain ''only'' oxygen, hydrogen and carbon. They are made up of joined-up sugars. Sugars have the general formula Cm(H2O)n, and are also known as '''saccharides.'''

Certain carbohydrates are an important storage and transport form of energy in most organisms, including plants and animals.

== Biochemistry ==
There are four types of carbohydrates, named by the number of sugar molecules they contain.
# Simple saccharides with one or two sugar molecules
## Monosaccharides: single sugar e.g. glucose, fructose ScienceDirect Topics|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/monosaccharides|access-date=2021-06-03|website=www.sciencedirect.com}}
## Disaccharides: two saccharides. e.g. sucrose, lactose, maltose
# Longer chain saccharides:
## Oligosaccharides (shortish chains), often linked to amino acids or lipids. They play a special role in cell membranes.
## Polysaccharides (long chains) are complex carbohydrates, with linear chains of sugars or branched clusters. Their function is either energy storage (starch, glycogen) or building structures (cellulose, chitin).

== Nutrition and foods ==
Carbohydrates are the most common source of energy for the human body. Protein builds tissue and cells in the body. Carbohydrates are very good for energy, but, if a person eats more than needed, the extra is changed into fat through a process called de novo lipogenesis.

If necessary, humans can live without eating carbohydrates because the human body can change fats and proteins into carbohydrates through a process called gluconeogenesis. Some already stored glucose in the liver can be released through another process called glycogenolysis. People of some cultures eat food with very little carbohydrates, but they still remain healthy, such as the Inuits.

Research in the United States and Canada have shown that people get about 40% to 60% 
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thumb|250px|Gregor Reisch, ''Logic presents its main themes''. ''Margarita Philosophica'', 1503 or 1508. In the engraving, two dogs named ''veritas'' (truth) and ''falsitas'' (falsehood) chase a rabbit named ''problema'' (problem). Logic runs behind the dogs, armed with the sword ''syllogismus'' (syllogism). In the bottom left corner, the philosopher [[Parmenides of Elea|Parmenides can be seen in a cave.]]

'''Logic''' is the study of reasoning. The rules of logic let philosophers make logical deductions about the world. Logic helps us decide whether something can be true or false. 

==Overview==

Logic is often written in syllogisms, which are one type of logical proof. A syllogism is made from a collection of statements used to logically prove the final statement, called the conclusion. One popular example of a logical syllogism was written by the Classical Greek philosopher Aristotle:

# All men are mortal.
# Socrates is a man.
# Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

The conclusion is the final statement. This syllogism connects the first two statements to make a logical deduction: Socrates is mortal.

The syllogism is made from three logical statements or propositions. These statements are short sentences describing a small step in a logical argument. The small statements make up the argument, the same way atoms make up molecules. When logic is correct, the statements are said to "follow" from each other. Statements have a truth value, meaning they can be proved to be true ''or'' false, but not both. Illogical statements or mistakes in logic are called ''logical fallacies''.

==Symbolic logic==

Logical statements can be written in a special type of short hand writing, which includes the symbols of the '''symbolic logic'''. These symbols are used to describe logical reasoning in an abstract way. For instance:

* \land is read like "and", meaning both statements apply.
* \lor is read like "or", meaning at least one of the statements applies.
* \rightarrow is read like 
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| image = EscherichiaColi NIAID.jpg
| image_caption = Scanning electron micrograph of ''Escherichia coli'' rods
| taxon = Bacteria
| authority = Woese, Kandler & Wheelis, 1990
| subdivision_ranks = Phyla
| subdivision =
*'''Gram positive/no outer membrane'''
Actinobacteria (high-G+C)
Firmicutes (low-G+C)
Tenericutes (no wall)
*'''Gram negative/outer membrane present'''
Aquificae
Bacteroidetes/Fibrobacteres–Chlorobi (FCB group)
Chlamydiae
Deinococcus-Thermus
Fusobacteria
Gemmatimonadetes
Nitrospirae
Planctomycetes–Verrucomicrobia/Chlamydiae (PVC group)
Proteobacteria
Spirochaetes
Synergistetes
*'''Unknown/ungrouped'''
Acidobacteria
Chloroflexi
Chrysiogenetes
Cyanobacteria
Deferribacteres
Dictyoglomi
Thermodesulfobacteria
Thermotogae
| synonyms = Eubacteria Woese & Fox, 1977
}}

'''Bacteria''' (singular: '''bacterium''') are very small organisms. They are prokaryotic microorganisms. 

Bacterial cells do not have a nucleus, and most have no organelles with membranes around them. Most have a cell wall. They do have DNA, and their biochemistry is basically the same as other living things. They are amongst the simplest and the oldest organisms.   

Almost all bacteria are so tiny they can only be seen through a microscope. Bacteria are made up of one cell, so they are a kind of ''unicellular organism''. They were one of the earliest forms of life, and are simple single-celled organisms. They include extremophiles, which live in extreme habitats.

There are probably more individual bacteria than any other sort of organism on the planet. Most bacteria live in the ground or in water, but many live inside or on the skin of other organisms, including humans. There are about as many bacterial cells as human cells in our bodies. Some bacteria cause diseases, but others help us in everyday activities like digesting food (gut flora). Some we use in factories to make cheese and yogurt.

The founder of bacteriology was a German biologist called Ferdinand Cohn (18281898). He publishe
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In computer science, '''binary search''', also known as '''half-interval search''', '''logarithmic search''', or '''binary chop''', is a search algorithm that finds the position of a target value within a sorted array. Binary search compares the target value to the middle element of the array. If they are not equal, the half in which the target cannot lie is eliminated and the search continues on the remaining half, again taking the middle element to compare to the target value, and repeating this until the target value is found. If the search ends with the remaining half being empty, the target is not in the array.

Binary search runs in logarithmic time in the worst case, making O(\log n) comparisons, where n is the number of elements in the array. Binary search is faster than linear search except for small arrays. However, the array must be sorted first to be able to apply binary search. There are specialized data structures designed for fast searching, such as hash tables, that can be searched more efficiently than binary search. However, binary search can be used to solve a wider range of problems, such as finding the next-smallest or next-largest element in the array relative to the target even if it is absent from the array.

There are numerous variations of binary search. In particular, fractional cascading speeds up binary searches for the same value in multiple arrays. Fractional cascading efficiently solves a number of search problems in computational geometry and in numerous other fields. Exponential search extends binary search to unbounded lists. The binary search tree and B-tree data structures are based on binary search.

== Algorithm ==
Binary search works on sorted arrays. Binary search begins by comparing an element in the middle of the array with the target value. If the target value matches the element, its position in the array is returned. If the target value is less than the element, the search continues in the lower half of the array. If the
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'''JSON''' ('''JavaScript Object Notation''') is a way of expressing information.  JSON is usually easy to understand.  It can express information like XML. Data Basecamp|url=https://databasecamp.de/en/data/json-en|access-date=2022-08-11|language=en-US}}  It is based on JavaScript's notation for object literals.  However, JSON is stricter.  

JSON and XML are both often used in AJAX. Even though JSON is named after JavaScript, it can be used in other programming languages, such as Python (PHP, etc.)

== Example ==
This is an example of JSON:

{
     "firstName": "John",
     "lastName" : "Smith",
     "age"      : 25,
     "address"  :
     {
         "streetAddress": "21 2nd Street",
         "city"         : "New York",
         "state"        : "NY",
         "postalCode"   : "10021"
     },
     "phoneNumber":
     [
         {
           "type"  : "",
           "number": "212 555-1234"
         },
         {
           "type"  : "fax",
           "number": "646 555-4567"
         }
     ]
 }

'''JSON Encoding and Decoding in Python'''

Encoding:

import json

sampleDict = {
  "firstName": "John",
  "lastName" : "Smith"
}

sampleJson = json.dumps(sampleDict, indent=4)

Decoding:

import json

# A JSON string or can be a JSON response
sampleJson = """{ "firstName": "John", "lastName" : "Smith"}"""

sampleDict = json.loads(sampleJson)
print(sampleDict['firstName'])
print(sampleDict['lastName'])

== References ==

== Other websites ==
* [http://json.org JSON website]

Category:JavaScript
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'''Climate change''' refers to long-term changes in temperature, precipitation, and other atmospheric conditions on Earth.  

When people talk about climate change, they are usually talking about the problem of human-caused global warming, which is happening now. But the climate of the Earth has changed over not just thousands of years, but tens or hundreds of millions of years.Alley R.B. 2000. ''The two-mile time machine: ice cores, abrupt climate change, and our future''. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-10296-1 It has alternated between hotter and colder periods, with some extremes like ice ages. 

== Global warming today ==
''See the main article: Global warming''

Global warming primarily involves the warming of the planet due to increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere. These gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, come from human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes.  
thumb|Climate change's effects on [[Coral reef|coral reefs]]

These changes can lead to a variety of impacts, including more extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and disruptions to ecosystems and agriculture. 
== Hot Earth periods ==
Sometimes, before there were people, the Earth's climate was much hotter than it is today. 

For example, about 60 million years ago there were a lot of volcanoes, which burnt a lot of underground organic matter. Squashed and fossilized dead plants and animals became coal, gas and oil. This caused a lot of carbon dioxide and methane to go up into the air, like nowadays. This made the Earth hot enough for giant tortoises and alligators to live in the Arctic.

== Cold Earth periods ==

=== Glaciations ===

At times in the past, the temperature was much cooler, with the last glaciation ending about ten thousand years ago.Imbrie J. & Imbrie, K.P. 1979. Ice ages: solving the mystery. Short Hills NJ: Enslow. ISBN 978-0-89490-015-0

=== Ice Ages ===

Ice ages are long times (much much longer
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thumb|upright=0.8|'''Figure 1.''' Finding the shortest path in a graph using optimal substructure; a straight line indicates a single edge; a wavy line indicates a shortest path between the two vertices it connects (among other paths, not shown, sharing the same two vertices); the bold line is the overall shortest path from start to goal.

'''Dynamic programming''' is both a mathematical optimization method and an algorithmic paradigm. The method was developed by Richard Bellman in the 1950s and has found applications in numerous fields, such as aerospace engineering and economics.

In both contexts it refers to simplifying a complicated problem by breaking it down into simpler sub-problems in a recursive manner. While some decision problems cannot be taken apart this way, decisions that span several points in time do often break apart recursively. Likewise, in computer science, if a problem can be solved optimally by breaking it into sub-problems and then recursively finding the optimal solutions to the sub-problems, then it is said to have ''optimal substructure''.

If sub-problems can be nested recursively inside larger problems, so that dynamic programming methods are applicable, then there is a relation between the value of the larger problem and the values of the sub-problems.Cormen, T. H.; Leiserson, C. E.; Rivest, R. L.; Stein, C. (2001), Introduction to Algorithms (2nd ed.), MIT Press & McGraw–Hill,  . pp. 344. In the optimization literature this relationship is called the Bellman equation.

== Overview ==

=== Mathematical optimization ===
In terms of mathematical optimization, dynamic programming usually refers to simplifying a decision by breaking it down into a sequence of decision steps over time.

This is done by defining a sequence of '''value functions''' ''V''1, ''V''2, ..., ''V''''n'' taking ''y'' as an argument representing the '''state''' of the system at times ''i'' from 1 to ''n''.

The definition of ''V''''n''(''y'') is the value obtained in 
<|CHUNK_END|>
| kurtosis   = \frac{1-6pq}{npq}
  | entropy    = \frac{1}{2} \log_2 (2\pi enpq) + O \left( \frac{1}{n} \right) in shannons. For nats, use the natural log in the log.
  | mgf        = (q + pe^t)^n
  | char       = (q + pe^{it})^n
  | pgf        = G(z) = [q + pz]^n
  | fisher     =  g_n(p) = \frac{n}{pq} (for fixed n)
}}

thumb|280px|Binomial distribution for  0.5}}with  and  as in [[Pascal's triangleThe probability that a ball in a Galton box with 8 layers ( 8}}) ends up in the central bin ( 4}}) is .]]

In probability theory and statistics, the '''binomial distribution''' with parameters  and  is the discrete probability distribution of the number of successes in a sequence of  independent experiments, each asking a yes–no question, and each with its own Boolean-valued outcome: ''success'' (with probability ) or ''failure'' (with probability  1 − ''p''}}). A single success/failure experiment is also called a Bernoulli trial or Bernoulli experiment, and a sequence of outcomes is called a Bernoulli process. For a single trial, that is, when  1}}, the binomial distribution is a Bernoulli distribution. The binomial distribution is the basis for the binomial test of statistical significance.

The binomial distribution is frequently used to model the number of successes in a sample of size  drawn with replacement from a population of size . If the sampling is carried out without replacement, the draws are not independent and so the resulting distribution is a hypergeometric distribution, not a binomial one.  However, for  much larger than , the binomial distribution remains a good approximation, and is widely used.

== Definitions ==

=== Probability mass function ===

If the random variable  follows the binomial distribution with parameters n \isin \mathbb{N} (a natural number) and }}, we write . The probability of getting exactly  successes in  independent Bernoulli trials (with the same rate ) is given by the probability mass function:
f(k,n,p) = \Pr(X = k) = \binom{n
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In computer science, a '''linked list''' is a data structure that is a linear collection of items whose order is not given by their physical placement in memory. Instead, each item links to the next item. The last item links to a terminator used to mark the end of the list.

==Types of linked lists==

===Singly linked list===
Image:Singly-linked-list.svg''A singly linked list whose items have two fields: a value and a link to the next item''

A singly linked list is a linked list that's used to store items in order. Each item is usually called a node. A node has two parts: the data it holds and a link to the next node. The first node is called the head. The last node points to nothing, indicating the end of the list. One can move through the list one step at a time, following the links from one node to the next.

===Doubly linked list===
Image:Doubly-linked-list.svg''A doubly linked list whose items have three fields: a value, the link forward to the next item, and the link backward to the previous item''

A doubly linked list  is a type of linked list. Each node in the list holds three things: a piece of data, a pointer to the next node, and a pointer to the previous node. The first node, called the head, has a previous pointer that is null. The last node, called the tail, has a next pointer that is null. This allows the list to be traversed in either direction.

===Circular linked list===
Image:Circularly-linked-list.svg''A circular linked list''

A circular linked list is a variation of a linked list where the last node's pointer does not point to a null value. Instead, it points back to the first node, called the head, forming a continuous loop. This structure has no natural beginning or end, allowing traversal to start from any node and continue through the entire list.

==Linked list algorithms==
===Creating a singly linked list===

class Node {
    int data;
    Node next;
    
    Node(int data) {
        this.data = data;
        this.next = null;
    }
}


<|CHUNK_END|>
thumb|270px|Illustration of a transformation (of [[Mona Lisa): The image is changed in such a way that the red arrow (vector) does not change its direction, but the blue one does. The red vector therefore is an eigenvector of this transformation, the blue one is not. Since the red vector does not change its length, its eigenvalue is 1. The transformation used is called shear mapping.]]

Linear algebra talks about types of functions called ''transformations''. In that context, an '''eigenvector''' is a vector—different from the null vector—which does not change direction after the transformation (except if the transformation turns the vector to the opposite direction). The vector may change its length, or become zero ("null"). The '''eigenvalue''' is the value of the vector's change in length, and is typically denoted by the symbol \lambda. The word "eigen" is a German word, which means "own" or "typical".

==Basics==
If there exists a '''square matrix''' called '''''A''''', a '''scalar ''λ''''', and a '''non-zero vector''' '''v''', then '''''λ''''' '''is the eigenvalue''' and '''v is the eigenvector''' if the following equation is satisfied:

:A\mathbf{v} = \lambda \mathbf{v} \, .

In other words, if matrix ''A'' times the vector '''v''' is equal to the scalar ''λ'' times the vector '''v''', then ''λ'' is the eigenvalue of '''v''', where '''v''' is the eigenvector.

An '''eigenspace''' of ''A'' is the set of all eigenvectors with the same eigenvalue together with the zero vector. However, the zero vector is not an eigenvector.

These ideas often are extended to more general situations, where scalars are elements of any field, vectors are elements of any vector space, and linear transformations may or may not be represented by matrix multiplication. For example, instead of real numbers, scalars may be complex numbers; instead of arrows, vectors may be functions or frequencies; instead of matrix multiplication, linear transformations may be operators such as the deriv
<|CHUNK_END|>
'''Finance''' is a study which figures out how people, businesses and groups make and use money. It can mean:

* Thinking about money
* Thinking about how to control money to make profit
* Studying how to take chances in projects that make money
* As a verb, "to finance" is to provide money for business
*Any system that includes circulation of money.

==Some simple finance ideas==
The process of '''finance''' is learning, how people and groups act in managing their money, and most of all how they manage making money, and making a profit, with spending money, or making a loss.

A group that makes more money than it spends can lend or invest the excess profit. On the other hand, a group that makes less money than it spends can raise money by getting a loan or selling part of its assets or spending less, or making more money. 

A bank is where many people borrowing money meet people lending money. A bank gets money from lenders, and pays interest. The bank then lends this money to borrowers. Banks allow borrowers and lenders of different sizes to meet. 

Corporate finance is  about things like the sale of stock by a company to the public. Stock is ownership in a company, broken up into pieces. The stock gives whoever owns it part ownership in that company.  If someone buys one share of XYZ Inc, and the company has 100 shares available, the buyer is 1/100th owner of that company and owns 1/100th (1%) of the profit. 

Finance is used by people, by governments, by businesses, etc., as well as by all kinds of groups.

==Personal finance==

This is finance for people. It is about: 
*How much money will be needed by a person, now and when they get old.
*Where will this money come from (e.g. savings or borrowing)?  
*How can people protect themselves against problems with money in their lives?
*How can family money be given to children and grandchildren?
*How do taxes affect money choices?

==Business finance==

Business finance is about finding money for a company's activiti
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Hash tree}}

|space_worst=O(''n'')
|search_avg=Θ(1)
|search_worst=O(''n'')}}
|insert_avg=Θ(1)
|insert_worst=O(''n'')
|delete_avg=Θ(1)
|delete_worst=O(''n'')
}}
thumb|315px|right|A small phone book as a hash table

In computer science, a '''hash table''' is a data structure that implements an associative array, also called a '''dictionary''' or simply '''map'''; an associative array is an abstract data type that maps keys to values. A hash table uses a hash function to compute an ''index'', also called a ''hash code'', into an array of ''buckets'' or ''slots'', from which the desired value can be found. During lookup, the key is hashed and the resulting hash indicates where the corresponding value is stored. A map implemented by a hash table is called a '''hash map'''.

Most hash table designs employ an imperfect hash function. Hash collisions, where the hash function generates the same index for more than one key, therefore typically must be accommodated in some way. Common strategies to handle hash collisions include chaining, which stores multiple elements in the same slot using linked lists, and open addressing, which searches for the next available slot according to a probing sequence.

In a well-dimensioned hash table, the average time complexity for each lookup is independent of the number of elements stored in the table. Many hash table designs also allow arbitrary insertions and deletions of key–value pairs, at amortized constant average cost per operation.

Hashing is an example of a space–time tradeoff. If memory is infinite, the entire key can be used directly as an index to locate its value with a single memory access. On the other hand, if infinite time is available, values can be stored without regard for their keys, and a binary search or linear search can be used to retrieve the element.

In many situations, hash tables turn out to be on average more efficient than search trees or any other table lookup structure. For this reason, they are widely use
<|CHUNK_END|>
thumb|Dijkstra's algorithm to find the shortest path between ''a'' and ''b''.  It picks the unvisited node with the lowest distance, calculates the distance through it to each unvisited neighbor, and updates the neighbor's distance if smaller. Mark visited (set to red) when done with neighbors.

'''Dijkstra's algorithm''' is a method to find the shortest path from one node, or location, in a graph to all other nodes. In this process, it can find the shortest path from one node to another specific node. This can be used for navigation between points of interest like cities connected by roads, or finding the shortest chain of mutual friends from two people on a social media platform.

== Requirements and Limitations ==
Dijkstra's algorithm works on a graph that has nodes and edges between those nodes. While the edges can have weight, representing a distance or cost, the algorithm also works on unweighted graphs by treating all edges as having a weight of 1.

The algorithm does not always find the shortest path on graphs with negative edge weights. Since the shortest path to a node is only determined once, potentially shorter paths from further away nodes with negative edge weights are not considered. 

The algorithm also does not try to visit nodes that are closer to the destination node. It visits nodes in order of total distance from the starting point, similar to Breadth-first search. This leads to many more nodes than needed being potentially visited to find the shortest path. 

== Algorithm  ==
thumb|Illustration of Dijkstra's algorithm finding a path from a start node (lower left, red) to a target node (upper right, green). Open nodes represent the set of "unvisited" nodes. Filled nodes are the visited ones, with color representing the distance: the redder, the closer (to the start node). 
The algorithm requires a starting node to be provided, a queue to track new nodes, and a table that saves the total distance required to reach each node. The queue starts with
<|CHUNK_END|>
== The term ==
The term '''biological diversity''' was used first by wildlife scientist and conservationist Raymond F. Dasmann in 1968,
Dasmann R.F. 1968. ''A different kind of country''. MacMillan, New York.   where he advocated conservation. It was widely adopted only in the 1980s.Soulé M.E. and B. A. Wilcox. 1980. ''Conservation biology: an evolutionary-ecological perspective''. Sinauer. Sunderland, Massachusetts.

The term '''biodiversity''' first appeared in a publication in 1988 when entomologist E. O. Wilson used it as a title.Edward O.Wilson, editor, Frances M.Peter, associate editor 1988. ''Biodiversity'', National Academies Press. ;  [http://darwin.nap.edu/books/0309037395/html/R2.html online edition] Global Biodiversity Assessment. UNEP, 1995, Annex 6, Glossary. , used as source by [http://www.biodiv.be/glossary_keywords/B "Biodiversity", Glossary of terms related to the CBD] , Belgian Clearing-House Mechanism. Retrieved 2006-04-26. Since then, the term has often been used by biologists, environmentalists, political leaders, and citizens. A similar term in the United States is "natural heritage." It predates the others and is more accepted by the wider audience interested in conservation. Broader than biodiversity, it includes geology and landforms.

== Definitions ==
Biologists most often define biodiversity as the "totality of genes, species, and ecosystems of a region". An advantage of this definition is that it seems to describe most circumstances. There are three levels at which biological variety can been identified:

*species diversity
*ecosystem diversity
*genetic diversity.

== Threats ==
The idea can be used for tackling practical problems in conservation, for example:
*loss of species
*destruction of habitats
*introduced and invasive species
*genetic pollution
*over-exploitation
*effect of climate change

== References ==

== Related pages ==
*Biodiversity Convention
*Conservation biology
*Endemism
*Neurodiversity

== Further reading ==
*Levin,
<|CHUNK_END|>
'''Macroeconomics''' studies large-scale economic decisions. For example, a whole country's economy (or, its economic output) is summarised by the GDP (gross domestic product). Many governments use macroeconomic ideas to decide how much tax to collect and what interest rates should be.

It also considers the amount of unemployment, the rate that prices go up (inflation), and the exchange rates of its currency. The exchange rate affects the amount of imports and exports. Exchange rates and taxation are "levers of the economy".

Less dramatic, but also very important, are decisions about government spending inside the country. Such policy decisions are politically controversial due to differing political ideas on government spending. Another factor in macroeconomics is the make-up of the population. A growing population is economically different from a stable population (one which is not growing).

== Sources ==
*Blanchard, Olivier 2011. ''Macroeconomics updated''. 5th ed, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. 

== Related pages ==
*Microeconomics
*Constitutional economics
*Political economy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Compilation}}

In computing, a '''compiler''' is software that translates computer code written in one programming language (the ''source'' language) into another language (the ''target'' language). The name "compiler" is primarily used for programs that translate source code from a high-level programming language to a low-level programming language (e.g. assembly language, object code, or machine code) to create an executable program.Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools by Alfred V. Aho, Ravi Sethi, Jeffrey D. Ullman - Second Edition, 2007

There are many different types of compilers which produce output in different useful forms. A ''cross-compiler''  produces code for a different CPU or operating system than the one on which the cross-compiler itself runs.  A ''bootstrap compiler'' is often a temporary compiler, used for compiling a more permanent or better optimized compiler for a language.

Related software include ''decompilers'', programs that translate from low-level languages to higher-level ones; programs that translate between high-level languages, usually called ''source-to-source compilers'' or ''transpilers''; language ''rewriters'', usually programs that translate the form of expressions without a change of language; and ''compiler-compilers'', compilers that produce compilers (or parts of them), often in a generic and reusable way so as to be able to produce many differing compilers.

A compiler is likely to perform some or all of the following operations, often called phases: preprocessing, lexical analysis, parsing, semantic analysis (syntax-directed translation), conversion of input programs to an intermediate representation, code optimization and machine specific code generation. Compilers generally implement these phases as modular components, promoting efficient design and correctness of transformations of source input to target output. Program faults caused by incorrect compiler behavior can be very difficult to track down and work aro
<|CHUNK_END|>
class=skin-invert
| logo_size = 140
| logo_caption = GitHub Invertocat logo
| screenshot = File:Github Docs repository screenshot.png
| screenshot_alt = files of the "github/docs" repository, with a readme file, contributor, committed date, etc.
| caption = Repository of the website's official documentation, storing its source code
| company_type = Subsidiary
| founded =  (as Logical Awesome LLC)
| location = San Francisco, California, U.S.
| area_served = Worldwide
| founder = 
| key_people = 
| industry = 
| revenue =  $1 billion (2022)
| margin =  $200 million (2022)
| international = Yes https://p01-catalog1-html.jimdofree.com/
| employees = 5,595
| url = 
| ipv6 = No
| programming_language = 
  | Rust
  }}
| website_type = Collaborative version control
| registration = Optional (required for creating and joining repositories)
| users = 150 million () 
| language = English
| launched = 
| current_status = Active
| parent = Microsoft
| module = 
}}

'''GitHub''' () is a proprietary developer platform that allows developers to create, store, manage, and share their code. It uses Git to provide distributed version control and GitHub itself provides access control, bug tracking, software feature requests, task management, continuous integration, and wikis for every project. GitHub, headquartered in San Francisco, is operated by Github, Inc., a subsidiary of Microsoft since 2018.

It is commonly used to host open source software development projects.  GitHub reported having over 100 million developers and more than 420 million repositories, including at least 28 million public repositories. It is the world's largest source code host  Over five billion developer contributions were made to more than 500 million open source projects in 2024.

== About ==
=== Founding ===
The development of the GitHub platform began on October 19, 2007. The site was launched in April 2008 by Tom Preston-Werner, Chris Wanstrath, P. J. Hyett, and Scott Chacon after it had been available fo
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A '''Fourier series''' () is a series expansion of a periodic function into a sum of trigonometric functions. The Fourier series is an example of a trigonometric series. By expressing a function as a sum of sines and cosines, many problems involving the function become easier to analyze because trigonometric functions are well understood. For example, Fourier series were first used by Joseph Fourier to find solutions to the heat equation. This application is possible because the derivatives of trigonometric functions fall into simple patterns. Fourier series cannot be used to approximate arbitrary functions, because most functions have infinitely many terms in their Fourier series, and the series do not always converge. Well-behaved functions, for example smooth functions, have Fourier series that converge to the original function. The coefficients of the Fourier series are determined by integrals of the function multiplied by trigonometric functions, described in .

The study of the convergence of Fourier series focus on the behaviors of the ''partial sums'', which means studying the behavior of the sum as more and more terms from the series are summed. The figures below illustrate some partial Fourier series results for the components of a square wave.

File:SquareWaveFourierArrows,rotated,nocaption 20fps.gif|A square wave (represented as the blue dot) is approximated by its sixth partial sum (represented as the purple dot), formed by summing the first six terms (represented as arrows) of the square wave's Fourier series. Each arrow starts at the vertical sum of all the arrows to its left (i.e. the previous partial sum).
File:Fourier Series.svg|The first four partial sums of the Fourier series for a square wave. As more harmonics are added, the partial sums converge to the square wave.
File:Fourier series and transform.gif|Function s_6(x) (in red) is a Fourier series sum of 6 harmonically related sine waves (in blue). Its Fourier transform S(f) is a frequency-doma
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| latest release version = 3.2.1
| latest release date    = 
| programming language   = JavaScript
| platform               = See Browser support
| status                 = Active
| genre                  = JavaScript library
| license                = MIT
| website                = 
| size                   =  class="wikitable" style="margin:0;"
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'''jQuery''' is a JavaScript library created to make it easier and simpler to write JavaScript and HTML. It works on most web browsers and was invented by John Resig. The first release was in January 2006 at BarCamp NYC. Today there is a team of programmers working on jQuery, which is led by Dave Methvin.

Today, more than 55% of the 10,000 most-visited websites use jQuery, hence it is the most popular JavaScript library being used today. It is free and open source software and licensed under the MIT License.

jQuery's syntax is designed to make it easier to write complicated JavaScript. Some things that are easier to do using jQuery are:
* navigate (move around) a web page
* select (choose) elements on a web page using the Document Object Model
* create animations
* handle events like user actions
* create Ajax applications.
It also allows programmers to make their own jQuery plug-ins. 

Companies like Microsoft and Nokia have said that they are going to include jQuery on their mobile platforms. In addition, Microsoft is including jQuery in its Visual Studio software to use with the ASP.NET AJAX framework and ASP.NET MVC Framework. Nokia has included it in their Web Run-Time widget development platform. jQuery has also been used in MediaWiki since version 1.16.

==Release history==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:600px;"
|-
! Version number
! Release date
! Additional notes
|-
| style="width:50px;"| 1.0
| style="width:150px;"| [http://jquery.com/blog/2006/08/26/jquery-10/ August 26, 2006]
| First stable relea
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thumb|right|A 3D diagram of the protein [[myoglobin showing turquoise alpha helices. This protein was the first to have its structure solved by X-ray crystallography. Towards the right-center among the coils, a heme group (shown in grey) with a bound oxygen molecule (red)]]

'''Proteins''' are long-chain molecules built from small units known as amino acids, which are joined in a sequence by peptide bonds. Every sequence of amino acids becomes a specific final shape, allowing living things to use proteins as tiny machines to do work.

They are biochemical compounds.They have one or more polypeptides folded into a round or fibrous shape.See protein structure for more on this topic.

A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids. The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide comes from the DNA sequence of a gene.see Translation (genetics) and RNA splicing for a fuller account. The genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids. Shortly after synthesis, some amino acids are chemically modified. This alters the folding, stability, activity, and function of the protein. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, as cofactors.

Proteins are essential to all cells. Like other biological macromolecules (polysaccharides and nucleic acids), proteins take part in virtually every process in cells:
# Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze (help to happen) biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism.
# Other proteins have structural or mechanical functions, such as in muscle and in cells. The cytoskeleton is a system of scaffolding that keeps cell shape.
# Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, and cell division

== Formation ==
Proteins are formed by a process called "protein synthesis". The cell reads the genetic information of the DNA and translates it into a protein. In eukaryotes, this process begins in the cell nucleus and ends in the ribosome. In prokaryotes all of it is done in the cytoplasm.

thumb|right|200px|Eg
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thumb|Skewed distribution with one mode, distinct from its median and mean
In statistics, the '''mode''' of a set of data is the one that occurs most,  Very often, samples of data are collected. These might be measurements of some kind. In this context, the mode is the value that occurs most often. Unlike the median and the mean, the mode is not necessarily unique. There might be several different values that occur the same number of times. 

Category:Statistics
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333x333px|thumb

In mathematics, '''hyperbolic functions''' are analogues of the ordinary trigonometric functions, but defined using the hyperbola rather than the circle. Just as the points  form a circle with a unit radius, the points  form the right half of the unit hyperbola. Also, similarly to how the derivatives of  and  are  and  respectively, the derivatives of  and  are  and  respectively.

Hyperbolic functions are used to express the angle of parallelism in hyperbolic geometry. They are used to express Lorentz boosts as hyperbolic rotations in special relativity. They also occur in the solutions of many linear differential equations (such as the equation defining a catenary), cubic equations, and Laplace's equation in Cartesian coordinates. Laplace's equations are important in many areas of physics, including electromagnetic theory, heat transfer, and fluid dynamics.

The basic hyperbolic functions are:
* '''hyperbolic sine''' "" (),(1999) ''Collins Concise Dictionary'', 4th edition, HarperCollins, Glasgow, , p. 1386
* '''hyperbolic cosine''' "" (),''Collins Concise Dictionary'', p. 328
from which are derived:
* '''hyperbolic tangent''' "" (),''Collins Concise Dictionary'', p. 1520
* '''hyperbolic cotangent''' "" (),''Collins Concise Dictionary'', p. 329[http://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/workbooks/mathcentre/hyperbolicfunctions.pdf tanh]
* '''hyperbolic secant''' "" (),''Collins Concise Dictionary'', p. 1340
* '''hyperbolic cosecant''' "" or "" ()
corresponding to the derived trigonometric functions.

The inverse hyperbolic functions are:
* '''inverse hyperbolic sine''' "" (also denoted "", "" or sometimes "")[https://www.google.com/books?q=arcsinh+-library Some examples of using '''arcsinh'''] found in Google Books.
* '''inverse hyperbolic cosine''' "" (also denoted "", "" or sometimes "")
* '''inverse hyperbolic tangent''' "" (also denoted "", "" or sometimes "")
* '''inverse hyperbolic cotangent''' "" (also denoted "", "" or sometimes "")
* '''invers
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| latest preview version =
| latest preview date    =
| programming language   = C, C++
| operating system       = Cross-platform
| language               = English
| genre                  = Relational database management system
| license                = GNU General Public License or proprietary EULA
| website                = [http://www.mysql.com/ www.mysql.com]
}}

'''MySQL''' is a database system used by many websites on the Internet. It is based on SQL. Many ways of doing things in SQL are similar in MySQL. The data is structured in tables in MySQL. To extract data from the tables, queries are used. 

For example:

SELECT id_number

FROM main_database

WHERE name='John' 

This query will return the 'id_number' of the person named 'John' from the table named 'main_database'.

== History ==

MySQL was first released in May 1995 and a Windows version was released in January 1998. The latest version (5.6.11) was released in April 2013.

== Compatibility ==

MySQL is compatible with many major programming languages. Data Basecamp|url=https://databasecamp.de/en/data/mysqls|access-date=2022-06-20|language=en-US}} The most common one is PHP. An ODBC interface (called MyODBC) has been made so that users of Microsoft's ASP language can use MySQL.

== Major users ==

Some of the largest MySQL users on the internet include:

* Apple[https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2002/may/14xserve.html Apple's Xserve uses MySQL]
* Amazon.com
* Digg
* Google

Many PHP scripts also use MySQL. These include:

* WordPress
* phpBB
* MediaWiki - the software behind Wikipedia

==Related pages==
* PHP

== Notes ==

Category:Free software
Category:Databases
Category:Sun Microsystems software
Category:Oracle software
Category:Cross-platform software
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In logic and philosophy, '''predicate logic''' is a system of mathematical logic. It uses predicates to express the state of certain things, which are "incomplete propositions" with a placeholder for objects or subjects that must be inserted in order to obtain a valid proposition. 

The term "predicate logic" has 2 meanings:

1. First order logic (more often used); 
2. Any logic(i.e. any formal logical system) that uses predicates.

Any predicate logic is different from propositional logic, in part because it has the concept of ''quantifiers''. A quantifier is used in conjunction with a variable (say ''x'') in order to talk about a general instance of x, and in doing so, this allows predicate logic to make statements about quantity.

The best-known quantifiers are the ''existential quantifier'', represented by ∃, and the ''universal quantifier'', represented by ∀. The existential quantifier is used to express statements of the form "there exists", and is true precisely when there is at least one mathematical object from the universe of discourse that matches the predicate or formula. On the other hand, the universal quantifier is used to express statements of the form "for all", and is true precisely when all possible mathematical objects of the universe of discourse match the specified predicate or formula. Predicates and Quantifiers  Set 1|url=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/mathematic-logic-predicates-quantifiers/|access-date=2020-08-21|website=GeeksforGeeks|language=en-US}}

In the notation of predicate logic, quantifiers directly precede (and thus introduce) variable names, which are then followed by other quantifiers or mathematical expressions, where the said variables are found. For example. one can use the expression \exists x \forall y Lyx to mean "there is a person ''x'' such that for all persons ''y'', y likes x" ("everyone is liked by someone."). Brilliant Math & Science Wiki|url=https://brilliant.org/wiki/predicate-logic/|access-date=2020-08-21|website=b
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thumb|350px|''The School of Athens'' by [[Raphael. This Renaissance painting shows an imaginary scene from ancient Greece, with Greek philosophers, writers, artists, and mathematicians. Raphael used the faces of people from his own time. Leonardo da Vinci was his model for Plato and is the philosopher with the white beard in the center.]]
'''The Renaissance''' is a period in European history that followed the Middle Ages and ended in the 17th century. ''Renaissance'' is a French word for “cultural rebirth.” During this period, there was a “rebirth” of classical learning. People started relearning the teachings of scholars from Ancient Greece, Rome, and other ancient societies. The Renaissance is often said to be the start of the modern age.

During the Renaissance, there were many advances in art, literature, the sciences, mathematics, and culture. Many famous artists, writers, philosophers, and scientists lived during this period. A person who is clever at a great number of things is sometimes called a "Renaissance man." The most famous Renaissance man was Leonardo da Vinci, a painter, scientist, musician, and philosopher.

The Renaissance started in Italy but soon spread throughout Europe. In Italy, the period is divided into three parts:
* the [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/history/early-renaissance.html Early Renaissance]
* the [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/history/high-renaissance.html High Renaissance]
* the [https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/renaissance-reformation/mannerism1/a/a-beginners-guide-to-mannerism Late Renaissance]  ''(also called the "Mannerist period") 

Following the Mannerist period was the Baroque period, which also spread across Europe starting around 1600. Outside Italy, it can be hard to tell when the Renaissance period ended and the Baroque began.

== Causes  ==
thumb|Printers at work in 1520
=== Reading and printing ===
In the Middle Ages, most artistic, legal, and historical production took place in and around books. Monasteries, chu
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In probability theory and statistics, the '''central limit theorems''', abbreviated as '''CLT''', are theorems about the limiting behaviors of aggregated probability distributions. They say that given a large number of independent random variables, their sum will follow a stable distribution. If the variance of the random variables is finite, then a Gaussian distribution will result. This is one of the reasons why this distribution is also known as ''normal'' distribution. 

The best known and most important of these is known as ''the central limit theorem''. It is about large numbers of random variables with the same distribution, each with an identical finite variance and expected value.  

More specifically, if X_1, \ldots, X_n are ''n'' identical and independently distributed random variables with mean \mu and standard deviation \sigma, then the distribution of their sample mean, (X_1 + \cdots + X_n)/n, as ''n'' gets large, is approximately normal with mean \mu and standard deviation \tfrac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}. Furthermore, the distribution of their sum, X_1 + \cdots + X_n, as ''n'' gets large, is also approximately normal, with mean n\mu and standard deviation \sqrt{n}\sigma. 

There are different generalisations of this theorem. Some of these generalisations no longer require an identical distribution of all random variables. In these generalisations, another precondition makes sure that no single random variable has a bigger influence on the outcome than the others. Examples are the Lindeberg and Lyapunov conditions. 

The name of the theorem is based on a paper George Pólya written in 1920, ''About the Central Limit Theorem in Probability Theory and the Moment problem''.[http://jeff560.tripod.com/c.html Jeff Miller: Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics.]  George Pólya: ''Über den zentralen Grenzwertsatz der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung und das Momentenproblem,'' Mathematische Zeitschrift, 8, 1920, pp. 171–181. [http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.d
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thumb|upright=0.8|A graph with 6 vertices and 7 edges

In mathematics and computer science, '''graph theory''' is the study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects. A graph in this context is made up of vertices (also called nodes or points) which are connected by edges (also called arcs, links, or lines). A distinction is made between undirected graphs, where edges link two vertices symmetrically, and directed graphs, where edges link two vertices asymmetrically. Graphs are one of the principal objects of study in discrete mathematics.

== Definition and etymology ==

thumb|A graph consists of vertices connected by edges. A graph is occasionally called:

Graph theory is a branch of mathematics that studies graphs, mathematical structures for modelling pairwise relations between objects. It is part of discrete mathematics, often considered part of combinatorics, although it is a stand-alone field due to its great growth and distinct from other fields, having its own kind of problems. The term "graph" was introduced by James Joseph Sylvester in a paper published in 1878 in ''Nature'', where he drew an analogy between "quantic invariants" and "co-variants" of algebra and molecular diagrams.

The definition of a graph can vary, but one can understand that a graph is a structure consisting of vertices (also called nodes or points) and edges (also called arcs, links, or lines). Two vertices of an edge are called the endpoints. Occasionally, a graph is called an undirected graph, to distinguish it from a directed graph. A directed graph is a graph where each edge has an assignment direction known as orientation, designated with an arrow. A mixed graph can have edges that may be directed, and some may be undirected. A graph can also be called a simple graph, to distinguish it from a multigraph. A multigraph allows many edges to have the same pair of endpoints, and it also allows an edge to connect a vertex to itself, kn
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Depending on the model used, making changes to the data in a database can be complex. That means that several steps are needed to perform a change. In that context, all the steps are grouped. This group is called a '''transaction'''. Many databases give guarantees about the data, and they also do checks.  When something goes wrong in one step, all the steps in the group, or transaction, are undone. This is called a ''rollback''. When all the steps have been executed, and there was no error, this state can be persisted. People will talk about ''committing'' a transaction. 

A database transaction is generally atomic. That means, it is either done completely, or it is not done. The state of it being done is not visible.

Most of the time, transactions are needed to guarantee the ACID principle of databases. Data Basecamp|url=https://databasecamp.de/en/data/acids|access-date=2022-07-07|language=en-US}}

== References ==
Transaction
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'''Bayesian probability''' figures out the likelihood that something will happen based on available evidence. This is different from frequency probability which determines the likelihood something will happen based on how often it occurred in the past.

You might use Bayesian probability if you don't have information on how often the event happened in the past.
==Example==
As an example, say you want to classify an email as "spam" or "not spam".  One thing you know about this email is that it has an emoji in the subject line.  Say it's the year 2017, and 80% of the emails you got with emoji in them were spam.  So you can look at an email with emoji in the subject and say it's 80% likely to be spam.

But if only 1% of your emails were spam and 80% of the emojis were spam, that's different than if half your emails are spam and 80% of emoji emails were spam.

Then you can use Bayes's Theorem to determine one probability of whether this email is spam: 

p (is_spam | contains_emoji) = [ p(contains_emoji | is_spam) * p(is_spam) ] / p(contains_emoji)

P(xy) = P(xy) * Px / Py

probability
Category:Philosophy of science
Category:Probability theory
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In computer programming, the '''strategy pattern''' (also known as the '''policy pattern''') is a behavioral software design pattern that enables selecting an algorithm at runtime. Instead of implementing a single algorithm directly, code receives runtime instructions as to which in a family of algorithms to use.

Strategy lets the algorithm vary independently from clients that use it.Eric Freeman, Elisabeth Freeman, Kathy Sierra and Bert Bates, ''Head First Design Patterns'', First Edition, Chapter 1, Page 24, O'Reilly Media, Inc, 2004.  Strategy is one of the patterns included in the influential book ''Design Patterns'' by Gamma et al. that popularized the concept of using design patterns to describe how to design flexible and reusable object-oriented software. Deferring the decision about which algorithm to use until runtime allows the calling code to be more flexible and reusable.

For instance, a class that performs validation on incoming data may use the strategy pattern to select a validation algorithm depending on the type of data, the source of the data, user choice, or other discriminating factors. These factors are not known until runtime and may require radically different validation to be performed. The validation algorithms (strategies), encapsulated separately from the validating object, may be used by other validating objects in different areas of the system (or even different systems) without code duplication.

Typically, the strategy pattern stores a reference to code in a data structure and retrieves it. This can be achieved by mechanisms such as the native function pointer, the first-class function, classes or class instances in object-oriented programming languages, or accessing the language implementation's internal storage of code via reflection.

== Structure ==
=== UML class and sequence diagram ===
frame|none|A sample UML class and sequence diagram for the Strategy design pattern.
In the above UML class diagram, the Context class does not i
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'''Euler's formula''', named after Leonhard Euler, is a mathematical formula in complex analysis that establishes the fundamental relationship between the trigonometric functions and the complex exponential function. Euler's formula states that, for any real number , one has
e^{i x} = \cos x + i \sin x,  
where  is the base of the natural logarithm,  is the imaginary unit, and  and  are the trigonometric functions cosine and sine respectively. This complex exponential function is sometimes denoted  ("cosine plus ''i'' sine"). The formula is still valid if  is a complex number, and is also called ''Euler's formula'' in this more general case.}}

Euler's formula is ubiquitous in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and engineering. The physicist Richard Feynman called the equation "our jewel" and "the most remarkable formula in mathematics".

When , Euler's formula may be rewritten as  or , which is known as Euler's identity.

==History==
In 1714, the English mathematician Roger Cotes presented a geometrical argument that can be interpreted (after correcting a misplaced factor of \sqrt{-1}) as:Cotes wrote:  ''"Nam si quadrantis circuli quilibet arcus, radio ''CE'' descriptus, sinun habeat ''CX'' sinumque complementi ad quadrantem ''XE''; sumendo radium ''CE'' pro Modulo, arcus erit rationis inter EX + XC \sqrt{-1}& ''CE'' mensura ducta in \sqrt{-1}."'' (Thus if any arc of a quadrant of a circle, described by the radius ''CE'', has sinus ''CX'' and sinus of the complement to the quadrant ''XE''; taking the radius ''CE'' as modulus, the arc will be the measure of the ratio between EX + XC \sqrt{-1} & ''CE'' multiplied by \sqrt{-1}.) That is, consider a circle having center ''E'' (at the origin of the (x, y) plane) and radius ''CE''.  Consider an angle ''θ'' with its vertex at ''E'' having the positive x-axis as one side and a radius ''CE'' as the other side.  The perpendicular from the point ''C'' on the circle to the x-axis is the "sinus" ''CX''; the line between the circl
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'''Combinatorics''' is a branch of mathematics. It is concerned with finite or countable infinite sets. Combinatorics is part of discrete mathematics. Combinatorics are about graph theory, or Partitions of sets. According to George Pólya, combinatorics looks at counting the number of possibilities, and about the questions whether certain configurations exist, and how to get to them.

== Permutation ==

Permutation is concerned with the following problems:
* Determining how many different ways there are to arrange a number of objects.
* Determining how many ways there are to select a number of objects from a larger set.

There are variations in the problems as follows:
* The objects may or may not be distinguishable.
* The order in which the objects are selected may or may not matter.

=== Examples ===
thumb|right|All the possibilities to arrange three differently colored balls
* There are 6 different ways to arrange three distinguishable objects (as shown in the graphic).
* There are three different ways to select one particular orange from a basket with three oranges.
* There is only one possible way to select the apple from a basket that has one orange, one apple and one pear in it.
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'''Backpropagation''' is a method of computing the gradient artificial neural networks to perform tasks more accurately. Data Basecamp|url=https://databasecamp.de/en/ml/backpropagation-basics|access-date=2022-07-01|language=en-US}} The algorithm was first used for this purpose in 1974 in papers published by Werbos, Rumelhart, Hinton, and Williams. The term backpropagation is short for "backward propagation of errors".

It works especially well for feed forward neural networks (networks without any loops) and problems that require supervised learning. 

== How it works ==
The idea is to test how wrong the neural network is and then correct it. This is repeated many times.

With a little more detail:

# You create a loss function (Also known as a cost function), which shows how far the answers from the neural net are from the real answers. (This is often done many times. After that you take the average)
# You calculate how to adjust the parameters (weights and biases) inside the neural net by taking the partial derivative of the loss with respect to those parameters. Specifically, the chain rule is used to find the derivative with respect to each parameter.
# You adjust the parameters. How you adjust the parameters is based on your training method, with one of the simplest, yet still commonly used ways being stochastic gradient descent .

This is repeated until the neural network is good enough at its job. This happens when the error measured by the loss function is low.

== References ==

== Further Reading ==

# [http://neuralnetworksanddeeplearning.com/chap2.html "How the backpropagation algorithm works | Neural Networks and Deep Learning.com"]. 2019-12, Retrieved 2025-07-29
# [https://michaelkosmider.github.io/dlminiboxtutorial/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Autograd Tutorial | michaelkosmider.github"] 2025-06-11, Retrieved 2025-07-28

Category:Algorithms
Category:Machine learning
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thumb|Girl looking scared, suffering from anxiety

'''Anxiety''' is distress or uneasiness of mind caused by a fear of danger or misfortune. Define Anxiety at Dictionary.com|access-date=2018-05-05}}  Very often, people with anxiety also feel worries. There can also be physical symptoms, like having a headache or an upset stomach.

Anxiety is a very common human emotion and is often associated with fear, panic, and the fight or flight response. The amount of stress needed to cause anxiety will vary from person to person however, basics include: losing one's job, the death of a loved one, or an accident, to name a few. In most people, anxiety will settle over time and one will return to normal state.  

Some people suffer a lot of anxiety over a long period of time which controls them and makes their lives difficult. These conditions are called anxiety disorders and can be treated by therapy and medicine.

General anxiety symptoms are things such as; continual tiredness / exhaustion, inability to relax, lack of confidence, low self-esteem, fear of public places, fear of socialising, frequent feelings of irrational anxiety / fear, compulsive behavior, worrying about making mistakes, regular nightmares, disturbed sleep patterns, excessive crying, headaches, stomach problems, diarrhea, nausea, aching muscles, and so on.

Symptoms of anxiety attacks are things like; sweating, shaking and tremors, palpitations, shortness of breath, hyperventilating, racing heart beat, tingling in hands and feet, feeling of impending doom, feeling you are having a heart attack. There are more, but these are the usual ones.

== Medicine ==
These symptoms, more or less, define anxiety but they can also be signs of other problems, so the first port of call has to be a doctor or other health care professional. They will be able to define what the problem is exactly, and propose the appropriate treatment.

A doctor’s first line treatment is usually through drug-based medication; for example anti
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thumb|right|200px|Regression line for 50 random points in a [[Gaussian distribution around the line y=1.5x+2]]

In statistical modeling, '''regression analysis''' is a statistical method for estimating the relationship between a dependent variable (often called the ''outcome'' or ''response'' variable, or a ''label'' in machine learning parlance) and one or more independent variables (often called ''regressors'', ''predictors'', ''covariates'', ''explanatory variables'' or ''features'').

The most common form of regression analysis is linear regression, in which one finds the line (or a more complex linear combination) that most closely fits the data according to a specific mathematical criterion. For example, the method of ordinary least squares computes the unique line (or hyperplane) that minimizes the sum of squared differences between the true data and that line (or hyperplane). For specific mathematical reasons (see linear regression), this allows the researcher to estimate the conditional expectation (or population average value) of the dependent variable when the independent variables take on a given set of values. Less common forms of regression use slightly different procedures to estimate alternative location parameters (e.g., quantile regression or Necessary Condition Analysis[http://www.erim.eur.nl/centres/necessary-condition-analysis/ Necessary Condition Analysis]) or estimate the conditional expectation across a broader collection of non-linear models (e.g., nonparametric regression).

Regression analysis is primarily used for two conceptually distinct purposes. First, regression analysis is widely used for prediction and forecasting, where its use has substantial overlap with the field of machine learning. Second, in some situations regression analysis can be used to infer causal relationships between the independent and dependent variables. Importantly, regressions by themselves only reveal relationships between a dependent variable and a collection
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thumb|280px|right| Greedy algorithms determine the minimum number of coins to give while [[Change-making problem|making change. These are the steps a human would take to emulate a greedy algorithm to represent 36 cents using only coins with values {1, 5, 10, 20}. The coin of the highest value, less than the remaining change owed, is the local optimum. Note that in general,  dynamic programming or linear programming is required to find the optimal solution. However, most currency systems, including the Euro (pictured) and US Dollar, are special cases where the greedy strategy also finds an optimal solution.]]
A '''greedy algorithm''' is an algorithm used in solving optimization problems. Greedy algorithms select the best result at each iteration. The global optimum is obtained by repeatedly selecting the local optimum.

==Examples==
*Kruskal's algorithm for finding the minimum spanning tree in a graph.
*Prim's algorithm for finding the minimum spanning tree in a graph.
*Dijkstra's algorithm for finding the shortest path in a graph with non-negative edge lengths.

There are some problems where greedy algorithms do not produce the best possible solution. In such cases, they often produce the worst possible one. Again look at the coin-changing example above, and imagine that there are coins for 25 cent, 10 cent and 4 cent. Now imagine that the sum of 41 cent needs to be changed. A greedy algorithm would pick 25 cent, 10 cent, and 4 cent, for a total of 39 cent. The algorithm is then stuck, because the remaining 2 cent cannot be changed. One possible way of solving the is to use the 25 cent coin, and four coins of 4 cent.
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.
}}

In mathematics, the '''derivative''' is a fundamental tool that quantifies the sensitivity to change of a function's output with respect to its input. The derivative of a function of a single variable at a chosen input value, when it exists, is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at that point. The tangent line is the best linear approximation of the function near that input value. The derivative is often described as the '''instantaneous rate of change''', the ratio of the instantaneous change in the dependent variable to that of the independent variable. The process of finding a derivative is called '''differentiation'''.

There are multiple different notations for differentiation. ''Leibniz notation'', named after Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, is represented as the ratio of two differentials, whereas ''prime notation'' is written by adding a prime mark. Higher order notations represent repeated differentiation, and they are usually denoted in Leibniz notation by adding superscripts to the differentials, and in prime notation by adding additional prime marks. Higher order derivatives are used in physics; for example, the first derivative  with respect to time of the position of a moving object is its velocity, and the second derivative is its acceleration.

Derivatives can be generalized to functions of several real variables. In this case, the derivative is reinterpreted as a linear transformation whose graph is (after an appropriate translation) the best linear approximation to the graph of the original function. The Jacobian matrix is the matrix that represents this linear transformation with respect to the basis given by the choice of independent and dependent variables.  It can be calculated in terms of the partial derivatives with respect to the independent variables.  For a real-valued function of several variables, the Jacobian matrix reduces to the gradient vector.

== Definition ==
=== As a limit ===
A function of a real variabl
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'''Microeconomics''' is the science of how people make decisions at the small scale. It is different from macroeconomics which looks at how the economy works as a whole ("on aggregate").Krugman, Paul; Robin Wells with Margaret Ray and David Anderson (2012) ''Microeconomics: Second Edition in Modules'' Worth Publishers New York, New York page 5 In microeconomics, we might look at how a person chooses what to buy at the store, or how many things a company will make. Some parts of microeconomics include ''Consumer Theory'' and ''Theory of the Firm'', which study how people and businesses make decisions. Game theory looks at how people make decisions when the outcome (how something ends) depends on what decision another person makes; when agents are said to act "strategically".

==References==

==Related pages==
* Macroeconomics

 

__NOEDITSECTION__
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| symbol                 = 24px|alt=♂|Astronomical symbol of Mars
| adjectives             = Martian
| orbit_ref              =
| epoch                  = J2000
| aphelion               = 
| perihelion             = 
| semimajor              = 
| eccentricity           = 
| period                 =  sols)}}
| synodic_period         = 
| avg_speed              = 
| inclination            =  to ecliptic; | the Sun's equator; | to invariable plane}}
| asc_node               = 
| arg_peri               = 
| satellites             = 2
| allsatellites          = yes
| mean_radius            = 
| equatorial_radius      = 
| polar_radius           = 
| flattening             = 
| surface_area           = (|; 0.284 Earths)}}
| volume                 = (0.151 Earths)
| mass                   = (0.107 Earths)
| density                = 
| surface_grav           = (|; 0.3794 ''g'')}}
| moment_of_inertia_factor = 
| escape_velocity        = 
| sidereal_day           = 
| rot_velocity           = 
| axial_tilt             =  to its orbital plane
| right_asc_north_pole   = 
| declination            = 
| albedo                 = 
| temp_name1             = Kelvin
| min_temp_1             = 130 K
| mean_temp_1            = 210 K
| max_temp_1             = 308 K
| temp_name2             = Celsius
| min_temp_2             = −143 °C
| mean_temp_2            = −63 °C
| max_temp_2             = 35 °C
| temp_name3             = Fahrenheit
| min_temp_3             = −226 °F
| mean_temp_3            = −82 °F
| max_temp_3             = 95 °F
| magnitude              = −2.94 to +1.86
| angular_size           = 3.5–25.1″
| atmosphere_ref         =
| surface_pressure       = 0.636 (0.4–0.87) kPa
| atmosphere_composition = 
}}
'''Mars''' is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, nicknamed ''' The Red Planet'''.

Mars is a terrestrial planet with caps of water and carbon dioxide. It has the largest volcano in the Solar System, and some very large impact
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thumb|120 px|According to the first meaning of permutation, each of the six rows is a different permutation of three distinct balls|alt=The six different possible ways to order three balls of different colors: (red, green, blue), (red, blue, green), (green, red, blue), (green, blue, red), (blue, red, green), and (blue, green, red).
In mathematics, a '''permutation''' of a set can mean one of two different things:
* an arrangement of its members in a sequence or linear order, or
* the act or process of changing the linear order of an ordered set.

An example of the first meaning is the six permutations (orderings) of the set {1, 2, 3}: written as tuples, they are (1, 2, 3), (1, 3, 2), (2, 1, 3), (2, 3, 1), (3, 1, 2), and (3, 2, 1). Anagrams of a word whose letters are all different are also permutations: the letters are already ordered in the original word, and the anagram reorders them. The study of permutations of finite sets is an important topic in combinatorics and group theory.

Permutations are used in almost every branch of mathematics and in many other fields of science. In computer science, they are used for analyzing sorting algorithms; in quantum physics, for describing states of particles; and in biology, for describing RNA sequences.

The number of permutations of  distinct objects is  factorial, usually written as , which means the product of all positive integers less than or equal to .

According to the second meaning, a permutation of a set  is defined as a bijection from  to itself. That is, it is a function from  to  for which every element occurs exactly once as an image value. Such a function \sigma : S \to S is equivalent to the rearrangement of the elements of  in which each element ''i'' is replaced by the corresponding \sigma(i). For example, the permutation (3, 1, 2) corresponds to the function \sigma defined as

\sigma(1) = 3, \quad \sigma(2) = 1, \quad \sigma(3) = 2.

The collection of all permutations of a set form a group called the sym
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325px|thumb|A plot of a [[normal distribution (or bell curve). Each colored band has a width of one standard deviation.]]
frame|right|A data set with a mean of 50 (shown in blue) and a standard deviation (σ) of 20.
thumb|right|Example of two sample populations with the same mean and different standard deviations. Red population has mean 100 and SD 10; blue population has mean 100 and SD 50.

'''Standard deviation''' is a number used to tell how measurements for a group are spread out from the average (mean or expected value). Data Basecamp|url=https://databasecamp.de/en/statistics/standard-deviation|access-date=2023-05-29|language=en-US}} A low standard deviation means that most of the numbers are close to the average, while a high standard deviation means that the numbers are more spread out.

The reported margin of error is usually twice the standard deviation. Scientists commonly report the standard deviation of numbers from the average number in experiments. They often decide that only differences bigger than two or three times the standard deviation are important. Standard deviation is also useful in money, where the standard deviation on interest earned shows how different one person’s interest earned might be from the average.

Many times, only a sample, or part of a group can be measured.  Then a number close to the standard deviation for the whole group can be found by a slightly different equation called the sample standard deviation, explained below. In which case, the standard deviation of the whole group is represented by the Greek letter \sigma, and that of the sample by s.

==Basic example==
Consider a group having the following eight numbers:
: 
    2,\  4,\  4,\  4,\  5,\  5,\  7,\  9
  
These eight numbers have the average (mean) of 5:
:     \frac{2 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 7 + 9}{8} = 5  
To calculate the population standard deviation, first find the difference of each number in the list from the mean. Then square the result of each difference:
: 
  
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thumb|The human nervous system
thumb|right|Illustration of how [[pain travels to the brain, from René Descartes's ''Treatise of Man'']]

The '''nervous system''' is a body system which sends signals around the body. It lets animals respond to what is around them. The ''central nervous system'' is the brain and the spinal cord. It is present in almost all animals. It is there to process the input from the senses, and to coordinate movement. Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system.

The nervous system is made up of neurons. Other cells, such as glial cells keep the neurons safe and in good condition.

The structure of the system includes the brain and spinal cord, which together are called the ''central nervous system.''  The brain has billions of nerve cells to help think, walk, and breathe. The nervous system can react in 1/100 of a second to a stimulus, like a pain signal.

The system of nerves in your body that sends messages for controlling movement and feeling between the brain and the other parts of the body anatomy of nervous systems can be sub-divided as follows:

*Central nervous system
**Brain
**Spinal cord
*Peripheral nervous system
**Autonomic nervous system
***Sympathetic nervous system
***Parasympathetic nervous system
**Somatic nervous system

==References==
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thumb|upright|The sign of the covariance of two random variables ''X'' and ''Y''

In probability theory and statistics, '''covariance''' is a measure of the joint variability of two random variables. The sign of the covariance shows the tendency in the linear relationship between the variables. Covariance is positive when variables tend to show similar behavior and negative when variables tend to show opposite behavior. The magnitude of the covariance is the geometric mean of the variances that are shared for the two random variables, where a larger magnitude means two variables more strongly depend on each other.

Covariance has units of measurement, and the magnitude of the covariance is affected by said units. This means changing the units (e.g., from meters to millimeters) changes the covariance value proportionally, making it difficult to assess the strength of the relationship from the covariance alone. In some situations, it is desirable to compare the strength of the joint association between different pairs of random variables that do not necessarily have the same units. In those situations, we use the correlation coefficient, which normalizes the covariance to a value between -1 and 1 by dividing by the geometric mean of the total variances (i.e., the product of the standard deviations) for the two random variables.

A distinction is made between (1) the covariance of two random variables, which is a population parameter that can be seen as a property of the joint probability distribution, and (2) the sample covariance, which, in addition to serving as a descriptor of the sample, also serves as an estimated value of the population parameter.

== Definition ==
For two jointly distributed real-valued random variables X and Y with finite second moments, the covariance is defined as the expected value (or mean) of the product of their deviations from their individual expected values:Oxford Dictionary of Statistics, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 104.

\oper
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'''ACID''' is a concept used with databases. Data Basecamp|url=https://databasecamp.de/en/data/acids|access-date=2022-07-07|language=en-US}} It is the way some databases keep their data true and meaningful. Not all databases use the concept of ACID, but relational databases usually do.

ACID is an abbreviation. It stands for
*''Atomicity'' - A change to the data in the database is either done completely, or not done at all. The process of doing it is not visible to users of the database. Users (people and programs) only see the result.
*''Consistency'' - A database can have rules about its data. Consistency means that the data always follows those rules. When a transaction (a change in the data) occurs, it can not break the rules. Rules are usually about ''integrity'', such as what is allowed and what is not allowed in certain locations of the database.
*''Isolation'' - There can be more than one transaction occurring at the same time. Isolation means that one transaction can only see the changes of another transaction at the right time. Sometimes isolation means that transactions happening at the same time would do the same thing if they were done one after another.
*''Durability'' - When a transaction is done, if the result is unwanted it can be rolled back, which means it is made to go away as if it never happened. If the result of a transaction is still wanted, it can be committed, which makes the change permanent. After a transaction is committed, the change it made will still be there even if the database is shut down.

== References ==
Category:Database modeling
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:''"The Web" redirects here. For other uses, see Web (disambiguation)''.

The '''World Wide Web''' ("'''WWW'''" or "'''the Web'''", "'''the Webspace"''') is the part of the Internet that contains websites and webpages. It was invented in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland.  Sir Tim Berners-Lee created a new markup language called HTML. Each Website is a group of pages linked by hypertext links that are written in HTML.

The software to see the World Wide Web is called a web browser. To access the World Wide Web, one also needs a connection to the Internet. 

Many companies nowadays offer website hosting allowing one to make websites that can be displayed on the World Wide Web, including a custom domain (www.stuff.com) site. 

== History ==
thumb|This [[NeXT Computer was used by Tim Berners-Lee as the first web server and also to write the first web browser – WorldWideWeb.]]

The World Wide Web was created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 while he was working at CERN, a research center in Switzerland. He wanted to help scientists share documents and information easily over the Internet. He suggested a system using hypertext, which lets people click on links to move between documents.

In 1990, Berners-Lee made the first version of the Web. It included:
* The first web browser and editor, called ''WorldWideWeb'',
* The first web server, and
* The first web page, which explained what the Web was and how to use it.

In 1991, the Web became available to researchers outside CERN. By 1993, it began to grow fast. That year, the Mosaic browser was released. It was the first popular browser with graphics, which made the Web end helped it spread worldwide.

In 1994, Berners-Lee started World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) at MIT to create a couple standards that would keep the Web open and accessible for everyone.

Over time, the Web changed:
* In the 2000s, websites became more interactive with JavaScript, CSS, and AJAX, leading to what's called Web 2.0.
* Social media
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'''Consciousness''' means being awake, alert and responsive to the environment.  The definition of consciousness may differ in psychology, neuroscience, philosophy and other related sciences. It is often disputed amongst academics and scientists.

Consciousness is a range of mental states. There are several states between a fully conscious state and a fully unconscious state.Tart, Charles R. 1975. ''States of consciousness''. NY: Dutton, p5162. In medicine, the degree of ''loss of consciousness'' is measured by using Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS); a score between 3 and 15 is given to each person at any time, to show how conscious the person is. Higher scores show more conscious states.

It seems that many decisions are made without us being aware of it. Some think that these decisions are made by what is called the unconscious mind. There are also many body functions which we do not notice until they go wrong. These activities are done by the autonomic nervous system. Breathing and the beat of one's heart can be noticed but are controlled by nervous system without thought.

It is not known what causes consciousness. So, it is difficult to know if another person or thing is indeed conscious.[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-doctors-peer-into-the-minds-of-vegetative-patients/ ''How doctors peer into the minds of vegetative patients; communicating with patients who appear to lack consciousness is becoming a reality''] May 2014 issue Scientific American The best we can say is that some animals do seem to be conscious of the world around them. We ourselves assume that others have consciousness, but this is notoriously difficult to prove. This is known in philosophy as ''the problem of other minds''.
 
== References ==

Category:Philosophy
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| cultural_origins = 1950s in the United States, 1960s in the United Kingdom and elsewhere
| instruments = 
| popularity = Extremely high worldwide, since 1950s
| derivatives = 
| subgenrelist = List of rock genres
| subgenres = 
| fusiongenres = 
| regional_scenes = 
| other_topics = 
}}

'''Rock music''' is a genre of popular music. It developed in the late 1900s, chiefly in the United States. It originally started in the 1940s and 1950s with the start of rock and roll. "''Rock and roll''" grew out of ''R&B'' (Rhythm & Blues) and ''country'' after the electrification of the guitar (and music in general) in the 1940s. Rock has a lot in common with other genres like ''blues'' and ''folk''. It has influences from ''jazz'', ''classical'', and other music genres.

Rock music usually uses the electric guitar, bass guitar, a singer, and the drumset. It has a 4/4 beat and it has verse-chorus form. Rock music has also helped to spread cultural and social movements. This led to large sub-cultures including modernists and rockers in the UK and the "hippie" culture that spread out from San Francisco in the US in the 1960s. Rock music has the same folk tradition as the protest song. Rock music has been involved with political activism. It has also spread awareness for race, sex, and drug-use issues. It is often seen as an expression of youth revolt against adult consumerism and conformity. 

However, rock has become really varied since the 1950s and it is hard to say what its lyrics are "mostly" about. They can express romantic love, or comment all of global society. Rock music does place a focus on musical skill and live performance. By the late 1960s, rock had spread all across the United States and across the Atlantic to Great Britain. ''"Rock n roll's"'' influence in local music genres in these places created hybrids like blues rock, folk rock, country rock, jazz-rock fusion, and psychedelic rock<!-- Can someone please simplify the following text? Thanks, DJDunsie.  How's 
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thumb|Approximating different "square" functions using fourier series
Joseph Fourier said that it is possible to use sine waves to approximate another function. This is a series in the mathematical sense. This theory can be generalized to the Fourier transform. Mathematical analysis of these functions is called Fourier analysis. 

In the 18th century, mathematicians such as Euler, Lagrange and Bernoulli already used sinusoids to approximate and model other functions. When Fourier published a work on heat, in 1822, he said that such approximations exist for any such function (that is continuous in the interval). At first, people didn't believe him, and it took almost ten years for a proof (of part of the problem) to appear.

Today, fourier series are used a lot in digital signal processing. 
Category:Sequences and series
Category:Harmonic analysis
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'''Kurtosis''' (from  ( or ), meaning 'curved, arching') refers to the degree of ''tailedness'' in the probability distribution of a real-valued, random variable in probability theory and statistics. Similar to skewness, kurtosis provides insight into specific characteristics of a distribution. Various methods exist for quantifying kurtosis in theoretical distributions, and corresponding techniques allow estimation based on sample data from a population. Different measures of kurtosis can yield varying interpretations.

The standard measure of a distribution's kurtosis, originating with Karl Pearson, is a scaled version of the fourth moment of the distribution. This number is related to the tails of the distribution, not its peak; hence, the sometimes-seen characterization of kurtosis as peakedness is incorrect. For this measure, higher kurtosis corresponds to greater extremity of deviations (or outliers), and not the configuration of data near the mean.

Excess kurtosis, typically compared to a value of 0, characterizes the ''tailedness'' of a distribution. A univariate normal distribution has an excess kurtosis of 0. Negative excess kurtosis indicates a ''platykurtic'' distribution, which does not necessarily have a flat top but produces fewer or less extreme outliers than the normal distribution. For instance, the uniform distribution (i.e., one that is uniformly finite over some bound and zero elsewhere) is platykurtic. On the other hand, positive excess kurtosis signifies a ''leptokurtic'' distribution. The Laplace distribution for example, has tails that decay more slowly than a normal one, resulting in more outliers. To simplify comparison with the normal distribution, excess kurtosis is calculated as Pearson's kurtosis minus 3. Some authors and software packages use ''kurtosis'' to refer specifically to excess kurtosis, but this article distinguishes between the two for clarity.

Alternative measures of kurtosis are: the L-kurtosis, which is a scaled version
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thumb|Swift logo.
Swift is a general-purpose programming language made by Apple Inc. Originally released in 2014, Swift has been known to be used for making iOS applications.

== History ==
The development of Swift started in July 2010 by Chris Latner, with many other software programmers at Apple. Swift was made as a replacement for another programming language called Objective-C. 

On June 2, 2014 the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) application became the first application written in Swift. A beta version of the app was released to the registered Apple developers.

In 2016, during the WWDC 2016, Apple announced an iPad only app called Swift Playgrounds, made to teach people how to code with Swift.

During WWDC 2019, Apple announced SwiftUI with Xcode 11.

== Examples ==
Here is a Hello world program written in swift.

// Swift "Hello world!" Program

print("Hello world!")

== Platforms ==
Swift supports operating systems like: Windows, MacOS, Linux, Android, and Apple's operating systems (Darwin,iOS, iPadOS, tvOS, watchOS)

== References ==

Category:Programming languages
Category:High-level programming languages
Category:Multi-paradigm programming languages
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thumb|300px|W3sDesign Interpreter Design Pattern [[Unified Modeling Language |UML]]

In computing, an '''interpreter''' is software that executes source code without first compiling it to machine code. An interpreted runtime environment differs from one that processes CPU-native executable code which requires translating source code before executing it. An interpreter may translate the source code to an intermediate format, such as bytecode. A hybrid environment may translate the bytecode to machine code via just-in-time compilation, as in the case of .NET and Java, instead of interpreting the bytecode directly.

Before the widespread adoption of interpreters, the execution of computer programs often relied on compilers, which translate and compile source code into machine code. Early runtime environments for Lisp and BASIC could parse source code directly. Thereafter, runtime environments  were developed for languages (such as Perl, Raku, Python, MATLAB, and Ruby), which translated source code into an intermediate format before executing to enhance runtime performance.

Code that runs in an interpreter can be run on any platform that has a compatible interpreter. The same code can be distributed to any such platform, instead of an executable having to be built for each platform. Although each programming language is usually associated with a particular runtime environment, a language can be used in different environments. Interpreters have been constructed for languages traditionally associated with compilation, such as ALGOL, Fortran, COBOL, C and C++.

==History==
In the early days of computing, compilers were more commonly found and used than interpreters because hardware at that time could not support both the interpreter and interpreted code and the typical batch environment of the time limited the advantages of interpretation.

Interpreters were used as early as 1952 to ease programming within the limitations of computers at the time (e.g. a shortage of progr
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thumb|right|250px|The [[Estonian Symphony Orchestra in Stockholm, 2008]]
thumb|right|250px|Paco de Lucena, 19th-century [[Spain|Spanish gypsy flamenco guitarist]]
thumb|Horn Music

'''Music''' is a form of art that uses sound organised in time. Music is also a form of entertainment that puts sounds together in a way that people like, find interesting or dance to. Most music includes people singing with their voices or playing musical instruments, such as the piano, guitar, drums or bass.

== Definition of music ==
Music is sound that has been organized by using rhythm, melody or harmony. If someone bangs saucepans while cooking, it makes noise. If a person bangs saucepans or pots in a rhythmic way, they are making a simple type of music.

There are four things which music has most of the time:
* Music often has ''pitch''. This means high and low notes. Tunes are made of notes that go up or down or stay on the same pitch.
* Music often has ''rhythm''. Rhythm is the way the musical sounds and silences are put together in a sequence. Every tune has a rhythm that can be tapped. Music usually has a regular beat.
* Music often has ''dynamics''. This means whether it is quiet or loud or somewhere in between.
* Music often has ''timbre''. This is a French word (pronounced: "TAM-br"). The "timbre" of a sound is the way that a sound is interesting. The sort of sound might be harsh, gentle, dry, warm, or something else. Timbre is what makes a clarinet sound different from an oboe, and what makes one person's voice sound different from another person.

=== Definitions ===
There is no simple definition of music which covers all cases. It is an art form, and opinions come into play. Music is whatever people think is music. A different approach is to list the qualities music must have, such as, sound which has rhythm, melody, pitch, timbre, etc.

These and other attempts, do not capture all aspects of music, or leave out examples which definitely are music. Music is a special shar
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'''Reinforcement learning (RL)''' is teaching a ''software agent'' how to behave in an environment by telling it how well it's doing. It is an area of machine learning inspired by behaviorist psychology.

Reinforcement learning is different from supervised learning because the correct inputs and outputs are never shown. Data Basecamp|url=https://databasecamp.de/en/ml/reinforcement-learnings|access-date=2022-06-03|language=en-US}} Also, reinforcement learning usually learns as it goes (online learning) unlike supervised learning. This means an agent has to choose between exploring and sticking with what it knows best.

== Introduction ==
thumb|369x369px
A reinforcement learning system is made of a ''policy'' (\pi), a ''reward function'' (R), a ''value function'' (v), and an optional ''model'' of the environment.

A ''policy'' tells the agent what to do in a certain situation. It can be a simple table of rules, or a complicated search for the correct action. Policies can even be stochastic, which means instead of rules the policy assigns ''probabilities'' to each action. A policy by itself can make an agent do things, but it can't learn on its own.

A ''reward function'' defines the goal for an agent. It takes in a state (or a state and the action taken at that state) and gives back a number called the ''reward'', which tells the agent how good it is to be in that state. The agent's job is to get the biggest amount of reward it possibly can in the long run. If an action yields a low reward, the agent will probably take a better action in the future. Biology uses reward signals like pleasure or pain to make sure organisms stay alive to reproduce. Reward signals can also be stochastic, like a slot machine at a casino, where sometimes they pay and sometimes they don't.

A ''value function'' tells an agent how much reward it will get following a policy \pi starting from state s. It represents how ''desirable'' it is to be in a certain state. Since the value function isn't
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In software development, '''front end''' refers to the presentation layer that users interact with, while '''back end''' refers to the data management and processing behind the scenes. "Full stack" refers to both together. In the client–server model, the client is usually considered the front end, handling most user-facing tasks, and the server is the back end, mainly managing data and logic.

== Introduction ==
In software architecture, there can be many layers between the hardware and end user. The ''front end'' is an abstraction, simplifying the underlying components by providing a user-friendly interface, while the ''back end'' handles data storage and business logic.

== Examples ==

'''E-commerce Website''': The front end is the user interface (e.g., product pages, search bar), while the back end processes payments and updates inventory.

'''Banking App''': The front end displays account balances, while the back end handles secure transactions and updates records.

'''Social Media Platform''': The front end shows the news feed, while the back end stores posts and manages notifications.

In telecommunication, the front end can be considered a device or service, while the back end is the infrastructure that supports the provision of services.

A rule of thumb is that the front end, or client side, includes any components manipulated by the user. The back end, or server side, usually resides on the server, often far removed physically from the user.

== Software definitions ==
There are many different ways the terms 'front end' and 'back end' can be defined in the context of software. For example, in content management systems, the front end refers to views facing end users, and the back end refers to views facing administrative users. Similarly, within the field of speech synthesis, the front end refers to the part of the synthesis system that converts the input text into a symbolic phonetic representation, and the back end converts the symbolic phonetic represe
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Recursive acronym § Computer-related examples
|general use of the term|Recursion}}

thumb|300px|Tree fractal created using the [[Logo (programming language)|Logo programming language and relying heavily on recursion. Each branch can be seen as a smaller version of a tree.]]
thumb|Recursive drawing of a [[Sierpiński triangle|Sierpiński Triangle through turtle graphics]]

In computer science, '''recursion''' is a method of solving a computational problem where the solution depends on solutions to smaller instances of the same problem. Recursion solves such recursive problems by using functions that call themselves from within their own code. The approach can be applied to many types of problems, and recursion is one of the central ideas of computer science.

}}

Most computer programming languages support recursion by allowing a function to call itself from within its own code. Some functional programming languages (for instance, Clojure) Clojure for the Brave and True|url=https://www.braveclojure.com/functional-programming/#Recursion_Instead_of_for_while|access-date=2020-10-21|website=www.braveclojure.com}} do not define any built-in looping constructs, and instead rely solely on recursion. It is proved in computability theory that these recursion-only languages are Turing complete; this means that they are as powerful (they can be used to solve the same problems) as imperative languages based on control structures such as  and .

Repeatedly calling a function from within itself may cause the call stack to have a size equal to the sum of the input sizes of all involved calls. It follows that, for problems that can be solved easily by iteration, recursion is generally less efficient, and, for certain problems, algorithmic or compiler-optimization techniques such as tail call optimization may improve computational performance over a naive recursive implementation.

== History ==

The development of recursion in computer science grew out of mathematical logic and later 
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In the analysis of algorithms, the '''master theorem for divide-and-conquer recurrences''' provides an asymptotic analysis for many recurrence relations that occur in the analysis of divide-and-conquer algorithms. The approach was first presented by Jon Bentley, Dorothea Blostein (née Haken), and James B. Saxe in 1980, where it was described as a "unifying method" for solving such recurrences. The name "master theorem" was popularized by the widely used algorithms textbook ''Introduction to Algorithms'' by Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest, and Stein.

Not all recurrence relations can be solved by this theorem; its generalizations include the Akra–Bazzi method.

== Introduction ==
Consider a problem that can be solved using a recursive algorithm such as the following:

 '''procedure''' p(input ''x'' of size ''n''):
     '''if''' ''n'' < some constant ''k'':
         Solve ''x'' directly without recursion
     '''else''':
         Create ''a'' subproblems of ''x'', each having size ''n''/''b''
         Call procedure ''p'' recursively on each subproblem
         Combine the results from the subproblems

thumb|right|359x359px|Solution tree.
The above algorithm divides the problem into a number () of subproblems recursively, each subproblem being of size .  The factor by which the size of subproblems is reduced () need not, in general, be the same as the number of subproblems (). Its solution tree has a node for each recursive call, with the children of that node being the other calls made from that call. The leaves of the tree are the base cases of the recursion, the subproblems (of size less than ''k'') that do not recurse. The above example would have  child nodes at each non-leaf node. Each node does an amount of work that corresponds to the size of the subproblem  passed to that instance of the recursive call and given by f(n). The total amount of work done by the entire algorithm is the sum of the work performed by all the nodes in the tree.

The runtime of an algorithm 
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thumb|First-generation ''[[Pong'' console at the Computerspielemuseum Berlin]]
A '''video game''' is an electronic game played on a video screen (normally a television, computer monitor, or built-in screen when played on a handheld machine). PBS|url=https://www.pbs.org/kcts/videogamerevolution/history/timeline_flash.html|access-date=2025-11-10|website=www.pbs.org}}

There are many types, or genres, of video games: role-playing games; shooters, first-person shooters, side-scrollers, and platformers.

Video games usually come on CDs, DVDs or downloaded digitally. Many games used to come inside of a cartridge. A specialized device used to play video games at home is called a console. There have been many types of consoles and home computers used to play video games. Some of the first consoles made were the Atari 2600 in the 1970s and the Sega Master System and Nintendo Entertainment System in the 1980s. The newest line of video game consoles are Microsoft's Xbox Series X or Series S Sony's PlayStation 5 and Nintendo's Nintendo Switch 2. The best-selling video game console to date is the PlayStation 2, made by Sony. Australian Bureau of Statistics|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/technology-and-innovation/film-television-and-digital-games-australia/latest-release|access-date=2025-11-10|website=www.abs.gov.au|language=en}}

People can also use computers to play games, which are sometimes called PC games.  Older gaming consoles do not get many games after a while, but in recent years newer consoles rarely get the older games. A lot of the time console games which are unplayable or are on older hardware are ported or emulated on PCs (see emulator). This means that new computers can play many old console games along with games made just for new computers. Older games are emulated because of the ease of downloading them as opposed to having to use older hardware. Additionally, emulating games usually provides better performance as opposed to using the older har
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'''Biochemistry''' is the study of chemical reactions in living beings, and of biological molecules in general. It is important to cell biology and physiology. The study of biochemistry involves enzymes, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, sugars, proteins, and lipids. In the body, most of the molecules are polymers built of long chains of smaller molecules. Biochemistry studies the chemical transformations which produce these small building-block molecules, and which produce energy from food. A person who studies biochemistry is called a biochemist.
==Macromolecules==
The biologic polymers can have between tens of thousands to tens of millions of atoms or more. These polymers are composed of many small molecules, each of which has no more than fifty atoms. These small molecules are made almost exclusively from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. They also contain sulfur, phosphorus, and a few other atoms, which are critical to the biological functioning of these polymers.

There are four types of macromolecules.

===Nucleic Acids===
thumb|160 px|alt=DNA Double Helix|[[DNA, a nucleic acid, is made up of a double helix.]]
Nucleic acids are long chain molecules which are of two kinds: DNA and RNA. Their building blocks are called nucleotides.

DNA is found in every cell. It contains the information needed to make all of the nucleic acids and all of the proteins. It is found joined up in a ''double helix''. It is the substance of heredity and holds the information which life passes from generation to generation.

RNA acts to make the information from DNA work inside the cells of the body. To make a particular protein the information in the DNA is transferred to an RNA molecule. Another RNA molecule uses this as a set of instructions for making the protein. The RNA which makes protein is called a ribosome and it acts as a ribozyme vastly increasing the speed with which the individual amino acids connect together to form the protein.

===Proteins===
thumb|160 px|alt=DNA Do
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:''For the American sport, see American football. For other sports known as football, see Football''
thumb|A derby match between [[Galatasaray S.K. and Fenerbahçe S.K., two Turkish football teams.]]
thumb|A match between [[Shrewsbury Town F.C.|Shrewsbury Town and Gillingham in England in 2011.]]
thumb| [[African boys playing soccer.]]
thumb|Three kids playing soccer on the beach.
thumb|Boys play street football in the Adama Science and Technology University, in [[Ethiopia.]]

}}
| first          = Mid-19th century England
| country/region = Worldwide
| registered     = 
| team           = 11 per side (including goalkeeper)
| mgender        = No, separate competitions
| category       = Team sport, ball sport
| equipment      = Football (or soccer ball),
shin pads
| venue          = Football pitch (also known as football field, football ground, soccer field, soccer pitch or "pitch")
| glossary       = Glossary of association football
| olympic        = Men's since the 1900 Olympics and women's since the 1996 Olympics
| paralympic     = 5-a-side since 2004 and 7-a-side from 1984 to 2016
|contact=Limited}}
'''Association football''', or '''soccer''', is a sport played between two teams. In the United States, Canada and Australia, it is called '''soccer'''. In most other English-speaking countries, it is called '''football'''. Association football is the most popular sport in the world.

Games like football have been played around the world since ancient times. The game came from England, where The Football Association made a standard set of rules for the game in 1824. The game has a black-and-white ball and originated in China, from its army. The players had a very heavy ball and goals high. England took the idea of the Chinese game and changed the rules a bit and now it is the modern game we know today. 

Each team has 11 players on the field. One of the players is the goalkeeper, the only player who may touch the ball with the hands. The other ten are known as "outfi
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'''Convex optimization''' is a subfield of mathematical optimization that studies the problem of minimizing convex functions over convex sets (or, equivalently, maximizing concave functions over convex sets).  Many classes of convex optimization problems admit polynomial-time algorithms, whereas mathematical optimization is in general NP-hard.
Sahni, S.  "Computationally related problems," in SIAM Journal on Computing, 3, 262--279, 1974.

==Definition==

=== Abstract form ===
A convex optimization problem is defined by two ingredients: 

* The ''objective function'', which is a real-valued convex function of ''n'' variables,  f :\mathcal D \subseteq \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R};
* The ''feasible set'', which is a convex subset C\subseteq \mathbb{R}^n.

The goal of the problem is to find some \mathbf{x^\ast} \in C attaining
:\inf \{ f(\mathbf{x}) : \mathbf{x} \in C \}.
In general, there are three options regarding the existence of a solution:

* If such a point ''x''* exists, it is referred to as an ''optimal point'' or ''solution''; the set of all optimal points is called the ''optimal set''; and the problem is called ''solvable''.
* If f is unbounded below over C, or the infimum is not attained, then the optimization problem is said to be ''unbounded''. 
* Otherwise, if C is the empty set, then the problem is said to be ''infeasible''.

===Standard form===
A convex optimization problem is in ''standard form'' if it is written as

:\begin{align}
&\underset{\mathbf{x}}{\operatorname{minimize}}& & f(\mathbf{x}) \\
&\operatorname{subject\ to}
& &g_i(\mathbf{x}) \leq 0, \quad i = 1, \dots, m \\
&&&h_i(\mathbf{x}) = 0, \quad i = 1, \dots, p,
\end{align}

where:

* \mathbf{x} \in \mathbb{R}^n is the vector of optimization variables;
* The objective function f: \mathcal D \subseteq \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R} is a convex function; 
* The inequality constraint functions g_i : \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}, i=1, \ldots, m, are convex functions;
* The equality constraint functio
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'''Psychology''' is the study of the mind and brain. It studies thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in humans and animals. Psychology aims to explain how the mind works. It also looks at how our actions relate to how we think.Fernald L.D. 2008. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7p-J4-SWuQC ''Psychology: six perspectives''] (pp. 12–15). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Hockenbury & Hockenbury. 2010. ''Psychology''. Worth Publishers.O'Neil, H.F.; cited in Coon D. & Mitterer J.O. 2008. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vw20LEaJe10C ''Introduction to psychology: gateways to mind and behavior''] 12th ed, Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning, pp. 15–16.

A lot of the research in psychology is done on humans. However, animals are also used in research. Examples of this are classical conditioning and operant conditioning.Hamm M. & Mitchell R.W. (1997). The interpretation of animal psychology: anthropomorphism or behavior reading?. Behaviour, 134(3-4), 173-204.Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (1989). Adaption versus phylogeny: The role of animal psychology in the study of human behavior. International Journal of Comparative Psychology, '''2'''(3). 

Psychology is a vast subject area. It covers many topics. It is divided into branches. Psychology has a lot in common with other fields of research. Ideas in psychology overlap with ideas in the sciences of anatomy, biology, neuroscience and physiology. 

A person who works in the field of psychology is called a psychologist. A psychologist tries to understand how the mind works so that they can help people and animals. They must go through higher education for many years in order to become a professional. These practitioners attempt to explain how the mind functions by itself (individual) and with others (social). They also see how the mind affects the body. They work with social, behavioral, and cognitive sciences.

== Branches ==
Psychology has been split up into smaller parts called branches. These are subjects in psychology that try
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'''Natural Language Processing''' (NLP) is a field in Artificial Intelligence, and is also related to linguistics. On a high level, the goal of NLP is to program computers to automatically understand human languages, and also to automatically write/speak in human languages. Data Basecamp|url=https://databasecamp.de/en/ml/natural-language-processings|access-date=2022-06-20|language=en-US}} We say "Natural Language" to mean human language, and to indicate that we are not talking about computer (programming) languages.

== References ==

Category:Computer science
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thumb|A Multi layer neural network.
'''Deep learning''' (also called ''' deep structured learning''' or '''hierarchical learning''') is a kind of machine learning, which is mostly used with certain kinds of neural networks. As with other kinds of machine learning, learning sessions can be unsupervised, semi-supervised, or supervised. In many cases, structures are organised so that there is at least one intermediate layer (or hidden layer), between the input layer and the output layer.

Certain tasks, such as recognizing and understanding speech, images or handwriting, are easy to do for humans. However, for a computer, these tasks are very difficult to do. In a multi-layer neural network (having more than two layers), the information processed will become more abstract with each added layer.

Deep learning models are inspired by information processing and communication patterns in biological nervous systems; they are different from the structural and functional properties of biological brains (especially the human brain) in many ways, which make them incompatible with neuroscience evidences.

== References ==

Category:Machine learning
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}}
()
|Result     = * Abolition of the French monarchy
* Establishment of a secular and democratic republic that became increasingly authoritarian and militaristic
* Radical social change based on liberalism and other Enlightenment principles
* Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
* Armed conflicts with other European countries
}}
The '''French Revolution''' was a revolution in France from 1789 to 1799.  It ended the French monarchy. The revolution began with a meeting of the Estates General in Versailles, and ended when Napoleon Bonaparte took power in November 1804.

Before 1789, France was ruled by the nobles and the Catholic Church. The ideas of the Enlightenment were beginning to make the ordinary people want more power. They could see that the American Revolution had created a country in which the people had power, instead of a king. The government before the revolution was called the "Ancien Régime".

== Causes of the revolution ==
The problems in France that led up to the Revolution:
# Under the Kings Louis XV and Louis XVI, France had fought against Prussia and the British Empire in the Seven Years' War.  They fought against Britain again in the American Revolution.  They borrowed lots of money to pay for the wars, and the country became poor.
# The high price of bread and low wages of workers caused the ordinary people to suffer from hunger and malnutrition. This made them dislike the rich nobles, who had the money to eat well and build huge mansions.
# The Roman Catholic Church, which owned the most land in France, put a tax on crops called the dime (tithe) which hurt the poorest and hungriest people as they were not able to afford the tax.
# Ideals of Enlightenment. Many people disliked absolute rule by the royalty and the nobility. They could see that in other countries, like the United States, which had recently been formed, people like them had more power over the government. They also wanted freedom of religion.
# The first and the second estate i.e., the cler
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'''Differential calculus''', a branch of calculus, is the study of finding out the rate of change of a variable compared to another variable, by using functions. It is a way to find out how a shape changes from one point to the next, without needing to divide the shape into an infinite number of pieces. Differential calculus is the opposite of integral calculus. It was developed in the 1670s and 1680s by Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz.

==Background==

=== Variables ===
Unlike a number such as 5 or 200, a variable can change its value. For example, distance and time are variables. At an Olympic running race, as the person runs, their ''distance'' from the starting line goes up. Meanwhile, a stopwatch or clock measures the ''time'' as it goes up. We can measure the average speed of the runner, if we divide the distance they travelled by the time it took. But this does not say what speed the person was running at exactly 1.5 seconds into the race. If we had the distance at 1 second and the distance at 2 seconds, we would still only have an average, although it would probably be more correct than the average for the whole race.

Until calculus was invented, the only way to work this out was to cut the time into smaller and smaller pieces, so the average speed over the smaller time would get closer and closer to the actual speed at exactly 1.5 seconds. This was a very long and hard process, and had to be done each time people wanted to work something out. Certainly it is much more difficult for a driver to figure out a car's speed by using only its odometer (distance meter) and clock—without a speedometer.

thumb|right|On a curve, two different points have different slopes. The red and blue lines are [[Trigonometric function|tangents to the curve.]]

=== Slope ===
A very similar problem is to find the slope (how steep it is) at any point on a curve. The slope of a ''straight'' line is easy to work out—it is simply how much it goes up (''y'' or vertical) divided 
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right|thumb|400px|Diagram of a chemical synaptic connection

In the nervous system, a '''synapse''' is a structure that allows a neuron to exchange (receive or send) signals with another cell in its immediate vicinity. Synapses can be classified as either chemical or electrical, depending on the mechanism of signal transmission between neurons. In the case of electrical synapses, neurons are coupled bidirectionally with each other through gap junctions and have a connected cytoplasmic milieu. These types of synapses are known to produce synchronous network activity in the brain, but can also result in complicated, chaotic network level dynamics. Therefore, signal directionality cannot always be defined across electrical synapses.

Synapses are essential for the transmission of neuronal impulses from one neuron to the next, playing a key role in enabling rapid and direct communication by creating circuits. In addition, a synapse serves as a junction where both the transmission and processing of information occur, making it a vital means of communication between neurons. 

At the synapse, the plasma membrane of the signal-passing neuron (the ''presynaptic'' neuron) comes into close apposition with the membrane of the target (''postsynaptic'') cell. Both the presynaptic and postsynaptic sites contain extensive arrays of molecular machinery that link the two membranes together and carry out the signaling process. In many synapses, the presynaptic part is located on the terminals of axons and the postsynaptic part is located on a dendrite or soma. Astrocytes also exchange information with neurons, responding to synaptic activity and, in turn, regulating neurotransmission. Synapses (at least chemical synapses) are stabilized in position by synaptic adhesion molecules (SAMs)[https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-540-29678-2_5807] projecting from both the pre- and post-synaptic neuron and sticking together where they overlap; SAMs may also assist in the
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A '''transformer''' is a computer model used for deep learning, which is a kind of machine learning where computers teach themselves. Transformers were introduced in a 2017 paper "Attention Is All You Need" by a Google Brain team. Transformers are popular for large-scale language training and work by tokenizing text, which means they change words into a format (like a list of numbers) for easier analysis. Transformers process multiple parts of an input sequence simultaneously. This is in contrast to older and slower sequential models that process data one step at a time. Transformers are used in various fields including language, images, and audio, leading to models like GPT which powers chatbot ChatGPT.

== References ==

Category:Machine learning
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A very common programming language for accessing a database is called SQL. Many of these databases use the mathematical concept of relations to store the data. '''NoSQL''' is a term for databases that do not use relations, to store the data in the database. Relational databases have the benefit of being able to guarantee that all the data stored in the database is consistent. The drawback of this is that the cost of indexing the data grows with the amount of data. 

NoSQL approaches do not give strong guarantees about consistency, but they are able to better handle the situations where relational database systems have problems coping. Data Basecamp|url=https://databasecamp.de/en/data/nosql-databases|access-date=2022-06-03|language=en-US}}

NoSQL is a non-relational DBMS, that does not require a fixed schema, avoid joins, and is easy to scale.

The purpose of using a NoSQL database is for distributed data stores with humongous data storage needs.

NoSQL is used for Big data and real-time web apps. For example, companies like twitter, Facebook, google collect terabytes of user data every single day.

NoSQL DBs could be grouped as follows, but these are archetypes rather than strict boundaries :

* Wide Column Stores, like Cassandra.
* Key Value Stores, like Redis.
* Document DBs, like CouchDB.
* Graph DBs, like Neo4j.

== References ==

Category:Database modeling
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A '''blockchain''' (or '''block chain''') is a series of digital entries, which cannot be easily changed once they are created. It is commonly used in cryptocurrency. It is how digital transactions are recorded and verified. This is done by using several concepts from cryptography, including digital signatures and hash functions. In very basic terms, a blockchain combines the following two ideas:

# Given some data, it is easy to calculate a checksum over the data. Special hash functions can be designed to calculate this checksum. These functions can be designed to return a value that always has the same length, which is not dependent on the length of the input. This value is called ''hash value'', or ''message digest''. The functions also have another property: Given the same input, they must return the same output (hash value/message digest).
# In addition to the hash values, a block usually also has a timestamp, and some payload. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191016115436/https://www.ambiguousit.com/blockchain-security-is-blockchain-secure-enough-really/ Each block uses a digital signature], which allows detecting any change in the data since the signature was made. When new blocks of data are created, the newly created block will also have the hash value of the previous block. Friday, February 21, 2020

thumb|Photo of Block Chain
In most cases, a blockchain is managed by a peer-to-peer network. All peers use a common protocol that specifies how they should communicate with each other, how a new block is created and validated. Once recorded, the data in any given block cannot be changed easily any more. Changing the block means all the blocks after it need to be changed as well. Depending on the protocol, this will require a majority of the peers, or even all the peers, to agree.

Blockchains are secure by design. Blockchain technology is used where keeping a correct record is important. Use cases include medical records, identity management, food traceability, 
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In computer science, a '''data structure''' is the organization and implementation of values and information. In simple words, it is the way of organizing information in a computer so that it can be more easily understood and worked with.

Data structures are different from data types. Basically, a data type is an idea of how something should work, and a data structure is how a computer scientist would actually make the idea work. 

This can be seen in the relationship between the list (abstract data type) and the linked list (data structure). A '''list''' is just a collection of values or data. The data in a list is also in a specific order, and the data is finite (it doesn't go on forever). A '''linked list''' is one way that a computer scientist would make a list to be used on a computer. A linked list would have a “pointer” or “reference” between each node of information that points to the next item and the previous one. This allows one to go forwards or backwards in the list. 

Furthermore, data structures are often optimized for certain operations. Finding the best data structure when solving a problem is an important part of programming. A data structure is a systematic way to store data.

==Basic data structures==
===Array===
The simplest type of data structure is a linear array. Also known as a one-dimensional array. An array holds several values of the same type (Integer, Floats, String, etc.). Accessing elements within the array is very fast. An array is normally of fixed size. After the size of the array is defined at the start, it may not be possible to increase the size of the array without creating a new larger array and copying all values into the new array. In computer science, an '''array data structure''', or simply, an '''array''' is a data structure consisting of a collection of ''elements'' (values or variables), each identified by at least one ''array index'' or ''key''. An array is stored so that the position of each element can be computed f
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thumb|right|250px|The [[Great Sphinx of Giza and Khafre's pyramid]]
thumb|right|250px|Landmarks of Ancient Egypt
thumb|right|200px|A typical Naqada II jar decorated with gazelles. (Predynastic Period)
thumb
'''Ancient Egypt''' was a society that began around 3150 BC"Chronology". Digital Egypt for Universities, University College London. [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt//chronology/index.html] and lasted until 30 BC, when it was invaded by the Romans.          

Egypt grew along the Nile River and was at its most powerful in the 2nd millennium BC. Its land stretched from the Nile Delta to Nubia, a kingdom located mostly in present-day Sudan.       

With the water from the Nile, crops were generally good. They were grown after the water from the Nile floods went down.                    

The Egyptians created a way of writing using hieroglyphics. They also built huge temples and tombs, traded with other areas, and had a powerful army.                            

Their religion had many gods, and its priests were powerful and rich. The Egyptian rulers, called pharaohs, were thought to be close to the gods.                                             

== History ==

=== Beginning of farming ===
People have lived along the Nile for a very long time, according to archaeologists, who study objects left by ancient people. The fertile flood plains of the Nile allowed people to begin farming. By the 10th millennium BC, the people in Egypt had begun growing cereal grains like wheat and barley. 

Because they were farming, people stayed in one place, instead of living a nomadic lifestyle like their ancestors. Because they were settled, society became more complex. That was an important step in the history of human civilization.Shaw, Ian 2003. ''The Oxford history of Ancient Egypt''. Oxford University Press. .

This period in Egyptian history is called "predynastic," as it happened before the large dynastic kingdoms were formed.

=== Development of cultures 
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'''Dynamic programming'''  is a method of solving problems, which is used in computer science, mathematics and economics. Using this method, a complex problem is split into simpler problems, which are then solved. At the end, the solutions of the simpler problems are used to find the solution of the original complex problem. 

Dynamic programming can be used in cases where it is possible to split a problem into smaller problems, which are all quite similar. 

Richard Bellman, a US mathematician, first used the term in the 1940s when he wanted to solve problems in the field of Control theory. He also stated what is now known as '''Bellman's Principle of Optimality''':

==References==
*R.Bellman,On the Theory of Dynamic Programming,Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1952 August; 38(8): 716–719. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1063639/] 

Category:Computer science
Category:Combinatorial optimization
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thumb|260px|The [[supermassive black hole inside the core of the supergiant elliptical galaxy Messier 87 in the constellation Virgo. The black hole was the first to be directly imaged (Event Horizon Telescope, released April 10, 2019).]]

A '''black hole''' is a place in space where gravity is so strong that nothing can escape from it, even light. This idea comes from Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity.Wald, Robert M. 1984. ''General Relativity''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-87033-5 The outer edge of a black hole is called the event horizon. When something enters the black hole, it cannot get out. Black holes act like perfect black bodies, which means they do not reflect any light. According to quantum mechanics, black holes can slowly release a tiny amount of energy called Hawking radiation. But this radiation is so weak that it cannot be seen with the technology today.

The idea of objects with gravity so strong that light cannot escape was first talked about in the 1700s by John Michell and Pierre-Simon Laplace. In 1916, Karl Schwarzschild found the first solution to Einstein's general relativity equations that was about a black hole. Because of his important work, this solution is called the Schwarzschild metric. In 1958, David Finkelstein was the first to call a black hole a place in space where nothing can escape. For a long time, people thought black holes were just an idea in mathematics. They thought black holes were not real. In 1967, Jocelyn Bell Burnell discovered neutron stars. The first black hole found was Cygnus X-1. It was found by lots of scientists in 1971.

Black holes usually form when very large stars die at the end of their life. Black holes can grow by eating gas, dust, stars, or even combining with other black holes. Supermassive black holes are black holes which are millions of times heavier than the Sun. These big black holes might be made by merging with other black holes, eating stars, or from the collapse of 
<|CHUNK_END|>
|space_worst=
|search_avg=
|search_worst=
|insert_avg=
|insert_worst=
|delete_avg=
|delete_worst=
}}
In computer science, a queue is an abstract data type that serves as an ordered collection of entities. By convention, the end of the queue where elements are added is called the back, tail, or rear of the queue. The end of the queue where elements are removed is called the head or front of the queue. The name ''queue'' is an analogy to the words used to describe people in line to wait for goods or services. It supports two main operations. 

* '''Enqueue,''' which adds one element to the rear of the queue
* '''Dequeue,''' which removes one element from the front of the queue. 

Other operations may also be allowed, often including a ''peek'' or ''front'' operation that returns the value of the next element to be dequeued without dequeuing it.

The operations of a queue make it a first-in-first-out (FIFO) data structure as the first element added to the queue is the first one removed. This is equivalent to the requirement that once a new element is added, all elements that were added before have to be removed before the new element can be removed. A queue is an example of a linear data structure, or more abstractly a sequential collection.
Queues are common in computer programs, where they are implemented as data structures coupled with access routines, as an abstract data structure or in object-oriented languages as classes. A queue may be implemented as circular buffers and linked lists, or by using both the stack pointer and the base pointer.

Queues provide services in computer science, transport, and operations research where various entities such as data, objects, persons, or events are stored and held to be processed later. In these contexts, the queue performs the function of a buffer.
Another usage of queues is in the implementation of breadth-first search.

==Queue implementation==
Theoretically, one characteristic of a queue is that it does not have a spec
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In mathematics, a '''combination''' is a selection of items from a set that has distinct members, such that the order of selection does not matter (unlike permutations). For example, given three fruits, say an apple, an orange and a pear, there are three combinations of two that can be drawn from this set: an apple and a pear; an apple and an orange; or a pear and an orange. More formally, a ''k''-combination of a set ''S'' is a subset of ''k'' distinct elements of ''S''. So, two combinations are identical if and only if each combination has the same members. (The arrangement of the members in each set does not matter.) If the set has ''n'' elements, the number of ''k''-combinations, denoted by C(n,k) or C^n_k, is equal to the binomial coefficient:

 \binom nk = \frac{n(n-1)\dotsb(n-k+1)}{k(k-1)\dotsb1},

which using factorial notation can be compactly expressed as

\binom{n}{k} = \frac{n!}{k! (n-k)!}

whenever n \geq k \geq 0. This formula can be derived from the fact that each ''k''-combination of a set ''S'' of ''n'' members has k! permutations so P^n_k = C^n_k \times k! or C^n_k = P^n_k / k!. The set of all ''k''-combinations of a set ''S'' is often denoted by \textstyle\binom Sk.

A combination is a selection of ''n'' things taken ''k'' at a time ''without repetition''. To refer to combinations in which repetition is allowed, the terms ''k''-combination with repetition, ''k''-multiset, or ''k''-selection, also referred to as an ''unordered selection''. are often used.When the term ''combination'' is used to refer to either situation (as in ) care must be taken to clarify whether sets or multisets are being discussed. If, in the above example, it were possible to have two of any one kind of fruit there would be 3 more 2-selections: one with two apples, one with two oranges, and one with two pears.

Although the set of three fruits was small enough to write a complete list of combinations, this becomes impractical as the size of the set increases. For example, a 
<|CHUNK_END|>
'''Clockwise from top left:''' .
* American marines use a flamethrower, 1967.
* non-communist South Vietnamese general Nguyễn Ngọc Loan summarily executes Viet Cong officer Nguyễn Văn Lém during the Tet Offensive.
* Two Douglas A-4C Skyhawk fly past the anti-submarine aircraft carrier USS Kearsarge (CVS-33), 1964.
* Dead civilians from the Massacre at Huế are buried.
}}
| date        = 1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975() U.S. government reports currently cite 1 November 1955 as the commencement date of the "Vietnam Conflict", because this date marked when the U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) in Indochina (deployed to Southeast Asia under President Truman) was reorganized into country-specific units and MAAG Vietnam was established. Other start dates include when Hanoi authorized Viet Cong forces in South Vietnam to begin a low-level insurgency in December 1956, whereas some view 26 September 1959, when the first battle occurred between the Viet Cong and the South Vietnamese army, as the start date. |group="A"|name="start date"}}
| place       = 
| territory   = Reunification of North Vietnam and South Vietnam into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1976
| result      = North Vietnamese victory
| combatant2  = 

 (1967 - 1970)
 Khmer Republic (1970 - 1975) 
*  Khmer Serei
*  Khmer Sa
 Kingdom of Laos 
| combatant1  = 
 Viet Cong Pathet Lao GRUNK (1970–1975)
*  Khmer Rumdo
*  Khmer Rouge
*  Khmer Issarak
 China North Korea Soviet Union
| strength1   = '''≈860,000 (1967)'''

*  '''North Vietnam:'''690,000 (1966, including PAVN and Viet Cong). "By the end of 1966 the total strength of our armed forces was 690,000 soldiers."}}
*  '''Viet Cong''':
*  '''China:'''170,000 (1968)320,000 total 179]|publisher=Cambridge University Press }}
*  '''Khmer Rouge:'''70,000 (1972)
*  '''Pathet Lao:'''48,000 (1970)
*  '''Soviet Union:''' ~3,000
*  '''North Korea:''' 200

| strength2   = '''≈1,420,000 (1968)'''

*  '''South Vietnam:'''850,000 (1968)1,500,000 (1974–1975)
* 
<|CHUNK_END|>
thumb|350x350px|[[Muttiah Muralitharan (Murali) of Sri Lanka bowls to Adam Gilchrist of Australia in a Twenty20 International match.The pale area of the field is the pitch, with a wicket in place at each end. The batter (Gilchrist) is using his bat to defend the wicket against the white ball which Murali has just bowled. Sri Lanka's wicket-keeper (#11) is crouching just behind the wicket which Gilchrist is defending. The other Sri Lanka player (#55) is a fielder operating in the "first slip" position. Gilchrist's partner, the "non-striker", stands by the other wicket at the bowler's end of the pitch. Behind that wicket stands one of the two umpires. The lines on the pitch are the various creases.]]
'''Cricket''' is a sport. It is an outdoor bat-and-ball game played by two teams of eleven players on a large, grassy field. At the centre of the field is a rectangular pitch with a wooden structure called a wicket sited at each end. As in other sports, there are separate men's and women's games, both played internationally.

In all levels of cricket, the essence of the game is that the wicket is a target being attacked by a bowler using the ball, and defended by a batter using a bat. The bowler is a member of the fielding team; the batter is a member of the batting team. The objective of the batting team is to score as many runs as possible. The objective of the fielding team is to restrict scoring and, by various means, dismiss the batters. If ten batters are dismissed, the batting team is all out and the teams change roles. Generally, the winning team is the one scoring the most runs, although some matches can result in a draw or, occasionally, a tie.

Probably created as a children's game in south-east England, cricket is known to have been played in the mid-16th century. It has expanded to become the national summer sport of several English-speaking countries. Matches range in scale from informal weekend afternoon games played on village greens to top-level internati
<|CHUNK_END|>
''Re:Gex''}}

thumb|upright=1.5|

A '''regular expression''' (shortened as '''regex''' or '''regexp'''), sometimes referred to as a '''rational expression''', is a sequence of characters that specifies a match pattern in text. Usually such patterns are used by string-searching algorithms for "find" or "find and replace" operations on strings, or for input validation. Regular expression techniques are developed in theoretical computer science and formal language theory.

The concept of regular expressions began in the 1950s, when the American mathematician Stephen Cole Kleene formalized the concept of a regular language. They came into common use with Unix text-processing utilities. Different syntaxes for writing regular expressions have existed since the 1980s, one being the POSIX standard and another, widely used, being the Perl syntax.

Regular expressions are used in search engines, in search and replace dialogs of word processors and text editors, in text processing utilities such as sed and AWK, and in lexical analysis. Regular expressions are supported in many programming languages. Library implementations are often called an "engine", and many of these are available for reuse.

==History==
thumb|upright|[[Stephen Cole Kleene, who introduced the concept]]

Regular expressions originated in 1951, when mathematician Stephen Cole Kleene described regular languages using his mathematical notation called ''regular events''. These arose in theoretical computer science, in the subfields of automata theory (models of computation) and the description and classification of formal languages, motivated by Kleene's attempt to describe early artificial neural networks. (Kleene introduced it as an alternative to McCulloch & Pitts's "prehensible", but admitted "We would welcome any suggestions as to a more descriptive term."Kleene 1951, [https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_memoranda/2008/RM704.pdf#page=49 pg46]) Other early implementations of pattern matching 
<|CHUNK_END|>
'''Combination''' may mean:
*in chess a sequence of forcing moves, usually involving a sacrifice.
*in computer games it is called a '''combo'''.
*in mathematics, combination is about finding the number of possibilities to pick a number of objects from a set. 
*in martial arts and combat sports it means a '''striking combination'''
*in security, it is a list of numbers which opens a '''combination lock'''
*in equestrian, a combination is several jumps one after the other
*Combinations is the name of the band Eisley's second studio album
*A '''motorcycle combination''' is also called a sidecar
<|CHUNK_END|>
thumb|The logo of the C programming language.
'''C''' (pronounced "SEE") is a computer programming language developed in the early 1970s by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs. They used it to improve the UNIX operating system.  It is still much used today.  C is a procedural language, which means that people write their programs as a series of step-by-step instructions.  C is a compiled language, which means that the computer source code, written in C, is converted to make machine code that a computer can actually execute.

Because the ideas behind C are like the ideas used in the design of the computer, the compiler (program builder) can generate fast machine code for the computer. The language itself has very few keywords, and most things are done using libraries, which are collections of code made to be reused. C has a standard library called stdio, which stands for standard input/output.

C has a variety of uses: 
* writing embedded systems like the code that runs inside a computer mouse, or a car headlight.
* writing device drivers like the code inside a laptop computer that interacts with the touchpad or the microphone.
* writing protocol stacks like the code that allows one computer to communicate with other computers on the internet.
* writing operating systems, such as the Linux kernel, MacOS and UNIX, and the utilities that come with those operating systems.
* writing application software, such as web browsers, word processors, etc.
* writing video games. Many of the most well-reviewed video games, including ''Doom'', ''Quake'', and ''Super Mario 64'' are written in C.
* The compilers and interpreters of many other programming languages, such as Python and Perl, are written in C.

==C standards==
The C language is over 50 years old, and has changed since it was first created.  Every few years, people agree on the new parts of the C language they think would be good, and also remove some of the less-used parts.  The agreed-upon language is declare
<|CHUNK_END|>
'''Linear algebra''' is a branch of mathematics. It came from mathematicians trying to solve systems of linear equations. Vectors and matrices are used to solve these systems. The main objects of study currently are vector spaces and linear mappings between vector spaces. Linear algebra is useful in other branches of mathematics (e.g. differential equations and analytic geometry). It can also be applied to the real world in areas such as engineering, physics and economics.

Linear algebra describes ways to solve and manipulate (rearrange) systems of linear equations.

For example, consider the following equations:

:\begin{matrix}
 x + y &= 0 \\
 x -2y &= 3
\end{matrix}

These two equations form a system of linear equations.
It is linear because none of the variables are raised to a power.
The graph of a '''linear''' equation in two variables is a straight line.
The solution to this system is:

:\begin{matrix}
 x=1 \\
 y=-1
\end{matrix}

This is because it makes all of the original equations valid, that is, the value on the left side of the equals sign is exactly the same as the value on the right side for both equations.

Linear algebra uses a system of notation for describing system behavior, called a matrix. For the previous example, the coefficients of the equations can be stored in a coefficient matrix.

==Related pages==

* Abstract algebra
* Matrix analysis
* Matrix function
* Numerical linear algebra
* System of linear equations
* Vector Symbolic Algebra

==Further reading==
* Israel Gelfand (1998), Lectures on linear algebra, Courier Dover Publications.

Category:Linear algebra
<|CHUNK_END|>
8 min 19 s at light speed
|  label3  = Visual brightness (''V'')
|   data3  = −26.74
|  label4  = Absolute magnitude
|   data4  = 4.83
|  label5  = Spectral classification
|   data5  = G2V
|  label6  = Metallicity
|   data6  = ''Z'' = 0.0122
|  label7  = Angular size
|   data7  = 31.6–32.7 minutes of arc
|  label8  = Adjectives
|   data8  = Solar
| header10 = Orbital characteristics
|  label11 = Mean distancefrom Milky Way core
|   data11 = ≈ }}
|  label12 = Galactic period
|   data12 = (2.25–2.50) yr
|  label13 = Velocity
|   data13 = ≈  (orbit around the center of the Milky Way) ≈  (relative to average velocity of other stars in stellar neighborhood) ≈  (relative to the cosmic microwave background)

| header20 = Physical characteristics
|  label21  = Equatorial radius
|   data21  = 695,700 km, 696,342 km
|  label22  = Equatorial circumference
|   data22  = 109 × Earth
|  label23  = Flattening
|   data23  = 
|  label24  = Surface area
|   data24  = }} × Earth
|  label25  = Volume
|   data25  = }} × Earth
|  label26  = Mass
|   data26  = }}
|  label27  = Average density
|   data27  =  × Earth
|  label28  = Center density (modeled)
|   data28  =  × Earth
|  label29  = Equatorial surface gravity
|   data29  = 28 × Earth
|  label30  = Moment of inertia factor
|   data30  =  (estimate)
|  label31  = Escape velocity(from the surface)
|   data31  = 55 × Earth
|  label32  = Temperature
|   data32  = Center (modeled): Photosphere (effective): }} Corona: ≈ 
|  label33  = Luminosity (Lsol)
|   data33  = ≈ ≈  efficacy
|  label34  = Color (B-V)
|   data34  = 0.63
|  label35  = Mean radiance (Isol)
|   data35  = 
|  label36  = Age
|   data36  = ≈ 4.6 billion years

| header40  = Rotation characteristics
|  label41  = Obliquity
|   data41  = 7.25°(to the ecliptic)67.23°(to the galactic plane)
|  label42  = Right ascensionof North pole
|   data42  = 286.13°
|  label43  = Declinationof North pole
|   data43  = +63.87°63° 52' North
|  label44  = Sidereal rotation period (at equator)
<|CHUNK_END|>
An '''algorithm''' is a list of steps that can be followed to solve a problem using a limited number of steps. For example, a recipe is an algorithm to prepare a dish in a limited amount of time.

The words 'algorithm' and 'algorism' come from the name of a Persian mathematician called Al-Khwārizmī (Persian: خوارزمی, c. 780–850).

In computing, an algorithm is a precise list of operations that could be done by a Turing machine.
For the purpose of computing, algorithms are written in pseudocode, flow charts, or programming languages.

== Comparing algorithms ==
There is usually more than one way to solve a problem. There may be many different recipes to make a certain dish which looks different but ends up tasting the same when all is said and done. The same is true for algorithms. However, some of these ways will be better than others. If a recipe needs lots of complicated ingredients that you do not have, it is not as a good as a simple recipe. When we look at algorithms as a way of solving problems, often we want to know how long it would take a computer to solve the problem using a particular algorithm. When we write algorithms, we like our algorithm to take the least amount of time so that we can solve our problem as quickly as possible.

In cooking, some recipes are more difficult to do than others, because they take more time to finish or have more things to keep track of.
It is the same for algorithms, and algorithms are better when they are easier for the computer to do.  The thing that measures the difficulty of an algorithm is called ''complexity''.  When we ask how complex an algorithm is, often we want to know how long it will take a computer to solve the problem we want it to solve.

== Sorting ==
This is an example of an algorithm for sorting cards with colors on them into piles of the same color:

# '''Pick up all of the cards.'''
# Pick a card from your hand and look at the color of the card.
# If there is already a pile of cards of that color, put t
<|CHUNK_END|>
thumb|Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man
The '''human body''' is the body of a person. It is the physical structure of a person.

The body is a thing that can be hurt or killed. Its functions are stopped by death. You need your muscles and your joints to move.

== Study of the human body ==
alt=|thumb|Stomach-colon-rectum diagram numbered
Some people study the human body. They look at where it is different from, or the same as, other animals' bodies. These animals can be alive today. Or they can be extinct animals like other hominids. (Hominids are primates that are close to humans. Neanderthals and ''Homo erectus'' were hominids.) Some people study how the human body works and lives in its environment. Some people study what people think about their body. Artists study how to draw or paint the human body.

== Fields of study ==
Many different fields of study look at the human:
* Biology is a field of science. It studies living things. It looks at how the human body works. It studies how the human body came from evolution. It studies how genetics makes the human body.
** Anatomy studies the parts of the body and how they work together.
** Ecology studies the environment including how humans affect it.
*Physical anthropology is a field of science. It compares humans to other hominids. It also studies all other hominid bodies. They look at how humans and chimpanzees are the same or different.
* Psychology is a field of medicine. It looks at how people think and feel. The brain is part of the body. How we think and feel comes from the brain. So psychologists study the body. They study how the brain lets us be who we are.
* Religion also talks about the body. Some religions see the body as where the soul lives. Some see the body as like a church. This is because a church is where people worship God. These people think God should be worshiped inside people. Some religions think the body is made from chakras that connect us to the universe.
* Medicine sees the body like a 
<|CHUNK_END|>
Distribution}}

In probability theory and statistics, a '''probability distribution''' describes how probabilities are assigned to the possible results of a random phenomenon—more precisely, to events, which are sets of possible outcomes of a probabilistic experiment. Informally, a probability distribution tells us how likely different results are. Formally, it is a probability measure: a function that assigns probabilities to events in a way that satisfies the axioms of probability.

Probability distributions are closely linked to random variables. A random variable is a function that assigns a value to each outcome of a probabilistic experiment; it induces a probability distribution on the set of values it can take. For example, the result of a coin toss can be represented by a random variable  that equals  for heads and  for tails. If the coin is fair, this distribution assigns probability  to  and probability  to . Viewed as a probability measure, the distribution of  assigns  to each set }; for a fair coin, , , and .

In practice, probability distributions are often described by functions such as cumulative distribution functions, probability mass functions, or probability density functions. Which description is used depends on the nature of the distribution: probability mass functions are used for discrete distributions, while probability density functions are used for many continuous distributions.

Probability distributions that occur frequently or have special theoretical importance are often given specific names; examples are collected in the list of probability distributions.

==Introduction==
A probability distribution is a mathematical description of the probabilities of events, i.e. subsets of the sample space. The sample space, often represented in notation by \ \Omega\ , is the set of all possible outcomes of a random phenomenon being observed. The sample space may be any set of numbers, vectors, labels, or whatever else. For example, the sample spac
<|CHUNK_END|>
'''Civil rights''' are rights that all people in a country have. 
==Overview==
The civil rights of a country apply to all the citizens within its borders. These rights are given by the laws of the country. Civil rights are sometimes thought to be the same as natural rights.
==Specifics==
In many countries, civil rights include freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, and freedom of assembly. Civil rights also include the right to own property and the right to get fair and equal treatment from the government, from other citizens and from private entities. They may prevent discrimination based on race, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity or disability.
===Legal protection===
Civil rights are protected by laws and customs. The constitutions of many democracies have a "Bill of Rights" guaranteeing the people's freedom and privileges. A well-known example is the ''United States Bill of Rights''.  

A court of law decides if a person's civil rights have been violated. The courts also decide the limits of civil rights, so that people do not use their freedoms to take away the rights of other people.

==Related pages==
* Rule of law
* Civil liberties
* Human rights
* Natural rights
* Minority rights
* Women's rights
* Economic, social and cultural rights

Category:Politics
Category:Society
<|CHUNK_END|>
| '' or '''' (also in Greek:  – ["Dominion (Literally 'kingdom' but also interpreted as 'empire') of the Romans"]) and ''Romania''.
'''' means Roman "commonwealth"  and can refer to both the Republican and the Imperial eras. '''' (or "") refers to the territorial extent of Roman authority. '''' ("the Roman people") has often been used to indicate the Roman state in matters involving other nations. The term ''Romania'', initially a colloquial term for the empire's territory as well as a collective name for its inhabitants, appears in Greek and Latin sources from the 4th century onward and was eventually carried over to the Eastern Roman Empire (see R.L. Wolff, "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople" in ''Speculum'' 23 (1948), pp. 1–34 and especially pp. 2–3).}}
| }}}}
}}
| status                 = Empire
| life_span              = }}}}
}}}} – 1453 AD }}}}
| p1                     = Roman Republic
| s1                     = Western Roman Empire
| flag_p1                = 
| flag_s1                = Labarum_of_the_Roman_Empire_(simple).png
| flag_s2                = Byzantine_imperial_flag,_14th_century.svg
| s2                     = Eastern Roman Empire
| image_flag             = Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg
| flag_border            = no
| flag_size              = 100px
| flag_type              = Vexillum
| image_coat             = Roman_Aquilla.png
| coa_size               = 100 px
| symbol_type            = Imperial aquila
| image_map              = Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png
| image_map_caption      = The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, 117 AD, the time of Trajan's death (with its vassals in pink).. Fig. 1. Regions east of the Euphrates river were held only in the years 116–117.
| capital                = 
* Rome
* ConstantinopleBetween 1204 and 1261, there was an interregnum during which the empire was divided into the Empire of Nicaea, the Empire of Trebizond and the Despotate of Epirus, all of which were contenders for rule of the empire. The 
<|CHUNK_END|>
}}

 corresponds to length of the keys.  corresponds to number of the keys.
| invented_year = 1960
| space_avg = 
| space_worst = 
| search_avg = 
| search_worst = 
| insert_avg = 
| insert_worst = 
| delete_avg = 
| delete_worst = 
| type = Tree
}}
thumb|250px|A trie for keys "A", "to", "tea", "ted", "ten", "i", "in", and "inn". Each complete English word has an arbitrary integer value associated with it.|alt=Depiction of a trie. Single empty circle, representing the root node, points to three children. The arrow to each child is marked by a different letter. The children themselves have similar sets of arrows and child nodes, with nodes that correspond to full words bearing blue integer values.
In computer science, a '''trie''' (, ), also known as a '''digital tree''' or '''prefix tree''', is a specialized search tree data structure used to store and retrieve strings from a dictionary or set. Unlike a binary search tree, nodes in a trie do not store their associated key. Instead, each node's ''position'' within the trie determines its associated key, with the connections between nodes defined by individual characters rather than the entire key.

Tries are particularly effective for tasks such as autocomplete, spell checking, and IP routing, offering advantages over hash tables due to their prefix-based organization and lack of hash collisions. Every child node shares a common prefix with its parent node, and the root node represents the empty string. While basic trie implementations can be memory-intensive, various optimization techniques such as compression and bitwise representations have been developed to improve their efficiency. A notable optimization is the radix tree, which provides more efficient prefix-based storage.

While tries store character strings, they can be adapted to work with any ordered sequence of elements, such as permutations of digits or shapes. A notable variant is the '''bitwise trie''', which uses individual bits from fixed-length binar
<|CHUNK_END|>
|space_worst=
|search_avg=
|search_worst=
|insert_avg=
|insert_worst=
|delete_avg=
|delete_worst=
}}

right|upright=0.8|thumb|Fig. 1: A binary search tree of size 9 and depth 3, with 8 at the root.

In computer science, a '''binary search tree''' ('''BST'''), also called an '''ordered''' or '''sorted binary tree''', is a rooted binary tree data structure with the key of each internal node being greater than all the keys in the respective node's left subtree and less than the ones in its right subtree. The time complexity of operations on the binary search tree is linear with respect to the height of the tree.

Binary search trees allow binary search for fast lookup, addition, and removal of data items. Since the nodes in a BST are laid out so that each comparison skips about half of the remaining tree, the lookup performance is proportional to that of binary logarithm. BSTs were devised in the 1960s for the problem of efficient storage of labeled data and are attributed to Conway Berners-Lee and David Wheeler.

The performance of a binary search tree is dependent on the order of insertion of the nodes into the tree since arbitrary insertions may lead to degeneracy; several variations of the binary search tree can be built with guaranteed worst-case performance. The basic operations include: search, traversal, insert and delete. BSTs with guaranteed worst-case complexities perform better than an unsorted array, which would require linear search time.

The complexity analysis of BST shows that, on average, the insert, delete and search takes \Theta(\log n) for n nodes. In the worst case, they degrade to that of a singly linked list: O(n). To address the boundless increase of the tree height with arbitrary insertions and deletions, self-balancing variants of BSTs are introduced to bound the worst lookup complexity to that of the binary logarithm. AVL trees were the first self-balancing binary search trees, invented in 1962 by Georgy Adelson-Velsky and Evgenii Landis. [
<|CHUNK_END|>
thumb|An opened [[nautilus shell. Its chambers make a logarithmic spiral]]
'''Logarithms''' or '''logs''' are a part of mathematics. They are related to exponential functions. A logarithm tells what exponent (or power) is needed to make a certain number, so logarithms are one of the inverse operations of exponentiation (the other one being roots). Historically, they were useful in multiplying or dividing large numbers.

An example of a logarithm is \log_2 8=3. In this logarithm, the base is 2, the power is 8 and the answer is 3. In this case, the exponentiation function would be:

2^3=2\times2\times2=8

The most common types of logarithms are '''common logarithms''', where the base is 10, '''binary logarithms''', where the base is 2, and '''natural logarithms''', where the base is e \approx2.71828. Rules, Examples, & Formulas|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/logarithm|access-date=2020-08-29|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en-US}}

==History==
Logarithms were first used in India in the 2nd century BCE. The first to use logarithms in modern times was the German mathematician Michael Stifel (around 14871567). In 1544, he wrote down the following equations: q^m q^n=q^{m+n} and \frac{q^m}{q^n}=q^{m-n}. This is the basis for understanding logarithms. For Stifel, m and n had to be whole numbers. John Napier (1550–1617) did not want this restriction, and wanted a range for the exponents.
thumb|right|John Napier worked on logarithms
According to Napier, logarithms express ratios: a has the same ratio to b, as c to d if the difference of their logarithms matches. Mathematically: \log a-\log b=\log c-\log d. At first, base e was used (even though the number had not been named yet). Henry Briggs proposed to use 10 as a base for logarithms, as such logarithms are very useful in astronomy.

== Relationship with exponential functions ==
A logarithm tells what exponent is needed to make a certain number, so logarithms are one of the inverse operations of exponentiati
<|CHUNK_END|>
thumb|247px|right|Specific entries of a matrix are often referenced by using pairs of [[subscripts, for the numbers at each of the '''rows''' & '''columns'''.]]

In mathematics, a '''matrix''' (plural: '''matrices''') is a list of a list of numbers, where each list in the list has the same number of numbers. It's often represented as rectangle of numbers, arranged in '''rows''' and '''columns'''. The rows are each left-to-right (horizontal) lines, and the columns go top-to-bottom (vertical). The top-left cell is at row 1, column 1 ''(see diagram at right)''.

Matrices are often represented by capital roman letters such as A, B and C, and there are rules for adding, subtracting and "multiplying" matrices together, but the rules are different than for numbers. As an example, the product  AB does not always give the same result as BA , which is the case for the multiplication of ordinary numbers.

Many natural sciences use matrices quite a lot. In many universities, courses about matrices (usually called linear algebra) are taught very early, sometimes even in the first year of studies. Matrices are also very common in computer science, engineering, physics, economics, and statistics. mathematics|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/matrix-mathematics|access-date=2020-08-19|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}

== Definitions and notations ==
The horizontal lines in a matrix are called '''rows'''. The vertical lines are called '''columns'''. A matrix with ''m'' rows and ''n'' columns is called an ''m''-by-''n'' matrix (or ''m''×''n'' matrix). ''m'' and ''n'' are called its '''dimensions'''.

The places in the matrix where the numbers are, are called ''entries''. The entry of a matrix called "''A''" that is in the row number ''i'' and column number ''j'' is called the ''i,j'' entry of ''A''. This is written as ''A''[''i,j''] or ''a''''i,j''.

A:=(a_{ij})_{m \times n} defines a ''m'' × ''n'' matrix called ''A.'' Each entry in this matrix is called ''a''''i,j''
<|CHUNK_END|>
| designer = Donald D. ChamberlinRaymond F. Boyce
| developer = ISO/IEC JTC 1 (Joint Technical Committee 1) / SC 32 (Subcommittee 32) / WG 3 (Working Group 3)
| typing = Static, strong
| implementations = Many
| dialects = 
| influenced = CQL, LINQ, SPARQL, SOQL, PowerShell, JPQL, jOOQ, N1QL, GQL
| website = 
| latest_release_version = SQL:2023
| latest_release_date = 
| influenced_by = Datalog
| operating_system = Cross-platform
| fileformat = 
| wikibooks = Structured Query Language
}}

| latest release version = 
| latest release date = 
| genre         = Database
| standard      = ISO/IEC 9075
| open          = Yes
| url           = 
}}

'''Structured Query Language''' ('''SQL''') (pronounced  ''S-Q-L''; or alternatively as  "sequel") is a domain-specific language used to manage data, especially in a relational database management system (RDBMS). It is particularly useful in handling structured data, i.e., data incorporating relations among entities and variables.

Introduced in the 1970s, SQL offered two main advantages over older read–write APIs such as ISAM or VSAM. Firstly, it introduced the concept of accessing many records with one single command. Secondly, it eliminates the need to specify ''how'' to reach a record, i.e., with or without an index.

Originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus, SQL consists of many types of statements,SQL-92, 4.22 SQL-statements, 4.22.1 Classes of SQL-statements "There are at least five ways of classifying SQL-statements:", 4.22.2, SQL statements classified by function "The following are the main classes of SQL-statements:"; SQL:2003 4.11 SQL-statements, and later revisions. which may be informally classed as sublanguages, commonly: data query language (DQL), data definition language (DDL), data control language (DCL), and data manipulation language (DML).

The scope of SQL includes data query, data manipulation (insert, update, and delete), data definition (schema creation and modification), and 
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'''Management''' means directing and controlling a group of people or an organization to reach a goal. Management often means the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. In other word '''Management''' can also mean the person or people who manage, the managers.  European Management is specifically defined by academic Andreas M. Kaplan as a cross-cultural, societal management approach based on interdisciplinary principles.In the late 90s it used to be the only principal administration for one to operate in the business Field.

== Other websites ==
* [http://www.apbm.org/ Association of Professionals in Business Management (APBM)]
* [http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Sloan-School-of-Management/index.htm  Management Courses]  at MIT Sloan, OpenCourseWare
* [http://ot.cavarretta.com Research on Organizations: Bibliography Database and Maps] 
* [http://aomonline.org (United States) Academy of Management] : dedicated to the scholarship and practice of management
* [http://www.icpm.biz Institute of Certified Professional Managers] 

==References==
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'''Sociology''' is a social science that studies societies and how humans act in groups. (A society is the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations.) 

There are many subfields. For example, criminology examines criminal behavior and crime. People who study sociology are called sociologists.  

== Sociology today ==

Sociologists research the structures that organize society, such as racial categorizations, ethnicity, gender, social class, the family, and social interaction. They also study the breakdown of social structures (for example, crime and divorce).

=== Subfields ===
Most sociologists work in one or more specialty areas or "subfields". Sociology includes many subfields that examine different aspects of society. For example:

* Social stratification experts study patterns of inequality and class structure in society
* The field of demography studies changes in population size or type
* Criminology examines criminal behavior and crime
* Political sociology studies government and laws.
* Sociology of race and sociology of gender examine how people think about race and gender.

=== Research ===
Many sociologists also do research outside of university settings. Their research is intended to help teachers, lawmakers, and government administrators to make better institutions, government programs, and rules.

=== Statistics ===
Sociologists often use statistics to count and measure patterns in how people behave. Sociologists also interview people or hold group discussions to find out why people behave in certain ways. Some sociologists combine different research methods.

== History of sociology ==

Social analysis has been done since the time of Plato. However, sociology was not accepted as a type of science until the early 1800s. At the time, European cities were industrializing and changing drastically. Many people moved into cities and began working in factories. Sociologists tried to under
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'''Classical music''' is a very general term which normally refers to the standard music of countries in the western world. It is music that has been composed by musicians who are trained in the art of writing music (composing) and written down in music notation so that other musicians can play it. Classical music may also be described as "art music" although that term also includes types of serious modern music which are not classical. Classical music differs from pop music because it is not made just in order to be popular for time or just to be a commercial success. It is different from folk music which is generally made up by ordinary members of society and learned by future generations by listening, dancing and copying.

==Meaning of "classic"==
The word “classic” tends to mean: an art which is so good that it will always be enjoyed by future generations. It is something that has become a model for future artists. The period of Ancient Greece and Rome is known as the Classical Period because, many centuries later, people looked back to those ancient civilizations and thought they were perfect. In recent European history the 18th century was known as the Classical Period because musicians, artists, writers and philosophers were inspired by the art forms of the Classical Period of Ancient Greece and Rome. Something that is a “classic” is therefore something that will always be remembered as something great. Famous books such as the novels of Charles Dickens are called "classics". “Classical music” therefore tends to mean music that will not be forgotten soon after it is written, but is likely to be enjoyed by many future generations.

==Contrast with pop music and jazz==
Although people sometimes think of classical music as the opposite of pop music, it can still be very popular. Like all kinds of music, classical music can be in many different moods: happy, sad, scary, peaceful, thoughtful, simple etc. Mozart wrote his serenades and divertimentos to entertain pe
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thumb|300px|As the degree of the Taylor polynomial rises, it approaches the correct function. This image shows  and its Taylor approximations by polynomials of degree '''1''', '''3''', '''5''', '''7''', '''9''', '''11''', and '''13''' at .

In mathematical analysis, the '''Taylor series''' or '''Taylor expansion''' of a function is an infinite sum of terms that are expressed in terms of the function's derivatives at a single point. For most common functions, the function and the sum of its Taylor series are equal near this point. Taylor series are named after Brook Taylor, who introduced them in 1715. A Taylor series is also called a '''Maclaurin series''' when  is the point where the derivatives are considered, after Colin Maclaurin, who made extensive use of this special case of Taylor series in the 18th century.

The partial sum formed by the first  terms of a Taylor series is a polynomial of degree  that is called the th '''Taylor polynomial''' of the function. Taylor polynomials are approximations of a function, which become generally more accurate as  increases. Taylor's theorem gives quantitative estimates on the error introduced by the use of such approximations. If the Taylor series of a function is convergent, its sum is the limit of the infinite sequence of the Taylor polynomials. A function may differ from the sum of its Taylor series, even if its Taylor series is convergent. A function is analytic at a point  if it is equal to the sum of its Taylor series in some open interval (or open disk in the complex plane) containing . This implies that the function is analytic at every point of the interval (or disk).

== Definition ==
The Taylor series of a real or complex-valued function (''x'')}}, that is infinitely differentiable at a real or complex number , is the power series
<!--
Any changes to the following formula, without first obtaining consensus on the discussion page will be reverted. In particular, *DO NOT* add f(x)= here.
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 f(a) + \frac {f'(a)}
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In mathematics and mathematical logic, '''Boolean algebra''' is a branch of algebra. It differs from elementary algebra in two ways. First, the values of the variables are the truth values ''true'' and ''false'', usually denoted by 1 and 0, whereas in elementary algebra the values of the variables are numbers. Second, Boolean algebra uses logical operators such as conjunction (''and'') denoted as , disjunction (''or'') denoted as , and negation (''not'') denoted as . Elementary algebra, on the other hand, uses arithmetic operators such as addition, multiplication, subtraction, and division. Boolean algebra is therefore a formal way of describing logical operations in the same way that elementary algebra describes numerical operations.

Boolean algebra was introduced by George Boole in his first book ''The Mathematical Analysis of Logic'' (1847), and set forth more fully in his ''An Investigation of the Laws of Thought'' (1854). According to Huntington, the term ''Boolean algebra'' was first suggested by Henry M. Sheffer in 1913, although Charles Sanders Peirce gave the title "A Boolian Algebra with One Constant" to the first chapter of his "The Simplest Mathematics" in 1880. Boolean algebra has been fundamental in the development of digital electronics, and is provided for in all modern programming languages. It is also used in set theory and statistics.

==History==
A precursor of Boolean algebra was Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's algebra of concepts. The usage of binary in relation to the ''I Ching'' was central to Leibniz's ''characteristica universalis''. It eventually created the foundations of algebra of concepts. Leibniz's algebra of concepts is deductively equivalent to the Boolean algebra of sets.

Boole's algebra predated the modern developments in abstract algebra and mathematical logic; it is however seen as connected to the origins of both fields. In an abstract setting, Boolean algebra was perfected in the late 19th century by Jevons, Schröder, Huntington
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thumb|A snippet of Python code demonstrating binary search

The syntax of the Python programming language is the set of rules that defines how a Python program will be written and interpreted (by both the runtime system and by human readers). The Python language has many similarities to Perl, C, and Java. However, there are some definite differences between the languages. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured, object-oriented programming, and functional programming, and boasts a dynamic type system and automatic memory management.

Python's syntax is simple and consistent, adhering to the principle that "There should be one-and preferably only one-obvious way to do it." The language incorporates built-in data types and structures, control flow mechanisms, first-class functions, and modules for better code reusability and organization. Python also uses English keywords where other languages use punctuation, contributing to its uncluttered visual layout.

The language provides robust error handling through exceptions, and includes a debugger in the standard library for efficient problem-solving. Python's syntax, designed for readability and ease of use, makes it a popular choice among beginners and professionals alike.

== Design philosophy ==

Python was designed to be a highly readable language."Readability counts." - [https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0020/ PEP 20 - The Zen of Python]  It has a relatively uncluttered visual layout and uses English keywords frequently where other languages use punctuation. Python aims to be simple and consistent in the design of its syntax, encapsulated in the mantra , from the Zen of Python.

This mantra is deliberately opposed to the Perl and Ruby mantra, "there's more than one way to do it".

== Keywords ==

Python 3 has 35 keywords or ''reserved words''; they cannot be used as identifiers.

*and
*as
*assert
*async}}
*await
*break
*class
*continue
*def
*del
*elif
*else
*except
*False
*finally
*for
*fr
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thumb|Bust of [[Socrates. Roman copy of an ''original'' thought to be ''carved'' by Lysippos.]]

'''Philosophy''' is the study of wisdom.  is the Ancient Greek word for the "love of wisdom".

A person who works in the field of philosophy is called a '''philosopher'''. A philosopher is a kind of thinker and researcher.  Philosophers ask general and fundamental questions. The topics of these questions include existence, knowledge, mind, reason, language, and value.

A "philosophy" can also mean a group of ideas or a way of living. However, philosophy as an area of study mostly refers to asking fundamental questions, rather than creating ways of living.

Philosophy is a way of thinking about the world, the universe, and society. In the past, natural sciences like physics and psychology were a part of philosophy. Philosophy also used to be studied with religion. In the past few centuries, the difference between philosophy, sciences and religion has become much greater. Now, they are regarded as separate academic disciplines.

==Ideas==
The ideas in philosophy are often general and ''abstract''. However, this does not mean that philosophy is not about the real world. For example, ethics talks about how to be good in our day-to-day lives. Metaphysics questions how the world works and what it is made of. Sometimes, people talk about how they have a ‘personal philosophy’, which means the way a person thinks about the world. This article is ''not'' about people's ’personal philosophies’. This article is about the ideas that have been discussed by philosophers.

==Questions==
Questions related to philosophy are called philosophical questions. Most philosophical questions can never be answered with certainty. They focus on important topics, such as the meaning of life, death, and morality. An example of a philosophical question is this: "Is there any knowledge in the world which is so certain that no reasonable man could doubt it?".Russell, Bertrand 1912. ''The problems of phi
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'''pH''' is a scale of acidity from 0 to 14. It tells how acidic or alkaline a substance is. 
More acidic solutions have lower pH. More alkaline solutions have higher pH. Substances that aren't acidic or alkaline (that is, neutral solutions) usually have a pH of 7.
Acids have a pH that is less than 7. Alkalis have a pH that is greater than 7.

pH is a measure of the concentration of protons (H+) in a solution. S.P.L. Sørensen introduced this concept in the year 1909. The p stands for the German ''potenz'', meaning power or concentration, and the H for the hydrogen ion (H+).

The most common formula for calculating pH is:

:\mbox{pH} = -\log_{10} \left[ \mbox{H}^+ \right]

[H+] indicates the concentration of H+ ions (also written [H3O+], the equal concentration of hydronium ions), measured in moles per litre (also known as molarity).

However, the correct equation is actually:

:\mbox{pH} = -\log_{10} \left[ a_{\mathrm{H^+}} \right]

where a_{\mathrm{H^+}} indicates the activity of H+ ions. But, this equation in most cases provides the same value as the more common formula, so in introductory chemistry the previous equation is given as the definition of pH.

Most substances have a pH in the range of 0 to 14, although ''extremely'' acidic or alkaline substances may have pH  14.

Alkaline substances have, instead of hydrogen ions, a concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-).

== pH indicators ==
Certain dyes change colour depending on whether they are in an acid solution or an alkaline solution . '''pH indicator''' is a chemical compound added in small amounts to a solution so the pH (acidity or basicity) of the solution can be seen. The pH indicator is a chemical detector for hydronium ions (H3O+) or hydrogen ions (H+).These are two different ways of representing hydrogen ion concentration. Normally, the indicator causes the colour of the solution to change depending on the pH.

Typical indicators are phenolphthalein, methyl orange, methyl red, bromothymol blue, and thymo
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The '''theory of relativity''' is a  theory Albert Einstein created in the early 1900s. There are two theories of relativity. The first is special relativity and the second is general relativity.

The theory tries to solve problems which could not be solved by Classical physics, or by 19th century physics. Some things, like the orbit of Mercury or the way light from distant sources bends as it passes a star, cannot be explained by the physics of 1900. Einstein tried to change the basic ideas of physics. He came up with two theories to do that. The first was called Special relativity and the second was called General relativity.

== References ==
* Hawking, Stephen. ''The Universe in a nutshell''. Bantam Books, 2001.

== Other websites [http://www.muppetlabs.com/~breadbox/txt/al.html Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity In Words of Four Letters or]  [http://www.cosmobrain.com.br/cosmoforum/viewtopic.php?t=118 New times and new technologies survey the experiments of Sobral and Príncipe] ess wayback machine ==

* [http://www.muppetlabs.com/~breadbox/txt/al.html Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity In Words of Four Letters or Less]
* [http://www.cosmobrain.com.br/cosmoforum/viewtopic.php?t=118  New times and new technologies survey the experiments of Sobral and Príncipe.] 
* [http://www.relativitycalculator.com  Relativity Calculator – Learn Special Relativity Mathematics]  The mathematics of special relativity presented in as simple and comprehensive manner possible within philosophical and historical contexts.

Category:Relativity
Category:Albert Einstein
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| discontinued = 
| latest release version = 
| latest release date = 
| latest preview version = 
| programming language = Go
| operating system = Linux, Windows, macOS
| platform = x86-64, ARM, s390x, ppc64le
| language = 
| genre = OS-level virtualization
| license = }}
}}
thumb|Former logo

'''Docker''' is a set of products that uses operating system-level virtualization to deliver software in packages called ''containers''. Docker automates the deployment of applications within lightweight containers, enabling them to run consistently across different computing environments.

The core software that runs and manages these containers is called '''Docker Engine'''. Docker was first released in 2013 and continues to be developed by Docker, Inc. The platform includes both free and paid tiers.

== History ==
 started the Docker project in France as an internal project within dotCloud, a platform-as-a-service company.

dotCloud Inc. was founded by Kamel Founadi, Hykes, and Sebastien Pahl during the Y Combinator Summer 2010 startup incubator group and launched in 2011, and renamed to Docker Inc in 2013.

Docker debuted to the public in Santa Clara at PyCon in 2013. It was released as open-source in March 2013. At the time, it used LXC as its default execution environment. One year later, with the release of version 0.9, Docker replaced LXC with its own component, ''libcontainer'', which was written in the Go programming language.

In 2017, Docker created the  for open research and development. In March 2026, the Communications of the ACM featured Docker as the cover article in a retrospective article of the past decade.

=== Adoption ===
* September 19, 2013: Red Hat and Docker announced a collaboration around Fedora, Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), and OpenShift.
* October 15, 2014: Microsoft announced the integration of the Docker engine into Windows Server, as well as native support for the Docker client role in Windows.
* November 2014: Docker container services w
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frame|A series of linear constraints on two variables produces a region of possible values for those variables. Solvable problems will have a feasible region in the shape of a [[simple polygon.]]
'''Linear programming''' or '''Linear optimization''' is a field of mathematics that deals with finding optimal values or solutions that can be described with linear equations and inequalities. Very often this involves finding the minimal or maximal values, given some conditions, or constraints. Linear programming is often used for problems where no exact solution is known, for example for planning traffic flows. Linear programming is one of the main methods used in Operations research. Linear optimization is a special case of Convex optimization. It forms the basis for several methods of solving problems of Integer programming. In many cases, the solutions of linear programs can be mapped to Polyhedra, which allows solving and modelling certain problems geometrically. 

In the case of linear programming, the word ''programming'' should be seen as ''planning''; George Dantzig coined the term in the 1940s, long before computers were used to solve such problems. Looking at the information theory complexity, linear programming problems are simple, and can be solved efficiently using algorithms such as the interior point method. In many cases, the Simplex algorithm developed by Dantzig has proven to be very fast, even though its complexity is exponential, in the worst case. 

Leonid Kantorovich developed the first methods of linear programming in 1939.

Category:Combinatorial optimization
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 |}}
| language = English, French"English and French shall be the official languages for the entire North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.", [http://www.nato.int/docu/comm/49-95/c490917a.htm Final Communiqué following the meeting of the North Atlantic Council on September 17, 1949]. "(..)the English and French texts [of the Treaty] are equally authentic(...)"[http://www.nato.int/docu/basictxt/treaty.htm#Art14 The North Atlantic Treaty, Article 14] 
| leader_title = Secretary General
| leader_name = Mark Rutte
| formation = 4 April 1949
| website = https://www.nato.int/
}}

The '''North Atlantic Treaty Organization''' (sometimes known as the '''North Atlantic Alliance''', the '''Atlantic Alliance''' or the '''Western Alliance'''), also simply called '''NATO''', is a military alliance that is mostly in Europe and North America. Its other official name means the same in French: ''Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord'' (''OTAN'').

It was established by the North Atlantic Treaty, which was signed in Washington, DC, United States, on April 4, 1949. Its headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium.

== Languages ==
NATO has two official languages, English and French, as defined in Article 14 of the North Atlantic Treaty.

== History ==
Its members when it was founded on 4 April 1949 were the United States, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, the United Kingdom, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. On 18 February 1952, Greece and Turkey also joined.
 
When West Germany joined on 9 May 1955, it was described as "a decisive turning point in the history of our continent" by Norwegian Foreign Minister Halvard Lange. The Warsaw Pact was signed on 14 May 1955 by the Soviet Union and its satellite states as a defense to NATO.

Iceland threatened to leave during the 1970s Cod Wars, which would put the United Kingdom at fault, and NATO would lose a
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'''Object-oriented programming''' ('''OOP''') is a way of writing computer programs using "objects" to stand for data and methods. Often, computer programs that are not object-oriented are a list of instructions for the computer, telling it to do certain things in a certain way. This is called procedural programming. However, in object-oriented programming, computer programs use objects that talk to one another to change the data in those objects and to work in a way that the user wants. Because of the way object-oriented programming is designed, it helps the developer by allowing for code to be easily reused by other parts of the program or even by other people.

Most programming languages are a mix of different ways of writing computer programs (called programming paradigms). For example, Python allows for computer programs to be written both in object-oriented programming and in procedural programming. There are many programming languages that allow you to write computer programs in object-oriented programming. Some of these programming languages are:  C++, Java, Ruby, Perl, PHP, Python, C#, etc.

== Features ==
The main idea of object-oriented programming is that everything is an object. However, the object can be made of different parts:
* Variables can hold different types of information that are supported by the programming language. Examples are the integer data type and the lists data structure. Variables also exist in procedural programming languages. In object-oriented programming, variables are mainly known as attributes, particularly when it belongs (or is contained in) an object.
* Procedures are lists of instructions telling the computer to take input, do some calculations or change data, and return the output to the user. Procedures also exist in procedural programming languages. In object-oriented programming, procedures are mainly known as methods.
* Classes are collections of different variables and procedures. Classes usually talk to one another 
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alt=|thumb|Adding vectors (right side): vector '''a''' (blue) is added to vector b (red) by placing them as shown on the right. The sum, '''a+b''', is black. Left side: the sum of two vectors makes the diagonal of a parallelogram.
A '''vector space''' is a collection of mathematical objects called vectors, along with some operations you can do on them. Two operations are defined in a vector space: addition of two vectors and multiplication of a vector with a scalar. These operations can change the size of a vector and the direction it points to. The most important thing to understand is that after you do the addition or multiplication, the result is still in the vector space; you have not changed the vector in a way that makes it not a vector anymore. A vector space is often represented using symbols such as U, V and W.

More formally, a vector space is a special combination of a group and a field. The elements of the group are called vectors, and the elements of the field are called scalars. Vector spaces are important in an area of mathematics called linear algebra, an area which deals with linear functions (functions of straight lines, not curves). 

A vector can be represented graphically with an arrow that has a tail and a head. To add two vectors, you place the end of one vector at the head of the other one (see figure). The sum is the vector that goes from the tail of the first vector to the head of the second. 

''Scalar multiplication'' means that one vector is made bigger or smaller (it is "scaled"). Scalars are just numbers: if you multiply a vector by 2, you make it twice as long. If you multiply it by 1/2, you make it half as long.

The "vectors" don't have to be vectors in the sense of things that have magnitude and direction. For example, they could be functions, matrices or simply numbers. If they obey the axioms of a vector space (a list of properties a vector space needs to satisfy), you can think of them as vectors and the theorems of linear algeb
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thumb|250px|Biotic pollination vector
'''Ecology''' is the branch or aspect of biology that  studies the biota (living things), the environment, and their interactions. It comes from the Greek ''oikos'' = house; ''logos'' = study. 

Ecology is the study of ecosystems. Ecosystems describe the web or network of relations among organisms at different scales of organization. Since ecology refers to any form of biodiversity, ecologists research everything from tiny bacteria in nutrient recycling to the effects of tropical rain forests on the Earth's atmosphere.  Scientists who study these interactions are called ''ecologists''. 

Terrestrial ecoregion and climate change research are two areas where ecologists now focus.

There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agriculture, forestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, and applied science. It provides a framework for understanding and researching human social interaction.Omerod S.J. Pienkowski M.W. & Watkinson A.R. 1999. Communicating the value of ecology. ''Journal of Applied Ecology'' '''36''', 847–855Phillipson J. Lowe P. & Bullock J.M. 2009. Navigating the social sciences: interdisciplinarity and ecology. ''Journal of Applied Ecology'' '''46''', 261–264Steward T.A. ''et al.'' 2008. Beyond urban legends: an emerging framework of urban ecology, as illustrated by the Baltimore Ecosystem Study. ''BioScience'' '''58''' 139–150

== Population ecology ==

thumb|A graph of a population which reaches carrying capacity
Population ecology measures the size of a population: all the living things from one species that live in an place. A population gets bigger because of birth and movement into a place, and it gets smaller because of death and movement out of a place. Growth rate is the change in population size divided by the current population size. When a population is small, growth rate does not change, so the
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In linear algebra, an '''eigenvector''' ( ) or '''characteristic vector''' is a (nonzero) vector that has its direction unchanged (or reversed) by a given linear transformation. More precisely, an eigenvector \mathbf v of a linear transformation T is scaled by a constant factor \lambda when the linear transformation is applied to it: T\mathbf v=\lambda \mathbf v. The corresponding '''eigenvalue''', '''characteristic value''', or '''characteristic root''' is the multiplying factor \lambda (possibly a negative or complex number).

Geometrically, vectors are multi-dimensional quantities with magnitude and direction, often pictured as arrows. A linear transformation rotates, stretches, or shears the vectors upon which it acts. A linear transformation's eigenvectors are those vectors that are only stretched or shrunk, with neither rotation nor shear. The corresponding eigenvalue is the factor by which an eigenvector is stretched or shrunk. If the eigenvalue is negative, the eigenvector's direction is reversed.

The eigenvectors and eigenvalues of a linear transformation serve to characterize it, and so they play important roles in all areas where linear algebra is applied, from geology to quantum mechanics. In particular, it is often the case that a system is represented by a linear transformation whose outputs are fed as inputs to the same transformation (feedback). In such an application, the largest eigenvalue is of particular importance, because it governs the long-term behavior of the system after many applications of the linear transformation, and the associated eigenvector is the steady state of the system.

== Matrices ==
For an n{\times}n matrix  and a nonzero n-vector \mathbf{v}, if multiplying  by \mathbf{v} (denoted A\mathbf{v}) simply scales \mathbf{v} by a factor , where  is a scalar, then \mathbf{v} is called an eigenvector of , and  is the corresponding eigenvalue. This relationship can be expressed as: A\mathbf{v} = \lambda \mathbf{v}.

Given an ''n''-di
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A '''neural network''' (also called an '''ANN''' or an '''artificial neural network''') is a sort of computer software, inspired by biological neurons. Data Basecamp|url=https://databasecamp.de/en/ml/artificial-neural-networks|access-date=2022-06-15|language=en-US}} Biological brains are capable of solving difficult problems, but each neuron is only responsible for solving a very small part of the problem. A neural network is made up of cells that work together to produce a desired result, although each individual cell is only responsible for solving a small part of the problem. This is one method for creating artificially intelligent programs.

Neural networks are an example of machine learning, where a program can change as it learns to solve a problem. A neural network can be trained and improved with each example, but the larger the neural network, the more examples it needs to perform well—often needing millions or billions of examples in the case of deep learning.

== Overview ==

A neural network models a network of neurons, like those in the human brain. Each neuron does simple mathematical operations: it gets data from other neurons, modifies it and sends it to other neurons. Neurons are placed in "layers": a neuron from a layer receives data from the neurons of other layers, modifies it and sends data to the neurons of other layers. A neural network is made up of one or more layers.

The first layer is called the "input layer", it receives data from the outside world (for example: an image or text). The last layer is called the "output layer". The data from the neurons in the output layer is read and used as the output of the network. The other layers are called the "hidden layers".

In a simple "feed-forward" network, the data handled by the neurons are numbers. Each neuron does a weighted sum of the value of the neurons of the previous layer (X_i in the equation below). It then adds to it a constant value (called the "bias"). Finally, it applies a mathem
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'''Depth-first search''' ('''DFS''') is an algorithm for traversing or searching tree or graph data structures. The algorithm starts at the root node (selecting some arbitrary node as the root node in the case of a graph) and explores as far as possible along each branch before backtracking. Extra memory, usually a stack, is needed to keep track of the nodes discovered so far along a specified branch which helps in backtracking of the graph.

A version of depth-first search was investigated in the 19th century by French mathematician Charles Pierre TrémauxCharles Pierre Trémaux (1859–1882) École polytechnique of Paris (X:1876), French engineer of the telegraph  in Public conference, December 2, 2010 – by professor Jean Pelletier-Thibert in Académie de Macon (Burgundy – France) – (Abstract published in the Annals academic, March 2011 – ) as a strategy for solving mazes...

==Properties==
The time and space analysis of DFS differs according to its application area. In theoretical computer science, DFS is typically used to traverse an entire graph, and takes time  where |V| is the number of vertices  and |E| the number of  edges. This is linear in the size of the graph. In these applications it also uses space O(|V|) in the worst case to store the stack of vertices on the current search path as well as the set of already-visited vertices. Thus, in this setting, the time and space bounds are the same as for breadth-first search and the choice of which of these two algorithms to use depends less on their complexity and more on the different properties of the vertex orderings the two algorithms produce.

For applications of DFS in relation to specific domains, such as searching for solutions in artificial intelligence or web-crawling, the graph to be traversed is often either too large to visit in its entirety or infinite (DFS may suffer from non-termination). In such cases, search is only performed to a limited depth; due to limited resources, such as memory or disk spac
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thumb|A modern kit to vaccinate against smallpox

A '''vaccine''' is a biological preparation. It is given to prevent a specific infectious or malignant disease. It only works against the microorganism for which it is prepared. It is usually given by injection, and called vaccination. 
right|350px|[[James Gillray, ''The Cow-Pock—or—the Wonderful Effects of the New Inoculation!'' (1802).  Vaccinations eventually helped eliminate smallpox from the world.]]
 
At its best, vaccination gives immunity to an infectious disease caused by a particular microorganism (bacteria or virus). For example, the flu vaccine makes it very much less likely that a person will get the flu. The flu virus continually changes, and has many strains. That is why re-vaccination is needed every year. 

At first, vaccines were usually made from something that is alive, or was alive. Now they may be built up by viral biochemistry. Each vaccine has its own history, and what is true of one might not be true of another.

The word "vaccine" comes from the Latin ''vacca'', meaning "cow").  In 1796, Edward Jenner used a milkmaid infected with cowpox (''variolae vaccinae'') to protect people against smallpox. The use of vaccines is called vaccination.

Vaccination had been done before Jenner. Williams G 2010. ''Angel of Death''. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-27471-6 Powdered smallpox material was blown up the nostrils of the subject.

== History ==
Edward Jenner created the first vaccine in the 1770s. At this time, smallpox was a deadly disease. Jenner noticed that people who had already had cowpox (a disease that is related to smallpox) usually did not get smallpox. He thought that getting cowpox protected people against smallpox.

To test this idea, Jenner gave a boy cowpox. Then he infected the boy with smallpox. The boy did not get sick because he had already had cowpox. Jenner was right: having cowpox protected people against smallpox.

Because cowpox inoculation made fewer people sick than sma
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thumb|A snippet of [[JavaScript code with keywords highlighted in different colors]]

The '''syntax of JavaScript''' is the set of rules that define a correctly structured JavaScript program.

The examples below make use of the console.log() function present in most browsers for standard text output.

The JavaScript standard library lacks an official standard text output function (with the exception of document.write). Given that JavaScript is mainly used for client-side scripting within modern web browsers, and that almost all Web browsers provide the alert function, alert can also be used, but is not commonly used.

TypeScript, which extends JavaScript with type annotations and additional features, has the same syntax as well as its own additional features.

==Origins==
thumb|JavaScript code which displays weekdays in a browser.
Brendan Eich summarized the ancestry of the syntax in the first paragraph of the JavaScript 1.1 specification as follows:

JavaScript syntax is mostly derived from Java syntax, which in turn is derived from C syntax and C++ syntax.

==Basics==

===Keywords===

====Reserved keywords====
The following words are keywords and cannot be used as identifiers under any circumstances.

* arguments
* async
* await
* assert
* break
* case
* catch
* class
* const
* continue
* debugger
* default
* delete
* do
* else
* enum
* eval
* export
* extends
* finally
* for
* function
* if
* implements
* import
* in
* instanceof
* interface
* let
* new
* package
* private
* protected
* public
* return
* static
* super
* switch
* this
* throw
* try
* typeof
* using
* var
* void
* while
* with
* yield

====Reserved words for literal values====
The following words refer to literal values used by the language.

* true
* false
* null

JavaScript also defines the following global constants, which are not keywords.

* NaN
* Infinity
* undefined
* globalThis

====Removed keywords====
The following words, primarily associated with Java, were removed from the ECMAScript 5
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'''Machine learning''' gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed (Arthur Samuel, 1959).John McCarthy & Edward Feigenbaum 1990. In Memoriam Arthur Samuel: pioneer in machine learning. ''AI Magazine''. AAAI. '''11''' (3).[http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/840/758]  It is a subfield of computer science. Data Basecamp|url=https://databasecamp.de/en/machine-learning|access-date=2022-08-14|language=en-US}}

The idea came from work in artificial intelligence. Machine learning explores the study and construction of algorithms which can learn and make predictions on data. Such algorithms follow programmed instructions, but can also make predictions or decisions based on data.Christopher Bishop 1995. ''Neural networks for pattern recognition''. Oxford University Press.  They build a model from sample inputs.

Machine learning is done where designing and programming explicit algorithms cannot be done. Examples include spam filtering, detection of artificial neural network intruders or malicious insiders working towards a data breach, optical character recognition (OCR),Wernick ''et al'' 2010. Machine learning in medical imaging, ''IEEE Signal Processing Society|IEEE Signal Processing Magazine''. '''27''', 4, 25-38. search engines and computer vision.

Using machine learning has risks. Some algorithms create a final model which is a black box. Models have been criticized for biases in hiring, criminal justice, and recognizing faces.

== Overview ==
Learning algorithms try to predict what will happen in the future with patterns from the past. These predictions can be obvious: for example, if the sun rose for the past 10,000 days, it will probably rise again. These predictions can also be more complex. An example of a complex prediction is facial recognition (knowing who someone is by looking at face).

Machine learning programs can do things that it hasn't been told to do by a programmer. Machine learning programs will be sh
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thumb|250px|[[Plato (at left) and Aristotle (at right). Aristotle is usually thought to be the creator of metaphysics]]

'''Metaphysics''' is a major branch of philosophy. It concerns existence and the nature of things that exist. Altogether it is a theory of reality.

Ontology is the part of metaphysics which discusses ''what'' exists: the categories of being.  Apart from ontology, metaphysics concerns the ''nature'' of, and ''relations'' among, the things that exist. Topics that are discussed in metaphysics include existence, objects and their traits, space and time, cause and effect, and what is possible.

== Main questions ==

=== Ontology ===
The study of ontology is broad, while other branches of metaphysics are more specific. One main question in ontology are what the most basic categories of being are. For example, imagine a tree. A tree is part of a larger category, like a plant. Plants are part of larger category, too: living things. Eventually, we arrive at a very large category: ''substance''. Philosophers who study ontology want to discover and understand basic categories like substance. Aristotle, for example, tried to understand reality through many other categories that he discovered, such as Quantity, Quality, Relation, Place, and Time among others.

In the 15th century René Descartes thought there might be two different substances, mind and matter. This is a view called dualism. Other thinkers, like Immanuel Kant, thought that we cannot say anything about substance, as the only way we can talk about substance is through connections. To prove this, Kant used the sentence "This is a house". Kant thought that the meaning of the word house depended on how other people used houses, or how other houses looked like. This meant that meaning was all about connections, and that there is no meaning of "house" on its own. So Kant replaced the category of substance with ''relation'' in his metaphysical beliefs.

In the 20th century, some Western philosophers th
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thumb|Graphs of functions commonly used in the [[analysis of algorithms, showing the number of operations ''N'' as the result of input size ''n'' for each function]]

In theoretical computer science, the '''time complexity''' is the computational complexity that describes the amount of computer time it takes to run an algorithm. Time complexity is commonly estimated by counting the number of elementary operations performed by the algorithm, supposing that each elementary operation takes a fixed amount of time to perform. Thus, the amount of time taken and the number of elementary operations performed by the algorithm are taken to be related by a constant factor.

Since an algorithm's running time may vary among different inputs of the same size, one commonly considers the worst-case time complexity, which is the maximum amount of time required for inputs of a given size. Less common, and usually specified explicitly, is the average-case complexity, which is the average of the time taken on inputs of a given size (this makes sense because there are only a finite number of possible inputs of a given size). In both cases, the time complexity is generally expressed as a function of the size of the input. Since this function is generally difficult to compute exactly, and the running time for small inputs is usually not consequential, one commonly focuses on the behavior of the complexity when the input size increases—that is, the asymptotic behavior of the complexity. Therefore, the time complexity is commonly expressed using big O notation, typically     etc., where  is the size in units of bits needed to represent the input.

Algorithmic complexities are classified according to the type of function appearing in the big O notation. For example, an algorithm with time complexity O(n) is a ''linear time algorithm'' and an algorithm with time complexity O(n^\alpha) for some constant \alpha > 0 is a ''polynomial time algorithm''.

== Table of common time complexities ==

Th
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thumb|upright=1.35|Basis of trigonometry: if two [[right triangles have equal acute angles, they are similar, so their corresponding side lengths are proportional.]]
In mathematics, the '''trigonometric functions''' (also called '''circular functions''', '''angle functions''' or '''goniometric functions''') are real functions which relate an angle of a right-angled triangle to ratios of two side lengths. They are widely used in all sciences that are related to geometry, such as navigation, solid mechanics, celestial mechanics, geodesy, and many others. They are among the simplest periodic functions, and are widely used for studying periodic phenomena through Fourier analysis.

The trigonometric functions most commonly used in modern mathematics are the sine, the cosine, and the '''tangent''' functions. Their reciprocals are respectively the '''cosecant''', the '''secant''', and the '''cotangent''' functions, which are less commonly used. Each of these six trigonometric functions has a corresponding inverse function and has an analog among the hyperbolic functions.

The oldest definitions of trigonometric functions, related to right-angle triangles, define them only for acute angles. To extend the sine and cosine functions to functions whose domain is the whole real line, geometrical definitions using the standard unit circle (i.e., a circle with radius 1 unit) are often used; then the domain of the other functions is the real line with some isolated points removed. Modern definitions express trigonometric functions as infinite series or as solutions of differential equations. This allows extending the domain of sine and cosine functions to the whole complex plane, and the domain of the other trigonometric functions to the complex plane with some isolated points removed.

== Notation ==
Conventionally, an abbreviation of each trigonometric function's name is used as its symbol in formulas. Today, the most common versions of these abbreviations are "" for sine, "" for
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A '''design pattern''' is the re-usable form of a solution to a design problem. The idea was introduced by the architect Christopher Alexander and has been adapted for various other disciplines, particularly software engineering. The "Gang of Four" book.

== Details ==

An organized collection of design patterns that relate to a particular field is called a pattern language. This language gives a common terminology for discussing the situations designers are faced with.

Documenting a pattern requires explaining why a particular situation causes problems, and how the components of the pattern relate to each other to give the solution. Christopher Alexander describes common design problems as arising from "conflicting forces"—such as the conflict between wanting a room to be sunny and wanting it not to overheat on summer afternoons. A pattern would not tell the designer how many windows to put in the room; instead, it would propose a set of values to guide the designer toward a decision that is best for their particular application. Alexander, for example, suggests that enough windows should be included to direct light all around the room. He considers this a good solution because he believes it increases the enjoyment of the room by its occupants. Other authors might come to different conclusions, if they place higher value on heating costs, or material costs. These values, used by the pattern's author to determine which solution is "best", must also be documented within the pattern.

Pattern documentation should also explain when it is applicable. Since two houses may be very different from one another, a design pattern for houses must be broad enough to apply to both of them, but not so vague that it doesn't help the designer make decisions. The range of situations in which a pattern can be used is called its context. Some examples might be "all houses", "all two-story houses", or "all places where people spend time".

For instance, in Christopher Alexander's work
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thumbnail|200px|Detail from [[Hammurabi's stele shows him receiving the laws of Babylon from the seated sun deity.]]

The '''constitution''' of a country (or a state) is a special type of law document that tells how its government is supposed to work. Every country has its own constitution, it tells how the country's leaders are to be chosen and how long they get to stay in office, how new laws are made and old laws are to be changed or removed based on law, what kind of people are allowed to vote and what other rights they are guaranteed, and how the constitution can be changed.

Limits are put on the Government in how much power they have within the Constitution ''(see Rule of Law )''. On the other hand, countries with repressive or corrupt governments frequently do not stick to their constitutions, or have bad constitutions without giving freedom to citizens and others. This can be known as dictatorship or simply "bending the rules". A Constitution is often a way of uniting within a Federation.

The UK's constitution is not written in one single document like many other countries' are. In fact, the UK's constitution is not completely written down at all. Some of it can be found in writing, starting with Magna Carta of 1215 and the Bill of Rights Act 1689 and including more modern Acts of Parliament. Other parts of it are considered common law and are made up of the decisions of judges over many hundreds of years in a system called legal or judicial precedence. Because of this, some people say that the United Kingdom has a ''de facto'' or "unwritten" constitution.
 
The United States in 1787 began a trend in the writing of constitutions. The United States Constitution is also the shortest that people are still using, and it has been changed (amended) many times over the years. It was made after the colonists won their independence from Britain. At first they had the Articles of Confederation but the Articles were replaced with today's Constitution.

The Indian con
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'''Particle physics''' is a branch of physics that studies tiny pieces of elements, known as particles. These particles are extremely small pieces that build up the world around us. They are best described in the language of math: calculus, the imaginary number, and group theory (which describes symmetry).

== Fundamental forces ==
Particles can carry fundamental forces. For example, the electromagnetic force is carried by photons. The four fundamental forces are responsible for almost everything in all of physics. These fundamental forces are gravity, electromagnetism,  weak interaction, and  strong interaction.

== The Standard Model ==
One of the important concepts of particle physics is called the Standard Model. The Standard Model is a theory that tries to explain the fundamental forces. The Standard Model combined with general relativity is currently the most accepted explanation of how the universe works.

The Standard Model is known to have problems. For example, it explains three of the four forces very well, but it cannot explain gravity. This is why general relativity, a different theory that explains where gravity comes from, needs to be included for physicists to explain the universe. There is a lot of work to improve the theory and/or find a better theory that is being done. This work is often called theoretical particle physics because it is about building better theories of particles. Theoretical particle physicists make theories to try to improve the Standard Model. One example of this is how many theories predict undiscovered particles.

== Collider ==
Physicists find out about particles by studying collisions between different particles. A good analogy of how physicists study particles through colliding is the car crash example. Imagine a person who wanted to look inside cars. By crashing two cars together at very high speeds, we can break the cars apart and see inside. In the same way, physicists crash two particles together to break them and stu
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}}
A '''mean''' is a quantity representing the "center" of a collection of numbers and is intermediate to the extreme values of the set of numbers. There are several kinds of '''means''' (or "measures of central tendency") in mathematics, especially in statistics. Each attempts to summarize or typify a given group of data, illustrating the magnitude and sign of the data set. Which of these measures is most illuminating depends on what is being measured, and on context and purpose.

The ''arithmetic mean'', also known as "arithmetic average", is the sum of the values divided by the number of values. The arithmetic mean of a set of numbers ''x''1, ''x''2, ..., x''n'' is typically denoted using an overhead bar, \bar{x}. If the numbers are from observing a sample of a larger group, the arithmetic mean is termed the ''sample mean'' (\bar{x}) to distinguish it from the group mean (or expected value) of the underlying distribution, denoted '''\mu''' or '''\mu_x'''.Underhill, L.G.; Bradfield d. (1998) ''Introstat'', Juta and Company Ltd.  [https://books.google.com/books?id=f6TlVjrSAsgC&pg=PA181 p. 181]

Outside probability and statistics, a wide range of other notions of mean are often used in geometry and mathematical analysis; examples are given below.

==Types of means==

===Pythagorean means===

In mathematics, the three classical '''Pythagorean means''' are the arithmetic mean (AM), the geometric mean (GM), and the harmonic mean (HM). These means were studied with proportions by Pythagoreans and later generations of Greek mathematicians because of their importance in geometry and music.
==== Arithmetic mean (AM) ====

The arithmetic mean (or simply ''mean'' or ''average'') of a list of numbers, is the sum of all of the numbers divided by their count. Similarly, the mean of a sample x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n, usually denoted by \bar{x}, is the sum of the sampled values divided by the number of items in the sample.

: \bar{x} = \frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^n{x_i} = \frac{x_1+x_2+\cdot
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'''Partial differential equations''' (abbreviated as PDEs) are a kind of mathematical equation. They are related to partial derivatives, in that obtaining an antiderivative of a partial derivative involves integration of partial differential equations.
==Numerical methods==

Since PDEs have appeared in mathematics and physics, many scientists have studied methods to solve them. But unfortunately, no one could establish methods to solve any kind of PDE. Therefore, numerical methods for PDEs (such as the finite element method) are widely studied since the appearance of computers.Iserles, A. (2009). A first course in the numerical analysis of differential equations. Cambridge University Press.Ames, W. F. (2014). Numerical methods for partial differential equations. Academic Press.M. Nakao, M. Plum, Y. Watanabe (2019) Numerical Verification Methods and Computer-Assisted Proofs for Partial Differential Equations (Springer Series in Computational Mathematics).

==Related pages==
*Differential equation
*Functional analysis
*Ordinary differential equation
*Navier–Stokes equations

==People who studied about partial differential equations==

* Kyuya Masuda
* Peter Lax
* Ryogo Hirota
* Shinichi Oishi
* Sofya Kovalevskaya
* Terence Tao

==Literature==
* Partial Differential Equations (Graduate Studies in Mathematics) Lawrence C. Evans, American Mathematical Society, 2010/04/.
* Egorov, Y. V., & Shubin, M. A. (2013). Foundations of the classical theory of partial differential equations. Springer Science & Business Media.
* Olver, P. J., Introduction to partial differential equations. Berlin: Springer.
* Partial Differential Equations I-III (Applied Mathematical Sciences) Michael Taylor, Springer.
==References==
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thumb|Calculating the median in data sets of odd (above) and even (below) observations
The '''median''' of a set of numbers is the value separating the higher half from the lower half of a data sample, a population, or a probability distribution. For a data set, it may be thought of as the "middle" value. The basic feature of the median in describing data compared to the mean (often simply described as the "average") is that it is not skewed by a small proportion of extreme values, and therefore provides a better representation of the center. Median income, for example, may be a better way to describe the center of the income distribution because increases in the largest incomes alone have no effect on the median. For this reason, the median is of central importance in robust statistics.
Median is a 2-quantile; it is the value that partitions a set into two equal parts.

==Finite set of numbers==
The median of a finite list of numbers is the "middle" number, when those numbers are listed in order from smallest to greatest.

If the data set has an odd number of observations, the middle one is selected (after arranging in ascending order). For example, the following list of seven numbers,

has the median of ''6'', which is the fourth value.

If the data set has an even number of observations, there is no distinct middle value and the median is usually defined to be the arithmetic mean of the two middle values.Simon, Laura J.; [http://www.stat.psu.edu/old_resources/ClassNotes/ljs_07/sld008.htm "Descriptive statistics"] , ''Statistical Education Resource Kit'', Pennsylvania State Department of Statistics For example, this data set of 8 numbers

has a median value of ''4.5'', that is (4 + 5)/2. (In more technical terms, this interprets the median as the fully trimmed mid-range).

In general, with this convention, the median can be defined as follows: For a data set x of n elements, ordered from smallest to greatest,

{2} }}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Comparison of common a
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In mathematics, a '''limit''' is the value that a function comes close to as the input comes close to some value. When we use a function to solve a problem, sometimes certain values can not be used as inputs to the function, but we can see what the function comes close to when the input comes close to the value. Limits can be used to explain what happens in these cases.

==Format==
Limits are used to define many topics in calculus, like continuity, derivatives, and integrals.

For a function ''f'', limit are written like this:

\lim_{x \to c}f(x)=L

which reads "the limit of ''f'' of ''x'', as ''x'' approaches ''c'' equals ''L''". An alternative notation is "f(x) \to L as x \to c", which reads "f(x) tends to L as x tends to c". Limit is shortened to ''lim''.

For a sequence x_n, the similar notation \lim_{n \to \infty} x_n=L is used.

==Example==
thumb|A graph showing f(x) = 1/x. Note that the line doesn't touch 0 on either axis as f(0) is undefined.
Imagine we have a function that takes an input, x, and then outputs \frac{1}{x} to y. If we were to draw a graph using x and y as coordinates, the results would look like this:

{| class="wikitable" 
|-
! x input
! function
! y output
! x, y
|-
| 4
| f(4) = \frac{1}{4}
| 0.25
| 4, 0.25 
|-
| 3
| f(3) = \frac{1}{3}
| 0.33
| 3, 0.33
|-
| 2
| f(2) = \frac{1}{2}
| 0.5
| 2, 0.5
|-
| 1
| f(1) = \frac{1}{1}
| 1
| 1, 1
|-
| 0
|f(0) = \frac{1}{0}
| undefined
| 0, undefined
|}

As we can see here, division by zero is undefined. But if we look closer, then we can see that we still have valid output—as long as we never reach zero:

{| class="wikitable" 
|-
! x input
! function
! y output
! x, y
|-
| 1
| f(1) = \frac{1}{1}
| 1
| 1, 1
|-
| 0.5
| f(0.5) = \frac{1}{0.5}
| 2
| 0.5, 2
|-
| 0.25
| f(0.25) = \frac{1}{0.25}
| 4
| 0.25, 4
|-
| 0.125
| f(0.125) = \frac{1}{0.125}
| 8
| 0.125, 8
|-
| -0.125
| f(-0.125) = \frac{1}{-0.125}
| -8
| -0.125, -8
|-
| -0.25
| f(-0.25) = \frac{1}{-0.25}
| -4
| -0.25, -4
|-
| -0.5
| f(-0.5) = \frac{1}{-0
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thumb|upright=1.35|A graphical interface similar to one from the late 1980s, which features a graphical window for a [[man page, a shaped window (oclock) as well as several iconified windows. In the lower right we can see a terminal emulator running a Unix shell, in which the user can type commands as if they were sitting at a terminal.]]

An operating system '''shell''' is a computer program that provides relatively broad and direct access to the system on which it runs. The term ''shell'' refers to how it is a relatively thin layer around an operating system.

Most shells are command-line interface (CLI) programs. Some graphical user interfaces (GUI) also include shells.

== Overview ==
Operating systems provide various services to their users, including file management, process management (running and terminating applications), batch processing, and operating system monitoring and configuration.

Most operating system shells are not ''direct'' interfaces to the underlying kernel, even if a shell communicates with the user via peripheral devices attached to the computer directly. Shells are actually special applications that use the kernel API in just the same way as it is used by other application programs. A shell manages the user–system interaction by prompting users for input, interpreting their input, and then handling output from the underlying operating system (much like a read–eval–print loop, REPL). Since the operating system shell is actually an application, it may easily be replaced with another similar application for most operating systems.

In addition to shells running on local systems, there are different ways to make remote systems available to local users; such approaches are usually referred to as remote access or remote administration. Initially available on multi-user mainframes, which provided text-based UIs for each active user ''simultaneously'' by means of a text terminal connected to the mainframe via serial line or modem, remote access h
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| image_coat             = Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg
| coat_alt               =  
| symbol_type_article    = Great Seal of the United States#Obverse
| national_motto         = "In God We Trust"}}
|titlestyle=background:transparent;color:inherit;text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;
|liststyle=text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;
|"Out of many, one"
|"Providence favors our undertakings"
|"New order of the ages"
}}
| national_anthem        = "The Star-Spangled Banner"File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg
<!-- Commented out, as not WP:DUE for lead.
|march="The Stars and Stripes Forever"File:"The Star-Spangled Banner" - Choral with band accompaniment - United States Army Field Band.oga
-->
| image_map              = 
| map_width              = 220px
| capital                = Washington, D.C.
| largest_city           = New York City
| official_languages     = English States and territories variously recognize English only, English plus one or more local languages, or no language at all. See § Language.}}
| ethnic_groups          = 

| ethnic_groups_ref      = 
| ethnic_groups_year     = 2020
| religion               = 
*67% Christianity
**33% Protestantism
**22% Catholicism
**11% other Christian
**1% Mormonism

|22% unaffiliated
|2% Judaism
|6% other religion
|3% Buddhism https://www.pewresearch.org/religious-landscape-study/religious-tradition/buddhist/
}}
| religion_ref           = 
| demonym                = American
| government_type        = Federal presidential republic 
| leader_title1          = President
| leader_name1           = Donald Trump
| leader_title2          = Vice President
| leader_name2           = JD Vance
| leader_title3          = House Speaker
| leader_name3           = Mike Johnson
| leader_title4          = Chief Justice
| leader_name4           = John Roberts
| legislature            = Congress
| upper_house            = Senate
| lower_house            = House of Representatives
| sovereignty_type       = Independen
<|CHUNK_END|>
''Machine Learning'' (journal)}}

'''Machine learning''' ('''ML''') is a field of study in artificial intelligence concerned with the development and study of statistical algorithms that can learn from data and generalize to unseen data, and thus perform tasks without being explicitly programmed.}} Advances in the field of deep learning have allowed neural networks, a class of statistical algorithms, to surpass many previous machine learning approaches in performance.

Statistics and mathematical optimisation methods compose the foundations of machine learning. Data mining is a related field of study, focusing on exploratory data analysis (EDA) through unsupervised learning.}}

From a theoretical viewpoint, probably approximately correct learning provides a mathematical and statistical framework for describing machine learning. Most traditional machine learning and deep learning algorithms can be described as empirical risk minimisation under this framework.

== History ==

The term ''machine learning'' was coined in 1959 by Arthur Samuel, an IBM employee and pioneer in the field of computer gaming and artificial intelligence.R. Kohavi and F. Provost, "Glossary of terms", Machine Learning, vol. 30, no. 2–3, pp. 271–274, 1998. The synonym ''self-teaching computers'' was also used during this time period. 

The earliest machine learning program was introduced in the 1950s, when Samuel invented a computer program that calculated the chance of winning in checkers for each side, but the history of machine learning is rooted in decades of efforts to study human cognitive processes. In 1949, Canadian psychologist Donald Hebb published the book ''The Organization of Behavior'', in which he introduced a theoretical neural structure formed by certain interactions among nerve cells. The Hebbian theory of neuron interaction set the groundwork for how many machine learning algorithms work, with connected artificial neurons changing the strength of their connections based on data
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In mathematics, a '''differential equation''' is an equation that relates one or more unknown functions and their derivatives. In applications, the functions generally represent physical quantities, the derivatives represent their rates of change, and the differential equation defines a relationship between the two. Such relations are common in mathematical models and scientific laws; therefore, differential equations play a prominent role in many disciplines including engineering, physics, economics, and biology.

The study of differential equations consists mainly of the study of their solutions (the set of functions that satisfy each equation), and of the properties of their solutions. Only the simplest differential equations are solvable by explicit formulas; however, many properties of solutions of a given differential equation may be determined without computing them exactly.

Often when a closed-form expression for the solutions is not available, solutions may be approximated numerically using computers, and many numerical methods have been developed to determine solutions with a given degree of accuracy. The theory of dynamical systems analyzes the qualitative aspects of solutions, such as their average behavior over a long time interval.

==History==

Differential equations came into existence with the invention of calculus by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz. In Chapter 2 of his 1671 work ''Methodus fluxionum et Serierum Infinitarum'',Newton, Isaac. (c.1671). Methodus Fluxionum et Serierum Infinitarum (The Method of Fluxions and Infinite Series), published in 1736 [Opuscula, 1744, Vol. I. p. 66]. Newton listed three kinds of differential equations:

:\begin{align}
  \frac {dy}{dx} &= f(x) \\[4pt]
  \frac {dy}{dx} &= f(x, y) \\[4pt]
  x_1 \frac {\partial y}{\partial x_1} &+ x_2 \frac {\partial y}{\partial x_2} = y
\end{align}
In all these cases,  is an unknown function of  (or of  and ), and  is a given function. He solved these examples and others using 
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In mathematics, a '''recurrence relation''' is an equation according to which the nth term of a sequence of numbers is equal to some combination of the previous terms. Often, only k previous terms of the sequence appear in the equation, for a parameter k that is independent of n; this number k is called the ''order'' of the relation. If the values of the first k numbers in the sequence have been given, the rest of the sequence can be calculated by repeatedly applying the equation.

In ''linear recurrences'', the th term is equated to a linear function of the k previous terms. A famous example is the recurrence for the Fibonacci numbers,
F_n=F_{n-1}+F_{n-2}
where the order k is two and the linear function merely adds the two previous terms. This example is a linear recurrence with constant coefficients, because the coefficients of the linear function (1 and 1) are constants that do not depend on n. For these recurrences, one can express the general term of the sequence as a closed-form expression of n. As well, linear recurrences with polynomial coefficients depending on n are also important, because many common elementary functions and special functions have a Taylor series whose coefficients satisfy such a recurrence relation (see holonomic function).

Solving a recurrence relation means obtaining a closed-form solution: a non-recursive function of n.

The concept of a recurrence relation can be extended to multidimensional arrays, that is, indexed families that are indexed by tuples of natural numbers.

==Definition==
A ''recurrence relation'' is an equation that expresses each element of a sequence as a function of the preceding ones. More precisely, in the case where only the immediately preceding element is involved, a recurrence relation has the form
:u_n=\varphi(n, u_{n-1})\quad\text{for}\quad n>0,
where 
:\varphi:\mathbb N\times X \to X
is a function, where  is a set to which the elements of a sequence must belong. For any u_0\in X, this defines a unique seq
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(as Logical Awesome LLC)
| location = San Francisco, California, United States
| area_served = Worldwide
| founder = 
| CEO = Nat Friedman
| key_people = 
| industry = Software
| international = Yes
| programming_language = Ruby
| website_type = Collaborative version control
| registration = Optional (required for creating and joining projects)
| users = 100 million (Jan 2023)https://github.blog/2023-01-25-100-million-developers-and-counting/
| language = English
| launched = 
| current_status = Active
| parent = Microsoft
| logo_caption =
}}
'''GitHub''' is an online software development assistance and version control service.Dabbish, L., Stuart, C., Tsay, J., & Herbsleb, J. (2012, February). Social coding in GitHub: transparency and collaboration in an open software repository. In Proceedings of the ACM 2012 conference on computer supported cooperative work (pp. 1277-1286).Pipinellis, A. (2018). GitHub Essentials: Unleash the power of collaborative development workflows using GitHub. Packt Publishing Ltd.Mergel, I. (2015). Open collaboration in the public sector: The case of social coding on GitHub. Government Information Quarterly, 32(4), 464-472.Beer, B. (2018). Introducing GitHub: A non-technical guide. " O'Reilly Media, Inc.".Dawson, C., & Straub, B. (2016). Building Tools with GitHub: Customize Your Workflow. " O'Reilly Media, Inc.". This platform uses Git.Blischak, J. D., Davenport, E. R., & Wilson, G. (2016). A quick introduction to version control with Git and GitHub. PLoS computational biology, 12(1), e1004668. It is operated by '''GitHub, Inc.''' based in the United States.

In January 2020, GitHub reported that they have more than 40 million users  and more than 100 million repositories (including at least 28 million public repositories). Therefore, it is recognized as the largest host of source code in the world.
==Organizational users==
Currently, there are many individual GitHub users. On the other hand, there are also organizational users such as ed
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thumb|Flowchart of using successive subtractions to find the [[greatest common divisor of number ''r'' and ''s''|alt=In a loop, subtract the larger number against the smaller number. Halt the loop when the subtraction will make a number negative. Assess two numbers, whether one of them is equal to zero or not. If yes, take the other number as the greatest common divisor. If no, put the two numbers in the subtraction loop again.]]
In mathematics and computer science, an '''algorithm''' () is a finite sequence of mathematically rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific problems or to perform a computation. Algorithms are used as specifications for performing calculations and data processing. More advanced algorithms can use conditionals to divert the code execution through various routes (referred to as automated decision-making) and deduce valid inferences (referred to as automated reasoning).

In contrast, a heuristic is an approach to solving problems without well-defined correct or optimal results.David A. Grossman, Ophir Frieder, ''Information Retrieval: Algorithms and Heuristics'', 2nd edition, 2004,  For example, although social media recommender systems are commonly called "algorithms", they actually rely on heuristics as there is no truly "correct" recommendation.

As an effective method, an algorithm can be expressed within a finite amount of space and time"Any classical mathematical algorithm, for example, can be described in a finite number of English words" (Rogers 1987:2). and in a well-defined formal languageWell defined concerning the agent that executes the algorithm: "There is a computing agent, usually human, which can react to the instructions and carry out the computations" (Rogers 1987:2). for calculating a function."an algorithm is a procedure for computing a ''function'' (concerning some chosen notation for integers) ... this limitation (to numerical functions) results in no loss of generality", (Rogers 1977:1). Startin
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| region               = International (FIFA)
| number of teams      = 32 (finals)211 (eligible to enter qualification)
| related comps        = FIFA Confederations Cup
| current champions    =  (3rd title)}}
| most successful team =  (5 titles)}}
| broadcasters         =
| website              = 
| current              = 2022 FIFA World Cup
}}

The '''FIFA World Cup''' is the most watched tournament in football (soccer). The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) organises the World Cup every four years. More people watch the World Cup finals than any other sporting event in the world—even more people than the Olympic Games. Brazil is the most successful country in World Cup history, having won the tournament five times 

The ''finals tournament'' is held every four years. In the other years there are only qualifiers (qualifying tournaments) in the six FIFA world regions. These amazing games help to decide which teams will move on. Over 160 national teams play in the qualifying games. The best teams from the qualifying games win a place in the finals. The finals now include 32 teams. Before 1998, only 24 teams were in the finals; starting in 2026, there will be 48 teams in the finals. Many years before each World Cup, FIFA picks the host nation, the country where the finals will be held. Being the host nation means that their team has qualified for the finals tournament automatically and does not need to play any qualifying games. The 32 teams in the finals then play for four weeks, usually between June and July, to decide who the champion (tournament winner) will be.

== Results ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width:100%"
|-
!width=7%|Years
!width=10%|Hosts
!width=15%|Winners
!width=9%|Score
!width=15%|Runner's-up
!width=15%|Third place
!width=9%|Score
!width=15%|Fourth place
|-
|1930  ''Details''
| Uruguay
|''''''
|'''4 - 2'''
|
|
||group="note"}}
|
|- style="background: #D0E6FF;"
|1934  ''Details''
| Italy
|''''''
|''
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'''Quantum mechanics''' explains how the universe works with things that are even smaller than atoms. It is also called  '''quantum physics''' or '''quantum theory'''. Mechanics is the part of physics that explains how things move and ''quantum'' is the Latin word for 'how much'. A '''quantum''' of energy is the least amount possible (or the least extra amount), and quantum mechanics describes how that energy moves. 

Atoms were once believed to be the smallest pieces of matter, but modern science has shown that there are even smaller particles called subatomic particles, like protons, neutrons and electrons. Quantum mechanics describes how the particles that make up atoms work.

Quantum physics also tells us how electromagnetic waves (like light) work. Wave–particle duality means that particles behave like waves and waves behave like particles. (They are not two kinds of things, they are something like both: this is called ''duality''.) Much of modern physics and chemistry can be described and understood using the mathematical rules of quantum mechanics.

The math used to study subatomic particles and electromagnetic waves is very complex because they act in very strange ways.

thumb|250px|The wavelength of a wave of light

== Waves and photons ==
Photons are particles that are point-sized, tinier than atoms. Photons are like "packets" or packages of energy. Light sources such as candles or lasers produce light in bits called photons. 

The more photons a lamp produces, the brighter the light. Light is a form of energy that behaves like the waves in water or radio waves. The distance between the top of one wave and the top of the next wave is called a 'wavelength'. Each photon carries a certain amount, or 'quantum', of energy depending on its wavelength.

thumb|300px|Black at left is '''ultraviolet''' (high frequency); black at right is '''infrared''' (low frequency).

A light's color depends on its wavelength. The color violet (the bottom or innermost color of the
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'''AJAX''' (sometimes spelled "Ajax") stands for '''Asynchronous JavaScript and XML'''. It is a technique used to make webpages faster to use. If they are programmed with AJAX, they seem to react faster. They only send small pieces of information to the web server. That way, the whole web page does not need to reload, only small parts of it.

==Good things==
*There is a clear separation between what the page shows (its content), how it looks (its style), and what it does (its function). Programmers that change what the page does do not need to concern themselves with how the page looks.
*Pages done with Ajax only load small pieces of information from the server. Most of the time, they execute code on the client. This makes the program load first so it can respond faster.
*Ajax can be used to read XML or JSON, among other file formats.

==Problems==
There are also some problems with Ajax. These are among other things:
*It uses JavaScript. Some people have JavaScript disabled.
*Because it does not reload the full page, it breaks the ''history'' function of the Web browser. The ''Back button'' does not work any more.
*If the network is slow (there is a high latency), this becomes more obvious when the whole page needs to be reloaded. Users might not expect these delays.
*Some web browsers do not support Ajax well, if at all.

==References==

Category:Web software
Category:JavaScript
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thumb|Electronic sports

'''Esports''' (short for '''electronic sports''') is a term for video games that are played competitively. Popular electronic sports games are ''Counter-Strike'', ''League of Legends'', ''Warcraft'', ''Starcraft'', ''Dota 2'', ''Quake'', ''Fortnite'' and ''Valorant''. Electronic Sports is played over the Internet or via LAN. There are professional leagues and tournaments like the ''Cyberathlete Professional League'', ''ClanBase'', ''Electronic Sports League'' and the ''World Cyber Games'' where electronic sports players can earn thousands of US Dollars. One example is ''Starcraft'' in Korea where they have many players who are very competitive.
Esports has been around since the dawn of arcades when players would battle it out for number one.

According to TechCrunch, the game maker Epic Games is providing $100 million in prize money in 2019 for participants in esports.

==References==

Category:Video games
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thumb|upright=1.3|right|The [[normal distribution in Statistics]]
'''Statistics''' is a branch of applied mathematics that deals with collecting, organizing, analyzing, reading and presenting data.DeGroot, M. H., & Schervish, M. J. (2012). Probability and statistics. Pearson Education.Johnson, R. A., Miller, I., & Freund, J. E. (2000). Probability and statistics for engineers (Vol. 2000, p. 642p). London: Pearson Education.Walpole, R. E., Myers, R. H., Myers, S. L., & Ye, K. (1993). Probability and statistics for engineers and scientists (Vol. 5). New York: Macmillan. Descriptive statistics make summaries of data.Larson, M. G. (2006). Descriptive statistics and graphical displays. Circulation, 114(1), 76-81. Inferential statistics makes predictions.Asadoorian, M. O., & Kantarelis, D. (2005). Essentials of inferential statistics. University Press of America. Statistics helps in the study of many other fields, such as science, medicine,Lang, T. A., Lang, T., & Secic, M. (2006). How to report statistics in medicine: annotated guidelines for authors, editors, and reviewers. ACP Press. economics,Wonnacott, T. H., & Wonnacott, R. J. (1990). Introductory statistics for business and economics (Vol. 4). New York: Wiley.Newbold, P., Carlson, W. L., & Thorne, B. (2013). Statistics for business and economics. Boston, MA: Pearson. psychology,Aron, A., & Aron, E. N. (1999). Statistics for psychology. Prentice-Hall, Inc. politicsFioramonti, D. L. (2014). How numbers rule the world: The use and abuse of statistics in global politics. Zed Books Ltd.. and marketing.Rossi, P. E., Allenby, G. M., & McCulloch, R. (2012). Bayesian statistics and marketing. John Wiley & Sons. Someone who works in statistics is called a statistician. In addition to being the name of a field of study, the word "statistics"  can also mean numbers that are used to describe data or relationships.

== History ==
The first known statistics are census data. The Babylonians did a census around 3500 BC, the Egyptia
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In computer science, '''radix sort''' is a non-comparative sorting algorithm. It avoids comparison by creating and distributing elements into buckets according to their radix. For elements with more than one significant digit, this bucketing process is repeated for each digit, while preserving the ordering of the prior step, until all digits have been considered. For this reason, '''radix sort''' has also been called '''bucket sort''' and '''digital sort'''.

Radix sort can be applied to data that can be sorted lexicographically, be they integers, words, punch cards, playing cards, or the mail.

== History ==

Radix sort dates back as far as 1887 to the work of Herman Hollerith on tabulating machines. and  Radix sorting algorithms came into common use as a way to sort punched cards as early as 1923.
Donald Knuth. ''The Art of Computer Programming'', Volume 3: ''Sorting and Searching'', Third Edition. Addison-Wesley, 1997. . Section 5.2.5: Sorting by Distribution, pp. 168–179.

The first memory-efficient computer algorithm for this sorting method was developed in 1954 at MIT by Harold H. Seward. Computerized radix sorts had previously been dismissed as impractical because of the perceived need for variable allocation of buckets of unknown size. Seward's innovation was to use a linear scan to determine the required bucket sizes and offsets beforehand, allowing for a single static allocation of auxiliary memory. The linear scan is closely related to Seward's other algorithm — counting sort.

In the modern era, radix sorts are most commonly applied to collections of binary strings and integers. It has been shown in some benchmarks to be faster than other more general-purpose sorting algorithms, sometimes 50% to three times faster.

thumb|An [[IBM card sorter performing a radix sort on a large set of punched cards. Cards are fed into a hopper below the operator's chin and are sorted into one of the machine's 13 output baskets, based on the data punched into one column on
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| image_flag             = Flag of Russia.svg
| image_coat             = Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg
| national_anthem        = }}"State Anthem of the Russian Federation"
| image_map              = Russian Federation (orthographic projection) - All Territorial Disputes.svg
| map_width              = 250px
| map_caption            = Russia on the globe. Disputed lands are shown in light green. The Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson, and Zaporizhzhia oblasts were also annexed (but only partly controlled) in 2022. They are internationally seen as a part of Ukraine. The southernmost Kuril Islands are claimed by both Japan and Russia after the Soviet occupation of the islands at the end of World War II.}}
| capital                = Moscow
| coordinates            = 
| largest_city           = capital
| languages_type         = Official
| languages              = Russian
| languages2_type        =  
| languages2             = See Languages of Russia
| ethnic_groups          = 
| ethnic_groups_year     = 2021, including Russia and Crimea
| ethnic_groups_ref      = 
| demonym                = Russian
| government_type        = Mixed republic under an authoritarian dictatorship
| leader_title1          = President
| leader_name1           = Vladimir Putin
| leader_title2          = Prime Minister
| leader_name2           = Mikhail Mishustin
| leader_title3          = Speaker of theFederation Council
| leader_name3           = Valentina Matviyenko
| leader_title4          = Speaker of theState Duma
| leader_name4           = Vyacheslav Volodin
| leader_title5          = Chief Justice
| leader_name5           = Vyacheslav Lebedev
| legislature            = Federal Assembly
| upper_house            = Federation Council
| lower_house            = State Duma
| sovereignty_type       = Formation
| established_event1     = 
| established_date1      = 879
| established_event2     = 
| established_date2      = 1157
| established_event3     = Grand Duchy ofMoscow
| established_d
<|CHUNK_END|>
| screenshot = Git session.svg
| caption = A command-line session showing repository creation, addition of a file, and remote synchronization
| author = Linus Torvalds
| developer = Junio Hamano and others
| released = 
| latest release version = 
| latest release date = 
| latest preview version = 
| latest preview date = 
| programming language = Primarily in C, with GUI and programming scripts written in Shell script, Perl, Tcl and Python
| operating system = POSIX (Linux, macOS, Solaris, AIX), Windows
| size = 
| language = English
| genre = Version control
| license = GPL-2.0-only}}
| standard = 
| AsOf = 
}}

'''Git''' () is a distributed version control software system that is capable of managing versions of source code or data. It is often used to control source code by programmers who are developing software collaboratively.

Design goals of Git include speed, data integrity, and support for distributed, non-linear workflows—thousands of parallel branches running on different computers. "So I'm writing some scripts to try to track things a whole lot faster."

As with most other distributed version control systems, and unlike most client–server systems, Git maintains a local copy of the entire repository, also known as the "repo", with history and version-tracking abilities, independent of network access or a central server. A repository is stored on each computer in a standard directory with additional, hidden files to provide version control capabilities. Git provides features to synchronize changes between repositories that share history; for asynchronous collaboration, this extends to repositories on remote machines. Although all repositories (with the same history) are peers, developers often use a central server to host a repository to hold an integrated copy.

Git is free and open-source software shared under the GPL-2.0-only license.

Git was originally created by Linus Torvalds for version control in the development of the Linux kernel. The trademar
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thumb|For matrix multiplication, the number of columns in the first matrix must be equal to the number of rows in the second matrix. The result matrix has the number of rows of the first and the number of columns of the second matrix.
In mathematics, specifically in linear algebra, '''matrix multiplication''' is a binary operation that produces a matrix from two matrices. For matrix multiplication, the number of columns in the first matrix must be equal to the number of rows in the second matrix. The resulting matrix, known as the '''matrix product''', has the number of rows of the first and the number of columns of the second matrix. The product of matrices  and  is denoted as .

Matrix multiplication was first described by the French mathematician Jacques Philippe Marie Binet in 1812, to represent the composition of linear maps that are represented by matrices. Matrix multiplication is thus a basic tool of linear algebra, and as such has numerous applications in many areas of mathematics, as well as in applied mathematics, statistics, physics, economics, and engineering.
Computing matrix products is a central operation in all computational applications of linear algebra.

==Notation==
This article will use the following notational conventions: matrices are represented by capital letters in bold, e.g. ; vectors in lowercase bold, e.g. ; and entries of vectors and matrices are italic (they are numbers from a field), e.g.  and . Index notation is often the clearest way to express definitions, and is used as standard in the literature. The entry in row , column  of matrix  is indicated by ,  or . In contrast, a single subscript, e.g. , is used to select a matrix (not a matrix entry) from a collection of matrices.

==Definitions==
===Matrix times matrix===
If  is an  matrix and  is an  matrix,
\mathbf{A}=\begin{pmatrix}
 a_{11} & a_{12} & \cdots & a_{1n} \\
 a_{21} & a_{22} & \cdots & a_{2n} \\
 \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
 a_{m1} & a_{m2} & \cdots & a_{mn} \\
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\; \exp\left(-\frac{\left(x-\mu\right)^2}{2\sigma^2} \right) \!|cdf=\frac12 \left(1 + \mathrm{erf}\,\frac{x-\mu}{\sigma\sqrt2}\right) \!|mean=\mu|median=\mu|mode=\mu|variance=\sigma^2|skewness=0|kurtosis=0|entropy=\ln\left(\sigma\sqrt{2\,\pi\,e}\right)\!|mgf=M_X(t)= \exp\left(\mu\,t+\frac{\sigma^2 t^2}{2}\right)|char=\chi_X(t)=\exp\left(\mu\,i\,t-\frac{\sigma^2 t^2}{2}\right)}}thumb|350px|For the normal distribution, the values less than one standard deviation away from the mean account for 68.27% of the set; while two standard deviations from the mean account for 95.45%; and three standard deviations account for 99.73%.

The '''normal distribution''' is a probability distribution used in probability theory and statistics. It is also called '''Gaussian distribution''' because it was first discovered by Carl Friedrich Gauss. The normal distribution is very important in many fields because many things take this form. Data Basecamp|url=https://databasecamp.de/en/statistics/normal-distribution|access-date=2022-07-15|language=en-US}} A random variable that takes this form is '''normally distributed''', and can be called a '''normal deviate'''. The normal distribution is often called the ''bell curve'', because the graph of its probability density looks like a bell. The '''standard normal distribution''' (also known as the '''Z distribution''') is a normal distribution that has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one. 

The form of the distribution is  

f(x) = \frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2\pi} } e^{-\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{x-\mu}{\sigma}\right)^2}
 

In a normal distribution, the parameter \mu is the mean ("average"). The standard deviation ("variability") is \sigma. The variance of the distribution is \sigma^2.

The normal distribution is important because it can represent real-life examples. It is used in natural and social sciences. Data Basecamp|url=https://databasecamp.de/en/statistics/normal-distribution|access-date=2023-05-29|language=en-US}} Some examples include
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thumb|right|A vector

A '''vector''' is a mathematical object that has a size, called the ''magnitude'', and a direction. It is often represented by boldface letters (such as \mathbf{u}, \mathbf{v}, \mathbf{w}), or as a line segment from one point to another (as in \overrightarrow{AB}).

For example, a vector would be used to show the distance and direction something moved in. When asking for directions, if one says "Walk one kilometer towards the North", that would be a vector, but if they say "Walk one kilometer", without showing a direction, then that would be a scalar.

We usually draw vectors as arrows. The length of the arrow is proportional to the vector's magnitude. The direction in which the arrow points to is the vector's direction.

==Examples of vectors==
* John walks north 20 meters. The direction "north" together with the distance "20 meters" is a vector.
* An apple falls down at 10 meters per second. The direction "down" combined with the speed "10 meters per second" is a vector. This kind of vector is also called velocity.

==Examples of scalars==
* The distance between two places is 10 kilometers. This distance is not a vector because it does not contain a direction.
* The number of fruit in a box is not a vector.
* A person pointing is not a vector because there is only a direction. There is no magnitude (the distance from the person's finger to a building, for example).
* The length of an object.
* A car drives at 100 kilometers per hour. This does not describe a vector, as there is only a magnitude, but no direction.

==More examples of vectors==
* Displacement is a vector. Displacement is the distance that something moves ''in a certain direction''. A measure of distance alone is a scalar.
* Force that includes direction is a vector.
* Velocity is a vector, because it is a speed in a certain direction. Definition & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/vector-mathematics|access-date=2020-08-19|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}
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thumb|right|Pi is an endless string of numbers
'''Pi''' ('''''') () is a mathematical constant that is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter  This produces a number, and that number is always the same. However, the number is rather strange. The number starts as 3.141592653589793... and continues without end. Numbers like this are called irrational numbers.

The first 100 digits are:

3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169399375105820974944592307816406286208998628034825342117067...

The diameter is the largest chord (line between two points on a circle) which can be fitted inside a circle. It passes through the center of the circle. The distance around a circle is known as the circumference. Even though the diameter and circumference are different for different circles, the number pi remains constant: its value never changes. This is because the relationship between the circumference and diameter is always the same.

==Fundamentals==
===Definition===
alt=A diagram of a circle, with the width labeled as diameter, and the perimeter labeled as circumference|thumb|right|The circumference of a circle is slightly more than three times as long as its diameter. The exact ratio is named pi.
pi is defined as the ratio of a circle's circumference c to its diameter d:, English translation by Catriona and David Lischka
:\pi=\frac cd

===Approximate value===
thumb|left|A diagram showing how pi can be found by using a [[circle with a diameter of one. The circumference of this circle is pi.]]
Pi is often written as "π". It is also an irrational number, meaning it cannot be written as a fraction \bigg(\frac ab\bigg), where a and b are integers (whole numbers). This basically means that the digits of pi that are to the right of the decimal go forever—without repeating in a pattern, and that it is impossible to write the exact value of pi as a number. Pi can only be approximated, or measured to a value that is close enough for practical purposes.

A value close to
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|data=Array
|time=O(n^2) comparisons, O(n^2) swaps
|average-time=O(n^2) comparisons, O(n^2) swaps
|best-time=O(n) comparisons, O(1) swaps
|space=O(n) total, O(1) auxiliary
|optimal=No
}}
'''Bubble sort''', sometimes referred to as '''sinking sort''', is a simple sorting algorithm that repeatedly steps through the input list element by element, comparing the current element with the one after it, swapping their values if needed. These passes through the list are repeated until no swaps have to be performed during a pass, meaning that the list has become fully sorted. The algorithm, which is a comparison sort, is named for the way the larger elements "bubble" up to the top of the list.

It performs poorly in real-world use and is used primarily as an educational tool. More efficient algorithms such as quicksort, timsort, or merge sort are used by the sorting libraries built into popular programming languages such as Python and Java.

==History==
The earliest description of the bubble sort algorithm was in a 1956 paper by mathematician and actuary Edward Harry Friend, ''Sorting on electronic computer systems'', published in the third issue of the third volume of the ''Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery'' (ACM), as a "Sorting exchange algorithm." Friend described the fundamentals of the algorithm, and although initially his paper went unnoticed, some years later it was rediscovered by many computer scientists, including Kenneth E. Iverson, who coined its current name.

==Analysis==
300px|thumb|right|An example of bubble sort. Starting from the beginning of the list, compare every adjacent pair, swapping their position if they are not in the right order (the latter one is smaller than the former one). After each [[iteration, one less element (the last one) needs to be compared until there are no more elements left to be compared.]]

=== Performance ===
Bubble sort has a worst-case and average complexity of O(n^2), where n is the number of items being sort
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In statistics, a '''confidence interval''', abbreviated as CI, is a tool that people use when they collect data in order to estimate a certain parameter, such as the mean (average) of a population. A confidence interval gives a range of values that tells others how good we think our estimate is. 

Each confidence interval depends on certain properties of the sample(s) that we use to make it. For example, a confidence interval that is made from a sample of 5000 people is going to be much better than a confidence interval made from a sample of only 5 people. 

We usually give confidence intervals as a percentage, such as 95%. These percentages are called '''confidence levels.''' 

== Meaning of the term "confidence" ==

The term ''confidence'' has a similar meaning in statistics, as in common use. In common usage, a claim to 95% confidence in something is normally taken as indicating near certainty. In statistics, a claim to 95% confidence simply means that the researcher has seen one possible interval from a large number of possible ones, from which 19 out of 20 intervals contain the true value of the parameter. 

==Practical example==
right|A factory assembly line fills margarine cups to a desired 250g +/- 5gA machine fills cups with margarine. It is adjusted so that the content of the cups is 250g of margarine. As the machine cannot fill every cup with exactly 250g, the content added to individual cups shows some variation, and is considered a random variable X.

This variation is assumed to be normally distributed around the desired average of 250g, with a standard deviation of 2.5g. To check if the machine is adequately calibrated, a sample of ''n'' = 25 cups of margarine is chosen at random, and the cups are weighed. The weights of margarine are ''X''1, ..., ''X''25, a random sample from ''X''.

To get an impression of the expectation μ, an estimate is needed. The appropriate estimator is the sample mean: 	 

:\hat \mu=\bar X = \frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^n X_i.

The 
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In computer science, an '''interpreter''' is a computer program that performs commands written in a computer programming language. Interpreters are one of the two most important ways a program can be run, the other being compilation.

== Function ==
The interpreter is a language processor which converts a high-level programming language like JavaScript into machine language by ''converting and executing it line-by-line.'' If there is any error in any line, it reports it at the same time and program execution cannot resume until the error is rectified.

Category:Software
Category:Computer programming
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| linking_name           = the United Nations
| image_flag             = Flag of the United Nations.svg
| symbol_type            = Emblem
| image_symbol           = Emblem of the United Nations.svg
| org_type               = Intergovernmental organization
| membership             = 193 member states2 observer states
| admin_center_type      = Headquarters
| admin_center           = New York City 
| languages_type         = Official languages
| languages              = , www.un.org. Retrieved 22 May 2015.}}|Bengali|Hindi|Indonesian|Malay|Portuguese|Swahili|Turkish
| leader_title1          = Secretary‑General
| leader_name1           = António Guterres
| leader_title2          = Deputy Secretary-General
| leader_name2           = Amina J. Mohammed
| leader_title3          = General Assembly President
| leader_name3           = Annalena Baerbock
| leader_title4          = Economic and Social Council President
| leader_name4           = Lok Bahadur Thapa
| leader_title5          = Security Council President
| leader_name5           = Fu Cong(May 2026)
| established_event1     = UN Charter signed
| established_date1      = 
| established_event2     = Charter entered into force
| established_date2      = 
| official_website       = [https://www.un.org/ UN.org]  [https://www.un.int/ UN.int]
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In computer science, '''functional programming''' is a programming paradigm where programs are constructed by applying and composing functions. It is a declarative programming paradigm in which function definitions are trees of expressions that map values to other values, rather than a sequence of imperative statements which update the running state of the program.

In functional programming, functions are treated as first-class entities, meaning that they can be bound to names (including local identifiers), passed as arguments, and returned from other functions, just as any other data type can. This allows programs to be written in a declarative and composable style, where small functions are combined in a modular manner.

Functional programming is sometimes treated as synonymous with purely functional programming, a subset of functional programming that treats all functions as deterministic mathematical functions, or pure functions. When a pure function is called with some given arguments, it will always return the same result, and cannot be affected by any mutable state or other side effects. This is in contrast with impure procedures, common in imperative programming, which can have side effects (such as modifying the program's state or taking input from a user). Proponents of purely functional programming claim that by restricting side effects, programs can have fewer bugs, be easier to debug and test, and be more suited to formal verification.

Functional programming has its roots in academia, evolving from the lambda calculus, a formal system of computation based only on functions. Functional programming has historically been less popular than imperative programming, but many functional languages are seeing use today in industry and education, including Common Lisp, Scheme, Clojure, Wolfram Language, Racket, Erlang, Elixir, OCaml, Haskell, and F#. Lean is a functional programming language commonly used for verifying mathematical theorems. Functional programmi
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In object-oriented programming, the '''decorator pattern''' is a design pattern that allows behavior to be added to an individual object dynamically, without affecting the behavior of other instances of the same class. The decorator pattern is often useful for adhering to the Single Responsibility Principle, as it enables functionality to be distributed across classes with distinct concerns. It also supports the Open–Closed Principle, since a class's functionality can be extended without modifying its source code. Using decorators can be more flexible and efficient than subclassing, as an object's behavior can be augmented or combined at runtime without creating an entirely new class hierarchy.

==Overview== 
The ''decorator'' design pattern is one of the twenty-three ''Gang-of-Four design patterns''; these describe how to solve recurring design problems and design flexible and reusable object-oriented software—that is, objects which are easier to implement, change, test, and reuse.

The decorator pattern provides a flexible alternative to subclassing for extending functionality. When using subclassing, different subclasses extend a class in different ways. However, an extension is bound to the class at compile-time and can't be changed at run-time. The decorator pattern allows responsibilities to be added (and removed from) an object dynamically at run-time. It is achieved by defining Decorator objects that
* implement the interface of the extended (decorated) object (Component) transparently by forwarding all requests to it.
* perform additional functionality before or after forwarding a request.

This allows working with different Decorator objects to extend the functionality of an object dynamically at run-time.

==Intent==
thumb|right|400px|Decorator [[Unified Modeling Language|UML class diagram]]
The decorator pattern can be used to extend (decorate) the functionality of a certain object statically, or in some cases at run-time, independently of other instance
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thumb|upright=1.5|Map of [[Earth with country borders and big cities shown]]

'''Geography''' (from Greek: , ''geographia'', literally "earth description") is the study of earth and its people and one of social sciences. Its features are things like continents, seas, rivers and mountains. Its inhabitants are all the people and animals that live on it. Its phenomena are the things that happen like tides, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes and more.

A person who is an expert in geography is a geographer. A geographer tries to understand the world and the things that are in it, how they started and how they have changed.Geography: The Mother of Sciences [http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/morgans/lecture_2.prn.pdf] [https://web.archive.org/web/20081003084542/http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/morgans/lecture_2.prn.pdf]

Geography is divided into two main parts, which are: Physical geography and human geography. Physical geography studies the natural environment and human geography studies the human environment. The human environmental studies would include things such as the population in a country, how a country's economy is doing, and more. There is also environmental geography.

Maps are a main tool of geography, so geographers spend much time making and studying them. Making maps is called cartography, and people who specialize in making maps are cartographers.

== Branches ==

=== Physical geography ===

Physical geography (or physiography) focuses on geography as an Earth science. It aims to understand the physical problems and the issues of lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, pedosphere, and global flora and fauna patterns (biosphere).

'''Physical geography can be divided into many broad categories, including:'''

:{| style="border:1px solid #ddd; text-align:center; margin: auto;" cellspacing="15"
| || 96px || 96px || 96px
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| Biogeography || Climatology & Meteorology || Coastal geography || Environmental management
|-
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| Geodesy || Ge
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\boldsymbol e is a number. It is the base of the natural logarithm and is about 2.71828. It is an important mathematical constant. The number e is occasionally called '''Euler's number''' after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, or '''Napier's constant''' in honor of the Scottish mathematician John Napier who introduced logarithms. It is equally important in mathematics as \pi and i. e is an irrational number, and Euler himself gave the first 23 digits of e.

The number e has great importance in mathematics, as do 0, 1, \pi, and i. All five of these numbers are important and occur again and again in mathematics. The five constants appear in one formulation of Euler's identity. Like the constant \pi, e is also irrational (it cannot be represented as a ratio of Integers) and transcendental (it is not a root of any non-zero polynomial with rational coefficients).

The number e is very important for exponential functions. For example, the exponential function applied to the number one, has a value of e.

e was discovered in 1683 by the Swiss mathematician Jacob Bernoulli, while he was studying compound interest. The numerical value of e truncated to 20 places is:

:e\approx2.71828182845904523536

== Alternate definitions of e ==
thumb|The area shown in blue (under the graph of the equation y=1/x) stretching from 1 to e is exactly 1.
There are many different ways to define e. Jacob Bernoulli, who discovered e, was trying to solve the problem:

: \lim_{n\to\infty}(1+\frac1n)^n.

In other words, there is a number that the expression (1+\frac1n)^n approaches as n becomes larger. This number is e.

Another definition is to find the solution of the following formula:

:2+\cfrac{2}{2+\cfrac{3}{3+\cfrac{4}{4+\cfrac{5}{5+\cfrac{6}{\ddots\,}}}}}

== Related pages ==

* Imaginary unit
* Pi
* Tau (mathematical constant)

==References==

Category:Number theory
Category:Irrational numbers
Category:Transcendental numbers
Category:Mathematical constants
<|CHUNK_END|>
A '''database''' is a computer system for storing and taking care of data (any kind of information).

When the software that runs a database is separate from the programs that use the database, it is called a '''database engine'''.

Information stored inside a database is usually stored in an organized way. Data about a person that would have been written on a piece of paper before databases would be stored in a '''record''' in a database. A collection of person records that would have been an address book before databases would be stored in a '''file''' or '''table'''.

== Uses for database systems ==
Uses for database systems include:
* Storing data.
* Searching for specific information within the data.
* Allowing multiple people to look at and change the data at the same time.
* Managing who is allowed to see the data and who can change it.
* Managing rules about the data. A rule might say ''November has 30 days''. This means if someone enters ''November 31'' as a date, this date will be rejected.

== Changing data ==
In most databases, data can change. This also means, that in many cases, changing the data needs to be done in several steps. This is because the data is often stored in more than one tables or files that need to work together to make sense. In many cases all the steps that are needed for a given change are grouped in what is called a transaction. If something goes wrong, all the steps are undone. Being undone is another way of saying the transaction was ''rolled back''. If all the steps are successful, they can be made a permanent part of the database. People talk about a transaction being ''committed''. Both rollback and commit affect all the steps in a transaction.

The reason why a transaction is rolled back could be that the user or program did not want to finish the change. It could also mean that there is a problem. The database system itself might have a problem during the change. The change might break the rules of the data.

== Guarantees 
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'''Cell biology''' is the study of how living cells work. This includes the structure and function of the cell organelles, and the carbon-based molecules which cells produce. Cell biology is an interdisciplinary subject, and uses ideas from  genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology, and other subjects and techniques. 

The most important molecules in cell biology are DNA, RNA and proteins.Gall JG & McIntosh JR eds 2001. ''Landmark papers in cell biology''. Bethesda, MD and Cold Spring Harbor, NY: The American Society for Cell Biology and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

The most important structures in the cell are the nucleus and the chromosomes, but there are others.The structure of eukaryotic cells is much more complex than prokaryotic cells. This is because endosymbiosis has occurred: some or all of the eukaryote organelles are former prokaryotes. Examples are mitochondria and plastids.Alberts B, Johnson A. Lewis J. Raff M. Roberts K. Walter P. 2008. ''Molecular biology of the cell'', 5th ed. Garland.Lodish H. Berk A. Matsudaira P. Kaiser CA. Krieger M. Scott MP. Zipurksy SL. Darnell J. 2004. ''Molecular cell biology'', 5th ed. WH Freeman: NY.

The most important function of cells is to divide by mitosis or meiosis. Cells in a multicellular organism also specialise in different functions. SEER Training|url=https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/cells_tissues_membranes/cells/function.html|access-date=2025-01-07|website=training.seer.cancer.gov}}

*Cytology is mostly about the appearance and structure of cells.

== References ==
<|CHUNK_END|>
thumb
In complex analysis, '''Euler's formula''', also sometimes called '''Euler's relation''', is an equation involving complex numbers and trigonometric functions. More specifically, it states that

e^{ix} = \cos x + i \sin x

where ''x'' is a real number, ''e'' is Euler's number and ''i'' is the imaginary unit. mathematics|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Eulers-formula|access-date=2020-10-02|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}

It makes a relation between trigonometric functions and exponential functions of complex numbers. It is named after Leonhard Euler, who published it in 1748. When he published it, Euler said that the angle must be a real number. Later, it turned out that the formula also works if the angle is not a real number, but a complex one.

When the angle is \pi and 2\pi, Euler's formula becomes e^{i\pi} = -1  and e^{i2\pi} = 1, respectively.

== Related pages ==

* Euler's identity

== References ==

Category:Complex analysis
Category:Trigonometry
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th entry in the th row of Pascal's triangle (where the top is the 0th row \tbinom{0}{0}). Each entry is the sum of the two above it.}}
In elementary algebra, the '''binomial theorem''' (or '''binomial expansion''') describes the algebraic expansion of powers of a binomial. According to the theorem, the power  expands into a polynomial with terms of the form , where the exponents  and  are nonnegative integers satisfying  and the coefficient  of each term is a specific positive integer depending on  and . For example, for ,
(x+y)^4 = x^4 + 4 x^3y + 6 x^2 y^2 + 4 x y^3 + y^4. 

The coefficient  in each term  is known as the binomial coefficient  or  (the two have the same value). These coefficients for varying  and  can be arranged to form Pascal's triangle Definition & Facts  Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Pascals-triangle |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250929213120/https://www.britannica.com/science/Pascals-triangle |archive-date=2025-09-29 |access-date=2026-03-25 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}. These numbers also occur in combinatorics, where  gives the number of different combinations (i.e. subsets) of  elements that can be chosen from an -element set. Therefore  is usually pronounced as " choose ".

== Statement ==
According to the theorem, the expansion of any nonnegative integer power  of the binomial  is a sum of the form
(x+y)^n = {\binom{n}{0}}x^n y^0 + {\binom{n}{1}}x^{n-1} y^1 + {\binom{n}{2}}x^{n-2} y^2 + \cdots + {\binom{n}{n}}x^0 y^n,
where each  \tbinom nk  is a positive integer known as a binomial coefficient, defined as

\binom nk = \frac{n!}{k!\,(n-k)!} = \frac{n(n-1)(n-2)\cdots(n-k + 1)}{k(k-1)(k-2)\cdots2\cdot1}.

This formula is also referred to as the '''binomial formula''' or the '''binomial identity'''. Using summation notation, it can be written more concisely as
(x+y)^n = \sum_{k=0}^n {\binom{n}{k}}x^{n-k}y^k = \sum_{k=0}^n {\binom{n}{k}}x^{k}y^{n-k}.

The final expression follows from the previou
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thumb|right|250px|The Big Bang model is that the [[universe began in an extremely dense and hot condition and has expanded. The theory suggests that redshift proves the universe is expanding.]]
The '''Big Bang''' is a physical theory about how the universe started expanding, and then made the stars and galaxies we see today. The Big Bang is the name that scientists use for the most common theory of the universe, from the very early stages to the present day.
The most commonly considered alternatives are called the Steady State theory and Plasma cosmology, according to both of which the universe has no beginning or end.

According to the theory the Big Bang began as a very hot, small, and dense superforce (the mix of the four fundamental forces), with no stars, atoms, form, or structure (called a "singularity"). Then about 13.8 billion years ago, space expanded very quickly (thus the name "Big Bang"). This started the formation of atoms, which eventually led to the formation of stars and galaxies. It was Georges  who first noted (in 1927) that the universe is expanding. The universe is still expanding today, and getting colder as well.

As a whole, the universe is growing and the temperature is falling as time passes. Cosmology is the study of how the universe began and its development. Some scientists who study cosmology have agreed that the Big Bang theory matches what they have observed so far.

== Naming ==
Astronomer Fred Hoyle mockingly called the theory the "Big Bang" on his radio show. Scientists who did not agree with him decided to use it.

== Evidence ==
Scientists base the Big Bang theory on many different observations. The most important is the redshift of very far away galaxies. Cosmological redshift is the Doppler effect occurring in light. When an object moves away from Earth, its color rays look more similar to the color red than they actually are, because the movement stretches the wavelength of light given off by the object. Scientists use the word
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'''Extensible Markup Language''' ('''XML''') is a markup language and file format for storing, transmitting, and reconstructing data. It defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. The World Wide Web Consortium's XML 1.0 Specification of 1998 and several other related specifications—all of them free open standards—define XML.

The design goals of XML emphasize simplicity, generality, and usability across the Internet. It is a textual data format with strong support via Unicode for different human languages. Although the design of XML focuses on documents, the language is widely used for the representation of arbitrary data structures, such as those used in web services.

Several schema systems exist to aid in the definition of XML-based languages, while programmers have developed many application programming interfaces (APIs) to aid the processing of XML data.

== Overview ==
The main purpose of XML is serialization, i.e. storing, transmitting, and reconstructing arbitrary data. For two disparate systems to exchange information, they need to agree upon a file format. XML standardizes this process. It is therefore analog
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'''Neuroscience''' (or neurobiology) is the scientific study of the nervous system. It is the branch of biology which investigates every aspect of the brain and nervous system.

The nervous system is made of billions of neurons connected together and to other systems in the body.  The central nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord and retina. It is connected to the rest of the body via the peripheral nervous system.    

== Research themes ==
Neuroscience research focusses on a set of themes and questions.Research questions: [http://www.northwestern.edu/nuin/fac/index.htm]  
* Behavior/cognition/language
* Biological rhythms
* Brain imaging or neuroimaging
* Cell biology
* Cell imaging & Electrophysiology
* Learning/memory
* Signal transduction
* Neurobiology of the neuron
* Neurotransmitter
* Sensation and perception
* Sleep
* Autonomic nervous system and homeostasis
* Arousal, attention and emotion
* Genetics of the nervous system
*Developmental biology of the nervous system 
*Diseases of the nervous system

== Related pages ==

* Agonist
* Biology
* Cognitive neuropsychology
* Ethology
* Neurology
* Neurolinguistic programming
* Neuropsychology
* Psychiatry

==References==

=== Textbooks ===
*
*
*Squire, L. ''et al.'' (2003). ''Fundamental Neuroscience, 2nd edition''. Academic Press; 
*Byrne and Roberts (2004). ''From Molecules to Networks''. Academic Press; 
*Sanes, Reh, Harris (2005). ''Development of the Nervous System, 2nd edition''. Academic Press; 
*Siegel ''et al.'' (2005). ''Basic Neurochemistry, 7th edition''. Academic Press; 
*Rieke, F. ''et al.'' (1999). ''Spikes: Exploring the Neural Code''. The MIT Press; Reprint edition 

==== Online textbooks ====
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10799/ Neuroscience] 2nd ed. Dale Purves ''et al''. Published by Sinauer Associates, Inc., 2001.
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=books&doptcmdl=GenBookHL&term=Characteristics+of+the+Neuron+AND+bnchm%5Bbook%5D+AND+160014%5Buid%5
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In computer science, '''backtracking''' is a recursive approach for finding solutions to some computational problems. Backtracking gradually finds candidate solutions and abandons candidates, i.e., "backtracks" when a candidate cannot be a good solution.

==Pseudocode==
thumb|A [[Sudoku solved by backtracking.]]
To apply backtracking to a problem, one must give the data ''P'' for an instance of the problem that is to be solved, and six procedures, ''root'', ''abandon'', ''accept'', ''first'', ''next'', and ''save''. These procedures should take the instance data ''P'' as a variable and should do the following:
# ''root''(''P''):  return the partial candidate at the root of the search tree.
# ''abandon''(''P'',''c''):  return ''true'' only if the partial candidate ''c'' is not worth completing.
# ''accept''(''P'',''c''): return ''true'' if ''c'' is a solution of ''P'', and ''false'' otherwise.
# ''first''(''P'',''c''): generate the first extension of candidate ''c''.
# ''next''(''P'',''s''): generate the next alternative extension of a candidate, after the extension ''s''.
# ''save''(''P'',''c''):  use the solution ''c'' of ''P''

The backtracking algorithm reduces the problem to the call ''backtrack''(''root''(''P'')), where ''backtrack'' is the following recursive procedure:

 '''procedure''' backtrack(c) '''is'''
     '''if''' abandon(P, c) '''then''' return
     '''if''' accept(P, c) '''then''' save(P, c)
     s ← first(P, c)
     '''while''' s ≠ NULL '''do'''
         backtrack(s)
         s ← next(P, s)

Category:Algorithms
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'''Democracy''' means ''rule by the people''. There are different ways this can be done:
# People meet to decide about new laws, and changes to existing ones. This is usually called '''direct democracy'''. It is never used except in small countries, or perhaps in towns. Modern populations are usually too large to do this.
# The people elect their leaders. These leaders make decisions about laws. This is called '''representative democracy'''. Elections are either held after a certain time, or when a leader dies.
# Sometimes people can suggest new laws or changes to existing laws. Usually, this is done using a referendum, a vote.
# Sometimes, people are chosen to make decisions more or less at random. For example, when choosing a jury for a trial. In Europe, trials with a jury are usually used for serious crimes. 

The type of government where only one person has most of the power is called a dictatorship. Democracy is the opposite of a dictatorship. Dictatorships often act against freedom of expression so people cannot say bad things about the dictator or replace them for somebody else. 

An important source of information is the Democracy Index published by the ''Economist'' periodical.

== Types of government ==
In an election, the people use different ways to choose their leaders. In many countries, the person who gets the most votes wins. But there are many other ways to elect leaders. Very often, the politicians being elected belong to a political party. Instead of choosing a person, people vote for a party. The party with the most votes then picks the leaders. There are multiple ways the party chooses the leader.

Usually, the people being elected need to meet certain conditions: They need to have a certain age or have certain things be able to perform the job.

Not everyone can vote in an election. Suffrage is only given to people who are citizens. Young people are usually excluded, and some other people such as prisoners.

For some elections, a country may ma
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'''Inorganic chemistry''' is the branch of chemistry which studies the elements, and inorganic compounds. 

Inorganic chemistry can be defined simply as all chemistry which is not organic chemistry. Organic chemistry is basically the study of carbon compounds. Inorganic chemistry studies the elements (including carbon), and all compounds other than carbon compounds. There are a few exceptions to this rule, but this definition covers most cases.  

==Related pages==
*Metal
*Organic chemistry

Category:Branches of chemistry
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'''Computer vision''' is a sub-field of computer science that studies ways to use a computer to process visual information contained in an image or video. The goal is for computers to understand and interpret what they see. Unlike computer graphics (which uses computers to make new images), computer vision takes visual information from the real world and then makes predictions about the contents those images or videos.

== How it works ==
While it is easy for humans to look at an image and understand it without any effort, this is very difficult for computers. A computer image is actually just a grid of pixels, so a computer can only interpret an image as a long list of colors like ''"red red blue black white red...''". There is no simple way for a computer to read this list of colors and determine that it contains a picture of a flower, or a dog, or a school bus. Computer Vision is the series of techniques to make sense out of this long list of colors.

At first, the field of computer vision focused on making computers understand images so that they could describe what they see. For example, scientists wanted a computer to be able to say "rabbit" when it was given a picture of a rabbit. It was challenging for scientists to devise ways to help computers understand images, and it was especially hard to get computers to do give the correct answers ''reliably''. Scientists discovered that even when a computer could accurately identify a "normal" rabbit in an image, the computer failed to understand that an upside-down rabbit was still a rabbit.

Early methods that scientists developed are called '''conventional techniques'''. They are still useful today. Some examples are:

* ''Edge detection'': picking out the edges between light and dark areas
* ''Corner detection'': picking out corners of sharp shapes
* ''Blob detection:'' picking out curvy shapes
* ''Filtering:'' ways to adjust an image that makes it easier to pick out shapes, such as blurring it or changing the br
<|CHUNK_END|>
thumb|A queue
In Computer science, a '''queue''' is a dynamic data structure, used for storing items, before they are processed. A queue operates on a first-in, first-out FIFO principle, meaning the element that has been in the queue the longest is the next to be removed. 

Generally, the following operations exist:
* Enqueue: add the item to the back of the queue
* Dequeue: remove the item at the front of the queue
* Optionally, there may be an operation to look at the item at the front of the queue, without removing it.
Items that are between the first and the last element of the queue are not directly accessible.

There is a specialization, called '''priority queue''': In a priority queue, each item also has a weight, which determine the position of the item in a queue.

Category:Data structures
<|CHUNK_END|>
| subunit_name_1 = millibitcoin
| subunit_ratio_2 = }}
| subunit_name_2 = microbitcoin
| subunit_ratio_3 = }}
| subunit_name_3 = 
| plural = bitcoins
| symbol = ₿ (Unicode: ) in the Currency Symbols block in June 2017.}}
| code = BTC, XBT
| implementations = Bitcoin Core
| initial_release_version = 0.1.0
| initial_release_date = 
| code_repository = 
| status = Active
| latest_release_version = 22.0
| latest_release_date = 
| forked_from = 
| programming_languages = 
| operating_system = 
| author = Satoshi Nakamoto
| developer = 
| white_paper = [https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System"]
| source_model = 
| license = 
| website = 
| ledger_start = 
| hash_function = SHA-256 (two rounds)
| circulating_supply = ₿18,830,000
| supply_limit = ₿21,000,000 2140 at ₿20,999,999.9769.}}
| timestamping = Proof-of-work (partial hash inversion)
| issuance_schedule = Decentralized (block reward)Initially ₿50 per block, halved every 210,000 blocks
| block_time = 10 minutes
| block_reward = ₿6.25
| market_cap = US$1.149 trillion
| footnotes = 
| using_countries = 
}}

'''Bitcoin'''  it is a compound of the words ''bit'' and ''coin''. No uniform convention for ''bitcoin'' capitalization exists; some sources use ''Bitcoin'', capitalized, to refer to the technology and network and ''bitcoin'', lowercase, to refer to the unit of account. ''The Wall Street Journal'', ''The Chronicle of Higher Education'', and the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' advocate use of lowercase ''bitcoin'' in all cases, a convention followed throughout this article.}} ('''₿''') is a digital and global money system cryptocurrency. It allows people to send or receive cryptocurrency units across the internet, even to someone they don't know or don't trust. It is the first of its kind technology that allows the transfer of digital scarcity across the internet without needing a third party. Cryptocurrency units can be exchanged without being linked to a real identity. The mathe
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thumb|300px|Geometric interpretation of the angle between two vectors defined using an inner product
alt=Scalar product spaces, inner product spaces, Hermitian product spaces.|thumb|300px|Scalar product spaces, over any field, have "scalar products" that are symmetrical and linear in the first argument. Hermitian product spaces are restricted to the field of complex numbers and have "Hermitian products" that are conjugate-symmetrical and linear in the first argument. Inner product spaces may be defined over any field, having "inner products" that are linear in the first argument, conjugate-symmetrical, and positive-definite. Unlike inner products, scalar products and Hermitian products need not be positive-definite.

In mathematics, an '''inner product space''' titled after Hausdorff spaces and Hilbert spaces.}} is a real or complex vector space endowed with an operation called an '''inner product'''.  The inner product of two vectors in the space is a scalar, often denoted with angle brackets such as in \langle a, b \rangle. Inner products allow formal definitions of intuitive geometric notions, such as lengths, angles, and orthogonality (zero inner product) of vectors. Inner product spaces generalize Euclidean vector spaces, in which the inner product is the dot product or ''scalar product'' of Cartesian coordinates. Inner product spaces of infinite dimensions are widely used in functional analysis. Inner product spaces over the field of complex numbers are sometimes referred to as '''unitary spaces'''. The first usage of the concept of a vector space with an inner product is due to Giuseppe Peano, in 1898.

An inner product naturally induces an associated norm, (denoted |x| and |y| in the picture); so, every inner product space is a normed vector space. If this normed space is also complete (that is, a Banach space) then the inner product space is a Hilbert space. If an inner product space  is not a Hilbert space, it can be ''extended'' by completion to a Hilbert
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| footer = Some things global warming makes worse (clockwise from top left): Wildfires, droughts, and dead coral killed by the ocean getting more hot and acidic.
}}

thumb|right| Places that have become warmer (red) and cooler (blue) over the past 50 years

thumb| Earth's average temperature has increased since the [[Industrial Revolution.]]

'''Global warming''' or '''global heating''' is the rise in temperature of Earth’s air and oceans. It is happening mainly because humans burn coal, oil, natural gas, and cut down forests. 

Average temperatures today are about  higher than before people started burning a lot of coal around 1750. By the year 2100 temperatures will very likely be  to  higher than before 1900.There will be more warming in the Arctic, on land and in the northern half of the world. 

Although climate has changed before people started burning a lot of stuff, the last time the Earth was this hot was probably more than 100 thousand years ago.

Global warming is probably getting faster. It is making more heat waves and wildfires, and melting the ice around the North Pole.

The present global warming is mostly because of people burning things, such as gasoline for cars and natural gas to keep houses warm. But the heat from the burning itself only makes the world a tiny bit warmer: ''it is the carbon dioxide from the burning which is the biggest part of the problem''. Among greenhouse gases, the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the main cause of global warming. Svante Arrhenius predicted this more than a hundred years ago.Arrhenius, Svante 1896. [http://www.globalwarmingart.com/images/1/18/Arrhenius.pdf On the influence of carbonic acid in the air upon the temperature of the ground.]  ''Philosophical Magazine'' '''41''': 237-76 Arrhenius confirmed the work of Joseph Fourier 200 years ago. 

When people burn fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas this adds carbon dioxide to the air, since fossil fuels contain lots of carbon and burning 
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procedural (imperative), functional, structured, reflective
| released = 
| designer = Guido van Rossum
| developer = Python Software Foundation
| latest release version = 
| latest release date = }}
| latest preview version = 
| latest preview date =  <!-- }} nor

-->
| typing = Duck, dynamic, strong; optional type annotations
| memory management = Garbage-collected
| implementations = CPython, PyPy, MicroPython, CircuitPython, IronPython, Jython, Stackless Python
| operating system = Cross-platform<!--Not "Windows for IoT and embedded systems"; NOT UNIX, it's not listed, nor any Unix-like, maybe implied Possibly Windows 8.1 is also supported on at least Python 3.9? Might also work on latest, seems too minor to mention, for any Python version. Windows 7 and 8 are prevented to work on Python 3.9, though it might not rule out 8.1, also some info like this might be a bit wrong:

"Windows 8 and newer for Python 3.9
FreeBSD 10 and newer
macOS Snow Leopard (macOS 10.6, 2008) and newer"
-->
* '''Tier 2''': E.g. 32-bit WebAssembly (WASI) 
* '''Tier 3''': 64-bit Android, peps.python.org |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0738/ |access-date=19 May 2024 |website=Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs) |language=en}} iOS, FreeBSD, and (32-bit) Raspberry Pi OSUnofficial (or has been known to work): Other Unix-like/BSD variants) and a few other platforms}}

<!--
https://mail.python.org/archives/list/python-committers@python.org/thread/K757345KX6W5ZLTWYBUXOXQTJJTL7GW5/
* Alpine / musl is not supported, because our test suite is failing due to bugs and missing features in musl libc.
* NetBSD and OpenBSD are in a similar state as Alpine: no stable buildbot and AFAIK tests are failing
* [outdated]
* Cygwin and MinGW are officially unsupported, see bpo-45537 and bpo-45538

..

The policy Brett is proposing just makes that explicit and gives us something to point to when someone comes up with a patch to support PDP-11 or when someone's patch for Android breaks Windows.  I don't think we'll 
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| ICD9           = 
| ICDO           =
| OMIM           =
| MedlinePlus    =
| eMedicineSubj  =
| eMedicineTopic =
| MeshID         = D002318
}}
'''Cardiovascular disease''' ('''CVD''') is a kind of disease that involves the heart or blood vessels. Cardiovascular disease includes coronary artery diseases (CAD) such as angina and myocardial infarction (commonly known as a heart attack). Other CVDs are stroke, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, congenital heart disease, endocarditis, aortic aneurysms, and peripheral artery disease.

==References==

*
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J Son}}

| logo_size     = 121px
| logo_caption  = 
| mime          = application/json
| type_code     = TEXT
| extension     = .json
| uniform_type  = public.json
| developer     = 
| genre         = Data interchange
| extended_from = JavaScript
| standard      = [https://tools.ietf.org/html/std90 STD 90] (), [https://ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-404/ ECMA-404], [https://www.iso.org/standard/71616.html ISO/IEC 21778:2017]
| open          = Yes
| url           = 
}}

'''JSON''' ('''JavaScript Object Notation''', pronounced  or ) is an open standard file format and data interchange format that uses human-readable text to store and transmit data objects consisting of name–value pairs and arrays (or other serializable values). It is a commonly used data format with diverse  uses in electronic data interchange, including that of web applications with servers.

JSON is a programming language-independent data format. It was derived from JavaScript, but many modern programming languages include code to generate and parse JSON-format data. JSON filenames use the extension .json.

Douglas Crockford originally specified the JSON format in the early 2000s.  They This article uses ''they/them'' for simplicity and understanding. }} and Chip Morningstar sent the first JSON message in April 2001.

== Naming and pronunciation ==
The 2017 international standard (ECMA-404 and ISO/IEC 21778:2017) specifies that "JSON" is "pronounced , as in 'Jason and The Argonauts. The first (2013) edition of ECMA-404 did not address the pronunciation. Crockford said in 2011, "There's a lot of argument about how you pronounce that, but I strictly don't care."
 is another common pronunciation. (assuming the cot-caught merger: "sawn"  → ).

== Standards ==
After RFC 4627 had been available as its "informational" specification since 2006, JSON was first standardized in 2013, as ECMA-404. RFC 8259, published in 2017, is the current version of the Internet Standard STD 
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'''Linear algebra''' is the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations such as
:a_1x_1+\cdots +a_nx_n=b,
linear maps such as
:(x_1, \ldots, x_n) \mapsto a_1x_1+\cdots +a_nx_n,
and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices.

thumb|250px|right|In three-dimensional [[Euclidean space, these three planes represent solutions to linear equations, and their intersection represents the set of common solutions: in this case, a unique point. The blue line is the common solution to two of these equations. ]]

Linear algebra is central to almost all areas of mathematics. For instance, linear algebra is fundamental in modern presentations of geometry, including for defining basic objects such as lines, planes and rotations. Also, functional analysis, a branch of mathematical analysis, may be viewed as the application of linear algebra to function spaces.

Linear algebra is also used in most sciences and fields of engineering because it allows modeling many natural phenomena, and computing efficiently with such models. For nonlinear systems, which cannot be modeled with linear algebra, it is often used for dealing with first-order approximations, using the fact that the differential of a multivariate function at a point is the linear map that best approximates the function near that point.

==History==

The procedure (using counting rods) for solving simultaneous linear equations now called Gaussian elimination appears in the ancient Chinese mathematical text Chapter Eight: ''Rectangular Arrays'' of ''The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art''. Its use is illustrated in eighteen problems, with two to five equations.

Systems of linear equations arose in Europe with the introduction in 1637 by René Descartes of coordinates in geometry. In fact, in this new geometry, now called Cartesian geometry, lines and planes are represented by linear equations, and computing their intersections amounts to solving systems of linear equations.

The first systematic meth
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'''Thermodynamics''' is a branch of physics that studies the relations between heat, temperature, and energy. A branch of math called statistics is often used in thermodynamics to look at the motion of particles.

Thermodynamics is useful because it helps us understand how the world of the very small atoms connects to the large scale world we see everyday.

Thermodynamics also has two main branches called classical thermodynamicsPippard, A. B. (1964). Elements of classical thermodynamics: for advanced students of physics. Cambridge University Press.Emanuel, G. (1988). Advanced classical thermodynamics. AIAA. and statistical thermodynamics.Hill, T. L. (1986). An introduction to statistical thermodynamics. Courier Corporation.Fowler, R. H. (1939). Statistical thermodynamics. CUP Archive.Schrödinger, E. (1989). Statistical thermodynamics. Courier Corporation. An important idea in thermodynamics is that of a thermodynamic system.

An example of a thermodynamic system is a brick. A brick is made up of many atoms which all have their own properties. All thermodynamic systems have two kinds of properties, ''extensive'' and ''intensive''. For the brick, the extensive properties are the ones you get by adding up all the atoms. Things like the volume, energy, mass, and charge are extensive because two of the same brick put together have twice as much mass as one brick. The intensive properties of the brick are the ones you get by looking at the average over all atoms. Things like temperature, pressure, and density are intensive because two of the same brick still has the same temperature as one brick alone.

== Laws of thermodynamics ==
There are four laws of thermodynamics that say how energy can be moved between two objects in the form of heat. The laws of Thermodynamics point out how the energy in a system changes and if the system can work well with its surroundings.
* Zeroth law of thermodynamics
::If two systems have equal heat flow back and forth and one of the two sys
<|CHUNK_END|>
thumb|This is an IBM System/360.
A '''computer''' is a machine that uses electronics to input, process, store, and output data. Data is information such as numbers, words, and lists. Input of data means to read information from a keyboard, a storage device like a hard drive, or a sensor. The computer processes or changes the data by following the instructions in software programs. A computer program is a list of instructions the computer has to perform. Programs usually perform mathematical calculations, modify data, or move it around. The data is then saved on a storage device, shown on a display, or sent to another computer. Computers can be connected together to form a network such as the internet, allowing the computers to communicate with each other.

The processor of a computer is made from integrated circuits (chips) that contains many transistors. Most computers are digital, which means that they represent information using binary digits, or bits. Computers come in different shapes and sizes, depending on the brand, model, and purpose. They range from small computers, such as smartphones and laptops, to large computers, such as supercomputers.

== Characteristics ==
Two things that often define a computer are that it responds to a specific instruction set in a well-defined manner, and that it can execute a stored list of instructions called a program. There are four main actions in a computer: inputting, storing, outputting and processing.

Modern computers can do billions of calculations in a second. Being able to calculate many times per second allows modern computers to multi-task, which means they can do many different tasks at the same time. Computers do many different jobs where automation is useful. Some examples are controlling traffic lights, vehicles, security systems, washing machines and digital televisions.

Computers can be designed to do almost anything with certain information.  Computers are used to control large and small machines that, in 
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| latest release version = 
| latest release date    = }}
| programming language = C, C++, JavaScript
| operating system = Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, IBM AIX
| genre = Runtime environment
| license = MIT license
}}
'''Node.js''' is a runtime system used mostly for making server side applications with JavaScript. It runs on the V8 JavaScript engine. It contains a package manager called NPM.

==References==

Category:Free software
Category:Linux software
Category:Microsoft Windows software
Category:JavaScript
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which American-born Sinclair won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1930?
A: Sinclair Lewis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where in England was Dame Judi Dench born?
A: York
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade did Billboard magazine first publish and American hit chart?
A: 30s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: From which country did Angola achieve independence in 1975?
A: Portugal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which city does David Soul come from?
A: Chicago
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won Super Bowl XX?
A: Chicago Bears
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which was the first European country to abolish capital punishment?
A: Norway
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country did he widespread use of ISDN begin in 1988?
A: Japan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Bruce Willis' real first name?
A: Walter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which William wrote the novel Lord Of The Flies?
A: Golding
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which innovation for the car was developed by Prince Henry of Prussia in 1911?
A: Windshield wipers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How is musician William Lee Conley better known?
A: Big Bill Broonzy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How is Joan Molinsky better known?
A: Joan Rivers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which branch of the arts is Patricia Neary famous?
A: Ballet
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country is Europe's largest silk producer?
A: Italy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The VS-300 was a type of what?
A: Helicopter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: At which university did Joseph Goebbels become a doctor of philosophy?
A: Heidelberg
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which prince is Queen Elizabeth II's youngest son?
A: Edward
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: When did the founder of Jehovah's Witnesses say the world would end?
A: 1914
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who found the remains of the Titanic?
A: Robert Ballard
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the only Spice Girl not to have a middle name?
A: Posh Spice
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the international registration letters of a vehicle from Algeria?
A: DZ
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How did Jock die in Dallas?
A: Helicopter accident
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What star sign is Michael Caine?
A: Pisces
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the novel Evening Class?
A: Maeve Binchy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country does the airline Air Pacific come from?
A: Fiji
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which branch of the arts does Allegra Kent work?
A: Ballet
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a 70s No 1 hit with Billy, Don't Be A Hero?
A: Bo Donaldson & The Heywoods
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Banting and Best pioneered the use of what?
A: Insulin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who directed the movie La Dolce Vita?
A: Federico Fellini
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country does the airline LACSA come from?
A: Costa Rica
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who directed 2001: A Space Odyssey?
A: Stanley Kubrick
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the largest of the Japanese Volcano Islands?
A: Iwo Jima
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Ezzard Charles was a world champion in which sport?
A: Boxing
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first woman to make a solo flight across the Atlantic?
A: Amelia Earhart
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which port lies between Puget Sound and Lake Washington?
A: Seattle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which city were Rotary Clubs set up in 1905?
A: Chicago
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who became US Vice President when Spiro Agnew resigned?
A: Gerald Ford
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade of the 20th century was Billy Crystal born?
A: 1940s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which George invented the Kodak roll-film camera?
A: Eastman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which series had the characters Felix Unger and Oscar Madison?
A: The Odd Couple
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who along with Philips developed the CD in the late 70s?
A: Sony
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where is the multinational Nestle based?
A: Switzerland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Do You Know Where You're Going To? was the theme from which film?
A: Mahogany
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: 19969 was the Chinese year of which creature?
A: Rat
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the 90s how many points have been awarded for finishing second in a Grand Prix?
A: 6
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Stapleton international airport is in which US state?
A: Colorado
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Kevin Kline's first movie?
A: Sophie's Choice
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actor had a Doberman Pinscher called Kirk?
A: William Shatner
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What day of the week was the Wall Street Crash?
A: Thursday
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The US signed a treaty with which country to allow the construction of the Panama Canal?
A: Columbia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Prince's last No 1 of the 80s?
A: Batdance
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Man In The Mirror first featured on which Michel Jackson album?
A: Bad
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where was the first battle with US involvement in the Korean War?
A: Suwon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On which Caribbean island did Princess Diana spend he first Christmas after her divorce was announced?
A: Barbuda
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade was Arnold Schwarzenegger born?
A: 1950s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which musical featured the song Thank Heaven for Little Girls?
A: Gigi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Queen Elizabeth liner was destroyed by fire in the 70s in which harbour?
A: Hong Kong
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What breed of dog did Columbo own?
A: Basset hound
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the first movie western called?
A: Kit Carson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Oscar-winning actress was born on exactly the same day as actress Lindsay Wagner?
A: Meryl Streep
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Amendment to the Constitution brought in prohibition in 1920?
A: 18th
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which oil scandal hit the US in 1924?
A: Teapot Dome Scandal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Phil Collins appeared in which Spielberg film with Robin Williams?
A: Hook
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: 1998 was the Chinese year of which creature?
A: Tiger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country does musician Alfred Brendel come from?
A: Austria
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Theodore Francis international airport is in which US state?
A: Rhode Island
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which soap did Demi Moore find fame?
A: General Hospital
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: To the nearest million, what is the population of London, England?
A: 7 million
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What did Clarice Cliff create?
A: Pottery
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which James Bond film features a song by Louis Armstrong?
A: On Her Majesty's Secret Service
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year were US ground troops first dispatched to Vietnam?
A: 1965
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1999 Anna Kournikova signed a lucrative contract to model what?
A: Bras
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which member of the Monkees came from Washington DC?
A: Peter Tork
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which ship was sunk by a German submarine in 1915 with a loss of 1400 lives including 128 Americans?
A: Lusitania
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what decade were video recorders first developed?
A: 50s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had the noels Spy Hook and Spy Line published in the 80s?
A: Len Deighton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: the first credit cards were for use in what type of establishments?
A: Restaurants
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country was Ursula Andrews born?
A: Switzerland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was CBS TV news broadcaster Walter Cronkite's stock closing phrase?
A: And that's the way it is
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a 70s No 1 hit with Let Your Love Flow?
A: Bellamy Brothers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which state renewed Mike Tyson's boxing license in 1998?
A: Nevada
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Neil Armstrong was a pilot in which war?
A: Korean
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which English-born US citizen hosted Masterpiece theater?
A: Alistair Cooke
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Nickelodeon was founded in 1979 by which company?
A: Warner Amex
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which element along with polonium did the Curies discover?
A: Radium
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In The Banana Splits what sort of animal was Snorky?
A: Elephant
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had an 80s No 1 hit with Can't Fight This Feeling?
A: REO Speedwagon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which parallel was the truce line in the Korean War?
A: 38th Parallel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On a computer keyboard which letter is between A and D?
A: S
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which musical featured the song Flash Bang, Wallop?
A: Half
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Hitchcock's first sound movie?
A: Blackmail
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which newspaper did Jackie Kennedy work for just before her marriage?
A: Washington Times Herald
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the international registration letters of a vehicle from Turkey?
A: TR
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote The Turn Of The Screw in the 19th century and The Ambassadors in the 20th?
A: Henry James
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which American nuclear submarine was the first to sail across the North Pole under the ice cap?
A: Nautilus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was John Glenn/'s first spacecraft called?
A: Friendship 7
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which branch of medicine is concerned with disorders of the blood?
A: Haematology
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where was The Iron Triangle?
A: Vietnam
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the correct name of laughing gas?
A: Nitrous oxide
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the distance between bases on a little league baseball field?
A: 60 feet
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many home runs did baseball great Ty Cobb hit in the three world series in which he played?
A: None
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In cross-country bike racing, what do the initials BMX represent?
A: Bicycle moto x (cross)
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: After retiring as a player, with what team did baseball great Babe Ruth spend one year as a coach?
A: The Brooklyn Dodgers in 1938
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the maximum weight permitted for calves in rodeo calf-roping competition?
A: 350 pounds. The minimum is 200 pounds
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What baseball player hit the only home run of his 212-year major league career off his own brother?
A: Joe Nickro in 1976. Nickro, a pitcher with the Houston Astros, hit a four-bagger off his brother Phil, who was pitching fro the Atlanta Braves. Houston won the game, 4-3
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Brooks Robinson and Carl Yastrzemski hold the major league baseball record for playing the greatest number of seasons with the same team. How many years did they play-- and with what teams?
A: 23 years. Third baseman Robinson played with the Baltimore Orioles from 1955 to 1977; Carl Yastrzemski, outfielder/first baseman, played with the Boston Red Sox from 1961 to 1983
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Under the rules outlined in the charter of the International Olympic Committee, how much pure gold must there be in each gold medal awarded to first-place winners?
A: At least 6 grams. Silver medals must be at least .925 sterling silver
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the famous great-great-grandfather of San Francisco 49er quarterback Steve Young?
A: Mormon leader Brigham Young
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many of the four Grand Slam trophies in tennis are gold; how many are silver?
A: Only the Wimbledon trophy is gold; the others--for the U.S. Open, the French Open and the Australian Open--are sliver
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "What breakfast food gets its name from the German word for ""stirrup""?"
A: The Bagel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What popular drink did a Dutch medical professor produce in his laboratory while trying to come up with a blood cleanser that could be sold in drugstores?
A: Gin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On what vegetable did an ancient Egyptian place his right hand when taking an oath?
A: The onion. Its round shape symbolized eternity
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What American city produces most of the egg rolls sold in grocery stores in the United States?
A: Houston Texas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Italy leads the world in pasta consumption with 61.7 pounds eaten per person per year. What country is second?
A: Venezuela, where the annual pasta consumption is 27.9 pounds
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: When Birdseye introduced the first frozen food in 1930, what did the company call it/
A: Frosted food
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 100-mile long waterway links the Mediterranean and the Red Sea?
A: Suez Canal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country is the Aswan Dam?
A: Egypt
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where did Idi Amin rule from 1971-1979?
A: Uganda
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country has the rand as its currency?
A: South Africa
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the former name of the People's Republic of Venin?
A: Dohomey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country are Tangier and Casablanca?
A: Morocco
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the Egyptian president who was assassinated in 1981?
A: Sadat
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country was called Upper Volta until 1984?
A: Burkina Faso
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the Egyptian king whose tomb an treasures were discovered in the Valley of the Kings in 1922?
A: Tutankhamen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Name the East African country which lies on the equator.
A: Kenya
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the two main arms of the River Nile called?
A: Blue Nile and White Nile
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country did King Hassan II ascend the throne in 1961?
A: Morocco
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British general was killed at Khartoum in 1885?
A: Gordon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On the border of which two countries is Victoria Falls?
A: Zambia and Zimbabwe
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the volcanic valley that runs from the Sinai peninsula to central Mozambique?
A: Great Rift Valley
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actor won an Academy Award for his performance in The African Queen?
A: Humphrey Bogart
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the novel Cry, the Beloved Country about South Africa?
A: Alan Paton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the capital of Kenya?
A: Nairobi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: From which European country did Angola achieve independence in 1975?
A: Portugal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country mainly makes up the Horn of Africa?
A: Somalia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the capital of Sierra Leone?
A: Freetown
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country is the island of Zanzibar part of?
A: Tanzania
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Africa's largest country?
A: Sudan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which African country is bordered by Benin, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Niger, and Mali?
A: Burkino Faso
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the woman sentenced to six years in jail after the murder of Stompei Seipi?
A: Winnie Mandela
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country are the towns of Gweru and Kwekwe?
A: Zimbabwe
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the founder of the Back to Africa movement who largely inspired Rastafarianism?
A: Marcus Garvey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which African country is sandwiched between Ghana and Benin?
A: Togo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Zambesi and which other river define the borders of Matabeleland?
A: Limpopo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which mountains are Camp David?
A: Appalachian
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Which song say, ""The words of the prophet are written on the subway walls?"""
A: Sound of Silence
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who sang the title song for the Bond film A View To A Kill?
A: Duran Duran
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country did General Jaruzelski impose marital law in 1981?
A: Poland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won the Oscar for directing It Happened One Night?
A: Frank Capra
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Hellenikon international airport is in which country?
A: Greece
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a 60s No 1 with Lightnin' Strikes?
A: Lou Christie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year was CNN founded?
A: 1980
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was President Reagan's Secretary for Defense from 1987 to 1989?
A: Frank Carlucci
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous brother of Talia Shire does not share her last name?
A: Francis Ford Coppola
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In basketball where do the Celtics come from?
A: Boston
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Disney film had the theme tune A Whole New World?
A: Aladdin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What does MG sand for in Booker T & The MG's?
A: Memphis Group
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Florence Ballard was a member of which girl group?
A: Supremes
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was born first, Susan Sarandon or Glenn Close?
A: Susan Sarandon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the novel The Go Between?
A: L. P. Hartley
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which musical do the sweeps sing Chim Chim Cheree?
A: Mary Poppins
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a big 60s No 1 with Tossin' and Turnin'?
A: Bobby Lewis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Sam Phillips was owner of which legendary recording studio?
A: Sun
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actor played Maxwell Smart?
A: Don Adams
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On a computer keyboard which letter on the same line is between C and B?
A: V
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Lunar 10's Lunar Excursion Module was named after which famous character?
A: Snoopy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade did golfer Gary Player last win the British Open?
A: 70s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Sarah FitzGerald has been a 90s world champion in which sport?
A: Squash
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where was the peace treaty signed that brought World War I to an end?
A: Versailles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Welsh singer was invited to sing at the White House on Millennium Eve?
A: Tom Jones
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which company was responsible for the oil spill in Alaska in 1989?
A: Exxon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What date is Father's Day?
A: 3rd Sunday in June
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade of the 20th century was the FBI set up?
A: 1900s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade of the 20th century was Dan Aykroyd born?
A: 50s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which American wrote The Game of Chess in 1959?
A: Bobby Fischer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which leader did Hitler meet in the Brenner Pass in WWII?
A: Mussolini
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which company first manufactured the electric toothbrush?
A: Squibb
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who lived under the pseudonym of Harriet Brown in New York form the 40s to the 90s?
A: Greta Garbo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actor bought the island of Tetiaroa?
A: Marlon Brando
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Between 1952 and 1954 did the number of TV stations in the USA double, triple or quadruple?
A: Triple
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Wham!'s first No 1?
A: Wake Me Up Before You Go Go
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which musical featured the song You'll Never Walk Alone?
A: Carousel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year was Bloody Sunday in Londonderry?
A: 1972
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The first untethered space walk took place from which space craft?
A: Challenger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the main color of a Storm trooper in Star Wars?
A: White
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Richard Nixon was Vice President to which US state?
A: Dwight Eisenhower
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Luxor international airport is in which country?
A: Egypt
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country did Albert Einstein move to as the Nazis rose to power?
A: America
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the 90s how many points have been awarded for finishing first in a Grand Prix?
A: 10
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which lawyer made Raymond Burr famous?
A: Perry Mason
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which broadcasting company did Edward J Noble found?
A: ABC
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade did the Jackson 5 sign to Motown?
A: 1960s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many vice presidents did Franklin D Roosevelt have?
A: Three
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which state is Harrah's Auto Collection situated?
A: Nevada
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of Gene Autry's horse?
A: Champion
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which city has a sports team of Steelers and team of Pirates?
A: Pittsburgh
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What did Fort Dearborn, Indian Territory change its name to?
A: Chicago, Illinois
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Bill Berry retired through ill health as a drummer in which band?
A: REM
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Leslie Nielsen trained in which of the armed services in WWII?
A: Royal Canadian
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What went with Blood and Sweat in the name of the 60s rock band?
A: Tears
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which musical featured the song I Feel Pretty?
A: West Side Story
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who produced the first Jetliner in 1957?
A: Boeing
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade of the 20th century was James Caan born?
A: 1930s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country is the deepwater port of Trondheim?
A: Norway
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which state is Camp David?
A: Maryland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the Statue of Liberty originally called?
A: Liberty Enlightening the World
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who sang the Bond theme form From Russia With Love?
A: Matt Monro
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which company was responsible for the oil spill in New York harbor in 1990?
A: Exxon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country was Arnold Schwarzenegger born?
A: Austria
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had an 80s No 1 with Don't You Want Me?
A: Human League
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which star of Hannah And Her Sisters has a child called Free?
A: Barbara Hershey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had 70s hits with Have You Seen Her and Oh Girl?
A: Chi-Lites
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade of the 20th century was Father's Day first celebrated?
A: 1910s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "What was the name of the ""girl with kaleidoscope eyes"" in a Beatles song?"
A: Lucy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Will Rogers airport was built in which US state?
A: Oklahoma
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What writer was expelled from West Point for showing up for a public parade wearing only a white belt and gloves?
A: Edgar Allan Poe
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "What couple live next door to Dagwood and Blondie Bumstead in ""Blondie""?"
A: Herb and Tootsie Woodley
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the Lone Ranger's great grand-nephew?
A: The Green Hornet
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Psychologist William Moulton Marston, inventor of the polygraph, or lie detector, also created a famous comic book heroine,. Who was she?"""
A: Wonder Woman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: """Last night I dreamt I went to Manderley again,"" was the first line of what Daphne du Maurier novel?"
A: Rebecca
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "What is the actual title of Leonardo da Vinci's ""Mona Lisa""?"
A: La Gioconda
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's famous poem, Hiawatha, what was the name of Hiawatha's wife?
A: Minnehaha
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many husbands did the Wife of Bath have, as reported in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales?
A: Five
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the she-ape that rescued the infant Tarzan and raised him to be Lord of the Apes?
A: Kala
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the title of Mac West's 1959 autobiography?
A: Goodness Had Nothing to Do With It
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "What words did Lewis Carroll combine to come up with the term ""chortle"" in Through a Looking-Glass?"
A: Chuckle and snort
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Shakespeare wrote that ""brevity is the soul of wit."" What did noted wit Dorothy Parker say it was?"
A: The soul of lingerie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the native country of Agatha Chrisitie's detective Hercule Poirot?
A: Belgium
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the hometown of Sgt. Snorkel in Beetle Bailey?
A: Pork Corners, Kansas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the Robin Hood stories, what was the real name of Little John?
A: John Little
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Last Of The Really Great Whangdoodles and Mandy are children's books written by what well-known Oscar-winning actress?
A: Julie Andrews
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: By what pseudonym is writer Frederick Dannay Manfred Bennington Lee better known?
A: Ellery Queen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many times did Ernest Hemingway revise the last page of A Farewell To Arms?
A: 39 times
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was art-world guru Andy Warhol's name at birth?
A: Andrew Warhola
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the maiden name of Blondie Bumstead, the comic-strip wife of hapless Dagwood Bumstead?
A: Boopadoop
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What famous comic strip character was inspired by the 1936 Henry Fonda film Trail of the Lonesome Pine?
A: Al Capp's Li'l Abner
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the original name of the orphan created in 1924 by cartoonist Harold Gray in the comic strip we know as Little Orphan Annie?
A: Otto
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of Elizabeth Barrett Browning's pet golden cocker spaniel ?
A: Flush
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The title of what poetic drama by Robert Browning was used to name a Kentucky town?
A: Pippa Passes
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What did L. Fran Baum, author of the The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, call his home in Hollywood?
A: Ozcot
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What exotic city was featured in National Geographic magazine's first photo story in 1905?
A: Lhasa, Tibet
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How much time did Jonah spend in the belly of the whale?
A: Three days and three nights
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: For what event in February 1964 did evangelist Billy Graham break his strict rule against watching TV on Sunday?
A: The Beatles' first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How tall was Goliath, the Philistine giant slain by David with a stone hurled from a sling?
A: Six cubits and a span,
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "In the Bible, for what ""price"" did Esau sell his birthright to his younger twin brother, Jacob?"
A: Pottage of lentils (Genesis 25:29-34)
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What bird is named for the apostle Peter?
A: The petrel, from a diminutive form of Petrus, or Peter, in Latin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is the only woman whose age is mentioned in the Bible?
A: Sarah
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the most common name in the Bible--shared by 32 people in the Old Testament and one in the New Testament?
A: Zechariah
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what language was the New Testament originally written?
A: In Greek
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the total population of the world at the time of Christ?
A: About 200 million
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who were the parents of King Solomon?
A: David and Bathsheba
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of Dr. Seuss's egg-hatching elephant?
A: Horton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Clark Kent's high school sweetheart?
A: Lana Lang
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "What famous book begins: ""Chug, chug, chug. Puff, puff, puff""?"
A: The Little Engine that Could
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: To whom did Herman Melville dedicate his novel, Moby Dick?
A: Nathanial Hawthorne
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Under what assumed name did Oscar Wilde live out the last three years of his life, in ""France?"
A: Sebastian Melmoth
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Scarlett O'Hara's real first name?
A: Katie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many years did Robinson Crusoe spend shipwrecked on his island?
A: 24
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "What one word was intentionally left out of the movie version of Mario Puzo's novel, ""The Godfather"". even though this word was the working title of the book?"
A: Mafia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the comic strips, what was the name of Mandrake the Magician's giant partner?
A: Lothar
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the pig leader in George Orwell's Animal Farm?
A: Napoleon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Tess Trueheart is the wife of what comic strip character?
A: Dick Tracy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the Little Orphan Annie comic strip, what was the name of Daddy Warbucks's Giant bodyguard who wore a turban?
A: Punjab
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Terror of the Monster was an early title for a best-selling novel which inspired one of the highest-grossing movies of the mid-70's. Under what name did it eventually terrify the reading and film going public?
A: Jaws
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the story upon which Alfred Hitchcock based his 1963 suspense film The Birds?
A: Daphne du Maurier, best known for Rebecca
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was British Prime Minister when World War II broke out?
A: Neville Chamberlain
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How was Oflag IVC prison camp better known?
A: Colditz
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who succeeded Theodore Roosevelt as President?
A: William Howard Taft
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: To whom did the Bee Gees pay tribute in Tapestry Revisited?
A: Carole King
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was born first, James Caan or Michael Douglas?
A: James Caan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country is the deepwater ort of Brindisi?
A: Italy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The word anchorman was credited by Sig Michelson about which CBS News Legend?
A: Walter Cronkite
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote The Picture Of Dorian Gray?
A: Oscar Wilde
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who sang the title song for the Bond film You Only Live Twice?
A: Nancy Sinatra
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a big 90s No 1 with This Is How We Do It?
A: Montell Jordan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which national park, famous for aboriginal rock paintings, is near Darwin?
A: Kakadu National Park
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In TV's All In The Family what was Mike and Gloria's son called?
A: Joey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who sang with Crosby, Stills and Young?
A: Graham Nash
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which John Logie Baird invent television?
A: 1920s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who sang the title song for the Bond film License To Kill?
A: Gladys Knight
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Black or White came from which Michael Jackson album?
A: Dangerous
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On a computer keyboard, which letter is between G ad J?
A: H
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which town or city was General Motors founded?
A: Flint, Michigan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country was the Russian Revolutionary Leon Trotsky murdered?
A: Mexico
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which duo had a 60s No 1 with A World Without Love?
A: Peter & Gordon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which US state was Tennessee Williams born?
A: Mississippi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Israeli Prime Minister from 1969 to 1974?
A: Golda Meir
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Bob Gaudio and Nick Massi sang with which group?
A: The Four Seasons
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country was Angelica Huston born?
A: Ireland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What were the first two names of 'Cannonball' Adderley?
A: Julian Edwin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Carrasco international airport is in which country?
A: Uruguay
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which record company signed Fabian?
A: Chancellor
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Ron Bower and John Williams set a speed record for going round the world in a what?
A: Helicopter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the profession of New Yorker Garry Winogrand?
A: Photographer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Amelia Earhart was born in which state?
A: Kansas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Theodore Roosevelt's Vice President between 1901 and 1905?
A: No one
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Phil Collins' last UK No 1 of the 80s?
A: Another Day in Paradise
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Al Pacino's first movie?
A: Me Natalie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year did Alcock and Brown make their Atlantic crossing?
A: 1919
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which movie director was born on exactly the same day as actor Tommy Lee Jones?
A: Oliver Stone
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which singer wrote the musical Someone Like You?
A: Petula Clark
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What state had its bi-centenary of joining the Union a year after North Carolina?
A: Rhode Island
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: With which instrument was Charlie Christian associated?
A: Guitar
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country is the Howrah bridge?
A: India
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the international registration letters of a vehicle from Brunei?
A: BRU
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Oliver Hardy's real first name?
A: Norvell
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Benito Juarez international airport is in which country?
A: Mexico
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How old would Rocky Marciano have been had he lived to the end of the 20th century?
A: 76
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a 70s No 1 hit with The Night The Lights Went Out In Georgia?
A: Vicki Lawrence
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country does the airline Gronlandsfly come from?
A: Greenland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous actress was born on exactly the same day as gymnast Olga Korbut?
A: Debra Winger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The diet of what mythical monster periodically included seven youths and seven maidens?
A: The Minotaur's
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Greek mythology, who was the goddess of the rainbow?
A: Iris
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In ancient Athens, what tree was considered sacred -- with all its fruit belonging to the state, and death the penalty for anyone caught cutting one down?
A: The olive tree
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What legendary fire-breathing female monster had a lion's head, a goat's body and a dragon's tail?
A: The Chimera
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: According to legend, who fired the arrow that hit Achilles in the heel, his only vulnerable spot?
A: Paris
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Greek mythology, who was the queen of the underworld and wife of Hades?
A: Persephone
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Which entertainer said, ""He was into animal husbandry--until they caught him at it?"
A: Tom Lehrer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "According to hippy guru Dr. Timothy Leary, what did you do before you ""drop out?"""
A: Turn on, tune in
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Nelson Mandela's middle name?
A: Rolihlahla
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How old would James Dean have been had he lived to the end of the 20th century?
A: 68
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Barry Clifford found fame discovering what?
A: Sunken pirate ships
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Christopher Reeve's first movie?
A: Gray Lady Down
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Porcaro Brothers featured in which group?
A: Toto
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which city was called Leninakan until 1990?
A: A: Kumayri
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Iggy Pop's real name?
A: James Osterberg
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What did Franz Kafka do for a day job?
A: Worked in insurance
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Dorval International airport is in which country?
A: Canada
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In square miles how big is lake Michigan?
A: 22,300
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the song Momma Told Me Not To Come?
A: Randy Newman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What star sign is Harrison Ford?
A: Cancer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who founded the Organization of Afro American Unity?
A: Malcolm X
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which NASA space probe was launched to Venus in 1989?
A: Magellan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Harry Weinstein became a world champion under which name?
A: Gary Kasparov
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who directed Good Morning Vietnam?
A: Barry Levinson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Bette Davis's real first name?
A: Ruth
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which sport did Hollywood star Sonja Henie win Olympic Gold?
A: Ice Skating
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade was Alzheimer's disease first clinically described?
A: First decade
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What star sign is Glenda Jackson?
A: Taurus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won Super Bowl XXV?
A: New York Giants
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Robert Mueller Municipal Airport is in which US state?
A: Texas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year were women first admitted to Harvard?
A: 1969
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had 70s No 1 hit with Show and Tell?
A: Al Wilson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Balice international airport is in which country?
A: Poland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the first name of the original food manufacturer Mr. Heinz?
A: Henry
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Panama proclaimed independence in 1903 from which country?
A: Columbia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How old was Ronald Reagan when he became US President?
A: 69
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Iowa-born artist painted American Gothic and Spring Turning?
A: Grant Wood
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country does the airline Garuda come from?
A: Indonesia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: To ten thousand square miles, what is the area of Idaho?
A: 82,751 square miles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Sarah Vaughan first joined which band as singer?
A: Earl Hines
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Elmas international airport is in which country?
A: Italy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which pioneering aviator had a plane called Percival Gull?
A: Jean Batten
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British political figure became Baroness Kesteven?
A: Margaret Thatcher
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Henri Becquerel shared a Nobel prize for his work in discovering what?
A: Radioactivity
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first white music star to record on Atlantic, through its sister label Atco?
A: Bobby Darin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who took the assumed name Sebastian Melmoth when living in Paris?
A: Oscar Wilde
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who signed the Pacific Security Treaty with the USA in 1951?
A: Australia & New Zealand
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many miles long is the canal which links the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans?
A: 50 miles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who founded the off-Broadway theater where Hair had its premier?
A: Joseph Papp
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Established in 1919, which is the world's oldest surviving airline?
A: KLM
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Which US First Lady said, ""No one can make you feel interior unless you consent?"""
A: Eleanor Roosevelt
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won super bowl X?
A: Pittsburgh
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who brought to an end Jahangir Khan's long unbeaten run of success in squash in the 80s?
A: Ross Norman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Jomo Kenyatta was born into which tribe?
A: Kikuyu
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Bryan Abrams, Sam Walters, Mark Calderon and Kevin Thornton formed which group?
A: Color Me Badd
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: When was the Scrabble World championship first held?
A: 1991
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Arlanda international airport is in which country?
A: Sweden
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What year was the centenary of Arkansas joining the Union?
A: 1936
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which singer formed his own Berlee record label?
A: Del Shannon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who duetted with Barbra Streisand on Till I Loved You in 1988?
A: Don Johnson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was first published on 21st December 1913 in the New York World?
A: A crossword puzzle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What finally knocked One Sweet Day off the No 1 position in the charts in the 90s?
A: Because You Loved Me
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which American state are the Merril Collection and the Burke Museum of Fine Arts?
A: Texas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actor paid $93,500 for the baseball which rolled between Bill Buckner's legs in game six of the 1986 World Series?
A: Charlie Sheen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Theodore Roosevelt's Vice President between 1905 and 1909?
A: Charles W. Fairbanks
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which nation was the first to ratify the United Nations charter in 1945?
A: Nicaragua
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the Alaskan terminus of the Alaskan Highway?
A: Fairbanks
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Buster Keaton's actual first name?
A: Joseph
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: From 1903 to 1958, every Pope--bar one--took which name?
A: Pius
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which brothers were Warner Bros' first major record success?
A: Everly
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the title of Kitty Kelley's book about Elizabeth Taylor?
A: Elizabeth Taylor: The Last Star
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the international registration letters for a vehicle form Jordan?
A: HKJ
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country was Julie Christie born?
A: India
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which artist created the Katzenjammer Kids?
A: Rudolph Dirks
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a 60s No 1 hit with Johnny Angel?
A: Shelley Fabares
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country does the airline VIASA come from?
A: Venezuela
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who directed Back To The Future?
A: Robert Zemeckis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where was Che Guevara killed?
A: Bolivia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Daryl Dragon used which name when he formed a 70s duo?
A: Captain
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which has the highest population, Rode island or South Dakota?
A: Rhode Island
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Oliver Reed's real first name?
A: Robert
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country does the airline Sansa come from?
A: Costa Rica
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the song Harper Valley PTA?
A: Tom T. Hall
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Elvis's last No 1 in his own lifetime?
A: Suspicious Minds
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who choreographed the first performance of Copland's Rodeo?
A: Agnes de Mille
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote Riders of the Purple Sage?
A: Zane Gray
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What were D W Griffith's first names?
A: David Wark
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Who created the line, ""Happiness is a warm puppy?"
A: Charles Schulz
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who directed The Big Sleep and Gentlemen Prefer Blondes?
A: Howard Hawks
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year was the talkie The Jazz Singer released?
A: 1927
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Alborg Roedslet international airport is in which country?
A: Denmark
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Elton John's first US No 1 hit?
A: Crocodile Rock
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade was the Oral Roberts University founded at Tulsa?
A: 1960s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which English city is the Burrows Toy Museum?
A: Bath
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On which label did the Beach boys record most of their 60s hits?
A: Capitol
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Whose musical works included Composition For Orchestra and Philomel?
A: Milton Babbit
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the first state to join the Union in the 20th century?
A: Oklahoma
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where were the 2004 Summer Olympic Games held?
A: Athens
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What did Arthur Blessitt carry with him on an around-the-world walk taking in 277 nations?
A: A wooden cross
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where in the former Soviet Union was Yul Brynner born?
A: Siberia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: When she died how old was Karen Carpenter?
A: 32
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "According to the modern Olympics founder Baron de Coubertin, ""The essential thing is not conquering but..."" what?"
A: Fighting well
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which state was Charles Schulz born?
A: Minnesota
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Who wrote, ""What is this life if full of care, We have no time to stand and stare?"""
A: W H Davies
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade was Charles Schulz born?
A: 1930s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year was Oliver Stone born?
A: 1946
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Axl Rose's real name?
A: William Bailey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What disability did singer Al Hibbler have?
A: He was blind
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Which writer said, "" An atheist is a man who has no invisible means of support?"""
A: John Buchan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country does the airline Ansett come from?
A: Australia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where is New York's Empire State College located?
A: Saratoga Springs
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Spear of the Nation was an armed wing of which group?
A: ANC
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where in Italy did a US military aircraft slice through the steel wire of a cable car in 1998?
A: Cavalese
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What star sign is shared by Meatloaf and Luciano Pavarotti?
A: Libra
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where was Pablo Casals buried before he was finally laid to rest in Spain?
A: Puerto Rico
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: According to Dateline figures, the highest percentage of male clients are in which profession?
A: Accountancy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Santander international airport is in which country?
A: Spain
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year was Nigel Mansell Indy Car Champion?
A: 1993
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Thomas Marshal was Vice President to which US President?
A: Woodrow Wilson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which year was the first after 1927 that the USA lost the Ryder Cup on home soil?
A: 1987
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Ellen Church is recognized as being the first female what?
A: Air Hostess
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country does the airline Avensa come from?
A: Venezuela
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the USA's biggest attack of the Vietnam War when it took place in February 1967?
A: Operation Junction City
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Michael Keaton's first movie?
A: Night Shift
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Uma Thurman's middle name?
A: Karuna
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which liner launched in 1934 was the largest of her time?
A: Queen Mary
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of NASA's manned space project whose astronauts were chosen in 1959?
A: Project Mercury
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country was Anjelica Huston born?
A: Ireland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the novel Delta Connection?
A: Hammond Innes
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the 70s George Lee was a world champion in which sport?
A: Gliding
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who preceded Hosni Mubarak as President of Egypt?
A: Anwar El-Sadat
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What instrument is associated with Illinois-born John Lewis?
A: Piano
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What type of aid was developed my Miller Hutchinson in the early years of the 20th century?
A: Hearing Aid
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Who said, ""My whole life has been one of rejection. Women. Dogs. Comic strips."""
A: Charles Schulz
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: John Singer Sargent worked in which branch of the arts?
A: Painting
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Cuscatlan international airport is in which country?
A: El Salvador
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Pope for the shortest length of time in the 20th century?
A: John Paul I
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Gene Kelly's middle name?
A: Curran
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the profession of William Eugene Smith?
A: Photographer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country does the airline Pluna come form?
A: Uruguay
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who directed A Passage To India?
A: David Lean
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Gregory Peck's real first name?
A: Eldred
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Golfer Bobby Jones was born in which state?
A: Georgia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the world's first atomic-powered ship called?
A: Lenin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which soap boasted a cafe called the Hot Biscuit?
A: Dallas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which architect designed the Seagram Building, New York City?
A: Philip Johnson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which gossip columnist was born in the same day as Sir Alexander Fleming who discovered penicillin?
A: Louella Parsons
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year was the first performance of Copland's ballet Rodeo?
A: 1942
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Ferihegy international airport is in which country?
A: Hungary
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the defending champion when Virginia Wade won the Wimbledon singles?
A: Chris Evert
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is the youngest female tennis player to win the US Open?
A: Tracey Austin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many 'victories' did The Red Baron claim in aerial dogfights?
A: 80
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which great guitarist had the first names Aaron Thibodaux?
A: T-Bone Walker
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who first coined the term paradigm for all the factors that influence the scientist's research?
A: TS Kuhn
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country was Sam Neill born?
A: N. Ireland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Dorothy Parker's maiden name?
A: Rothschild
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which month in 1997 was The Notorious B.I.G. gunned down?
A: March
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the official occupation of Sir Anthony Blunt who was unmasked as a Soviet spy in 1979?
A: Art Historian
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous name was accused f the abduction of Stompie Seipei?
A: Winnie Mandela
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the highest rank Charles Lindbergh attained?
A: Brigadier General
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the second person to make a solo transatlantic flight?
A: Amelia Earhart
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who became commanding general of the First Armored Corps in 1941?
A: George Patton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the third wife of the leader of China's Long March?
A: Jiang Qing
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1985 Terry Waite returned to Beirut after securing the release of four British hostages where?
A: Libya
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where did Ferdinand Marcos live in exile?
A: Hawaii
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which American led a team to put 10 people on the summit of Everest in 1990?
A: James Whittaker
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: UN Secretary Dag Hammarskjold was killed over which country?
A: Congo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the autobiography of the first president of non-Apartheid South Africa called?
A: Long Walk To Freedom
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which terrorist group murdered Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro?
A: Red Brigade
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: General Boris Gromov was the last Soviet soldier to leave where in 1989?
A: Afghanistan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which politician's wife was acquitted in 1990 of defrauding US banks?
A: Imelda Marcos
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year did Saddam Hussein become President of Iraq?
A: 1979
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who became chair of Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1989?
A: Colin Powel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who became leader of the Bosnian Serbs in 1992?
A: Radovan Karadzic
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was deputy commander of the 1983 US invasion of Grenada?
A: Norman Schwarzkopf
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Mother Teresa's real first name?
A: Agnes
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous daughter was made chief designer at Chloe in 1997?
A: Stella McCartney
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which supermodel was married to Rod Stewart?
A: Rachel Hunter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was America's first world chess champion?
A: Bobby Fischer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Swiss-born Californian first used an amplifier with a guitar?
A: Adolph Rickenbacker
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was chairman of the Watergate hearings?
A: Sam Ervin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was credited with popularizing the term rock 'n' roll?
A: Alan Freed
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What were Gary Gilmore's final words before his execution in 1977?
A: Let's do it
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country was Ivana Trump born and brought up?
A: Czechoslovakia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the stage musical Cabaret?
A: Bob Fosse
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Flamenco dancer Joaquin Cortes hit the headlines in 1996 over his relationship with which supermodel?
A: Naomi Campbell
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Italian fashion designer was murdered on the orders of his ex-wife?
A: Gucci
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How old was George Gershwin when he died?
A: 38
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first black man to receive the Nobel Peace Prize?
A: Ralph Johnson Bunche
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which golfer became only the fifth in history to win both the British and US Open championships in the same year, in 1982?
A: Tom Watson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many times did tennis legend Jimmy Connors win the US Open in the 1970s?
A: Three
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which pop star did model Iman marry in 1992?
A: David Bowie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actress links Dorothy in The Golden Girls and Maude Findlay in Maude?
A: Bea Arthur
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which of the Friends cast has a son called Julian in real life?
A: Lisa Kudrow
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of Jed's nephew in The Beverly Hillbillies?
A: Jethro Bodine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Green Acres called on radio?
A: Granby's Green Acres
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 90s sitcom character was said to be a symbol of failing values which caused LA riots, according to Dan Quayle?
A: Murphy Brown
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: According to the series when was the Cheers bar founded?
A: 1895
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which sitcom with Vickie Lawrence was a spin-off from the Carol Burnett Show?
A: Mama's Family
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was creator and executive producer of Magnum PI?
A: Donald P. Bellisario
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the vet in Daktari?
A: Marsh Tracy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who bought CBS in 1929 and remained on the board until 1983?
A: William S. Paley
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which executive producer of Dream On is well known for films such as Trading Places?
A: John Landis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "To which interviewer did Richard Nixon say, ""I never cry except in public?"
A: David Frost
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who did Dick Van Dyke play in The Dick Van Dyke Show?
A: Rob Petrie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which English actress and star of Primary Colors appeared as a guest in Cheers?
A: Emma Thompson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the first sitcom to reach No 1 in the Nielsen ratings?
A: I Love Lucy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who in the singing Jackson family appeared in Different Strokes?
A: Janet
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the first spin-off from The Beverly Hillbillies called?
A: Petticoat Junction
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which series was a spin off from the Golden Girls spin-off, Empty Nest?
A: Nurses
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Who said, ""Married men live longer than single men, but married men are more willing to die""?"
A: Johnny Carson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Laverne & Shirley, what was Laverne's last name?
A: De Fazio
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which character did Burt Reynolds play in Evening Shade?
A: Wood Newton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which comedian starred in the ABC sitcom Chicken Soup?
A: Jackie Mason
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who did Debbie play in The Debbie Reynolds Show?
A: Debbie Thompson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who interviewed Dudley Moore about his illness in November 1999?
A: Barbara Walters
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Dorothy, Rose, Sophia and who else formed the Golden Girls?
A: Blanch
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who first funded Sesame Street?
A: Children's Television Workshop
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Family Affair what was the butler called?
A: French
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which multi-millionaire was born the same day TV pioneer John Logie Baird died?
A: Donald Trump
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the Addams Family, what is Gomez's octopus called?
A: Aristotle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the animation series, what was Godzilla's nephew called?
A: Godzooky
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which character did Betty White play in The Betty White Show?
A: Joyce Whitman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: During the series Roseanne changed her name to Arnold from what?
A: Barr
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which hotel sitcom was based on the British series Fawlty Towers?
A: Amanda's
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Who said, ""It is better to die on your feet than live on your knees?"""
A: Emiliano Zapata
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year did Tanganyika and Zanzibar merge to form Tanzania?
A: 1964
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade did motor car pioneer Henry Ford die?
A: 1940s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Ed Gagliardi, Al Greenwood and Dennis Elliot have all been in which group?
A: Foreigner
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Which song starts, ""On a dark desert highway?"""
A: Hotel California
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: For which movie did Katherine Hepburn win her third Oscar?
A: The Lion in Winter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Rambo's first name?
A: John
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: When did field hockey become an Olympic event for men?
A: 1908
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How was Eleanor Gough McKay better known?
A: Billie Holiday
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who invented the world's first data-processing machine?
A: Herman Hollerith
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Bill Cosby had a professional trial in which sport?
A: Football
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the first film Alfred Hitchcock made in Hollywood?
A: Rebecca
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the most common street name in the UK?
A: High Street
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Bujumbura international airport is in which country?
A: Burundi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The painting The Scream was stolen form which city in 1994?
A: Oslo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Paul Newman's first movie?
A: The Silver Chalice
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Which 60s song starts, ""You've got a lot of nerve?"""
A: Positively 4th Street
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which University of Wisconsin has the highest enrolment figure?
A: Madison
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the day job that Boris Yeltsin started out with?
A: Builder
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How old was Harry Stevens when he married at the Caravilla Retirement Home, Wisconsin in 1984?
A: 104
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Diane Keaton's real name?
A: Diane Hall
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which word used to be in the name of The San Francisco Ballet?
A: Opera
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which singer has appeared on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine 16 times?
A: Mick Jagger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What nationality were Mother Teresa's parents?
A: Albanian
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a 60s No 1 hit with I'm Telling You Now?
A: Freddie & The Dreamers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the international registration letters of a vehicle from The Bahamas?
A: BS
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which philosopher wrote Eros and Civilization and One Dimensional Man?
A: Herbert Marcuse
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: To ten thousand square miles, what is the area of Pennsylvania?
A: 44,820 square miles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the international registration letters of a vehicle from Sri Lanka?
A: CL
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who directed the movie East of Eden?
A: Elia Kazan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year did Count Basie die?
A: 1984
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which bridge is the subject of Hart Crane's The bridge?
A: Brooklyn Bridge
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is credited with inventing the Tarzan yodel?
A: Johnny Weissmuller
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which musical featured the song How To Handle A Woman?
A: Camelot
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade of the 20th century was Alec Baldwin born?
A: 1950s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which state do most Cree Indians live in the USA?
A: Montana
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Bob Dole trained for which profession although he didn't qualify?
A: Doctor
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Out of 11 series of prime time seasons how many times did Happy days make the Nielsen Top Twenty?
A: Eight
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the novel Watership Down?
A: Richard Adams
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the Prime Minister of Australia from 1983 - 1991?
A: Bob Hawke
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade of the 20th century was James Belushi born?
A: 1950s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On which river was the Kariba Dam built?
A: Zambezi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Detroit born Diana Earle became famous under which name?
A: Diana Ross
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote God Bless America?
A: Irving Berlin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Sean Penn's first movie?
A: Taps
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had and 80s NO 1 with The Tide is High?
A: Blondie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which Bond film did Britt Ekland appear?
A: The Man With The Golden Gun
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Mick Jagger's middle name?
A: Philip
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a No 1 hit single with Together Forever?
A: Rick Astley
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Boxer Jack Dempsey hailed from which state?
A: Colorado
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British liner was sunk by a German submarine in 1915?
A: Lusitania
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which role as 'the other woman' won Glenn Close her first Oscar nomination?
A: Fatal Attraction
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the novel The Godfather?
A: Mario Puzo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Vehicles from which country use the international registration letter S?
A: Sweden
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Jack Sharkey was a world champion in which sport?
A: Boxing
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Marilyn Monroe's last film?
A: The Misfits
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Bix Beiderbecke's principal musical instrument?
A: Cornet
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: US-born Adulyadej Bhumibol became king of which Asian country?
A: Thailand
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1971 Leonard Bernstein wrote a Mass in whose memory?
A: John F. Kennedy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a big 50s No 1 with A Big Hunk O' Love?
A: Elvis Presley
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Whose first hit was Maybellene in 1955?
A: Chuck Berry
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What goes after Love Will Never Do on Janet Jackson's 1990 hit?
A: Without you
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Gloria co-founded Ms magazine?
A: Steinem
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: A Fistfull of Dollars was filmed on location in which country?
A: Italy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country lies immediately to the south of Estonia?
A: Latvia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Which TV series intro said, ""Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear""?"
A: The Lone Ranger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year was the University of Alaska Anchorage founded?
A: 1954
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What star sign is shared by peter Gabriel and Stevie Wonder?
A: Taurus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was John Huston's last movie?
A: The Dead
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won Super Bowl III?
A: New York Jets
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Marie Osmond's real first name?
A: Olive
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who sang a solo at Prince Charles and Lady Di's wedding?
A: Kiri Te Kanawa
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Calabar international airport is in which country?
A: Nigeria
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Who said, ""A man is only as old as the woman he feels?"""
A: Groucho Marx
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country did Thor Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki set sail from on its journey to Eastern Polynesia?
A: Peru
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Donna Gaines is better known by which name?
A: Donna Summer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which element is named after Pierre and Marie Curie?
A: Curium
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: By the end of the 20th century how many times had Meryl Streep been nominated for an Oscar?
A: Nine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Both Richard and Karen Carpenter came fro which state?
A: Connecticut
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Mr. Magoo's first name?
A: Quincy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which rock star featured in Marvel's 50th issue of Marvel Premiere in 1979?
A: Alice Cooper
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was runner-up when Jody Scheckter won motor racing's Formula One Championship?
A: Gilles Villeneuve
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many years after men's field hockey became an Olympic sport did the women's game become an Olympic event?
A: 72
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year of the 1990s was baseball's World Series canceled?
A: 1994
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Albert Giacometti found fame as what?
A: Sculptor
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who first flew in Friendship 7?
A: John Glenn
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a 50s No 1 with Stagger Lee?
A: Lloyd Price
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the novel Gentlemen Prefer Blondes?
A: Anita Loos
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country does the airline Gulf Air come from?
A: Bahrain
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Alistair Cooke's real first name?
A: Alfred
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How is seriously rich Percy Miller better known?
A: Master P
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How old was Laurel and Hardy producer Hal Roach when he died in 1992?
A: 100
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was West German Chancellor from 1969 to 1974? Willy Brandt.
A: Willy Brandt
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What sort of Menace was the 1999 Star Wars movie?
A: Phantom
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of Drew Barrymore's character in E.T.?
A: Gertie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which ER star played opposite Jenny Seagrove in Don' Go Breaking My Heart?
A: Anthony Edwards
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played Rick Deckard in Blade Runner?
A: Harrison Ford
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the fourth Alien film called?
A: Alien Resurrection
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What number Star Trek movie was called The Wrath of Khan?
A: II
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Stepmom who played Susan Sarandon's daughter?
A: Julia Roberts
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which King did Leonardo Di Caprio play in The Man in the Iron Mask?
A: Louis XIV
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which role did Rupert Everett play in The Madness of King George?
A: The Prince of Wales
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which UK pop singer an environmental campaigner appeared in Dune?
A: Sting
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Stanley Kubrick's final movie?
A: Eyes Wide Shut
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who tries to save the world from virtual reality in The Matrix?
A: Keanu Reeves
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which decade does Michael J Fox go back to in Back to the Future?
A: 50s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which 90s movie did Al Pacino play retired Colonel Frank Slade?
A: Scent of a Woman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of Kate Winslet's character in Titanic?
A: Rose
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which spin-off from a 60s sitcom was a 1999 movie with Jeff Daniels and Christopher Lloyd?
A: My Favorite Martian
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played the title role in Emma?
A: Gwyneth Paltrow
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played Batman immediately before George Clooney?
A: Val Kilmer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played the young Obi-Wan Kenobi in the Star Wars prequel?
A: Ewan McGregor
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played Drew Barrymore's stepmother in Ever After?
A: Angelica Houston
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which 1998 film did Bruce Willis lead a team to confront a deadly threat from outer space?
A: Armageddon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 1968 sci fi classic was based on The Sentinel by Arthur C Clarke?
A: 2001: A Space Odyssey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which tough guy played Mr. Freeze in Batman & Robin?
A: Arnold Schwarzenegger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the subtitle of Terminator 2?
A: Judgment Day
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 1996 film has its climax on 4th of July?
A: Independence Day
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Apollo mission was filmed in 1995 with Tom Hanks?
A: 13
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which film did Susan Sarandon play Sister Helen Prejean?
A: Dead Man Walking
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which city does the action of the 1998 movie Godzilla take place?
A: New York
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which star of Cheers co-starred with ?Whoopi Goldberg in Made in America?
A: Ted Danson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Pierce Brosnan's first outing as 007?
A: Goldeneye
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which The Bridges of Madison County star became a father again aged 65?
A: Clint Eastwood
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the star of the dark thriller 8mm?
A: Nicolas Cage
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where was the 1990s version of Dickens' Great Expectations set?
A: New York
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which important US building has its roof ripped off in Superman II?
A: The White House
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the Darth Vader-to-be in the Star Wars Prequel, Episode 1?
A: Anakin Skywalker
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the first sequel to Star Wars?
A: The Empire strikes Back
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who did Jane Fonda play in the 60s movie of the same name where she repeatedly lost her clothes.
A: Barbarella
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which veteran actress Katharine was the first actress to win four Oscars?
A: Hepburn
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won his second Oscar in successive years for Forrest Gump?
A: Tom Hanks
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won his second Oscar for the role of Raymond in Rain Man?
A: Dustin Hoffman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1997 James Cameron won an Oscar for which blockbuster?
A: Titanic
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Nick won an Oscar for The Wrong Trousers?
A: Park
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Sean Connery's profession in The Name of the Rose?
A: Friar
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which film did Jodie Foster play FBI agent Clarice Starling?
A: The Silence of the Lambs
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Julie won an Oscar for Darling in 1965 and was Oscar nominated in 19987 for Afterglow?
A: Christie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which musical set in gangland New York won 11 Oscars in 1961?
A: West Side Story
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who did Ali McGraw marry after they had made The Getaway together?
A: Steve McQueen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Who uttered the famous line ""Frankly my dear I don't give a damn?"
A: Clark Gable
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Whose voice did Marni Nixon dub in the classic My Fair Lady?
A: Audrey Hepburn
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was jailed for her 'obscene' stage play Sex?
A: Mae West
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 1997 movie equaled Ben Hur's record 11 Oscars?
A: Titanic
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won an Oscar wearing an eye patch in True Grit?
A: John Wayne
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which film did David Niven play James Bond?
A: Casino Royale
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Emma won an Oscar for her screenplay of Sense and Sensibility?
A: Thompson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which film with Ralph Fiennes won Anthony Minghella an Oscar?
A: The English Patient
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: I Could Go on Singing was the last film of which screen legend?
A: Judy Garland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British actor's autobiography was called What's It All About?
A: Michael Cane
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Judi Dench won an Oscar as which Queen in Shakespeare in Love?
A: Elizabeth I
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won the Best Actor and Best Director Oscar for Dances With Wolves?
A: Kevin Costner
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Jessica was the then oldest Oscar winner for Driving Miss Daisy?
A: Tandy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first actress to receive four Oscars?
A: Katharine Hepburn
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the 70s which gangster film won an Oscar as did its sequel?
A: The Godfather
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Geoffrey Rush won an Oscar for Shine, as what type of musician?
A: Pianist
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: For which film about a Scottish hero did Mel Gibson win his first Oscars for Best Picture and Best Director?
A: Braveheart
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who got her first big break in Grease 2?
A: Michelle Pfeiffer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played Charlie Chaplin in Richard Attenborough's 1992 film?
A: Robert Downey Jr
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which star of Gypsy and West Side Story married Robert Wagner twice?
A: Natalie Wood
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which lyricist who has worked with Elton John and Andrew Lloyd Webber won an award for A Whole New World from Aladdin?
A: Tim Rice
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Raindrops Keep Falling On My Head was an Oscar winner from which movie with Robert Redford & Paul Newman?
A: Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The multi-Oscar winning The Deer Hunter was about steelworkers who went to fight where?
A: Vietnam
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which red-haired actress had the Margarita cocktail named after her as her real name was Margarita Cansino?
A: Rita Hayworth
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the lyrics for the song form Notting Hill sung by Elvis Costello?
A: Herbert Kretzmer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year does Demolition Man take place?
A: 2032
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played a character based on Bob Fosse in a 1979 Oscar winning film?
A: Roy Scheider
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where in Europe was much of Evita filmed?
A: Hungary
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the butler in The Rocky Horror Picture Show?
A: Riff Raff
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the real first name of the silent Marx Brother?
A: Adolph
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Steve Martin's first film?
A: The Jerk
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which film tells of the exploits of singer Deco Duffe?
A: The Commitments
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which category was Mrs. Doubtfire Oscar-nominated?
A: Best Makeup
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which musical was Victor Fleming making the same time as he was making Gone With the Wind?
A: The Wizard of Oz
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Club featured in cabaret?
A: Kit Kat
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: """The corn is as high as an elephant's eye is in which musical?"
A: Oklahoma
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the orphanage where The Blues Brothers were brought up?
A: Saint Helen of the Blessed Shroud
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On which film was Three Men and a Baby based?
A: Trois Hommes et un Couffin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Xanadu in the title of the film?
A: Roller disco
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Whose poems returned to the bestsellers list after Four Weddings and a Funeral?
A: W. H. Auden
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the voice of O'Malley in The Aristocats?
A: Phil Harris
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of Bob Fosse's character in All That Jazz?
A: Joe Gideon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How old was Macaulay Culkin when he was cast for his role in Home Alone?
A: Nine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which 70s musical did Paul Michael Glaser star?
A: Fiddler on the Roof
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "In Private ""Benjamin, what is the name of ""Benjamin's captain?"
A: Lewis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many different hats does Madonna wear in Evita?
A: 39
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: A Little Night Music was based on which non-musical film?
A: Smiles of a Summer Night
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the high school in Porky's?
A: Angel Beach
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Louise Lasser's husband when she stared with him in What's Up Tiger Lily?
A: Woody Allen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Tootsie's name before he turned into Tootsie?
A: Michael Dorsey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the first sequel to The Pink Panther called?
A: A Shot in the Dark
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played the title role in the film version of Jesus Christ Superstar?
A: Ted Neely
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the sax player in New York New York who fell for Francine?
A: Jimmy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the leader of the band that appeared in The Brady Bunch Movie?
A: Davy Jones
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "In which film was chorus girl Peggy Sawyer told to ""come back a star?"""
A: 42nd Street
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the last lines of My Fair Lady?
A: Where the devil are my slippers?
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In The Muppet Movie what was the name of the restaurant Doc Hopper wanted to open?
A: Frogs' Legs
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who directed The Cable Guy?
A: Ben Stiller
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What type of drug is Sherman Klump trying to perfect in The Nutty Professor?
A: Weight loss
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which First Lady had to give evidence over the Whitewater scandal?
A: Hillary Clinton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "About which British politician did Francois Mitterrand say, ""She has the mouth of Marilyn Monroe and the eyes of Caligula?"""
A: Margaret Thatcher
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Nigel Short was the youngest champion in which game in 1984?
A: Chess
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What did Woody Allen call his son as a tribute to Louis 'Satchmo' Armstrong?
A: Satchel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which princess took out an injunction against a photographer after he tried to take photographs of her?
A: Princess Diana
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade did Berry Gordy set up Tamla Motown?
A: 1950s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1984 how was the baby who received the heart of a baboon known?
A: Baby Fae
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of NATO spokesman in the 1999 Kosovo crisis?
A: Jamie Shea
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which daughter of the last Tsar of Russia was said to have escaped to America?
A: Anastasia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which soul singer is Whitney Houston's god mother?
A: Aretha Franklin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Russian-born American wrote I, Robot?
A: Isaac Asimov
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which state were Bonnie & Clyde killed?
A: Louisiana
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Biblical name does Boris Becker's older son have?
A: Noah
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: President Kennedy was shot on 22nd November; what day was Lee Harvey Oswald shot?
A: 24th November
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who founded General Motors in 1908?
A: William C. Durant
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Nicoletta Mantovani hit the headlines through her relationship with which big figure in the entertainment world?
A: Luciano Pavarotti
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Clive Sinclair's personal transport vehicle called?
A: C5
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Who designed Posh ""Spice Victoria Adam's wedding dress?"
A: Vera Wang
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is Julian Lennon's step-mother?
A: Yoko Ono
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which American contralto was the first black singe to appear at the Metropolitan Opera?
A: Marian Anderson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which American was the first ever person to retain an Olympic springboard diving title?
A: Greg Louganis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which university did Tony Blair and Bill Clinton both attend in their younger days?
A: Oxford
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of Paul and Linda McCartney's only son?
A: James
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won the first men's US Tennis Open, in 1968?
A: Arthur Ash
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Timothy McVeigh was convicted for which bombing?
A: Oklahoma
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Oliver North's secretary during the Irangate scandal?
A: Fawn Hall
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which singer married director Blake Edwards?
A: Julie Andrews
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "What relation was ""Waldorf Astor, who became a British member of Parliament, to US millionaire John Jacob Astor?"
A: Great-grandson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: For which movie did Meryl Streep win her first Oscar?
A: Kramer v Kramer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the 1990s Babrak Karmal and Sultan Ali Keshtmond have been Prime Minister in which country?
A: Afghanistan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 60s pop band made an unsuccessful movie called Head?
A: The Monkees
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Anne Sullivan's most famous pupil?
A: Helen Keller
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actress was voted Miss Burbank 1948?
A: Debbie Reynolds
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which state did Amelia Earhart land in on her first solo Pacific flight?
A: California
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Billy Ocean's real name?
A: Leslie Charles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How was writer William Sydney Porter better known?
A: O Henry
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was The Zaire River called before 27th October 1971.
A: Congo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the profession of Thomas Eakins?
A: Photographer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is credited with the discovery of galaxies outside of our own?
A: Edwin Hubble
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the defending champion when Andre Agassi first won Wimbledon singles?
A: Michael Stich
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Boukhalef International airport is in which country?
A: Morocco
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the 70s No 1 hit for Hamilton, Joe Frank, & Reynolds?
A: Fallin' In Love
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year was the Kellogg Company set up to manufacture cornflakes?
A: 1906
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which wartime classic was the title of a 1980 film with Hanna Schygulla & Mel Ferrer?
A: Lili Marlene
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the voice of Matt Dillon for 11 years on radio's Gunsmoke?
A: William Conrad
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country does the airline Ladeco come from?
A: Chile
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where was the UN Atomic Energy Agency based when it was set up in 1957?
A: Vienna
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Oran international airport is in which country?
A: Algeria
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where did Johnny Ace die in 1954?
A: Houston, Texas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first chemist to be Britain's Prime Minister?
A: Margaret Thatcher
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which Olympics was taekwondo a demonstration sport?
A: Seoul 1988
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Jimi Hendrix's middle name?
A: Marshall
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was buried in Milan under the name of Maria Maggi to discourage grave robbers?
A: Eva Peron
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which month of the year did Bing Crosby record White Christmas?
A: May
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country does the airline Transkei Airways come from?
A: South Africa
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the last name of Judy in radio's A Date With Judy series?
A: Foster
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which hit starting with the word Rock took over NO 1 from Rock The Boat?
A: Rock Your Baby
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the 1940s, the University of North Carolina was founded at Charlotte and where else?
A: Wilmington
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country was the first to make catalytic converters compulsory?
A: Switzerland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Christa McAuliffe died in an accident in what type of vehicle in 1986?
A: Space Shuttle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Benazir Bhutto's Father who was executed in 1988?
A: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which form of death penalty was abolished by Francois Mitterrand?
A: Guillotine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which capital city was the scene of a major summit between Reagan and Gorbachev in 1986?
A: Reykjavik
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which drink did the Coca Cola Company launch in 1982?
A: Diet Coke
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which telescope was launched into space on board a space shuttle in 1990?
A: Hubble
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Jonas Salk developed the Salk vaccine against which disease?
A: Polio
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which of London's four airports is the only one to be connected to the city Underground system?
A: Heathrow
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who constructed the world's first laser?
A: Theodore Maiman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Wisconsin salesman developed a safety razor in 1901?
A: King Camp Gillette
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country were Daewoo cars originally produced?
A: Korea
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which toy company did Ruth and Elliot Handler found?
A: Mattel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country was the first in the world to introduce a driving test?
A: France
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who launched the short-lived Skytrain air service?
A: Freddie Laker
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What did Guinness adopt as its trademark in the 60s?
A: Harp
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which city was the HQ of the European Space program?
A: Paris
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Andre built the first factory to mass-produce rubber tires?
A: Michelin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which film actor became mayor of Carmel, California in 1986?
A: Clint Eastwood
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which pop artist died in New York in1987?
A: Andy Warhol
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How did James F Fixx, promoter of jogging for good health, die in 1984?
A: Heart attack while jogging
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How was Jean Claude Duvalier known before he ws exiled in 1986?
A: Baby Doc
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where did teenager Matthias Rust land his plane in 1987 much to the surprise of the country's authorities?
A: Red Square
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: From which UK airport did Virgin Atlantic flights first depart for New York-Newark?
A: London Gatwick
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Great Briton fought which country over the Falkland Islands?
A: Argentina
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which oil tanker disastrously ran aground off 'Brittany in 1987?
A: Amoco Cadiz
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where did the US side of the Band Aid concert take place?
A: Philadelphia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Natan Sharansky was released from prison in the USSR to begin a new life where?
A: Israel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country celebrated its bicentenary in 1988?
A: Australia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The mother of which Monkee invented typewriter correction fluid?
A: Mike Nesmith
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What type of aircraft is the Hawker Siddley Harrier?
A: Jump Jet
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What does Volkswagen actually mean?
A: People's car
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What does the Transalaska Pipeline System transport?
A: Oil
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the world's first nuclear-powered submarine?
A: Nautilus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which American company pioneered electric ignition in motor cars?
A: Cadillac
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who invented the world's first photocopier?
A: Chester Carlson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where were the 2002 Winter Olympic Games held?
A: Salt Lake City
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Who wrote the line, ""Do not go gentle into that good night?"
A: Dylan Thomas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Jennifer Jason Leigh's real name?
A: Jennifer Morrow
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which musical instrument was found in Bonnie & Clyde's car after they were shot?
A: Saxophone
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which album was said to have reflected the end of Bob Dylan's marriage?
A: Blood On The Tracks
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the only Fleetwood Mac track to top the singles charts in the 70s?
A: Dreams
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the defending champion when Billie Jean King first won Wimbledon singles?
A: Margaret Smith
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country did Argentina first win soccer's World Cup?
A: Argentina (1978)
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: To the nearest million, what was the population of the USA in 1910?
A: 92
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Chaplin's The Great Dictator, which country did the dictator rule?
A: Tomania
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Joan Collin's middle name?
A: Henrietta
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the Aristocrat record label renamed?
A: Chess
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which President wrote Why England Slept about the rise of Fascism?
A: John F. Kennedy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where was the first H bomb exploded in 1952?
A: Eniwetok
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Queen Alia international airport is in which country?
A: Jordan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Which hairdresser said, """"The only place where success comes before work is in the dictionary?"""
A: Vidal Sassoon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which space probe sent pictures from Mars in 1965?
A: Mariner 4
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which villain was played by Burgess Meredith in the 1960s Batman TV series?
A: The Penguin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the US army airplane which flew a record 150 hours non-stop in 1929?
A: Question Mark
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year did regular Boeing 707 flights begin across he Atlantic?
A: 1958
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who became Queen of the Netherlands in 1980?
A: Beatrix
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many Billboard solo NO 1's did ex-Beatle Ringo Starr have?
A: Two
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year did the New York subway open?
A: 1903
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country does the airline Aero Lloyd come from?
A: Germany
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade was the Benjamin Franklin suspension bridge opened?
A: 1920s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many prisoners were left in Alcatraz just before it closed?
A: 27
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the first weather satellite?
A: Tiros
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who directed the movie Trading Places?
A: John Landis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where in Australia was swashbuckling Errol Flynn born?
A: Hobart
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Vehicles from which country use the international registration letters KWT?
A: Kuwait
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: At what weight did boxer Chris Eubank win the WBO title in 1990?
A: Middleweight
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who featured with Bobby Brown on the No 1 She Ain't Worth It?
A: Glenn Medeiros
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Elvis Presley's first album which did not have his name in the title?
A: King Creole
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where was golf's 1977 US Open held?
A: Tulsa Oklahoma
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who shared world amateur baseball championship with USA in1973?
A: Cuba
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who lost the first Super Bowl of the 70s?
A: Minnesota Vikings
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many times did the New York Yankees win the World Series in the 1970s?
A: Twice
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which team in the 80s won the Super Bowl by the biggest margin?
A: Chicago Bears
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where did Maurice Green set his 9.79 seconds for the 100m in 1999?
A: Athens
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won baseball's first World Series of the 50s?
A: New York Yankees
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Jermaine O'Neal playing against when he made his debut in 1996?
A: Denver Nuggets
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the second American to win the Indianapolis 500 four times?
A: Al Unser Sr
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the Super Bowl MVP in 1979 and 1980.
A: Terry Bradshaw
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1978 US Masters, who was leading Gary Player by seven strokes, only to lose by a single stroke?
A: Hubert Green
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where were the first World Athletics Championships held?
A: Helsinki
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which was the first team to win three Super Bowls?
A: Pittsburgh Steelers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first MVP in a Super Bowl to be on the losing side?
A: Chuck Howley
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won the Princess Cup in 1997 with Monica Seles?
A: Anna Kournikova
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which team has not won a World Series since Babe Ruth stopped pitching for them?
A: Boston Red Sox
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who skippered Stars & Stripes in the America's Cup in 1987 and 1988?
A: Dennis Conner
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who did Martina Navratilova beat to win her ninth Wimbledon title?
A: Zina Garrison
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who captained the US Ryder Cup team in 1991?
A: Dave Stockton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which team in the 70s won the Super Bowl by the biggest margin?
A: Oakland Raiders
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the winner of the last Open at Carnoustie before Paul Lawrie?
A: Tom Watson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what years did John Henry win the Arlington Million?
A: 1981 & 1984
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first president of the National Football League?
A: Jim Thorpe
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who rode Affirmed for each race when he won the Triple Crown?
A: Steve Cauthen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which team lost the most Super Bowls in the 1970s?
A: Minnesota Vikings
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won the first all American French Open Men's Singles final for almost 40 years in the 90s?
A: Jim Courier
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the first British-trained horse to run in the Kentucky Derby?
A: Bold Arrangement
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which sport did Eric Navet of France become a 1990 world champion?
A: Show Jumping
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won baseball's first World Series of the 70s?
A: Baltimore Orioles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the original name of the Kansas City Chiefs?
A: Dallas Texans
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Super Bowl MVP the year after Joe Namath won it?
A: Len Dawson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1952 who was the then oldest boxer to become world champoion?
A: Jersey Joe Walcott
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1988 who won the tennis Grand Slam and Olympic gold?
A: Steffi Graf
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How was Walker Smith Robinson better known?
A: Sugar Ray Robinson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the nickname of record-breaking sprinter Maurice Greene?
A: Kansas Cannonball
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first boxer to twice regain the world heavyweight title?
A: Muhammad Ali
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Peter Nichol became the first Brit in 25 years to win the British open in which sport?
A: Squash
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Robin was the first yachtsman to sail non-stop around the world?
A: Knox-Johnson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Warren Beatty was offered full college scholarships in which sport?
A: Football
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Billy Crystal had a full college scholarship in which sport?
A: Baseball
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who beat Jim Brown's rushing yards total of 12,312 yards in the 1980s?
A: Walter Payton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who fought George Foreman in the Rumble In The Jungle?
A: Muhammad Ali
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Hank Aaron's first Major League team?
A: Milwaukee Braves
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country does marathon man Abel Anton come form?
A: Spain
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which was Hideo Nomo's first US baseball team?
A: Los Angeles Dodgers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: With which track and field even was Geoff Capes particularly associated?
A: Shot
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country does tennis player Marcelo Rios come from?
A: Chile
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where was the Rumble in the Ali v Foreman fight in Zaire in 1974?
A: Jungle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many people are there in an official tug of war team?
A: Eight
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which month is horse racing's Melbourne Cup held?
A: November
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Curragh is in which country?
A: Ireland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country hosts the Belmont and Preakness Stakes?
A: United States
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade did Joe Montana retire from football?
A: 1990s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which African country does Nick Price come from?
A: Zimbabwe
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What position did football great Jim Brown play?
A: Fullback
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Magic Johnson's real first name?
A: Earvin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In baseball, when a team is pitching how many players do they have on the field?
A: Nine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which golf tournament presents its winner with a green jacket?
A: The Masters
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which jumping event did Carl Lewis win Olympic gold's?
A: Long Jump
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In football, what position is WR?
A: Wide receiver
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Vince Lombardi Trophy is awarded to winners of what?
A: Super Bowl
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the nationality of the athletes killed at the 1972 Munich Olympics?
A: Israeli
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Prix du Jockey-Club is held at which race course?
A: Chantilly
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade did the Super Bowl begin?
A: 1960s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country is Flemington park race course?
A: Melbourne, Australia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won golf's US Amateur Championship for the first time i n1994?
A: Tiger Woods
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which sport was Richard Upton found positive in a drugs test in 1998?
A: Swimming
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which European won tennis's 1989 Men's Singles at the US Open?
A: Boris Becker
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which sport's globalization plan includes the ' Dream Team,' playing in the McDonald's Classic and the Three-on-Three Challenge?
A: Basket ball
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country does boxer Vitali Klitschko come from?
A: Ukraine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which state did Michael Jordan play college basketball?
A: North Carolina
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: With which university did Magic Johnson win the 1979 NCAA title?
A: Michigan State
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won golf's US Open in 1994 and 1997?
A: Ernie Els
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What has been won by Australia II and America 3?
A: America's Cup
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which university did Cheryl Miller attend?
A: University of Southern California
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: At which sport did Keanu Reeves excel while at high school?
A: Hockey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Hockey, who did Maurice Rocket Richard play for?
A: Montreal Canadians
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Golf star Vijay Singh comes form where?
A: Fiji
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Kirk Douglas supplemented his acting earnings in his early years as what type of professional sportsman?
A: Wrestler
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: """The early days of which sport featured the Renshaw twins, the Baddeley twins and the Doherty brothers?"
A: Tennis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was known as the Manassa Mauler?
A: Jack Dempsey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Arturo Marino Benitez international airport is in which country?
A: Chile
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Jane Russell's real first name?
A: Ernestine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Fabulous Cullinan diamond was cut into how many separate gems?
A: 105
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which singer-songwriter was born on the same day as actor Billy Dee Williams?
A: Merle Haggard
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: John and Mary Evans of Alaska grew the world's biggest what?
A: Broccoli
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where is the University of New Hampshire located?
A: Durham
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the biggest studio in Hollywood called?
A: Universal City
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first person to win the Indianapolis 500 six times?
A: Al Unser
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Gunn-toting Wyatt Earp survived to what age?
A: 80
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which sporting world championship has been held at the Kuusinski and Kitka Rivers in Finland?
A: Fly Fishing
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country does the airline Tower Air come from?
A: USA
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country is the Bendorf bridge?
A: Germany
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which pop singer blamed his cocaine addiction of the break0-up of his relationship with Victoria principal?
A: Andy Gibb
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a 70s No 1 hit with The Night Chicago Died?
A: Paper Lace
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Bob Hoskins' profession when he worked in the circus?
A: Fire-eater
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which state was Peggy Lee born in?
A: North Dakota
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the last man to win Wimbledon and the French open singles in the same year?
A: Bjorn Borg
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who directed the movie The Blues Brothers?
A: John Landis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country did the first Mickey Mouse comic appear?
A: Italy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the island off Iceland which appeared in 1963 as a result of an underwater volcano?
A: Surtsey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which band has featured Gregg Rolie, David Brown and Autlan de Bavarro?
A: Santana
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which US soap actress's real name is Patsy Mclenny?
A: Morgan Fairchild
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which state is the Creighton University?
A: Nebraska
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In England, who was Princess Diana referring to when she said her marriage was ' a bit crowded?'
A: Camilla Parker Bowles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Brad Pitt's real first name?
A: William
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which label was responsible for John Lennon's final album made in his lifetime?
A: Geffen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Elton John's first album to enter the US charts at No 1?
A: Captain Fantastic And The Brown Dirt Cowboy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which state was Quincy Jones born?
A: Illinois
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country does the airline Norontair come form?
A: Canada
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which incident escalated US involvement in Vietnam?
A: Tonkin Gulf incident
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Michael Jackson's last UK No 1 of the 80s?
A: I Just Can't Stop Loving You
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the international registration letters of a vehicle from Tanzania?
A: EAT
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The world's biggest what was made in Seymour, Wisconsin in August 1989?
A: Hamburger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who designed the New York pink skyscraper with the Chippendale-style cabinet top?
A: Philip Johnson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the original host of The Price Is Right?
A: Bill Cullen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which member of the Maverick clan was played by a future 007?
A: Beau (Roger Moore)
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What did the Inspector have on his car sticker in Sledge Hammer?
A: I Love Violence
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who hosted the early series of The Pink Panther cartoons?
A: Lenny Schulz
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Pee Wee Herman made his TV debut on which show?
A: The Gong Show
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Makin' It, who was the John Travolta-type character?
A: Billy Manucci
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Hollywood star starred in the 50s show My Three Sons?
A: Fred MacMurray
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The actor who played Jack Geller in Friends was married once to which superstar?
A: Elliott Gould married Barbra Streisand
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who guested in Happy Days where his daughter was playing Jenny Piccalo?
A: Phil Silvers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Flying Nun was based on which book?
A: The Fifteenth Pelican
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The older Smothers Brother played what musical instrument?
A: Guitar
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the TV sitcom Adam's Rib, who played the Spencer Tracy Film role?
A: Ken Howard
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the first sitcom where Mickey Rooney was not called Mickey?
A: One of The Boys
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which character did Tom Hanks play in early episodes of Family Ties?
A: Ned Keaton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Before it was made famous by Pigmeat of Rowan and Martin's Laugh In fame, who first said, ""Here comes the judge""?"
A: Sammy Davis Jr
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which member of The A Team played Clubber Lang in Rocky III?
A: Mr. T
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Peter Faulk received his first Emmy for a performance on which show?
A: The Dick Powell Show
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Top Cat, who was the voice of Choo Choo?
A: Marvin Kaplan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played Leroy Johnson in the movie Fame and on TV?
A: Gene Anthony Ray
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Who did Mrs. Thatcher describe as ""a man we can do business with?"""
A: Gorbachev
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How is Tenzin Gyatso better known?
A: The Dali Lama
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How was Nguyen that Tan better known?
A: Ho Chi Minh
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who did the Americans recognize as ruler of Vietnam in 1950 when the Soviets acknowledged Ho Chi Min?
A: Bao Dai
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the defeated Presidential candidate in the 1900 US election?
A: William Jennings Bryan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first leader of the Belgian Congo?
A: Lumumba
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Greece's first socialist Prime Minister?
A: Papandreou
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Pope during World War II?
A: Pius XII
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the youngest US Vice President of the 20th century?
A: Richard Nixon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was mayor of New York during the race riots of 1996?
A: John Lindsay
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who formulated his Sinatra Doctrine - Foreign policy to be constructed on a My Way basis?
A: Eduard Shevardnadze
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Vaclav Havel and British King George VI both lost what part of their bodies?
A: Lung
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Oliver North's immediate boss who admitted authori8zing funding the Contra rebels in Nicaragua?
A: John Poindexter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which ex-president died shortly after he death of Harry S. Truman?
A: Lyndon B. Johnson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first Democrat President of the 20th century?
A: Woodrow Wilson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was North Vietnam's chief negotiator at the '73 Paris peace talks?
A: Le Duc Tho
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first president to be elected for a third four-year term?
A: Franklin D. Roosevelt
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Secretary of State under Truman helped formulate the Marshall Plan?
A: Dean Acheson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Senator Joe McCarthly representred which state?
A: Wisconsin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who did Roosevelt defeat when he won the 1932 election?
A: Herbert Hoover
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which President gave the go-ahead to build an H Bomb?
A: Truman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the oldest US President before Ronal Reagan?
A: Dwight D. Eisenhower
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Dan Quayle was Senator form which state when he was chosen as George Bush's Vice President?
A: Indiana
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where did Reagan and Gorbachev have their Star Wars summit in October 19865?
A: Iceland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Walter Mondale's running mate in the 1984 election?
A: Geraldine Ferraro
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Ronald Reagan's last movie?
A: The Killers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Ronald Regan's first Secretary of State?
A: Alexander Haig
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many 'points for peace' did President Wilson announce in 1918?
A: 14
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which US state were the last summer Olympics of the century held?
A: Georgia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who inflicted Nigel Benn's first defeat as a professional?
A: Chris Eubank
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which movie star was an Austrian Junior Olympic Weightlifting Champion?
A: Arnold Schwarzenegger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was non-playing captain of the US Davis Cup team in '81 and '82?
A: Arthur Ash
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which sport did Andy Thomson become a world champion?
A: Bowls
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which legendary American golfer played his last British Open in 1995?
A: Arnold Palmer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade did Martina Navratilova take US citizenship?
A: 1980s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "How was Mildred ""Didrikson better known?"
A: Babe Zaharias
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who beat Carl Lewis's best time of 9.86 seconds for the 100 meters?
A: Leroy Burrell
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won a record ninth Wimbledon singles title in 1990?
A: Martina Navratilova
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On which course does the Kentucky Derby take place?
A: Churchill Downs
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which American was the youngest male Olympic gold medalist when he won in 1948?
A: Bob Mathias
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In women's field hockey, which country has won the most World Cups?
A: Netherlands
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Name France's last Wimbledon men's singles winner of this century.
A: Yvon Petra
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the oldest US Open golf champion of the 20th century?
A: Hale Irwin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who did Hubert Green beat to win the US PGA Championship in 1985?
A: Lee Trevino
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who devised the Breeder's Cup?
A: John Gaines
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which team lost the first Super Bowl of the 1980s?
A: Los Angeles Rams
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which was the last horse before Nijinsky to win the English Triple Crown of 2000 Guineas, Epsom Derby and St. Leger?
A: Bahram
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which team won baseball's first World Series of the 60s?
A: Pittsburg Pirates
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first woman tennis player born in the US to win the US Open after Chris Evert's 1984 triumph?
A: Lindsay Davenport
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Bond movie used Stoke Poges golf club for some location shots?
A: Goldfinger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many races did Ed Moses win in succession between '77 and '87?
A: 122
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What distance is the Breeders' Cup Sprint?
A: Six furlongs
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which team won the most Super Bowls in the 1980s?
A: San Francisco 49ers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Anton Geesink was the first non-Japanese judoka to win a judo world championship, but which country did he come from?
A: Netherlands
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the defending champion when Chris Evert first won Wimbledon singles?
A: Billie Jean King
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Super Bowl MVP in successive years in 1967 and 1968?
A: Bart Star
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won the most men's US Open tennis titles in the 20th century?
A: Bill Tilden
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Pong was an early console type of game based on which sport?
A: Table Tennis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade of this century were airmail letters first carried?
A: 2nd decade
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many bits are there in a byte?
A: Eight
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Alta Vista is a type of what?
A: Search Engine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Barclay Square was an early Internet site offering what?
A: Shopping
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is a message sent to a newsgroup in the Internet called?|
A: Article
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: A bitmap is a collection of what?
A: Dots
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: If edu appears at the end of an address, what is the host computer?
A: College or University
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the first satellite to relay live TV pictures between the USA and Europe?
A: Telstar
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: If you surf the Internet, what do you do?
A: Look around
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which page of a Web site is called a Home Page?
A: First
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In addition to the computer, what else must a modem be plugged into?
A: Phone
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What does Q mean in FAQ?
A: Question
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What letter appears on the computer screen when you are using Microsoft Internet Explorer?
A: E
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which name of something used by avid readers is the Netscape Navigator name for Favorites?
A: Bookmarks
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: A small a in a circle is pronounced how?
A: At
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where does a bounced email return to?
A: Sender
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name is given to the software program needed to access the Web?
A: Browser
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What goes after Netscape in the name of a popular Internet browser?
A: Navigator
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: If you have an active Internet connection, you are said to be on what?
A: On line
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: A newbie is a new what?
A: Internet user
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In an e mail address, how is a symbol like a period said out loud?
A: Dot
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name is given to a program designed to cause damage by attaching itself to other programs?
A: Virus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which cartoons are associated with Kim Casalli?
A: Love Is
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where was William Kellogg working when he decided to sell cornflakes?
A: Hospital
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Dionne Warwick's real first name?
A: Marie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What's the first word of Richard Marx's Right Here Waiting For You?
A: Oceans
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Who described a Hollywood studio set as, ""The biggest train set a boy ever had?"""
A: Orson Wells
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On which special day did Charlie Chaplin die in 1977?
A: Christmas Day
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Mork and Mindy, what was the Orkan phrase for 'Goodbye'?
A: Nanu Nanu
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Amilcar Cabral international airport is in which country?
A: Cape Verde
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1993, Michael Jackson give his first TV interview in 14 years with which talk show presenter?
A: Oprah Winfrey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the last top ten hit for Connie Francis?
A: Vacation
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where is the University of Delaware located?
A: Newark
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which composer was born on exactly the same day as TV evangelist Pat Robertson?
A: Stephen Sondheim
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the last undisputed boxing world heavyweight champion before Mike Tyson?
A: Leon Spinks
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country's invasion of Ethiopia in 1935 forced Haile Selassie to flee?
A: Italy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who directed the 1951 classic movie The Day The Earth Stood Still?
A: Robert Wise
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the novel The Left Hand Of Darkness?
A: Ursula Le Guin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Neil Simon's real first name?
A: Marvin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Augusto C Sandino international airport is in which country?
A: Nicaragua
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the second Oscar Hammerstein show to win the Pulitzer Prize?
A: South Pacific
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Lionel Hampton played on which band until forming his own in1941?
A: Benny Goodman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year was indoor handball introduced as an Olympic event for men?
A: 1972
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country does the airline Air Littoral come from?
A: France
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country was Emilio Estevez born?
A: USA
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which brand had to apologize for a logo said to be like the Arabic for Allah?
A: Nike
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the Blue Swede's only No 1 hit?
A: Hooked On A Feeling
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: New York-born Sir Jacob Epstein worked in which branch of the arts?
A: Sculpture
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What year was the centenary of Colorado joining the Union?
A: 1976
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How old was Dodi Fayed at the time of his death in 1997?
A: 42
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country is the Angostura bridge?
A: Venezuela
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Elle Macpherson's real name?
A: Eleanor Gow
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which instrument is associated with Lester 'Prez' Young?
A: Saxophone
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which criminal was set up by the Lady In Red?
A: John Dillinger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who penned Kenny Rogers' No 1 hit Lady?
A: Lionel Richie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a 50s No 1 with Heartaches By The Number?
A: Guy Mitchell
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country was power seized in the 70s by the Gang of Four?
A: China
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: At which sport did Jonah Barrington win international success?
A: Squash
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the nationality of composer Aaron Copland?
A: American
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the occupation of Edith Cavell who was shot by the Germans in WWI?
A: Nurse
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How did Satyajit Ray achieve fame?
A: Film Director
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a 1980s No 1 hit with Don't You (Forget About Me)?
A: Simple Minds
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Japanese company bought CBS records in 1988?
A: Sony
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many of Mark Spitz's Olympic golds were for solo events?
A: Four
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who made the album Honky Tonk Angels with Dolly Parton and Tammy Wynette?
A: Loretta Lynn
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many Nobel prizes did Marie curie win?
A: Two
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country is the deepwater port of Belem?
A: Brazil
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country was Danny De Vito born?
A: USA
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Chinook blows down which mountains?
A: Rocky Mountains
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country was Michael J. Fox born?
A: Canada
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: To the nearest million, how mjch did Heavan's Gate lose for United Artists?
A: 30
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: From which show does Love Changes Everything come from?
A: Aspects of Love
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Under which name did Leonard Slye ride across the silver screen?
A: Roy Rogers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who directed The Deer Hunter?
A: Michael Cimino
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What color is Laa Laa of the Teletulbbies?
A: Yellow
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the most recent Democrat before Clinton to be reelected for a second term as US President?
A: Roosevelt
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: For what did Georgie O'Keefe become famous?
A: Painting
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: A-Ha sang the title song for which Bond film?
A: The Living Daylights
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Russian writer wrote Cancer Ward?
A: Alexander Solzhenitsyn
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which summer month is the title of an album by Eric Clapton?
A: August
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the Simpsons, which Hollywood superstar provided Maggie's first word?
A: Elizabeth Taylor
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which writer came up with Catch 22 in the 60s?
A: Joseph Heller
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Bourgas international airport is in which country?
A: Bulgaria
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who did Pope John Paul II succeed as Pope?
A: John Paul I
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Who described his paintings as ""hand-painted dream photographs?"""
A: Salvador Dali
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the full first name of the President who gave his name to Teddy Bears?
A: Theodore
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Donald Woods escaped from where in 1979, later the subject of the film Cry Freedom?
A: South Africa
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Austrian wrote The Psychopathology of Everyday Life?
A: Freud
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Chinese leader's widow was arrested for trying to overthrow the government in the 19780s?
A: Mao Tse Tung
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Who said, ""Some women get excited about nothing-- and then they marry him?"
A: Cher
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is the famous mother of Elijah Blue?
A: Cher
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the occupation of Roger Moore's father?
A: Policeman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Picasso moved to Paris in 1901 but where was he born?
A: Spain
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which US President went to the same London university as Mick Jagger?
A: John F. Kennedy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who published the General Theory of Relativity in 1915?
A: Albert Einstein
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1968 the Oscars were postponed for 48 hours because of whose death?
A: Martin Luther King
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who replaced Mary Robinson as president of Ireland in 1997?
A: Mary McAleese
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What breed of dog was Barry Manilow's Bagel?
A: Beagle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How old was Douglas Fairbanks when he married 23-year-old Joan Crawford?
A: 19
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Who said, ""The only placed a man wants depth in a woman is in her decolletage?"""
A: Zsa Zsa Gabor
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which future President made the famous Checkers Speech in 1952?
A: Richard Nixon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who succeeded Lal Bahadur Shasrtri as Prime Minister of India?
A: Indira Gandhi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Russian imposed a reign of terror during the 30s and 40s?
A: Stalin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the 60s Queen Elizabeth II dedicated an acre of ground in memory of which American?
A: President Kennedy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who led India to overthrow British rule by non-violent means?
A: Gandhi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which Sydney cathedral sis Michael Hutchence's funeral take place?
A: St. Andrew's
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who's best-known stage role was as Regina in The Little Foxes?
A: Tallulah Bankhead
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who became chief designer at Givenchy in 1996?
A: Alexander McQueen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: By 1999 how may times had Jane Fonda been Oscar nominated?
A: Seven
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which former central American dictator was born on exactly the same day as singer Gene Vincent?
A: Manuel Noriega
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which kidnap victim was involved in a bank raid, brandishing a gun?
A: Patty Hearst
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the only 20th century President to get stuck in the White House bath tub as he was so big?
A: William Howard Taft
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who led a government in Italy in the 20s and later became its dictator?>
A: Mussolini
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Axle Rose's famous singer father-in-law?
A: Don Everly
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Richard Gere won a scholarship to the University of Massachusetts in which sport?
A: Gymnastics
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Which 70s US President said, ""I know I'm getting better at golf because I'm hitting fewer spectators?"
A: Gerald Ford
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which golfer announced he was leaving his wife and three children for Brenna Cepalak in 1996?
A: Nick Faldo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Madeleine Gurdon is the third wife of which millionaire?
A: Andrew Lloyd Webber
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who led Argentina through most of the 1990s?
A: Carlos Menem
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What relation was Henry Ford II to Henry Ford?
A: Grandson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which world leader married Graca Machel in 1998?
A: Nelson Mandela
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the first name of Charles' brother of Saatchi & Saatchi?
A: Maurice
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Salvador Allende was elected president of which country in 1970?
A: Chile
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Fitness trainer Carlos Leon was the father of which singer/actress's child?
A: Madonna
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the profession of President Jean Bertrand Aristide of Haiti?
A: Priest
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of Frank Sinatra's last wife?
A: Barbara
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who did Idi Amin depose in 1971?
A: Milton Obote
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Hafez al Assad was the first democratically elected President of which country?
A: Syria
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Russian leader was buried in 1998 in his family's vault?
A: Tsar Nicholas II
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Britain's last Prime Minister of the 20th century?
A: Tony Blair
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which North African country was Yves St. Laurent born as Henri Donat Mathieu?
A: Algeria
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Yuri was president of the USSR for two years after heading the KGB for 15 years?
A: Andropov
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Madonna's daughter called?
A: Lourdes Maria
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who replaced King Hussein as King of Jordan?
A: Abdullah
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which child of Princess Grace of Monaco competed in the 1988 Olympics?
A: Prince Albert
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British Prime Minister signed the Anglo-Irish Agreement in 1985?
A: Margaret Thatcher
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who presented the first Oscars?
A: Douglas Fairbanks
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Michel Aoun led which then unsettled Middle ""Eastern country form 1988-1990?"
A: Lebanon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On whose show did Elvis Presley appear when 82% of the TV audience tuned in?
A: Ed Sullivan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Who with Arafat and ""Rabin received the Nobel Peace prize in 1994?"
A: Peres
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which movie was Clark Gable making when he died?
A: The Misfits
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which French Prime Minister's funeral was attended by his wife and his mistress in 1996?
A: Francois Mitterrand
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which multi-million-dollar sport is Bernie Ecclestone associated with?
A: Motor racing
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Who succeeded ""Anwar Sadat as President of Egypt?"
A: Hosni Mubarak
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which movie star married jockey Robyn Smith in 1980?
A: Fred Astaire
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How old was Orson Welles when he made Citizen Kane?
A: 25
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1996 who did The Spice Girls say was their Girl Power role model?
A: Margaret Thatcher
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which South African President repealed key parts of apartheid law in 1991?
A: FW De Klerk
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: I'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Out of My Hair came from which show?
A: South Pacific
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the words for My Fair Lady and Camelot?
A: Alan Jay Lerner
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which musical was a reworking of Puccini's Madame Butterfly?
A: Miss Saigon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which sweet musical had the show-stopper Rhythm of Life?
A: Sweet Charity
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country was Frederick Loewe born?
A: Austria
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The King in the King and I is ruler of where?
A: Siam
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which show about Danny and Sandy was made into a film with John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John.
A: Grease
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country was A Little Night Music set?
A: Sweden
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which show was based on the autobiography of Gypsy Rose Lee?
A: Gypsy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Aspects of what was a success by Andrew Lloyd Webber?
A: Love
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which show tells the tale of Dolly Gallagher Levi?
A: Hello Dolly
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What type of shop was the Little Shop of Horrors?
A: Florist's
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which show was based on Miguel de Cervantes' Don Quixote?
A: Man of La Mancha
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which musical was based on the life of Annie Oakley?
A: Annie Get Your Gun
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the first hippie musical?
A: Hair
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which show does I Don't Know How To Love Him come from?
A: Jesus Christ Superstar
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which show, starring Robert Preston and Barbara Cook on Broadway?
A: The Music Man
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which show, which opened in the 40s, takes it's name from a fairground attraction?
A: Carousel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Jesus Christ according to the Rice / Lloyd Webber show?
A: Superstar
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Line was the longest running musical in Broadway history?
A: A Chorus Line
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which American city saw the premiere of Sunset Boulevard?
A: Los Angeles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which ground-breaking American musical was based on the book Green Grow The Lilacs?
A: Oklahoma
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Lloyd Webber musical was billed as 'Now and forever'?
A: Cats
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What did the Little Shop hold in the movie which premiered in 1982?
A: Horrors
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which star Fred starred in vaudeville with his sister Adele?
A: Astaire
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On whose fable was Guys and Dolls based?
A: Damon Runyan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which show featured Hernando's Hideaway and Hey There?
A: The Pajama Game
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where was the Best Little Whorehouse according to the musical title?
A: Texas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which musical featured the songs A Secretary is Not A Toy, and The Company Way?
A: How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Fanny was the subject of Funny Girl?
A: Brice
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first American actress to have a principal role with the Royal Shakespeare Company, in Les Miserable's?
A: Patti LuPone
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which musical was Lerner and Loewe's last major success, in 1960?
A: Camelot
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 90s revival hit shares its name with a gangster city?
A: Chicago
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which musical about King Arthur became a byword for the JFK years?
A: Camelot
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Annie Warbucks was the sequel to which one-word-titled musical?
A: Annie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which city is the Glynn Vivian Art Gallery and Museum?
A: Swansea
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the second largest of the Ionian Islands?
A: Corfu
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "What color did Air France repaint some ""Concorde jets to advertize Pepsi?"
A: Blue
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1998 a new breed of mosquito was discovered on which underground system?
A: London
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Which city did Truman Capote describe as ""eating an entire box of chocolate liqueurs in one go?"""
A: Venice
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How is the Eurotunnel also known?
A: Channel tunnel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British monarch popularized the Homgburg which came from the German town of the same name?
A: Edward VII
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where is the French terminus for the Hoverspeed service?
A: Boulogne
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country was the Angel of the North erected in 1998?
A: England
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Switzerland's largest City?
A: Zurich
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which city was the cultural capital of Europe in 1990?
A: Glasgow
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which European country did Spice Girl Victoria Adams marry?
A: Ireland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name is given to the popular holiday area between Marseille and La Spezia?
A: Riviera
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the oldest university in Northern Ireland called -- founded in 1908?
A: Queen's University
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British architect was responsible with Renzo Piano for the Famous Pompidou Centre in Paris?
A: Richard Rogers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Which European city would you go to the Bardini Museum and the Bargello Museum?
A: Florence
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Inishmor is part of which island group?
A: Aran
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the lake which remained when the Zuider Zee was closed and reclaimed in 1932?
A: Ijsselmeer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Syracuse is part of New York, but where does it exist in Europe?
A: Sicily
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Sullom Voe is famous for exporting which commodity?
A: Oil
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which European city is the Atomium?
A: Brussels
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How are Belgian World Airlines also known?
A: SABENA
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which tourist islands include the lesser known Majorca and Minorca?
A: Balearics
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country lies to the north of Austria and to the south of Poland?
A: Czech Republic
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which European cou8ntry was first this century to give women the vote?
A: Finland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where is the Optimisticeskaja Cave, the second longest in the world?
A: Ukraine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Europe's second largest city in terms of population?
A: London
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many independent 'Baltic states' are there?
A: Three
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which winter sports venue, home of the Cresta Run, has hosted two Olympic Games in the 20th century?
A: St. Moritz
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is farther north Hungary, or Bulgaria?
A: Hungary
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Ireland's longest river and greatest source of electric power?
A: Shannon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "How many countries does the river ""Danube pass through?"
A: Seven
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where would you spend stotinki?
A: Bulgaria
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which European country saw one of the major avalanches of the 20th century in December 1916?
A: Italy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: When did Euro Disney, now Disneyland Paris, open?
A: 1992
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Simpleton Tunnel links Italy with which country?
A: Switzerland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On which sea does Croatia stand?
A: Adriatic
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the longest river in Portugal, and the fifth longest in Europe?
A: Tagus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which French phrase described an innovative movement in the cinema?
A: Nouvelle vague
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actress is ex-beauty queen Miss Orange County 1976?
A: Michelle Pfeiffer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actor became playwright Arthur Miller's son-in-law in 1997?
A: Daniel Day-Lewis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actress perished in the shower in the remake of Psycho?
A: Anne Heche
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who first coined the term cybernetics?
A: Norbert Wiener
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played Tarzan in the first two Tarzan films?
A: Elmo Lincoln
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which film director was Anthony Quinn's father-in-law?
A: Cecil B de Mille
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Who said, ""I squint because I can't take too much light?"""
A: Clint Eastwood
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the screenplay for The Crying Game?
A: Neil Jordan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the senior US diplomat held in the US Embassy in Tehran?
A: Bruce Laingen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first freely elected Marxist president in Latin America?
A: Allende
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature?
A: Sinclair Lewis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first black student at the University of Alabama?
A: Autherine Lucy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who invented the liquid fuel powered rocket?
A: Robert H. Goddard
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Geena Davis's husband when they made the loss-maker Cutthroat Island?
A: Renny Harlin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which novelist appeared in the film Day For Night?
A: Graham Greene
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1993 who tried to buy the rights of his first movie Sizzle Beach USA?
A: Kevin Costner
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Barbra Streisand's middle name?
A: Joan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was William Taft's Vice President between 1909 and 1912?
A: James S. Sherman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Who said, ""How can you rule a country which produces 246 different kinds of cheese?"
A: Charles de Gaulle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who invented the Polaroid camera?
A: Edwin Herbert Land
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many films had Christopher Reeve made before Superman in 1978?
A: One
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who owned the LA nightclub The Viper Room at the time of River Phoenix's death there in 1993?
A: Johnny Depp
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who starred in Roger Vadim's remake of And God Crated Woman?
A: Rebecca de Mornay
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Who was described by co star Nick Nolte as, ""...a ball buster. Protect me from her?"""
A: Barbra Streisand
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who were the first two men to drive on the Moon?
A: David Scott and James Irwin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who in 1996 made the longest spaceflight by a woman?
A: Shannon Lucid
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won the first of his Nobel prizes in 1956 for research which led to the invention of the transistor?
A: John Bardeen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which electrical engineer invented the triode valve in 1907?
A: Lee De Forest
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who performed the first artificial heart transplant?
A: William DeVries
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which movie did Bogart have his first gangster part?
A: The Petrified Forest
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which film maker's first film was Pather Panchali?
A: Satyajit Ray
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actress was Roger Moor's first Bond girl?
A: Jane Seymour
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who designed the Geodesic Dome in the US Pavilion at the 1967 Montréal's World's Fair exhibition?
A: Buckminster Fuller
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the top star at the US box office in 1935?
A: Shirley Temple
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How is Paul Reubens also known in the film and TV world?
A: Pee Wee Herman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who founded the magazine Camera Work?
A: Alfred Stieglitz
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How long is Indianapolis's most famous motor race?
A: 500 miles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first female to have three consectu8ive US No 1 albums?
A: Donna Summer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which detective lived on a boat called St Vitus Dance?
A: Crockett
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On which river was the Grand Coulee built?
A: Columbia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade of the 20th century was Brad Pitt born?
A: 1960s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had an 80s No 1 with Like A Prayer?
A: Madonna
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade was Ewan McGregor born?
A: 1970s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who produced the first jumbo jet in 1975?
A: Boeing
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had an 80s No 1 with Let's Hear It For The Boy?
A: Deniece Williams
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where in America is the Rockefeller University?
A: New York
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In professional football, which state do the Cardinals call home?
A: Arizona
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which musical instrument did Stan Getz play?
A: Tenor saxophone
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which musical featured the song Tonight?
A: West Side Story
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What kind of orchard did Chekhov write a play about?
A: Cherry
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had an 80s No 1 hit with Jack & Diane?
A: John Cougar
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Truman Capote wrote about Breakfast at which place?
A: Tiffany's
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On a computer keyboard which letter on the same line is immediately right of the O?
A: P
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Abyssinia has become known as what?
A: Ethiopia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade of the 20th century was Anne Archer born?
A: 1940s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Cass Gilbert was the major developer of what type of building?
A: Skyscraper
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which state was Madonna born?
A: Michigan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In comic books, who featured with Sugar?
A: Spike
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who became speaker of the house of representatives in 1995?
A: Newt Gingrich
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: John Glenn became Senator for which state?
A: Ohio
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Battle Of New Orleans was a big No 1 for which singer?
A: Johnny Horton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the international registration letters of a vehicle from Mexico?
A: MEX
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which cop series did Phil Collins appear as Phil the Shill?
A: Miami Vice
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Which US singer said, ""You're not drunk if you can lie on the floor without holding on?"""
A: Dean Martin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the main space exploration center in Florida?
A: Cape Canaveral
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face was featured in which Clint Eastwood film?
A: Play Misty For Me
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade of the 20th century was Michael Keaton born?
A: 1950s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who performed He's A Tramp in the Disney movie Lady And The Tramp?
A: Peggy Lee
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which Center is he Metropolitan Opera House?
A: Lincoln Center
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Jersey Joe Walcott was a world champion in which sport?
A: Boxing
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where in Lybia did Australian troops take a seaport occupied by the Italians in 1941?
A: Tobruk
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the last No1 hit for the Everly Brothers?
A: Cathy's Clown
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where is the Great White Way?
A: New York (Broadway)
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which mountains stretch from West Virginia to Georgia?
A: Blue Ridge Mountains
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Under which name did Alfonso D' Abruzzo find fame as an actor?
A: Alan Alda
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: According to the inventor Thomas Edison genius is made up how many percent of inspiration?
A: One
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who produced the first Chinook helicopter in 1961?
A: Boeing
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actor founded the American Ocean's campaign in 1987?
A: Ted Danson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade did Bonnie & Clyde operate?
A: 1930s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which C S wrote The African Queen?
A: Forester
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a 60s No 1 with Everyday People?
A: Sly & The Family Stone
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had an 80s No 1 with Lady?
A: Kenny Rogers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Igor Sikorsky developed which means of transport?
A: Helicopter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which widow of a rock star appeared in Dallas?
A: Priscilla Presley
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the novel The Power and The Glory?
A: Graham Greene
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The German terrorist group The Red Army Faction were more usually known as which Gang?
A: Baader-Meinhof Gang
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the first name of the fictional sleuth Baretta?
A: Tony
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many people traditionally sing barbershop?
A: Four
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Diana Ross's first solo No 1?
A: Ain't No Mountain High Enough
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Argentinean became conductor of the New York Philharmonic in 1970?
A: Daniel Barenboim
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Bond girl was Honor Blackman?
A: Pussy Galore
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Latvian was principal dancer with the American Ballet Theater in the 70s returning later as director?
A: Mikhail Baryshnikov
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Hard-rock group Motley Crue come from which city?
A: Los Angeles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Cindy Birdsong was a member of which singing group?
A: Supremes
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which movie won Marlon Brando his second Oscar?
A: The Godfather
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On a Monopoly board, what are B & O, Reading, Short Line and Pennsylvania?
A: Stations
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Harry Lime theme was used in which film?
A: The Third Man
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which city hosts the Charlie Parker Jazz Festival?
A: New York
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the profession of Burt Reynolds' father?
A: Police Officer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Scottish border town was the scene of a jumbo jet disaster?
A: Lockerbie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Solidarity was the mass movement of the people in which country?
A: Poland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which golfer Sandy triumphed at the US Masters?
A: Lyle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who became the world's youngest ever boxing heavyweight champion?
A: Mike Tyson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the world's first reusable spacecraft called?
A: Space Shuttle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Patricia Highsmith's first novel?
A: Strangers On A Train
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which war was cowboy star Tom MIx shot in the mouth?
A: Spanish American War
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many years did the Holocaust last?
A: 12
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Which soap had people asking. ""Who shot JR?"""
A: Dallas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which tennis ace completed his fifth successive Wimbledon singles triumph?
A: Bjorn Borg
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who replaced Erich Honecker as GDR head of state?
A: Egon Krenz
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Off which pitcher did Babe Ruth smash his 714th and final Major League home run?
A: Guy Bush
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which US President was linked with the 'Star Wars' policy?
A: Reagan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where in the Ukraine was there a nuclear explosion in 1986?
A: Chernobyl
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Anwar Sadat was President of which country when he died in 1981?
A: Egypt
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who released an album called Thriller in 1982?
A: Michael Jackson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 80s leader had a wife called Raisa?
A: Mikhail Gorbachev
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what month in 1990 did Iraq invade Kuwait?
A: August
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won the ladies singles most times at Wimbledon in the 80s?
A: Martina Navratilova
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which island was the home of Bob Marley, who died in 1981?
A: Jamaica
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which John portrayed The Elephant Man on film?
A: Hurt
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which city was devastated by an earthquake in 1985 and then hosted the World Cup in 1986?
A: Mexico
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Hahnium was so named by US scientists in honor of Otto Hahn; what was its original name?
A: Unnilpentium
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which movement was thought to be responsible for the kidnapping of Western hostages in Lebanon in the 890s?
A: Hezbollah
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Franklin ?D Roosevelt's secretary of state from 1933 to 1944?
A: Cordell Hull
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The increasing scarcity of elephants and rhinos led ot a 1989 ban on which substance?
A: Ivory
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Sarah Ferguson became Duchess of where?
A: York
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Tiananmen Square was a scene of conflict in which country?
A: China
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which hospital was Princess Diana taken to after her tragic car accident?
A: La Pitie-Salpetriere
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Elected in 1913, how long was Pedro Mascurain president of Mexico?
A: One hour
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was NATO commander between 1974 and 1979?
A: Alexander Haig
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which disks replaced cassettes and ordinary records?
A: Compact disks
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Groucho Marx resigned from where as he didn't care to belong to any club that would have him as a member?
A: Friars Club
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which natural valley is San Jose?
A: Santa Clara
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which Chicago theater did over 500 people die in a fire in 1903?
A: Iroquois Theater
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How long did it take to construct a Model T Ford in 1914?
A: 95 minutes
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which couple were implicated in the Whitewater affair?
A: The Clintons
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who did James Earl Ray shoot in Memphis in April 1968?
A: Martin Luther King
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first black American to win the Nobel peace prize?
A: Ralph Bunche
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where was the first nuclear reactor built, by Enrico Fermi?
A: Chicago
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which state on the Gulf of Mexico has the longest name?
A: Mississippi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Rotary Club was founded in 1905 in which American City?
A: Chicago
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where is the HQ of Chrysler and General Motors?
A: Detroit
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In All In The Family, what was Archie's son-in-law's full name?
A: Mike Stivic
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the architectural style of the Radio City Music Hall in New York?
A: Art Deco
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the debut movie of the actress born Shirley Beaty?
A: The Trouble With Harry
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On which river is the USA's highest concrete dam?
A: Colorado
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In square miles, how big is lake Superior?
A: 31,700
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Near which town were there reports of a space ship landing on the 4th July 1947?
A: Roswell, New Mexico
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where was the World Fair held in 1903?
A: St. Louis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which singer had the first names Harry Lillis?
A: Bing Crosby
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the San Francisco Ballet formerly called?
A: San Francisco Opera Ballet
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Parker and Barrow were more usually known as what?
A: Bonnie and Clyde
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Al Capone was finally nailed for what crime?
A: Tax evasion
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Alcatraz was in which Bay?
A: San Francisco
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 20s gangland boss was nicknamed Scarface?
A: Al Capone
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where is the Valley of the Kings, the scene of a terrorist attack in 1997?
A: Egypt
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Butch Cassidy's partner?
A: The Sundance Kid
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Irish Olympic champion Michelle smith was suspended in 1999 over drug allegations in which sport?
A: Swimming
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Colombian underworld boss Pablo Escobar dealt in what commodity?
A: Drugs
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actress Sharon was murdered by Charles Manson?
A: Tate
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which state was the 1999 massacre at Columbine High?
A: Colorado
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which saint's day saw a massacre in Chicago in 1929?
A: St. Valentine's Day
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was supposedly the profession of Sweeney Todd in London?
A: Barber
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1990, Idaho and which other state celebrated the centenary of joining the Union?
A: Wyoming
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the second largest of the Hawaiian Islands?
A: Maui
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who founded the New York City ballet in 1928?
A: Balanchine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Whose Complete Guide To Running is credited with beginning the craze for jogging?
A: James F Fixx
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which theater did The Wizard of Oz have its New York debut?
A: Majestic
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was CNN Headline News previously known as?
A: CNN 2
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who followed Calvin Coolidge as US President?
A: Herbert Hoover
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What did Carlton Magee devise in the US for motorists?
A: Parking Meter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who ordered the Boulder Dam to be renamed the Hoover Dam?
A: Harry S. Truman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year was the first woman elected to the US Senate?
A: 1922
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the first US warship sunk by a U-boat in the Atlantic in 1941?
A: USS Reuben James
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What nickname was given to the group of performers which included Sammy Davis Jr. and Frank Sinatra?
A: The Rat Pack
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which state was Bruce Springsteen born?
A: New Jersey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade was the National University, San Diego, California founded?
A: 1970s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Which show made critic Robert Helpmann say, ""The trouble with nude dancing is that not everything stops when the music does?"""
A: Oh Calcutta
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Who said, ""The hardest thing to understand in the world is income tax?"""
A: Albert Einstein
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the first ever Bugs Bunny cartoon, which character tried to kill him?
A: Elmer Fudd
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which star of the Back To The Future movies appeared in Caroline In the City?
A: Lea Thompson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Mackenzie River flows form which lake to the ocean?
A: Great Slave Lake
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Mexican port was seized by US marines in 1914 to prevent the import of German arms for rebel groups?
A: Veracruz
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Vice President during WWI?
A: Thomas R Marshall
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which language did The Singing Nun sing when she topped the singles charts?
A: French
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who recorded the albums Blue and Court And Spark?
A: Joni Mitchell
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where was the world's largest telescope until 1948?
A: Mount Wilson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many Madison Square Gardens have there been before the existing one?
A: Three
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which road bisects the Balboa Park in San Diego?
A: El Prado
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which city was the pinball machine invented?
A: Chicago
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the first Hollywood movie released by D W Griffith in 1910?
A: In Old California
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Chaplin's The Great Dictator, what was the dictator's name?
A: Adenoid Hynkel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: To which conductor did Vaughan Williams dedicate his 8th Symphony?
A: Barbirolli
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "What did critic John Mason Brown describe as ""chewing gum for the eyes?"""
A: TV
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the book on which the musical Whistle Down the Wind was based?
A: Mary Hayley Bell
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what country was British choreographer Sir Frederick Ashton born?
A: Ecuador
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which director's autobiography was called The Name Above the Title?
A: Frank Capra
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where was blues singer Leadbelly when he was 'discovered' musically?
A: Prison
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Most of the Three Tenors come from which country?
A: Spain
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is taller, Holly Hunter or Madonna?
A: Madonna
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Ryan O'Neal's real first name?
A: Patrick
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the song Mad Dogs And Englishmen?
A: Noel Coward
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the children's classic The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe?
A: C. S. Lewis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The first Miss World came from which country?
A: Sweden
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: For which movie did Spielberg win his first Oscar?
A: Schindler's List
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which part did Michael Jackson play in The Wiz?
A: The Scarecrow
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was advertised by Rod Stewart and Tina Turner's version of It Takes Two?
A: Pepsi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which brothers bought Shepperton movie studios in 1994?
A: Scott
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which studios did the Rank Organization open in 1936?
A: Pinewood
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who made the film Renaldo and Clara with Bob Dylan?
A: Joan Baez
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British composer wrote the theme music for the film Murder on the Orient Express?
A: Richard Rodney Bennett
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The expression Great White Hope was used to describe which black boxer's opponents?
A: Jack Johnson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Dallas actress was born on exactly the same day as singer / songwriter Stephen Stills?
A: Victoria Principal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the German soldier in Rowan and Martin's Laugh In?
A: Artie Johnson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a 1980s No 1 hit with Shakedown?
A: Bob Seger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On whose life was the short-lived musical Winnie based?
A: Winston Churchill
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many Gilbert & Sullivan operas are there?
A: 13
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Who said, ""Middle age is when your age starts to show around your middle?"""
A: Bob Hope
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "About whom did Kenneth Tynan say, ""What one sees in other women drunk, one sees in... sober?"""
A: Greta Garbo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Michael Jackson's Will You Be There came from which movie?
A: Free Willy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a 60s No 1 hit with The Theme From a Summer Place?
A: Percy Faith
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won the Best Director Oscar for Platoon?
A: Oliver Stone
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which decade of the 20th century was Jessica Lange born?
A: 1940s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Which film poster included the line ""I told you... you know nothing about wickedness?"""
A: The Lady From Shanghai
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the very last episode of Seinfeld?
A: Larry David
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1997 which airline replaced the flag on its tail fin with ethnic designs from around the world?
A: British Airways
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where did Anne Frank die?
A: Belsen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "According to the British Bishop Mervyn Stockwood, who would ""go to the Follies Bergere and look at the audience?"
A: A psychiatrist
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which city was the peace treaty ending the Vietnam war signed?
A: Paris
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Scotland's answer to California's Silicon Valley called?
A: Silicon Glen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was St. Petersburg called for most of the 20th century?
A: Leningrad
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is London's biggest airport called?
A: Heathrow
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country is locked within Belgium, Germany and France?
A: Luxembourg
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which category did Marie Curie win her second Nobel Prize?
A: Chemistry
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the largest inland port in Europe?
A: Hamburg, Germany
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which company manufactured the first car to run on diesel?
A: Mercedes Benz
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "In 1939 who described the actions of Russia as ""a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma?"""
A: Winston Churchill
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Nazi Germany, what was Endloslung?
A: The Final Solution
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Hitler's Prime Minister in Prussia?
A: Goering
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Vehicles from which country use the international registration letter L?
A: Luxembourg
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where in England is the location of the Glastonbury Festival?
A: Pilton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Channel Islands are in which Channel?
A: English Channel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The French region of Grasse is famous for making what?
A: Perfume
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which was the last country in mainland Europe to switch from driving on the left?
A: Sweden
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: By the end of the 80s, what percentage of British households had two cars?
A: 20%
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year did Britain's lease on Hong Kong officially expire?
A: 1997
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Norwegian explorer did Robert Feary beat to the North Pole?
A: Roald Amundsen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: """A bridge too far"" referred to airborne landings in which country?"
A: Netherlands
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who founded the Cubism movement with Picasso?
A: Braque
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "What is the name shared by the currency units of ""Algeria and Tunisia?"
A: Dinar
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Mount Toubkai is the highest peak of which range of mountains?
A: Atlas Mountains
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which South African politician won the Nobel peace Prize in 1960?
A: Albert Luthuli
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "In which township were 69 demonstrators killed by South ""African police in March 1960?"
A: Sharpeville
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the former name of the People's Republic of Benin?
A: Dohomey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country is the home of the Ashanti?
A: Ghana
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where did Idi Amin rule from 1971 -1979?
A: Uganda
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country are the ruins of ancient Carthage?
A: Tunisia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country does the White Nile leave Lake Victoria?
A: Uganda
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which African explorer translated the Arabian Nights?
A: Richard Burton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: After which American President is the capital of Liberia named?
A: James Monroe
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country were the Mau-0Mau a secret guerrilla movement?
A: Kenya
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the Danish author of Out of Africa?
A: Karen Blixen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which new city in Nigeria has been shaped like a crescent, and has replaced Lagos as capital?
A: Abuja
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Is the Great Wall of China 650, 1,450 or 2,050 miles long?
A: 1,450
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where did the Gang of Four try to size power in 1976?
A: China
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Asian city hosted the 1988 Olympic Games?
A: Seoul
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was emperor of Japan during world War II?
A: Hirohito
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the capital of Saudi Arabia?
A: Riyadh
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Of which country is Vientiane the capital?
A: Laos
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the Mongol ruler who conquered Persia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia in the 14th Century?
A: Tamerlane
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which two Middle-Eastern countries fought a war from 1980 to 1988?
A: Iran and Iraq
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which sea lies between china and Korea?
A: Yellow Sea
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which modern country are the ports of Sidon and Tyer?
A: Lebanon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The West Bank of which river has been occupied by Israel since 1967?
A: Jordan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 15th-century navigator discovered the sea route from Europe to India by the Cape of Good Hope?
A: Vasco da Gama
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What did Burma change its name to in 1989?
A: Myanmar
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: A 25 km causeway, the longest in the world, links Saudi Arabia with which other country?
A: Bahrain
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Beside which river are the Indian cities of Delhi and Agra?
A: Jumna
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On which inland sea do the ports of Astrakhan and Baku lie?
A: Caspian Sea
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country was suspended from the Arab League for ten years from 1979?
A: Egypt
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: With what is the Japanese art of bonsai concerned?
A: Miniature Trees
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: By what name was Thailand known until 1939?
A: Siam
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What kind of wild cattle with shaggy coats and upturned horns live in the mountains of Tibet?
A: Yak
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 13th-century Mongol warlord controlled probably a larger area than anyone in history, from the Yellow Sea to the Black Sea?
A: Genghis Khan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the largest city in India?
A: Calcutta
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the principal island of Japan?
A: Honshu
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the dominant classical language of the Indian subcontinent?
A: Sanskrit
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which 1954 battle did the Vietminh defeat the French and end their influence in Indochina?
A: Dien Bien Phu
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What nationality are the Gurkhas, who have fought for the British and Indian armies since 1815?
A: Nepalese
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which major export of Bangladesh is used to make sacking?
A: Jute
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the former name of Iran?
A: Persia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which river runs 1,560 miles to the Bay of Bengal?
A: Ganges
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which sheikhdom is the capital of the United Arab Emirates?
A: Abu Dhabi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which native East Asian plant is the richest natural vegetable food?
A: Soya
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the capital of Hong Kong?
A: Victoria
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Who founded the modern republic of Turkey and, in 1934, took a name meaning ""Father of the Turks""?"
A: Kemal Ataturk
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the Japanese product kakiemon?
A: Porcelain
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which river with a vast delta to the South china Sea rises as the Za Qu in Tibet?
A: Mekong
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Isfahan is a major city in which country?
A: Iran
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was supposed to have told the Arabian Nights tales?
A: Scheherazade
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the highest mountain in the Alps?
A: Mont Blanc
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country is divided into cantons?
A: Switzerland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which Italian city would you find Leonardo's Last Supper?
A: Milan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is Italy's longest river?
A: Po
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On which river does Verona stand?
A: Adige
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which poet died while helping the Greeks fight for their independence?
A: Byron
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: From which country did Iceland become independent in 1944?
A: Denmark
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which capital city is the Tivoli amusement park?
A: Copenhagen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On which river does Prague stand?
A: Vltava
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which European country restored its monarchy in 1975?
A: Spain
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which autonomous region of Spain are the cities of Cadiz and Cordoba?
A: Andalusia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which European country colonized Brazil?
A: Portugal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country was defeated by the USSR in the Winter War of 1939?
A: Finland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the bay between northern Spain and western France, known for its rough seas?
A: Bay of Biscay
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which city linked by canal with Rotterdam and Amsterdam, is the seat of the Netherlands government?
A: The Hague
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea?
A: Sicily
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which city was the capital of West Germany from 1949 to 1990?
A: Bonn
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "In which Cypriot town will you find the ""Tombs of the Rings""?"
A: Paphos
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country did Grand Duke Jean become head of state in 1964?
A: Luxembourg
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country was Pope John Paul II a cardinal before his election?
A: Poland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which two countries have a border with Liechtenstein?
A: Switzerland and Austria
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country has as its joint heads of state a Spaniard and a Frenchman?
A: Andorra
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country was Adolf Hitler born?
A: Austria
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which two colors appear on the flag of Greece?
A: Blue and white
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is further north, Corsica or Sardinia?
A: Corsica
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which European country left the Commonwealth and declared itself a republic in 1949?
A: Eire
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The shamrock is the national badge of which country?
A: Ireland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which capital city were the treaties signed that established the European Economic Community?
A: Rome
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country was ruled for 40 years by the dictator Antonio Salazar?
A: Portugal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What nationality was the 16th-century poet and soldier Camoens?
A: Portuguese
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which group had most seats in the European Parliament after the 1989 election - the left, the centre or the right?
A: The Left
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Of which island is Valletta the capital?
A: Malta
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Norway, what are Hardanger and Sogne?
A: Fjords
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which Polish city was the Solidarity union formed in 1989?
A: Gdansk
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which French river flows into the sea at St. Nazaire and is famous for its chateaux?
A: Loire
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which city does the Council of Europe sit?
A: Strasbourg
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year were East and West Germany unified?
A: 1990
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On which of the Greek islands did Bacchus find Ariadne, according to legend?
A: Naxos
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country's parliament is called the Storting?
A: Norway
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Which German city is known as ""Aix-la-Chapelle in French?"
A: Aachen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What emblem appears on the flag of Albania?
A: Eagle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where did Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin meet in 1945 to plan the final defeat of Germany?
A: Yalta
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country first tried unsuccessfully to build the Panama Canal?
A: France
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which family ruled Florence for three centuries from 1434?
A: Medici
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who were the Celtic-speaking peoples living in France and Belgium during Roman times?
A: Gauls
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which king of England had a mother and a son who were both beheaded?
A: James I
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which battle of 1746 ended the Jacobite revolution?
A: Culloden
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "What Soviet ""man of steel"" was educated for the priesthood but was expelled from the seminary?"
A: Joseph Stalin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What country sold land including the present-day states of Louisiana, Arkansas, and Oklahoma to the USA in 1803?
A: France
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British monarch married Anne of Denmark?
A: James I
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which US president was shot five days after the end of the American Civil War?
A: Abraham Lincoln
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: """What was the name of the Austrian-born dictator who succeeded Hindenburg as Germany's head of state?"
A: Adolf Hitler
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the black educationist who was born a slave but became a leader in the search for civil rights in the early 1900s?
A: Booker T. Washington
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Which French revolutionary was nicknamed ""the Incorruptible""?"
A: Robespierre
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where did Florence Nightingale establish a hospital to treat casualties of the Crimean War?
A: Scutari
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which rebellion was effectively ended by the Battle of Culloden?
A: Jacobite rebellion
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the first permanent English settlement in the New World, now in ruins?
A: Jamestown
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first president of independent Kenya?|
A: Jomo Kenyatta
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country was ruled by the Romanov dynasty 1613-1917?
A: Russia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country's liberalization program was halted by the invasion of 600,000 Soviet troops in 1968?
A: Czechoslovakia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Axis Power changed sides during World War II, declaring war on Germany in October 1943?
A: Italy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first democratically elected Marxist head of state?
A: Salvador Allende
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the basalt slab that became the key for deciphering ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics?
A: Rosetta Stone
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What title did Charlemagne, already king of the Franks, acquire in 800?
A: Holy Roman Emperor
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the British political regime 1649-60 established by Oliver Cromwell?
A: The Commonwealth
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the prime minister of South Africa who was assassinated in 1966?
A: Hendrik Verwoerd
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Which 17th-century king of Sweden was known as the ""Lion of the North""?"
A: Gustavus Adolphus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What year saw the nationalization of British Railways?
A: 1948
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who are the only two English sovereigns from whom Prince Charles is not descended?
A: Charles II and James II
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who succeeded the Roman emperor, Trajan?
A: Hadrian
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the admiral of the French fleet defeated by Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar?
A: Pierre de Villeneuve
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: During which war was the Battle of Blenheim?
A: War of Spanish Succession
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which royal house consisted of Henry IV, Henry V and Henry VI?
A: House of Lancaster
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which Indian city did British troops open fire without warning on a crowd of 10,000 in 1919?
A: Amritsar
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which war was the Battle of Ramillies?
A: War of Spanish Succession
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which sultan of Egypt, who precipitated the third Crusade, subsequently made peace with Richard I?
A: Saladin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year did the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor?
A: 1941
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which naval battle did Rome decisively defeat the forces of Antony and Cleopatra?
A: Battle of Actium
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Which new policy in 1958 was an attempt to achieve ""true communism"" in China?"
A: The Great Leap Forward
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was appointed successor to Hitler in 1939 but expelled from the Nazi party six years later?
A: Hermann Goering
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was ceded to Britain in 1713 as part of the settlement of the War of Spanish Succession?
A: Gibraltar
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the queen of the British king, Charles I?
A: Henrietta (Maria)
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where did George Washington's army endure the winter of 1777-78?
A: Valley Forge
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Whom did Charles V confront at the Diet of Worms in 1521?
A: Marin Luther
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the Libyan king deposed by Colonel Kaddafi in 1969?
A: King Idris
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which US president ended his country's participation in the Vietnam War?
A: Richard Nixon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the first considerable engagement in the American Revolution?
A: Bunker Hill
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who succeeded Henry I as king of England in 1135?
A: Stephan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which war was the Battle of Shiloh?
A: American Civil War
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which treaty after World War I established the League of Nations?
A: Versailles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year did the Korean War break out?
A: 1950
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the official residence of the president of France?
A: Elysee Palace
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who set out his political ideas in Mein Kampf?
A: Adolf Hitler
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who preceded Ronald Reagan as American president?
A: Jimmy Carter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year was Ulster incorporated into the UK, under the Home Rule Act?
A: 1920
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name is shared by the chairs of the UK House of Commons and the US House of Representatives?
A: Speaker
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the lower house of the British parliament?
A: House of Commons
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Of what electoral system are ""single transferable vote"" and ""party list"" forms?"
A: Proportional representation
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the USA's vice president in 1990?
A: Dan Quayle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which prime minister took Britain into the European Community in 1973?
A: Edward Heath
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which publication was the vehicle for John 'Wilkes's attacks on the Tories for which he was imprisoned in 1768?
A: The North Briton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was enforced by Parliament in 1379 and was the trigger that caused the Peasants' Revolt?
A: Poll tax
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country did Pol Pot lead the feared Khmer Rouge?
A: Cambodia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How often are American presidential elections held?
A: Every four years
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Israel was proclaimed an independent state in 1948. Who was its prime minister from then until 1963?
A: Ben-Gurion
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who did Margaret Thatcher succeed as leader of the Conservative Party?
A: Edward Heath
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who said 'A week is a long time in politics'?
A: Harold Wilson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Elizabethan politician, philosopher and essayist was fined L40,000 for taking bribes?
A: Frances Bacon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who succeeded Clement Attlee as Labour Party leader in 1955?
A: Hugh Gaitskell
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Whose book Sexual Politics was a landmark in feminist thinking?
A: Kate Millett
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which American economist is the foremost advocate of monetarism?
A: Milton Friedman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year did the Representation of the People Act give the vote to all women over 21?
A: 1928
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Italy's Fascist lender from 1925-43?
A: Mussolini
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which human-rights organization campaigns for the release of political prisoners worldwide?|
A: Amnesty International
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British company was effectively the ruler of much of India until the India Act of 1858?
A: East India Company
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What offence was former Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega tried for in the USA?
A: Drug Trafficking
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which are the two main political parties in the USA?
A: Democrats and Republicans
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What do the British call the person other countries might call minister of the interior?
A: Home Secretary
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British prime minister fell from office because of his repeal of the Corn Laws?
A: Robert Peel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Conservative MP was a middle-distance runner who won two Olympic gold medals and set eleven world records during the 1970s and 1980s?
A: Sebastian Coe
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the racial segregation policy practiced by South Africa's National Party until 1994?
A: Apartheid
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which party was led by Adolf Hitler from 1921 to 1945?
A: Nazi Party
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How old must you be to vote in a British parliamentary election?
A: 18
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many readings does an act of Parliament have in the House of Commons before being given royal assent?
A: Three
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which city did Karl Marx write Das Kapital?
A: London
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which party did F W de Klerk represent as South African president?
A: National Party
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the term used when a sitting MP is removed as the candidate for a forthcoming election?
A: Deselection
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played the part of Piers Fletcher Dervish, personal assistant to MP Alan B'stard, in the television comedy series The New Statesman?
A: Michael Troughton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which MP entered Parliament as a Tory in 1833, but became Liberal prime minister in 1868?
A: Gladstone
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the last foreign secretary to serve in Margaret Thatcher's cabinet, an MP who also contested the leadership after her resignation?
A: Douglas Hurd
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which publication documents all proceedings of the British parliament?
A: Hansard
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British minister of health inaugurated the National Health Service?
A: Aneurin Bevan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name for the group of opposition spokesmen who comment on the policies of government ministers?
A: Shadow cabinet
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Who was ""Britain's first ever Labour prime minister in 1924?"
A: James Ramsey MacDonald
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "What became known s ""the F-word"" at the 1991 Maastricht summit, where Britain wanted it removed from the treaty?"
A: Federalism
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British actress won the Hampstead and Highgate seat for Labour in the 1992 General Election?
A: Glenda Jackson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Whose book Inside NO 10 described Harold Wilson's Downing Street years?
A: Lady Falkender
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the Swedish name of the official who acts for the private citizen in complaints against the government?
A: Ombudsman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which US president introduced the New Deal in 1933 to counter the depression?
A: Franklin Roosevelt
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Mario Soares became the first socialist president of which country in 1986?
A: Portugal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the title of the member of the upper house equivalent to that of the Speaker in the lower house?
A: Lord Chancellor
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first president of France's Fifth Republic?
A: Charles de Gaulle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was dismissed from office as Australian prime minister in 1975 after refusing to call a general election?
A: Gough Whitlam
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Which word, meaning ""I forbid"" in Latin, means the right to prevent a law being enacted or an action being taken?"
A: Veto
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What collective name is given to the first ten amendments to the US constitution?
A: Bill of Rights
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the collective name of the international agreements signed by all the member states of the European Community?
A: Treaties of Rome
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year did Mikhail Gorbachev resign as Soviet president?
A: 1991
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which political commentator has presented both Weekend World and A Week in Politics?
A: Peter Jay
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many countries are there in the British Commonwealth?
A: 50
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the Irish house of representatives called?
A: Dáil Éireann
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Pope for only 33 days in 1978?
A: John Paul I
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was lead singer with the group Queen?
A: Freddie Mercury
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which author had the real name Charles Dodgson?
A: Lewis Carroll
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the Lord Chancellor beheaded for refusing to recognize Henry VIII as head of the church?
A: Thomas More
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who led the Free French forces during World War II?
A: Charles de Gaulle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which battle of 1876 was Custer's last stand?
A: Little Bighorn
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actor, comedian and singer was born David Daniel Kaminski?
A: Danny Kaye
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What nationality was the spy Mata Hari?
A: Dutch
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Who said: ""The customer is always right""?"
A: Harry Gordon Selfridge
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "What pen name was used by the Spanish orator Dolores Ibarruri, who said ""It is better to die on your feet than to live on your knees""?"
A: La Pasionaria
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: For what purpose did Melvil Dewey devise his decimal system in 1876?
A: Classifying books
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the king of rock and roll?
A: Elvis Presley
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Sherlock Holmes' assistant?
A: Dr. Watson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the indigenous people of new Zealand called?
A: Maoris
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the film star who married Prince Rainier III of Monaco?
A: Grace Kelly
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the first name of the politician Gladstone, the composer Walton, and the reformer Wilberforce?
A: William
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Of which tribe was Goliath the champion?
A: Philistines
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What nickname was given to General Thomas Jackson because of his stern defense at the battle of Bull Run?
A: Stonewall
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Christian martyr was first bishop of Rome?
A: St. Peter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the most famous of English lexicographers?
A: Samuel Johnson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which of the arts has Richard Avedon distinguished himself?
A: Photography
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which religious grou0p migrated westward to the Great Salt Lake, Utah, in 1847?
A: Mormons
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Which 18th-century dictionary compiler defined himself as a ""harmless drudge""?"
A: Samuel Johnson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was president of the USSR from 1985-91?
A: Mikhail Gorbachev
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the Thracian slave who led an ultimately unsuccessful gladiator revolt against Rome in 73 BC?
A: Spartacus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which English king abdicated and became Duke of Windsor?
A: Edward VIII
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first man in space in 1961?
A: Yuri Gagarin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What invention made the fortune of Alfred Noel, founder of the Nobel prize?
A: Dynamite
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Whose circus did General Tom Thumb join at the age of five in 1843?
A: P T Barnum
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Of which country was de Valera the prime minister, and later the president?
A: Ireland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Which actress starred opposite Alan Ladd in the film ""The Blue Dahlia""?"
A: Veronica Lake
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Which French fashion designer created the ""Little black dress""?"
A: Coco Chanel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the sticky wax obtained from sheep?
A: Lanolin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the trade name for the non-stick material used for coating cooking pans?
A: Teflon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name is given to the brittle kind of iron used for making engine blocks and manhole covers?
A: Cast Iron
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which scientific unit gives a measure of loudness?
A: Decibel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The behavior of sound in rooms and concert halls is a separate science. what is its name?
A: Acoustics
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What kind of animal is an iguana?
A: Reptile
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name given to the molten rock beneath the surface of the Earth?
A: Magma
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which disease is spread in minute water drops?
A: Legionnaire's disease
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the strong inelastic material found in a human tendon?
A: Collagen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What material forms the hard outermost layer of a human tooth?
A: Enamel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Snowflakes are symmetrical. How many sides do they have?
A: Six
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name is given to an atomic particle carrying a negative charge?
A: Electron
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: DNA is found in which part of the cell?
A: Nucleus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: By which name is the drug acetylsalicylic acid better known?
A: Aspirin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many legs has an insect?
A: Six
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which flower has the same name as a diaphragm in the eye?
A: Iris
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which animals are arthropods and have eight legs?
A: Arachnids
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the modern scientific unit of work and energy?
A: Joule
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Chlorine, fluorine and bromine belong to which family of elements?
A: Halogens
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which was the first antibiotic to be discovered?
A: Penicillin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the boiling point of water?
A: 100 degrees Celsius
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Ascorbic acid is which vitamin?
A: Vitamin C
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the generic term for the mechanical, electrical and electronic components of a computer?
A: Hardware
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Whose research on X-ray diffraction of ?DNA crystals helped Crick and Watson during the race to discover the structure of DNA?
A: Rosalind Franklin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Heisenberg is most associated with which branch of physics?
A: Quantum Mechanics
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What did Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes discover?
A: Superconductivity
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What science is the study of missiles in motion?
A: Ballistics
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What kind of elements are found in a pure state in nature?
A: Native elements
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "What are classified by their measurement in degrees as ""right"", ""reflex"", ""obtuse"", or ""acute""?"
A: Angles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name given to the longest side of a right-angled triangle?
A: Hypotenuse
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Swedish scientist had a temperature scale named after him?
A: Anders Celsius
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many colors are there in the spectrum when white light is separated?
A: Seven
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The discovery of which law provoked the surprised cry 'Eureka!'?
A: Archimedes Principle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the study and use of frequencies above 20 khz?
A: Ultrasonic's
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is an unchanging position in which forces cancel each other out?
A: Equilibrium
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which physicist's law states that equal volumes of all gases, measured at the same temperature and pressure, contain the same number of molecules?
A: Amadeo Avogadro
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the ability of fluids to offer resistance to flow?
A: Viscosity
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is described as an ionized gas with approximately equal numbers of positive and negative charges?
A: Plasma
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name is given to the very serious chain of events which can follow the failure of the cooling system in a nuclear reactor?
A: Meltdown
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which electronic device magnifies the strength of a signal?
A: Amplifier
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the unit of heat now replaced by the joule?
A: Calorie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What does c represent in the equation e = mc*2?
A: Speed of light
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is a cylindrical coil of wire in which a magnetic field is created when an electric current is passed though it?
A: Solenoid
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What describes a substance that exists in more than one form, differing in physical rather than chemical properties?
A: Allotropic
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Whose 'unified field theory' tried to explain the four fundamental forces in terms of a single, unified force?
A: Einstein
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What diverges rays of light, if it is concave?
A: Lens
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What can be expressed as the number of cycles of a vibration occurring per unit of time?
A: Frequency
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the product of the mass of a body and its linear velocity?
A: Momentum
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which quantity has direction as well as magnitude?
A: Vector quantity
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the SI unit of magnetic flux density, named after a Croatian electrical engineer?
A: Tesla
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is studied in the science of cryogenics?
A: Very low temperature
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the favorite food of the giant panda?
A: Bamboo shoots
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What kind of an animal is a marmoset?
A: An American monkey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which plant has flowers but no proper leaves?
A: Cactus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name is given to animals that eat both flesh and plant material?
A: Omnivores
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which flightless marine birds of the southern hemisphere live in rookeries?
A: Penguins
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Which species of decapod has varieties called ""fiddler', 'spider' and 'hermit'?"
A: Crab
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which digestive organ is well-developed in grass-eating herbivores, but is only vestigial in humans?
A: Appendix
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which are the only birds able to fly backwards?
A: Hummingbirds
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Photosynthesis is carried out in which part of the cell?
A: Chloroplast
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the protective outer layer of trees?
A: Bark
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What liquid do plants need for photosynthesis?
A: Water
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the young of bats called?
A: Pups
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the larva of a toad called?
A: Tadpole
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which bird, a member of the cuckoo family, is often seen dashing along the highways of the southern USA and Mexico... hence its name?
A: Roadrunner
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What grow as parasites and saprotrophs, contain no chlorophyll, and reproduce by means of spores?
A: Fungi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Why do fish have gills?
A: To absorb oxygen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which animal can move by jet propulsion?
A: Octopus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name is given to the microscopic plants found in great numbers in rivers, lakes, and oceans?
A: Algae
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the nocturnal, herding herbivores of Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea?
A: Kangaroos
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where in an animal would you find a mandible?
A: Skull
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is a beaver's home called?
A: Lodge
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which tissue carries sugary sap around the plant?
A: Phloem
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which cells form the middle layer of plant leaves?
A: Mesophyll
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which antipodean bird is the largest member of the kingfisher family?
A: Kookaburra
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which microscopic organisms form the basis of marine and freshwater food chains?
A: Plankton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which bird feeds with its head upside-down and its beak held horizontally beneath the water?
A: Flamingo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What kind of a tongue does the okapi have?
A: Prehensile
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What do baleen whales eat?
A: Krill
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which South American vulture can have a wing span of up to 3 meters and a body weight of up to 13 kilos?
A: Condor
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which part of a beetle's body is a skeleton?
A: The outside
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the structures which allow leaves to breathe?
A: Stomata
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which sub-division of plants is named after their practice of forming 'naked seeds'?
A: Gymnosperms
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The maidenhair tree is the sole survivor of which class of plant?
A: Ginko
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the state of inactivity through the dry, summer season, as hibernation is the dormancy of the winter months?
A: Aestivation
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What kind of a creature is a scorpion?
A: Arachnid
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which part of the common valerian is used to make a sedative?
A: Root
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the structures which allow stems to breathe?
A: Lenticels
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which acid is contained in rhubarb leaves, making them poisonous to eat?
A: Oxalic acid
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What kind of an organism causes a 'rust' attack on plants?
A: Fungus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the dominant generation in the ferns?
A: Sporophyte
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the lustrous substance that forms pearl and mother-of-pearl?
A: Nacre
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the so-called 'first-bird'?
A: Archaeopteryx
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the Latin word for 'liquid' which we use to mean the fluid produced by the tree Ficus elastica?
A: Latex
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the main use of the tree Citrus bergamia?
A: Perfume
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which physician developed a type of remedy involving wild flowers?
A: Bach
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The best longbows were constructed from which wood?
A: Yew
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many species of domestic dog are found today?
A: One
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What kind of creature is a barnacle?
A: A crustacean
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Machiavelli used which plant's name as the title of one of his books?
A: Mandrake
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the evolutionary theory suggesting that evolution has an uneven pace?
A: Punctuated equilibrium
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which step in photosynthesis is responsible for splitting water molecules?
A: Light reaction
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which kind of organisms are likely to show a 'taxis'?
A: Protozoa
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which part of the brain regulates physiological stability in the body?
A: Hypothalamus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which organ is responsible for regulating the blood sugar level?
A: Pancreas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the scientific name for the human ''tail'?
A: Coccyx
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: When might a person show rapid eye movement (REM)?
A: During sleep
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which organ removes excess water from the blood?
A: Kidney
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the most acidic part of the digestive system?
A: Stomach
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: A deficiency of which vitamin can cause scurvy?
A: Vitamin C
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the two main veins in the neck, returning blood from the brain to the heart?
A: Jugular veins
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the term fro a series of uncontrollable intakes of air caused by sudden spasms of the diaphragm?
A: Hiccups
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which part of the eye contains about 137 million light-sensitive cells in one square inch?
A: Retina
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the more common name for the tympanic membrane?
A: Ear drum
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name for a red blood cell?
A: Erythrocyte
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the scientific name for the windpipe?
A: Trachea
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where do the Graafian follicles develop?
A: Ovaries
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where would you find the pisiform bone?
A: Wrist
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the scientific name for the kneecap?
A: Patella
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is protected by the cranium?
A: Brain
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the large muscle just beneath the lungs?
A: Diaphragm
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where in the body is the thyroid?
A: The neck
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which organ in the body stores excess sugar as glycogen?
A: Liver
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name is given to the small bones which form the spinal column?
A: Vertebrae
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where in the body are the cerebellum, the medulla and the hypothalamus?
A: Brain
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What makes up 60-70% of human body weight?
A: Water
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the very narrow blood vessels which form a network between arteries and veins?
A: Capillaries
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the ring of bones at the hip called?
A: Pelvic girdle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What tube connects the kidney to the bladder?
A: Ureter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the structural tissue found in the ear, the nose, and in between the vertebral discs?
A: Cartilage
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which artery supplies the kidney with blood?
A: Renal artery
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many ventricles are there in the human heart?
A: Two
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the scientific name for the tube connecting the mouth with the stomach?
A: Oesophagus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which parts of the body are formed by the bones of the metatarsals and phalanges?
A: Feet
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the fluid that lubricates and cushions the movable joints between the bones?
A: Synovial fluid
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the oxygen-carrying protein found in the red blood cells of the body?
A: Hemoglobin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the chemicals produced by the endocrine glands to control body functions?
A: Hormones
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where in the human body do you find the alveoli?
A: Lung
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name is given to the genetic make-up of an individual?
A: Genotype
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: A bone is joined to a muscle by which structure?
A: Tendon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the biggest bone in the body?
A: Femur
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which of the retina's cells can distinguish between different wavelengths of light?
A: Cone cells
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which hormone causes male sexual development?
A: Testosterone
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which part of the brain controls the heart rate?
A: Medulla oblongata
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is an overgrowth of fibrous tissue, usually produced at the site of a scar?
A: Keloid
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the only vein in the body to carry oxygenated blood?
A: Pulmonary vein
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which human body organ weighs about 2 kilos?
A: Liver
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which name is given to the heart chamber which receives blood?
A: Atrium
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What kind of joint is the hip?
A: Ball-and-socket
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where is the sinoatrial node?
A: Heart
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the substance that the body over-produces in an allergic reaction to pollen?
A: Histamine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which organ of the body secretes insulin?
A: Pancreas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which part of the gut absorbs water from thje food?
A: Colon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where would you find the islets of Langerhans?
A: Pancreas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the colored muscle that responds involuntarily to light?
A: Iris
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the enzyme produced in the mouth?
A: Salivary amylase
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The pituitary controls many hormones, but what controls the pituitary?
A: Hypothalamus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the pigment that colors skin?
A: Melanin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which tissue secretes progesterone during the second half of the menstrual cycle?
A: Corpus luteum
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which gland secretes the corticosteroids?
A: Adrenal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the natural pain-killing substances produced in the brain and pituitary gland?
A: Endorphins
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What hormone was discovered by John Jacob Abel?
A: Adrenaline
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the substance produced by hard exercise and oxygen debt, causing stiffness in the muscles?
A: Lactic acid
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where would you find the carotid arteries?
A: Neck
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which protein forms hair and nails?
A: Keratin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which gas released by car exhausts, stops the blood hemoglobin from working correctly?
A: Carbon Monoxide
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What device is added to a car's exhaust system to reduce pollution?
A: Catalytic converter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Australian mammal lays eggs?
A: Duck-billed platypus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the term for something that will break down naturally?
A: Biodegradable
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the most common gas in the atmosphere?
A: Nitrogen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which fuel is formed by the fossilization of plants?
A: Coal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Oxygen forms approximately what proportion of the atmosphere?
A: 20%
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What kind of tide appears at full Moon?
A: Spring tide
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the term given to the study of the weather?
A: Meteorology
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name given to the outermost layer of the Earth?
A: Crust
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country produces the world's largest quantity of municipal waste per person per year?
A: USA
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which sea is so highly polluted that the Barcelona Convention was set up in 976 to try and clean it up?
A: Mediterranean Sea
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the scientific scale for measuring the hardness of rocks?
A: Mohs' scale
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the world's smallest continent?
A: Australia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which gas forms approximately 1% of the atmosphere?
A: Argon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the term for the energy obtained from hot, underground rocks?
A: Geothermal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name is given to the rocks swallowed by dinosaurs to assist their digestion?
A: Gastroliths
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which animal has been hunted almost to extinction because of its horn?
A: Rhinoceros
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which chemical, commonly used to increase crop yield, sometimes contaminates drinking water?
A: Nitrate
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: When you recycle a drink can, which metal is it you are recovering?
A: Aluminum
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the liquid rock which pours from a volcano?
A: Lava
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the term applied to the process of gathering together weather forecasts from various recording stations?
A: Synoptic forecasting
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What kind of natural phenomenon 'meanders'?
A: A river
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the collective name for rain hail, snow, and sleet?
A: Precipitation
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the hardest natural substance known?
A: Diamond
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the collective noun for crows?
A: Murder
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the maximum speed of a garden snail: 0.03 mph, 0.3 mph, or 3 mph?
A: 0.03 mph
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What common mineral is formed by the fossilization of vegetation?
A: Coal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which part of the atmosphere is the ozone layer?
A: Stratosphere
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Indian state is at the eastern end of the Himalayas?
A: Assam
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the atmospheric gas which screens out the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation?
A: Ozone
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the world's deepest ocean?
A: Pacific
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the largest animal ever to have inhabited the Earth?
A: Blue Whale
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What once covered 14% of the Earth's land area, but by 1991 over half had been destroyed?
A: Rainforest
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which inland sea between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan is fast disappearing because the rivers that feed it have been diverted and dammed?
A: Aral Sea
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The damaged Chernobyl nuclear power station is situated in which country?
A: Ukraine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What type of rock is granite?
A: Igneous
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What type of rock is basalt?
A: Igneous
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the main constituent of natural gas?
A: Methane
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which of the Earth's atmospheric layers reflects radio waves?
A: Ionosphere
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which gas forms 80% of Earth's atmosphere?
A: Nitrogen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which mountain chain would you find Mount Everest?
A: Himalayas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the collective term for substances such as coal, oil and natural gas, the burning of which produces carbon dioxide?
A: Fossil fuel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What contributes to the greenhouse effect at lower atmospheric levels, but in the upper atmosphere protects life on Earth?
A: Ozone
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the process by which substances are washed out of the soil?
A: Leaching
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was director of the environmental pressure group Friends of the Earth 1984 - 90?
A: Jonathon Porritt
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which European country is committed to decommissioning all of its nuclear reactors?
A: Sweden
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Canadian city gave its name to the 1987world agreement on protection of the ozone layer?
A: Montreal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The dodo was a native bird of which island?
A: Mauritius
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name given to the study of earthquakes?
A: Seismology
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Marble is formed by the metamorphosis of which rock?
A: Limestone
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which common water pollutant is believed to be harmful to newborn babies?
A: Nitrate
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What natural feature covers approximately 6% of the Earth's land surface, and harbors 40% of the Earth's species?
A: Tropical rainforest
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name is given to the huge growths of algae sometimes seen in polluted lakes and rivers?
A: A bloom
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the dioxin-containing defoliant used during the Vietnam war by the USA army?
A: Agent Orange
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: CITES is an international agreement on which environmental problem?
A: The trade in endangered species
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What prevents the earth's atmosphere from floating out into space?
A: Gravity
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which of the emissions from cars are acidic?
A: Nitrogen oxides
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which quarry in the Italian region of Tuscany is renowned for the quality of its marble?
A: Carrara
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name given to the geological time period of 363-290 million years ago during which coal measures were formed?
A: Carboniferous
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is further north, the tropic of cancer or the tropic of Capricorn?
A: Tropic of Cancer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name is given to your angular distance on the Earth's surface relative to the equator?
A: Latitude
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which landlocked Asian country is described as the world's 'highest rubbish dump' because of all the refuse left behind by expeditions?
A: Nepal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name is given to the layer of the atmosphere closest to the surface of the Earth?
A: Troposphere
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name is given to the Earth's single continent, which existed 250 million years ago?
A: Pangaea
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What component of CFCs causes destruction of ozone?
A: Chlorine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What does a barometer measure?
A: Atmospheric pressure
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the basic chemical composition of malachite?
A: Copper carbonate
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the term for a fold of the Earth's crust in which the layers of rock dip inwards?
A: Syncline
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which clouds only occur above 10,000 meters?
A: Cirrus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What kind of a person might study a podzol?
A: A soil scientist
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which gas in the atmosphere can be turned into fertilizer by some microbes?
A: Nitrogen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which layer of the Earth is believed to be formed of molten iron and nickel?
A: Outer core
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the collective noun for rhinoceri?
A: Crash
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What type of rock is formed by the rapid cooling of molten lava?
A: Obsidian
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name is given to the rock formations used as a source of water?
A: Aquifers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How long does it take for the Earth to spin once on its axis?
A: One day
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is a very hard, naturally-occurring mineral, of which ruby and sapphire are gem quality varieties?
A: Corundum
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Corundum is a mineral oxide of which metal?
A: Aluminum
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the force which keeps the planets in orbit around the sun?
A: Gravity
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which planet is named after the Roman god of war?
A: Mars
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which planet is closest to the sun?
A: Mercury
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which two planets take less time than Earth to orbit the sun?
A: Mercury and Venus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which planet has a day which lasts eight months?
A: Venus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the term for a natural satellite?
A: Moon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first man in space?
A: Yuri Gagarin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which was the first space probe to leave the solar system?
A: Pioneer 10
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is almost halfway through its 10-billion-year life, will expand to become a red giant and then shrink to become a white dwarf?
A: The sun
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which planet orbits the Sun four times in the time it takes the Earth to go round once?
A: Mercury
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the largest moon in the solar system?
A: Ganymede
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where, theoretically, might one find objects squeezed to an infinite density?
A: Black Hole
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the largest moon of Saturn?
A: Titan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the largest planet in the solar system?
A: Jupiter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the smallest planet in the solar system?
A: Pluto
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the brightest comet in the solar system?
A: Halley's comet
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What would you find if you travelled to the centre of the solar system?
A: The Sun
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many planets are there in the solar system?
A: Nine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which planet is named after the Roman goddess of love?
A: Venus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What kind of extraterrestrial objet has been named after the 17th-century astronomer Edmond Halley?
A: A Comet
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the first artificial satellite?
A: Sputnik 1
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the space shuttle destroyed in midair 28 Jan 1986?
A: Challenger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What, ultimately, will the sun become?
A: A white dwarf
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which planet takes almost 30 Earth years to orbit the sun?
A: Saturn
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the most distant object visible to the naked eye?
A: Andromeda galaxy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which planet is the densest?
A: Earth
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name given to the super dense stars that sometimes result form a supernova?
A: Neutron Stars
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What shape is the Milky Way?
A: Spiral
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: When was the first Pioneer space probe launched?
A: 1958
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which planet id named after the sky-god who was father of the Titans?
A: Uranus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Visible sunspots vary in number according to a cycle of how many years?
A: Eleven
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which planet is usually the furthest form the Sun, but sometimes is not?
A: Pluto
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the American mission to land a man on the Moon?
A: Apollo project
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the American space station?
A: Skylab
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country built the Saturn V rocket?
A: USA
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which objects in space emit energy in pulses?
A: Pulsars
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What travels around the Sun at an average speed of 185 miles per second.
A: The earth
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the second lightest element in the universe?
A: Helium
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the thousands of small bodies which orbit the Sun?
A: Asteroids
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What can contract to give birth to a star?
A: A nebula
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name for the study of the structure of the universe?
A: Cosmology
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What units are used for measuring distances in the universe?
A: Light years
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is another name for a shooting or falling star?
A: Meteor
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the Latin name for the North Star?
A: Polaris
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Scientists study the red shift to investigate which aspect of cosmology?
A: The expansion of the universe
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which planet possesses the Galilean satellites?
A: Jupiter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is brighter than a hundred million suns?
A: A supernova
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who developed the 'aperture synthesis' method of radio astronomy?
A: Martin Ryle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Saturn's ring has how many sections?
A: Three
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of two space probes launched in 1977 which sent back remarkable pictures of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune?
A: voyager 1 and voyager 2
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which planet has one moon called Charon?
A: Pluto
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the clouds of interstellar dust, said to be the birthplace of stars?
A: Nebulae
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the astronomical unit equal to 32,616 light years?
A: Parsec
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the second largest planet in the solar system?
A: Saturn
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which planet has been the focus of investigations for signs of life?
A: Mars
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the general theory of relativity what causes space-time to be modified?
A: Mass
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which space probes failed to find life on Mars?
A: Viking probes
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which type of celestial object emits bursts of energy at regular intervals?
A: Pulsar
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the defining feature of a neutron star?
A: Great density
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country has the airline KLM?
A: The Netherlands
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What two letters are worth the most in a game of Scrabble?
A: Q and Z
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: After how many years of marriage would you celebrate your ruby anniversary?
A: 40
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where would a troglodyte live? In a cave, up a tree or underwater?
A: In a cave
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many counters does each player have at the start of a game of backgammon?
A: 15
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many centimetres make up a hand, the measurement used on horses?
A: 10
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year did the weather forecast appear in The Times newspaper for the first time?
A: 1860
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the largest of the West Indian islands?
A: Cuba
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: St Johnstown was once the capital city of Scotland. By what name is St Johnstown now known?
A: Perth
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the largest city in Switzerland?
A: Zurich
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Ural Mountains form a natural border between which two continents?
A: Asia and Europe
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the capital of Iraq?
A: Baghdad
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which English County can you find 4 towns with the suffix Regis?
A: Dorset
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which ocean is the island group the Maldives?
A: The Indian Ocean
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which river runs through the Grand Canyon?
A: The Colorado
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What country had the Roman name Hibernia?
A: Ireland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which superhero has a butler named Alfred?
A: Batman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Hypnophobia the fear of?
A: Sleep
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What famous person has the real name of Eldrick Woods?
A: Tiger Woods
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Fred Flintstone's wife called?
A: Wilma
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the collective noun for a group of monkeys?
A: A troop
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which film about Vietnam won the best picture at the 1978 Oscars?
A: The Deer Hunter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What became the tallest building in the world when it opened in 1931?
A: The Empire State Building
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year did Percy L. Spencer invent the microwave?
A: 1947
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous character was created by Michael Bond in a series of books for children?
A: Paddington Bear
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which of the Bronte sisters wrote Wuthering Heights?
A: Emily
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Becky Sharp is the name of a character in which famous novel, which is also the title of a famous magazine?
A: Vanity Fair
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In George Orwell's Animal Farm what type of animal was Napoleon?
A: A pig
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What rock did Graham Greene write about?
A: Brighton Rock
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: All children, except one, grow up is the opening line from which famous story?
A: Peter Pan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the novel The 39 Steps?
A: John Buchan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous book, published in 1816, is sub-titled The Modern Prometheus?
A: Frankenstein
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: When was the nobel prize for literature first awarded?
A: 1901
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What major war began on 10 October, 1899?
A: The Boer War
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The words Czar and Kaiser are both derived from which famous person in history?
A: Julius Caesar
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British monarch was on the throne at the beginning of the 20th Century?
A: Queen Victoria
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which American President ordered the dropping of the first atomic bomb?
A: Harry S Truman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Florence Nightingale was a nurse during which war?
A: The Crimean War
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What were the surnames of Bonnie and Clyde?
A: Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which brothers invented the airplane in 1903?
A: Wilbur and Orville Wright
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many funnels did the Titanic have?
A: Four
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year was highwayman Dick Turpin hanged?
A: 1739
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Maximus Decimus Meridius was the main character in which film?
A: Gladiator
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which 1955 film does Frank Sinatra play Nathan Detroit?
A: Guys And Dolls
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the full title to the sequel to the film Home Alone?
A: Home Alone 2: Lost In New York
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On the set of what film did Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman fall in love and then got married later in the same year?
A: Days Of Thunder
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: For which newspaper does Clark Kent work in Superman?
A: The Daily Planet
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Chemically pure gold contains how many carats?
A: 24
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the boiling point of water in degrees Fahrenheit?
A: 212
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the book A Brief History Of Time?
A: Stephen Hawking
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What did Nicholas Copernicus argue was at the centre of our universe, and what was the common belief before then?
A: The Sun - before then people believed it was the Earth
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How is the gas Nitrous Oxide better known?
A: Laughing gas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year was Albert Einstein born?
A: 1879
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many housing property squares are there on a Monopoly board?
A: 22
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Is the bottom stripe on the USA flag red or white?
A: Red
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many times does the letter p occur in the first line of the tongue twister about Peter Piper?
A: 9
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which line on the London Underground is represented by the colour yellow?
A: The Circle Line
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: If a month has a Friday the thirteenth then on what day of the week would that month begin?
A: Sunday
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Out of all the animals which make up the Chinese horoscope, which comes first alphabetically?
A: Dog
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What type of dogs are commonly kept by Eskimos?
A: Huskies
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: If the cheetah is the fastest thing on four legs, what is the fastest on two legs?
A: The ostrich
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the national bird of New Zealand?
A: The kiwi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The body of the Egyptian Sphinx was based on which animal?
A: A lion
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What colour are the spots on a common ladybird?
A: Black
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Chihauhau dog derives it's name from a town in which country?
A: Mexico
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Out of all the animals in the Chinese horoscope, which comes last alphabetically?
A: Tiger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous footballer left Tottenham in 1992 to join Japanese side Grampus Eight?
A: Gary Lineker
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On a football pitch, how many yards should the penalty spot be from the goal line?
A: 12
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year was the first World Cup held?
A: 1930
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the number on the back of the jersey that both Maradona and Pele said was lucky?
A: 10
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who managed the first English side to win the European Cup?
A: Matt Busby
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which English football team are nicknamed the Hornets?
A: Watford
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the only country to have played in every World Cup since it started in 1930?
A: Brazil
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The book Macca Can was about which ex-Liverpool footballer?
A: Steve McMahon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which European football club is nicknamed La Vicchia Signora, which translates as the old lady?
A: Juventus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year was the first penalty scored in an FA Cup final?
A: 1910
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which male singer sang the opening line of the original Band Aid single Do They Know It's Christmas?
A: Paul Young's
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: By what name is Graham McPherson better known as in the music world?
A: Suggs
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 90s song includes the line What a wicked thing to do, to make me dream of you?
A: Wicked Game
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Blondie's first UK number one single?
A: Heart Of Glass
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What single by Wet Wet Wet spent 15 weeks at number one in the UK charts in 1994?
A: Love Is All Around
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which comedy duo had a number one hit in the UK with The Stonk in 1991?
A: Hale And Pace
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Beatles' last live performance was at Candlestick Park in San Francisco. In what year was this?
A: 1966
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What song was the Christmas number one in the UK in both 1975 and 1991?
A: Bohemian Rhapsody
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What organisation is also known as La Cosa Nostra?
A: The Mafia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which American president gave the order to withdraw from the Vietnam War?
A: Richard Nixon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote The old man of Lochnagar?
A: Prince Charles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the stock exchange what animal is used as a nickname to describe someone who sells shares thinking that the price will fall?
A: Bear
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: If you were born on Christmas day, what would your star sign be?
A: Capricorn
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What type of headgear was named after a battle in the Crimean War?
A: Balaclava
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What nationality was Christopher Columbus?
A: Italian
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: When women first got the vote in Britain in 1918, how old did they have to be?
A: 30
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who in 1961 made the first space flight?
A: Yuri Gagarin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the Roman name for Scotland?
A: Caledonia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the first country to issue postage stamps?
A: Great Britain
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What famous building did John Nash rebuild in 1825?
A: Buckingham Palace
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first American President to resign from office?
A: Richard Nixon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: For how many years did Louis XIV of France reign?
A: 72
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what country was the game of golf invented?
A: Scotland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many players in total get down in a normal rugby union scrum?
A: 16
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many players make up a netball team?
A: 7
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the maximum no of match points that can be held at one time in a tennis match at Wimbledon?
A: 6
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year was the first World Snooker Championship held?
A: 1927
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the novel 20,000 Leagues Under The Sea what was the name of the captain of the submarine Nautilus?
A: Captain Nemo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the series of children's Noddy books, what is the name of the policeman?
A: Mr. Plod
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: To what animal was Robert Burns referring in his poem with the lines Wee, sleekit, cow'rin, tim'rous beastie?
A: A mouse
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which French artist, born in 1834 was best known for his paintings of ballet dancers?
A: Edgar Degas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What novel by Ray Bradbury was named for the temperature at which book paper catches fire and burns?
A: Fahrenheit 451
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote The Ugly Duckling and The Emperor's New Clothes?
A: Hans Christian Anderson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the first names of the four children who enter Narnia through a wardrobe in The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe?
A: Susan, Peter, Edmund and Lucy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year did Agatha Christie die?
A: 1976
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the only venomous snake in Britain?
A: The Adder
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Built in 1869, which famous British ship was named after a Scottish undergarment?
A: The Cutty Sark
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which British city would you find Arthur's Seat?
A: Edinburgh
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The popular British pub name The Royal Oak is named after which King?
A: Charles II
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the oldest University in Britain?
A: Oxford
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which British city was Guy Fawkes born and Dick Turpin killed?
A: York
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year was British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval assasinated?
A: 1812
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the tallest and thickest type of grass?
A: Bamboo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In nature, what does a dendrologist study?
A: Trees
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the largest mammal in the world and can reach a length of 100 foot?
A: The Blue Whale
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the only known substance that naturally exists on Earth in all three chemical states?
A: Water
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the only animal to have four knees?
A: Elephant
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year did Sir Frederick Banting and J. J. R. MacLeod discover insulin?
A: 1922
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the hottest, driest, and lowest place in North America called?
A: Death Valley
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the second most common letter used in the English language?
A: T
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which hand does the Statue Of Liberty hold a torch? Left or Right?
A: Right
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many yards are in a furlong?
A: 220
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the only gemstone to be composed of one single element?
A: Diamond
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many stars appear on the flag of New Zealand?
A: 4
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which popular sport features in the NATO phonetic alphabet?
A: Golf
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who first argued that the world was not flat?
A: Aristotle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which metal is the best conductor of electricity?
A: Silver
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The binary system of numbers uses which two numerical digits?
A: 1 and 0
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which scientist was born in Germany in 1879, became a Swiss citizen in 1901 and later became a US citizen in 1940?
A: Albert Einstein
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the sum of the internal angles in a hexagon?
A: 720 degrees
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the most common blood type in humans?
A: O
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the atomic number of the element Californium?
A: 98
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 1974 sequel won six Oscars?
A: The Godfather: Part 2
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 1986 film had the tag-line Be afraid. Be very afraid.?
A: The Fly
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who provided the voice of the genie in the 1992 animated film Aladdin?
A: Robin Williams
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What 1968 film features the characters Caractacus Potts and Truly Scrumptious?
A: Chitty Chitty Bang Bang
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the first film that Alfred Hitchcock made in Hollywood and the only one that won a Best Picture Oscar?
A: Rebecca
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actor provides the voice for Rocky in the film Chicken Run?
A: Mel Gibson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: When Walt Disney's seven dwarfs went off to work in the mines, what were they looking for?
A: Diamonds
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year was the film studio Paramount opened?
A: 1912
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: James Earl Ray was responsible for who's death in 1968?
A: Martin Luther King's
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who created havoc in 1938, when his radio broadcast of The War Of The Worlds was believed to be true?
A: Orson Welles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which major British newspaper closed down for almost a year in 1978?
A: The Times
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the biggest selling female artist in America in the 1990s?
A: Mariah Carey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which American President saw active service in both the first and second World Wars?
A: Eisenhower
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What nationality was painter Salvador Dali?
A: Spanish
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The name Wendy was first made up in which famous book?
A: Peter Pan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What 1948 novel was originally going to be called The Last Man in Europe?
A: 1984
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous novel was based on the real-life exploits of Alexander Selkirk?
A: Robinson Crusoe
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which of Shakespeare's plays has a title which is also a proverb?
A: All's Well That Ends Well
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What were the christian names of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde?
A: Henry (Jekyll) and Edward (Hyde)
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What were the christian names of the three Bronte sisters?
A: Anne, Charlotte and Emily
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a hit in 1987 with the single Tonight, Tonight, Tonight?
A: Genesis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Fun Lovin' Criminals' hit Love Unlimited is a tribute to which singer?
A: Barry White
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Richard Starkey is the real name of which famous musician?
A: Ringo Starr
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What famous heavy metal band is named after a medieval torture device?
A: Iron Maiden
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: John Travolta and Olivia Newton John had UK number one hit singles in 1978 with which two songs?
A: You're The One That I Want and Summer Nights
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the lead singer of the 1960s Irish group, Them?
A: Van Morrison
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What famous song from the film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid won an Oscar for best song?
A: Raindrops Keep Falling On My Head
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many black keys are there on the a standard piano?
A: 36
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which band member is missing from the line-up of Ray Manzarek, Robby Krieger and John Densmore?
A: Jim Morrison
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the song The Twelve Days Of Christmas, what did my true love give to me on the 12th day?
A: 12 Drummers Drumming
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the Christmas story, The Snowman?
A: Raymond Briggs
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What colour is Santa Claus' belt?
A: Black
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the TV show The Simpsons, who or what is Santa's Little Helper?
A: The pet dog
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol, how many different ghosts visited Scrooge?
A: 4
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country traditionally provides Britain with a Christmas tree for Trafalgar Square in London?
A: Norway
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who were Balthazar, Melchior and Caspar?
A: The Three Wise Men
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: From the Christmas Carol Good King Wenceslas, where was Good King Wenceslas the King of?
A: Bohemia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which famous Christmas Song is a snowman pretended to be Parsons Brown?
A: Winter Wonderland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year was the first Christmas card produced?
A: 1843
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which city in England is the National Railway Museum?
A: York
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In folklore, who is the king of the elves and fairies?
A: Oberon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the most common colour that appears in the flags of the world?
A: Red
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many stars make up Orion's belt?
A: 3
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was left in Pandora's box after she released misery and evil?
A: Hope
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many pieces does each player have in backgammon?
A: 15
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What cocktail consists of Tia Maria, Vodka and Coke?
A: A black Russian
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What colour are the seats in the House of Lords? Red, Blue or Green?
A: Red
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Roman God is one of the symbols of St Valentine's Day?
A: Cupid
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What sign of the zodiac would you be if you were born on St. Valentine's Day?
A: Aquarius
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: When Marilyn Monroe died, who asked for a fresh rose to be placed on her grave, every week, forever?
A: Joe Dimaggio
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the St. Valentine's Day Massacre, what were the hitmen dressed as?
A: Policemen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Shakespearian character said Good morrow. 'Tis St. Valentine's Day?
A: Ophelia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Born in Italy in 1895, who was known as cinema's first great lover?
A: Rudolph Valentino
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Containing the lines You're asking me will my love grow, I don't know, I don't know, which Beatles' song did Frank Sinatra describe as the greatest love song ever written?
A: Something
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the challanging method of catching a fly asked of Daniel in the film The Karate Kid?
A: Using chopsticks to do it
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who, in 1984, won the BBC Sports Personality Of The Year Award, the only time it has been awarded to two people?
A: Torvill and Dean
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many babies did Janet Walton give birth to in November, 1983?
A: 6
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played Lord Melchett in the TV comedy series Blackadder II?
A: Stephen Fry
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which band had a hit in the 1980s with the single Broken Wings?
A: Mr. Mister
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actress starred in the 1980s films The Breakfast Club and Pretty In Pink and later turned down the Julia Roberts role in Pretty Woman?
A: Molly Ringwald
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Actor Richard Kiel is best known for playing the same character in two different films. What is the name of this character?
A: Jaws
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which American author created the character Rip Van Winkle?
A: Washington Irving
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Pebbles and Bam Bam was a spin-off of which TV series?
A: The Flintstones
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which Formula One team did Damon Hill replace Nigel Mansell?
A: Williams
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year did the Japanese bomb Pearl Harbour?
A: 1941
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the character played by Harrison Ford in the films Clear And Present Danger and Patriot Games?
A: Jack Ryan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which American state is there a town called Santa Claus, which receives over half a million letters and requests at Christmas time?
A: Indiana
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In space it is impossible to cry?
A: True
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Copyrightable is the longest word in the English language that can be written without repeating a letter?
A: False
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Over 80,000 photographs are taken around the world every second?
A: False
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the most recent film to win a best picture Oscar which was predominantly black and white?
A: Schindler's List
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which film was adapted from a Michael Ondaajte novel and went on to win 9 Oscars?
A: The English Patient
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which person was nominated for Oscars for acting, directing and writing for the 1981 film Reds?
A: Warren Beatty
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 80 year old said well, good for me, after being told she was the oldest person to win an Oscar for acting?
A: Jessica Tandy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The 1971 TV movie Duel was one of the first pieces of work by which Oscar winning film director?
A: Steven Spielberg
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is currently the only sequel to have won a best picture Oscar?
A: The Godfather : Part II
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the 1998 Italian film which was nominated for a best picture Oscar?
A: Life Is Beautiful
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the first animated film to be nominated for a best picture Oscar?
A: Beauty and the Beast
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many times has Bob Hope hosted the Oscars ceremony?
A: 18
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: After which famous person in history was the teddy bear named?
A: Theodore Roosevelt
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What type of sweet did Mars and Murrie develop in 1941?
A: M & Ms
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which geographical location was the first word spoken on the moon?
A: Houston
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1785, Blanchard and Jeffries became the first to cross the English channel using which method of transport?
A: Balloon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What historic event does the nursery rhyme Ring-a-ring of roses commemorate?
A: The Great Plague
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the British Prime Minister at the outbreak of the Second World War?
A: Neville Chamberlain
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In America, what became the 49th state to enter the union in 1959?
A: Alaska
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year was the first English translation of the Bible completed?
A: 1388
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Britain's largest lake?
A: Loch Lomond
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which city is Marco Polo airport?
A: Venice
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the only American state with a name which has just one syllable?
A: Maine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the only county in England to have two separate coasts?
A: Devon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Behind Russia, what is the second largest country in Europe?
A: Ukraine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which of the four main Balearic Islands is closest to Spain?
A: Ibiza
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which American state is Cape Canaveral, a launching site for space travel?
A: Florida
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the largest country in Africa?
A: Sudan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: If Alaska is the biggest state in America, what is second biggest?
A: Texas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: I am so fragile that when you say my name you break me. What am I?
A: Silence
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: I can run, but I can't walk. I've got a mouth, but I can't talk. I have a head, but I never weep. I have a bed, but I never sleep. What am I?
A: A river
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Mary's father has got four daughters. The first is called Ann, the second is called Anna and the third is called Annie. What is the name of the other daughter?
A: Mary.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: A woman was pushing her car. When she stopped at a hotel, she realised she was bankrupt. Why?
A: She was playing Monopoly
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: I have keys, but no locks. I have space, but no room. You can enter, but you can't come in. What am I?
A: A keyboard
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: An aeroplane carrying 40 people crashed over the Atlantic Ocean, with every single person being killed. Yet two passengers survived. How is this possible?
A: They were married.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the fastest animal on 2 legs, which can reach a speed of around 40 miles per hour?
A: Ostrich
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is better known as Topolino in Italy?
A: Mickey Mouse
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which stand-up comedian has the real name of Royston Vasey?
A: Roy Chubby Brown
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which series of action films does the character of John McClane appear?
A: Die Hard
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: According to the Bible on what day did God create the beasts of the Earth?
A: 5th
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What cartoon characters are described as being three apples high?
A: The Smurfs
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 1973 number one by Slade was later covered by Oasis?
A: Cum On Feel The Noize
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which band released the 1999 comeback single Maria?
A: Blondie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Cher's first UK solo number one hit single?
A: The Shoop Shoop Song
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which successful British pop group got their name from part of the title of a children's TV show and part of the title of a song by Roxy Music?
A: Bananarama
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which US three piece band is made up of Taylor, Isaac and Zac?
A: Hanson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many UK top 40 hits did Prince have in the 1980s?
A: 20
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the most popular sport to feature in films?
A: Boxing
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous video game character was originally called Jumpman?
A: Mario
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the only ten letter word that can be typed on only the top row of a keyboard or typewriter?
A: Typewriter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: According to the traditional rhyme, a child born on which day is said to be full of grace?
A: Tuesday
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What were the stripes on the old-fashioned barber shop poles meant to represent?
A: Blood
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year did Bugs Bunny make his debut?
A: 1937
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The 1991 novel Scarlett by Alexandra Ripley was a sequel to which other novel?
A: Gone With The Wind
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous book by Herman Melville opens with the line Call Me Ishmael?
A: Moby Dick
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: By what name was Percy Blakeney better known in a novel by Baroness Orczy?
A: The Scarlet Pimpernel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name given to the system for categorising library books?
A: Dewey Decimal System
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Behind Shakespeare, who is the second most published author of all time?
A: Charles Dickens
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Thomas Harris novel was the top selling adult fiction novel of the year 2000 in the UK?
A: Hannibal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which company is responsible for Mates condoms?
A: Virgin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name was given to Columbian goalkeeper Rene Higuita's spectacular clearance against England, when he dived under the ball and back-heeled it while airborne?
A: The Scorpion
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which pop group were formed in Sheffield in 1977 and took there name from a pair of detectives in the Adventures of Tin Tin?
A: The Thompson Twins
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Fierce Creatures was the follow up to which successful comedy film?
A: A Fish Called Wanda
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Greek mythology, what creature had a mans head, trunk and arms, and a horse's body and legs?
A: Centaur
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Hermit, spider and blue are all types of which creature?
A: Crab
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which film did Robert De Niro play boxer Jake La Motta?
A: Raging Bull
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won the PFA Players Player of the Year award after his first Premiership season in 2001/02?
A: Ruud Van Nistelroy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Brian Deane scored the first ever Premiership goal for which team?
A: Sheffield United
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the top scorer in the first English Premiership in 1992/93, playing for both Nottingham Forest and Tottenham Hotspur?
A: Teddy Sheringham
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: After the 1994/95 Premiership season, which Tottenham Hotspur player became the first foreigner to win the footballer of the year award?
A: Jurgen Klinsmann
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which team won the first English Premiership in 1992/93?
A: Manchester United
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Playing for Leeds United in August 1992, who became the first player to score a hat-trick in the Premiership?
A: Eric Cantona
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who were the first team to field an all foreign starting line up in the English Premiership?
A: Chelsea
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: As at the start of the 2002/03 season, who is the Premiership's all-time top scorer?
A: Alan Shearer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many own goals were scored in the 2001/02 Premiership season?
A: 24
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Homer's local bar called?
A: Moe's Tavern
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Maggie Simpson's first word?
A: Daddy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Lisa's jazz-playing mentor was Bleeding Gums ...who?
A: Murphy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who ran a store selling items for left-handed people called 'The Leftorium'?
A: Ned Flanders
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the shop run by Apu?
A: Kwik E Mart
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the names of the twins in Bart's class at school?
A: Sherri and Terri
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who did Lisa have her first kiss with?
A: Nelson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which character in The Simpsons is also known as Rainer Wolfcastle?
A: McBain
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Michael Bond wrote about which famous bear in a series of books for children?
A: Paddington Bear
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of author A. A. Milne's real-life son, who he used in his Winnie the Pooh books?
A: Christopher Robin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the Harry Potter novels, what species of owl is Hedwig?
A: Snowy Owl
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Roger Hargreaves created which characters in a series of books in the 1970s?
A: The Mr. Men
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Charlie's surname in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory?
A: Bucket
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which children's book features Tweedledum and Tweedledee?
A: Alice In Wonderland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year was Mary Poppins written?
A: 1934
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which fruit has the scientific name of malus pumulia?
A: The apple
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which drink is sometimes referred to as Adam's ale?
A: Water
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the most widely eaten meat in the world?
A: Pork
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What type of sweets was American President Ronald Reagan known for having on his desk?
A: Jelly-beans
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country would you associate with the dish Couscous?
A: Tunisia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country was ice cream invented?
A: China
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: You are running a race and overtake the person who is in third place. In which position are you now?
A: Third.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the first name of Hammerstein from the famous songwriting duo Rogers and Hammerstein?
A: Oscar
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country's national symbol is a Lotus flower?
A: India
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which month is St Andrew's Day?
A: November
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the character played by Richard Wilson in One Foot In The Grave?
A: Victor Meldrew
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What sport would you be playing if competing for the Harry Vardon trophy?
A: Golf
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name is given to a bet with four selections and comprising six doubles, four trebles and one four-fold?
A: Yankee
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the capital of Peru?
A: Lima
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What type of ball did Nolan Ryan once throw at a record speed of 100.9 miles per hour?
A: Baseball
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many hurdles must a runner jump over in the 110m men's hurdles race?
A: 10
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which sport is the position of goal attack found?
A: Netball
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous sportsman lit the torch at the opening ceremony of the 1996 Olympic Games?
A: Muhammed Ali
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous race takes place annually between Putney and Mortlake?
A: The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How is the sport of tauromachy better known?
A: Bull Fighting
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many kilometres long is the walk - the longest race in men's athletics?
A: 50
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which three footballers won the BBC Sports Personality Of The Year Award in the 20th century?
A: Bobby Moore, Paul Gasgoine and Michael Owen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Sir Donald Bradman's test cricket batting average?
A: 99.94
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: As at the start of 2003, what is the make and model of the bestselling car of all time?
A: Toyota Corolla
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The prancing horse is the symbol of which racing car?
A: Ferrari
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who designed the first modern petrol-driven internal combustion engine for the car?
A: Gottlieb Daimler
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What make of car featured in the film Back To The Future?
A: De Lorean
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country was the first Audi made?
A: Germany
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Behind U.S.A. which country has the second longest road network in the world?
A: India
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: According to the Highway Code, passengers of what age and above are responsible for themselves wearing a seatbelt?
A: 14
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the Volkswagen Beetle which made it's first appearance in The Love Bug?
A: Herbie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year did Czechoslovakia become the first country to make seat belts compulsory?
A: 1969
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which African country has the highest population?
A: Nigeria
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: As in the famous song Girl From Ipanema, in which country is Ipanema?
A: Brazil
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is name of the strait that divides New Zealand into Northern and Southern parts?
A: Cook Strait
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which Indian city would you find the Taj Mahal?
A: Agra
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country has the longest coastline in the world?
A: Canada
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year did California become one of the United States of America?
A: 1850
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What were the first names of the three Bronte sisters?
A: Anne, Charlotte and Emily
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Ti Amo means I Love You in which language?
A: Italian
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Elvis Presley film has the word love in the title and is the only one in which his character dies?
A: Love Me Tender
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who discovered penicillin on Valentine's Day in 1929?
A: Sir Alexander Fleming
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the car in the film The Love Bug?
A: Herbie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which brothers' last film was called Love Happy?
A: Marx Brothers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which film starring Bill Murray includes the line Roses are red, violets are blue, I'm a schizophrenic and so am I?
A: What About Bob
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year did Charles, Duke of Orleans, send the first known Valentine's card?
A: 1415
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Alfred Hitchcock's first colour movie?
A: Rope
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What colour is the cross on the flag of Switzerland?
A: White
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which children's TV show could you have seen the character of Windy Miller?
A: Camberwick Green
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which 1996 film does Eddie Murphy play characters including Sherman Klump and Buddy Love?
A: The Nutty Professor
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Yperite, first used by the German army in September 1917, is better known as what type of gas?
A: Mustard Gas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 2000, who bared all at the Gielgud Theatre replacing Kathleen Turner in the role of Mrs Robinson in the play The Graduate?
A: Jerry Hall
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the most common name for a pub in Britain?
A: The Red Lion
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Star Trek, what colour is Mr. Spock's blood?
A: Green
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many different ways are there to make change of a dollar? 111, 293 or 487?
A: 293
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 1997 film starring Jack Nicholson is known in China as Mr. Cat Poop?
A: As Good As It Gets
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: As at March 2003, who were the last football team to win the FA Cup final wearing stripes?
A: Coventry City
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many teaspoons are there in a cup?
A: 48
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the main four blood groups?
A: A, B, AB and O
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The average person grows how many inches of hair each year? 6, 10 or 15?
A: 6 inches
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In degrees centigrade, what is the normal body temperature?
A: 37
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The condition of seasonal allergic rhinitis is better known by what name?
A: Hayfever
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: By what name is the trachea more commonly known?
A: Wind-pipe
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the names given to the pits in the skin from which hairs grow out of?
A: Follicles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where in the body would you find the cochlea and the stirrup?
A: Ear
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many bones are there in a normal human hand?
A: 27
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 1959 film won 11 Oscars?
A: Ben Hur
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actor won the 1995 Best Supporting Actor Oscar and the 1999 Best Actor Oscar, currently the only two times he has been nominated?
A: Kevin Spacey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won a Best Supporting Actress Award in 1998 for a performance of less than 8 minutes of screen time?
A: Judi Dench
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: As at 2003, how many women have won a Best Director Oscar?
A: None
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year was the best foreign film category introduced to the Academy Awards?
A: 1948
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of author A. A. Milne's son, the name of whom he used in his Winnie The Pooh books?
A: Christopher Robin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the profession of a leprechaun?
A: Cobbler
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Lanzarote and Tenerife are part of which group of islands?
A: Canary Islands
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What colour is Sonic the Hedgehog?
A: Blue
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Walter Fredrick Morrison sold the rights to his Pluto Platter in 1955, but under what name did this toy become popular?
A: Frisbee
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the game of Cluedo, which of the rooms would come last alphabetically?
A: Study
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What item of food inspired the idea for the computer game pac man?
A: Pizza
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Barbie's boyfriend's first name?
A: Ken
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many points would the word Scrabble score in the game of Scrabble?
A: 14
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which company who make toy cars and other models won the first toy of the year award in 1965 for a model Aston Martin from the first James Bond film?
A: Corgi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the Japanese virtual pets that became very popular throughout the world in 1997?
A: Tamagotchi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Nicknamed the Black Panther, who was the top scorer in the 1966 World Cup finals?
A: Eusebio
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Dutch footballer scored 90 goals in 135 games for A. C. Milan in the late 1980s and early 1990s?
A: Marco Van Basten
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who scored the last ever goal in an FA Cup semi-final replay?
A: Ryan Giggs
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won the 1974 World Cup as a player and the 1990 World Cup as a coach?
A: Franz Beckenbauer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In all of the English and Scottish leagues, which team's name would come first alphabetically?
A: Aberdeen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year were red and yellow cards first used in the English leagues?
A: 1976
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Oscar winning actress is an anagram of Bringing Dream?
A: Ingrid Bergman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first person pictured on a British postage stamp?
A: Queen Victoria
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1980, who became the first British solo female artist to have a UK number one album?
A: Kate Bush
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Britain's first million pound footballer?
A: Trevor Francis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, what was the name of the little people who worked for Willy Wonka and loved to sing?
A: Oompa Loompas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the only bird that can swim but not fly?
A: Penguin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year was actor Sean Connery born?
A: 1930
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who has appeared in more Alfred Hitchock films than any one else?
A: Alfred Hitchcock
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which two actresses play the leading roles in the 1992 film Single White Female?
A: Bridget Fonda and Jennifer Jason Leigh
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Loves Rental Styles is an anagram of which famous actor?
A: Sylvester Stallone
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1999, in the British Film Industry's list of best British films ever, what was the only film in the top ten to be made in the 1990s?
A: Trainspotting
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: According to the title of a 1983 film directed by Brian De Palma, by what name was Antonio Montana better known?
A: Scarface
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which city did gangster Al Capone operate?
A: Chicago
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a number one hit in 1974 called Billy Don't Be A Hero?
A: Paper Lace
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 2003, the American Film Institute compiled a list of the top 50 movie villains - which character from a 1991 film was voted number one?
A: Hannibal Lecter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which fictional hero, created by Baroness Orczy, takes his name from the small red flower with which he signs his messages?
A: The Scarlet Pimpernel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played the villain Hans Gruber in the film Die Hard?
A: Alan Rickman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which superhero takes pictures of himself in action and sells them to the Daily Bugle?
A: Spiderman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: By what name was the serial killer Albert DeSalvo, who killed 13 women between 1962 and 1964, better known?
A: The Boston Strangler
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In American Film Institute's list of the top 50 movie heroes, the number one hero, Atticus Finch, was from which film?
A: To Kill A Mockingbird
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which group had a top ten hit in 2000 called Cartoon Heroes?
A: Aqua
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year did Superman appear in comics for the first time?
A: 1938
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which West Midlands comedian was born Chris Collins in 1957 and sang on a number one hit single in 1996?
A: Frank Skinner
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British playwright wrote Educating Rita, Blood Brothers and Shirley Valentine?
A: Willy Russell
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who featured on Melanie C's number one single Never Be The Same Again in 2000, and died in a car accident in 2002?
A: Lisa Left Eye Lopes
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a top ten hit in 1974 with Streets Of London?
A: Ralph McTell
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which author wrote Patriot Games, Clear And Present Danger and The Hunt For Red October?
A: Tom Clancy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which song includes the lyrics I laughed at all of your jokes, my love you didn't need to coax?
A: Maggie May by Rod Stewart
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the Dutch speaking northern region of Belgium containing approximately half of the country's population?
A: Flanders
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the only country which is crossed by both the equator and the tropic of capricorn?
A: Brazil
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British city has an underground railway system which is nicknamed The Clockwork Orange?
A: Glasgow
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country would you find the original Legoland?
A: Denmark
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the only American state which starts with the letter A but doesn't end with the letter A?
A: Arkansas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: As at the start of the 2003/04 season, how many winners of the English Premiership have there been?
A: 3
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which county is Lord's cricket ground?
A: Middlesex
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the English and Scottish football leagues, which team has the longest name?
A: Inverness Caledonian Thistle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the first Australian city to host the Olympic games?
A: Melbourne
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On a darts board, which number is directly opposite 1?
A: 19
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In cricket, how many runs is a double nelson?
A: 222
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In centimetres, how high is a table tennis table?
A: 76
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: By what name was scultpor and painter Domenikos Theotocopoulos better known?
A: El Greco
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The book The Satanic Verses by Salman Rushdie caused controversy after it was claimed it was blasphemous against which religion?
A: Islam
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which painter, along with Georges Braque, founded the style cubism in the early 20th century?
A: Pablo Picasso
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What relation is author Kingsley Amis to author Martin Amis?
A: Father
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Michelangelo's first name?
A: Michelangelo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which author, who is most remembered for writing another series of books, wrote the children's story Chitty Chitty Bang Bang?
A: Ian Fleming
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year was Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte first published?
A: 1847
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On arriving in New York, which writer famously said... I have nothing to declare but my genius?
A: Oscar Wilde
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which astonaut said the famous line... One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind?
A: Neil Armstrong
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actor/director said in 1989... I don't go around saying: Hello, did you know I'm the new Olivier?
A: Kenneth Branagh
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which politician first said... A week is a long time in politics?
A: Harold Wilson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Shakespearian character said... A horse, a horse. My kingdom for a horse?
A: Richard III
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actress said... When I'm good I'm very good, but when I'm bad I'm better?
A: Mae West
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which animated TV character once said... I'm not normally a religious man, but if you're up there, save me, Superman?
A: Homer Simpson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: With which comic would you associate Beryl the Peril and Korky the Cat?
A: The Dandy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many seconds delay are there between each of Big Ben's strikes? 1, 3 or 5?
A: 5
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In a standard pack of playing cards what do the queens hold in their hands?
A: Flowers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Muhammed Ali's name before he changed it?
A: Cassius Clay
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the title of the Beatles' first single?
A: Love Me Do
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which football team won the F. A. Cup in 1988 as Dave Beasant became the first goalkeeper to save an F. A. Cup final penalty?
A: Wimbledon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which song gave Windsor Davies and Don Estelle a number one hit in 1975?
A: Whispering Grass
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which two-letter word can go after tan and con to produce two new words?
A: Go
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Italian word for scratched drawings is used commonly in English. What is it?
A: Graffiti
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which four letter word can go before beat or fall or after come or melt to produce four new words?
A: Down
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the first three words in the Bible?
A: In The Beginning
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many points would you get for the word Scrabble in a game of Scrabble?
A: 14
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the second most common word in written English behind the?
A: Of
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which town had a clock which always told the time never too quickly, never too slowly?
A: Trumpton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the largest state in America?
A: Alaska
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What part of the body is also the name of a punctuation mark?
A: Colon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the world of politics, what was broadcast live on British television for the first time on 20th March 1990?
A: The Budget
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1796 Edward Jenner discovered a vacination for what?
A: Smallpox
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is graphology the study of?
A: Handwriting
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who provided the voice of the princess in the film 'Shrek'?
A: Cameron Diaz
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which sea has shores in Europe, Asia and Africa?
A: Mediterranean
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year did Karl Marx publish the first volume of Das Kapital?
A: 1867
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the Latin name for the constellation that is commonly known as the Great Bear?
A: Ursa Major
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the world's most southerly capital?
A: Wellington
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actor did Jennifer Anniston marry in July 2000?
A: Brad Pitt
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which English Cathedral has the highest spire?
A: Salisbury
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 1999 film featured a trio of main characters called Heather, Josh and Michael?
A: The Blair Witch Project
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Created by Tim Smit in Cornwall, what is the name of the ecological botanical gardens sometimes dubbed the eighth wonder of the world?
A: The Eden Project
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is the only artist to have a top 40 hit with 'Mustang Sally' in the UK when it reached number 28 in 1966?
A: Wilson Pickett
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Manchester United football club's original name?
A: Newton Heath
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played the title role in the television series 'Dr. Kildare'?
A: Richard Chamberlain
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which company manufactured Love Hearts - packets of small round sweets each of which had a short message on?
A: Swizzel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Approximately what percentage of Valentine's cards are bought by women? 50%, 70% or 85%?
A: 85%
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which TV sitcom is one of the characters said to have proposed to another on Valentine's Day by putting the message Lee love Dawn, marriage? in their local paper?
A: The Office
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The word love as used in the scoring of tennis is thought to have originated from the French word for what type of food?
A: Egg
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 'Friends', which character left home at an early age after her mother committed suicide?
A: Phoebe
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first female presenter of 'Grandstand'?
A: Helen Rollason
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which children's TV show featured a rag doll called Madeleine, a toad called Gabriel, a group of mice and a woodpecker called Professor Yaffle?
A: Bagpuss
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played Hutch in the TV series 'Starsky and Hutch'?
A: David Soul
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the colour of the cross on the flag of Greece?
A: White
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Originally made in a drugstore in Waco, Texas and still enjoyed today, what is America's oldest soft drink?
A: Dr. Pepper
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which word can go after 'mid', 'fort' and 'over' to produce three new words?
A: Night
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the 1990 film 'The Hunt For Red October', who or what is Red October?
A: Submarine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which murder weapon in the game of Cluedo starts and ends with the same letter?
A: Revolver
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where in London would you find the Grave of the Unknown Warrior?
A: Westminster Abbey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the full title of the first Austin Powers film?
A: Austin Powers: International Man Of Mystery
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: At what game was a former world champion famously defeated by a computer called Deep Blue in 1997?
A: Chess
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1987, which golfer became the first British winner of the US Masters?
A: Sandy Lyle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the first name of the first person to be voted out of the first series of Big Brother in the UK?
A: Sada
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: As at March 2004, who is the only actor to win an Oscar for best actor in a leading role for a performance in a foreign language film?
A: Roberto Benigni
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which football team lost the F.A. Cup final in both 1998 and 1999?
A: Newcastle United
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which TV actor had a number one hit single in 1986 with 'Every Loser Wins'?
A: Nick Berry
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In April 2003, who became the oldest man to be rated number one in the World Tennis Association rankings at the age of 33?
A: Andre Agassi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year did the first Rugby World Cup take place?
A: 1987
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What sport was the subject of the film 'National Velvet'?
A: Horse Racing
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: At which distance did Sally Gunnell win her gold medal for hurdling at the 1992 Olympics?
A: 400 metres
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which sport was author Bill Bryson talking about when said It is the only sport in which spectators burn as many calories as players -- more if they are moderately restless?
A: Cricket
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name given to a shot in snooker where the cue ball hits a red ball which hits another red ball to make it go into a pocket?
A: Plant
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the attendance at the 2002 World Cup Final?
A: 69,029
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played the title roles in the 1986 film The Three Amigos?
A: Chevy Chase, Steve Martin, Martin Short
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which soap opera is set in the fictional county of Borsetshire?
A: The Archers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which pop star played Beth in Neighbours between 1991 and 1993?
A: Natalie Imbruglia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: As at 2004, which actor is the only member of the original Coronation Street cast who is still in the show?
A: William Roache
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the fictional tube station in Eastenders?
A: Walford East
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Brookside, which character murdered her father and buried him under the patio and was also involved in the first lesbian kiss in a UK soap opera?
A: Beth Jordache
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: First shown on the station's launch night, what is Channel 5's first original soap opera called?
A: Family Affairs
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year did Emmerdale Farm become Emmerdale? 1989, 1992 or 1995?
A: 1989
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: At the first British Soap Awards in 1999, which Eastenders actress won the sexiest female award?
A: Tamzin Outhwaite
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actress played Arwen in the trilogy of films?
A: Liv Tyler
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: At which English university was J. R. R. Tolkein a professor when he wrote The Lord Of The Rings?
A: Oxford
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many Black Riders are there? 3, 7, 5 or 9?
A: 9
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of Gollum before he committed murder to obtain the ring?
A: Smeagol
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Frodo's second name?
A: Baggins
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played Saruman in Peter Jackson's Lord Of The Rings films?
A: Christopher Lee
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year did J. R. R. Tolkein die?
A: 1973
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which of The Simpsons can play the saxophone?
A: Lisa
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous singer and actress would you associate with the perfume Glow?
A: Jennifer Lopez
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which American city was John Lennon shot?
A: New York City
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who did Bill Clinton famously admit to having an affair with during his time as President of the USA?
A: Monica Lewinsky
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year were the first modern Olympic Games held?
A: 1896
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year did Steve Redgrave win his first gold medal at the Olympics?
A: 1984
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which American state were the 1996 Olympic Games held?
A: Georgia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How long is an Olympic sized swimming pool?
A: 50 metres
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: If you had a beard you would not be allowed to compete in the Olympics at what sport?
A: Boxing
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which city would you find the two English league grounds which are closest to each other?
A: Nottingham
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which English football team are nicknamed the Tractor Boys?
A: Ipswich Town
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which European football team play there home matches at the Delle Alpi?
A: Juventus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year was the Charity Shield first contested?
A: 1909
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which gift is traditionally given on a 15th wedding anniversary? China, Crystal or Tin?
A: Crystal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which 1980s American TV show are the two main characters called Christine and Mary Beth?
A: Cagney And Lacey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Cable-stayed, Pontoon and Suspension are all types of what?
A: Bridges
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: As at September 2004, which footballer is the all time top scorer in the English Premiership who doesn't normally play as a striker?
A: Ryan Giggs
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the capital of Tenerife and is also the name of a city in California?
A: Santa Cruz
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which band released the album Second Coming in 1994, five years after their debut album?
A: The Stone Roses
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which TV personality announced he was gay in 1995 and split from his wife Cheryl?
A: Michael Barrymore
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which animal's name means river horse?
A: Hippopotamous
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In The Simpsons, what type of animal is Santa's Little Helper?
A: Dog
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Other than humans, what are the only animals that have sex for pleasure?
A: Dolphins
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which animal is the national emblem of India? The Tiger, The Elephant or The Snake?
A: The Tiger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many humps does a Bactrian camel have?
A: 2
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who presented the childrens TV show Animal Magic from 1962 to 1983?
A: Johnny Morris
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What type of animal is Shere Khan in The Jungle Book?
A: Tiger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Considered as the oldest zoo in the world, in what year did the Vienna Zoo first open to visitors?
A: 1752
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which alcoholic drink would you need to make the cocktail Tom Collins? Vodka, Whiskey or Gin?
A: Gin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: From which country does the dish paella originate?
A: Spain
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which company makes the chocolate sweets Smarties?
A: Nestle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the most popular fruit in the world?
A: The tomato
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What type of food is John Montagu credited with inventing in 1765, who said that he liked this food because be could continue to gamble at the same time as eating it?
A: Sandwich
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How is the chemical compound Polyvinyl Chloride better known?
A: PVC
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which three elements make up carbohydrates?
A: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous scientist was born in Germany in 1879, became a Swiss citizen in 1901 and later became a US citizen in 1940?
A: Albert Einstein
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who discovered the law of gravity?
A: Sir Isaac Newton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year was the microscope invented?
A: 1931
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the next four words in the first line of the popular rhyme which starts Remember, remember the fifth of November?
A: Gunpowder, Treason and Plot
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a hit single in 1989 with We Didn't Start The Fire?
A: Billy Joel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many barrels of gunpowder were discovered in the cellars of Westminster Hall as part of Guy Fawkes' gunpowder plot? 36, 96 or 266?
A: 36
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which TV series featured Brett Butler playing the main character called Grace Kelly?
A: Grace Under Fire
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year did the Gunpowder Plot take place?
A: 1605
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Guy Fawkes real first name? Guido, Gundry or John?
A: Guido
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 2002, which position was Guy Fawkes voted into in BBC's 100 Greatest Britons poll?
A: 30th
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the 1995 film starring Sandra Bullock as a computer expert whose identity is erased?
A: The Net
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where in the body would you find the metacarpus?
A: The Hand
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Gary Lightbody from Northern Ireland is the lead singer with which band?
A: Snow Patrol
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What does the name of the terrorist group Al-Qaida translate as in English? The Base, The Book or The Beads?
A: The Base
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the leader of the Labour party from 1980 to 1983?
A: Michael Foot
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played Harry in When Harry Met Sally?
A: Billy Crystal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: As in the dish Chilli Con Carne, what is the translation of the word Carne? Sauce, Rice or Meat?
A: Meat
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Kenny Rogers first solo number one single in the UK?
A: Lucille
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In The Twelve Days Of Christmas, how many ladies dancing were there?
A: 9
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a minor hit in 1986 with the song Santa Claus Is On The Dole?
A: Spitting Image
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which one of the following singles was not a Christmas number one? Lonely This Christmas by Mud, Last Christmas by Wham or Merry Christmas Everyone by Shakin Stevens?
A: Last Christmas by Wham
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who famously sang Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas in the film Meet Me In St Louis?
A: Judy Garland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: When you first took my hand on a cold christmas eve you promised me Broadway was waiting for me is a lyric from which Christmas song?
A: Fairytale Of New York
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: For which 1990 invention was Tim Berners-Lee awarded the first Millenium Technology Prize in April 2004?
A: The World Wide Web
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which controversial documentary film won the Palme D'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2004?
A: Fahrenheit 9/11
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In March 2004, Piers Morgan resigned as the editor of which newspaper after publishing fake photographs of Iraqi prisoners being abused?
A: Daily Mirror
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who are the famous mother and father of Apple Blythe Alison Martin who was born in May 2004?
A: Gwyneth Paltrow and Chris Martin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is the Patron Saint of England?
A: St George
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which group had a number one hit in 2003 called Where Is The Love?
A: Black Eyed Peas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Melbourne is the capital of which Australian state?
A: Victoria
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which 1999 film do George Clooney, Mark Wahlberg and Ice Cube star as U.S. soldiers in Iraq at the end of the Gulf War?
A: Three Kings
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Bill Clinton admitted he had a sexual relationship with Monica Lewinsky after a stain was found on what type of clothing that belonged to her?
A: Dress
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which English King declared first declared Valentine's Day an official holiday in 1537?
A: Henry VIII
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played Shakespeare in the Oscar winning film Shakespeare In Love?
A: Joseph Fiennes
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On what day of the week was Valentines Day in the year 2000?
A: Monday
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: With which sport would you associate Davis Love III?
A: Golf
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a hit with the song Paper Roses in 1973?
A: Marie Osmond
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous explorer was murdered by natives of Hawaii on Valentine's Day in 1779?
A: James Cook
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 1997 film was a character called Rose played by two different actresses, both of whom received Oscar nominations for their parts?
A: Titanic
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the hit show based on the songs of Abba?
A: Mama Mia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which G is the name of the Italian astronomer who improved the telescope so much as to discover that there were craters on the moon?
A: Galileo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: For which series of films were the actors Kenneth Williams and Sid James best known?
A: Carry On ...
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which alternative word for the Devil is a Hebrew word with translates as Lord Of The Flies?
A: Beelzebub
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On which TV island might you have found actor Ricardo Montalban?
A: Fantasy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Mozart's opera, which was a continuation of The Barber Of Seville, was called The Marriage Of ... who?
A: Figaro
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the nearest planet to the Sun?
A: Mercury
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the dopey road sweeper player by Roger Lloyd-Pack in Only Fools And Horses?
A: Trigger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which sport do the rules specify that the ball used must not weigh less than 45.93 grams and must have a diameter of at least 42.67 millimetres?
A: Golf
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which came first - Rugby League or Rugby Union?
A: Rugby Union
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the heaviest? An Ice Hockey Puck or a Baseball?
A: An Ice Hockey Puck
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What oriental game comprises 144 tiles?
A: Mah-jong
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What comes next in the following sequence... Red, Blue, White, Black, Orange, __?
A: Black and White
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year was the penalty kick first introduced into the game of football?
A: 1891
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who did Sue Barker replace as host of the BBC quiz show A Question Of Sport?
A: David Coleman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1999, what film became Tom Hanks first sequel?
A: Toy Story 2
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the robot dog that became a regular companion for Doctor Who?
A: K-9
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which former Blue Peter presenter was involved in the first National Lottery TV draw in November 1994?
A: Anthea Turner
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played The Joker in the 1989 film Batman?
A: Jack Nicholson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who were the three stars of the TV show The Goodies?
A: Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who were the original presenters on Channel 4's Big Breakfast?
A: Chris Evans and Gaby Roslin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which Bond film does Britt Ekland play the character of Mary Goodnight?
A: The Man With The Golden Gun
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actress divorced Dennis Quaid in 2001 after she had an affair with Russell Crowe?
A: Meg Ryan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Channel 4's 1999 poll to find the 100 Greatest Movie Stars, in what position was Michael Caine?
A: 44
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: True or False: St. Patrick was born in Ireland?
A: False
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Irish writer is the only person to have won both a nobel prize and an academy award?
A: George Bernard Shaw
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Irishman has won the Eurovision song contest twice as a singer and once as a composer?
A: Johnny Logan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the English translation of Ireland's national anthem Amhrรกn na bhFiann?
A: A Soldier's Song
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Irish born explorer is best remembered for his Anatarctic expedition from 1914 to 1916 in the ship Endurance?
A: Ernest Shackleton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who became the first Irish woman to set a world record in a track event when she recorded a record time in the 5,000 metres in 1991?
A: Sonia O'Sullivan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many calories are in a pint of Guinness?
A: 198
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who resides at Clarence House?
A: Prince Charles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British monarch reigned for longer than any other?
A: Queen Victoria
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year was Prince William born?
A: 1982
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: As at April 2004, how many different Prime Ministers has the Queen given audience to?
A: 10
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the official title of Camilla now that she has married Prince Charles?
A: Duchess of Cornwall
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was King during World War I?
A: George V
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the Queens official residence in Scotland?
A: The Palace Of Holyrood House
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: At the time of her golden jubilee, how many ships had the Queen launched?
A: 17
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On what date does St George's Day fall?
A: April 23rd
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which George directed the 2002 film Confessions Of A Dangerous Mind?
A: George Clooney
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 2002, who was the highest placed 'George' in the BBC poll of 100 Greatest Britons?
A: Boy George
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which George is the author with the real name of Eric Arthur Blair?
A: George Orwell
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was George's surname in George And Mildred?
A: Roper
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What type of animal was George in the children's TV show Rainbow?
A: Hippo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which George had top ten hits in the 1980s with Give Me The Night and In Your Eyes?
A: George Benson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played the title role in 1997 film George Of The Jungle?
A: Brendan Fraser
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which King created the George Cross medal? George III, George V or George VI?
A: George VI
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is a more common name for the Aurora Borealis?
A: The Northern Lights
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In September 2003, Fathers 4 Justice campaigner Jason Hatch caused an embarrassing security breach at Buckingham Palace dressed as who?
A: Batman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which English city stands on the river Nene?
A: Peterborough
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What were the christian names of the Blues Brothers?
A: Jake and Elwood
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the official residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury?
A: Lambeth Palace
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who painted The Laughing Cavalier?
A: Frans Hals
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of Derek Trotter's local?
A: The Nag's Head
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are Dominican Monks also known as? Blackfriars, Greyfriars or Whitefriars?
A: Blackfriars
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which motorcycle company makes the Road King FLHR?
A: Harley-Davidson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What colour are the vertical stripes of the Italian Flag?
A: Green, White and Red
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year did Wimpey open the first burger res'Come out to play'?
A: Archers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: According his famous poem, what had John Milton lost?
A: Paradise
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Disney annimation saw a young King Arthur enjoying his encounter with Merlin?
A: Sword In The Stone
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What sign did God give to Noah to show that the Earth would not be flooded again?
A: A Rainbow
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the statue by Antony Gormley that stands near the A1 motorway in Gateshead?
A: The Angel Of The North
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which of Batman's villains did Burgess Meridith play in the sixties TV series?
A: The Penguin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which singer was born in London with the name Steven Georgiou and is now called Yusuf Islam?
A: Cat Stevens
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is the last British player to win the women's singles title at Wimbledon?
A: Virginia Wade
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British player reached the fourth round of the mens singles in 1992 and 1994?
A: Jeremy Bates
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the two traditional colours of Wimbledon?
A: Green and Purple
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won the men's singles title at Wimbledon in 2001, 11 years after he first competed in the tournament?
A: Goran Ivanisevic
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the number of the court at Wimbledon which is nicknamed The Graveyard Of Champions due to a large number or seeded players being beaten on it by lower ranked players?
A: Number 2
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many times did Boris Becker win the Men's Singles title at Wimbledon?
A: Three
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year was the Mixed Doubles first contested in Wimbledon?
A: 1913
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What mythical creature has the head and wings of an eagle and the body of a lion?
A: Griffin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In cricket when a ball is hit for four, what is the line the ball crosses over called?
A: Boundary
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous song, sung at the Last Night of the Proms begins with the line When Britain first at Heav'n's command?
A: Rule Britannia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What UK bank holiday is celebrated 2 days after Good Friday?
A: Easter Sunday
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What's the collective name for a group of lions?
A: Pride
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: From what London building in 1936 were the first BBC TV broadcasts made?
A: Alexandra Palace
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which four American Presidents have their faces scultped on Mount Rushmore?
A: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In four colour process printing, which is also known as CMYK, which are the only four colours that are used?
A: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the first four books of the Bible?
A: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which four American states begin with the letter I?
A: Idaho, Illinois, Indiana and Iowa
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which film did Rex Harrison appear alongside a two-headed llama?
A: Doctor Doolittle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which character has been played on TV by Phil Silvers and on film by Steve Martin?
A: Sergeant Bilko
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Mary Nichols and Anne Chapman were two of the six victims of who?
A: Jack The Ripper
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played the chef Gareth Blackstock in the sitcom "Chef"?
A: Lenny Henry
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who painted the Flatford Mill?
A: John Constable
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which toy was originally called the Pluto Platter when it was first sold in 1955?
A: Frisbee
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which of the Teletubbies has a triangular antenna on their head?
A: Tinky Winky
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On a standard keyboard, which is the largest key?
A: Space Bar
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which English county would you find a town called Westard Ho!, the only English town to contain an exclamation mark in its name?
A: Devon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1968, the first inter-racial kiss on American TV took place in which long running series?
A: Star Trek
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the two colours of Dennis The Menace's jumper?
A: Red and Black
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In The Wizard Of Oz, what was the Tin Man looking for?
A: A Heart
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which African American civil rights activist was assassinated in 1968 by escaped convict James Earl Ray?
A: Martin Luther King
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which George Orwell novel features a character called Napoleon?
A: Animal Farm
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 1997 British film had the working title of Eggs, Beans and Chippendales?
A: The Full Monty
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Lord David Sutch, who committed suicide in 1999, was famous for founding what in 1983?
A: The Monster Raving Loony Party
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which colour features in the title of number one hits by Tom Jones and Shakin Stevens?
A: Green
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In a greyhound race, what colour does the greyhound in trap 3 wear?
A: White
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which capital city did the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand trigger World War I?
A: Sarajevo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Nairobi is the capital of which African country?
A: Kenya
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which capital city has a name meaning "I see the mountain" and which country is it the capital of?
A: Montevideo, Uruguay
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the capital of Vietnam? Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City or Phnom Penh?
A: Hanoi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the capital city of Canada?
A: Ottawa
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Bon Scott was the lead singer for which famous rock band?
A: AC/DC
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first Beatle to get married?
A: John Lennon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which word appears in the title of a Police hit in 1981, a Queen hit in 1986 and a Take That hit in 1992?
A: Magic
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Madonna's first UK number one single?
A: Into The Groove
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many sisters are in the group Sister Sledge?
A: 4
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which footballer won the Golden Boot for scoring the most goals at 1986 World Cup Finals?
A: Gary Lineker
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which snooker player is nicknamed the Rocket?
A: Ronnie O Sullivan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The field of play for which sport is often called a grid-iron?
A: American Football
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: At which event has Steve Backley won Olympic Bronze and Silver medals?
A: Javelin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Solheim cup is the women's equivalent of which famous sporting cup?
A: The Ryder Cup
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who did Alex Ferguson succeed as manager of Manchester united?
A: Ron Atkinson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the attendance at the 2003 Rugby World Cup final when England beat Australia?
A: 82,957
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which University in the UK has the largest number of students?
A: The Open University
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which childrens novel by Raymond Briggs has a main character whose job it is to scare people?
A: Fungus The Bogeyman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the colour of the flag of Libya, which is the only national flag consisting of only one colour?
A: Green
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which patron saint's day is observed on November 30th?
A: St Andrew's
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Fleetwood Mac's only UK number one single?
A: Albatross
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which chemical element has the symbol Fe?
A: Iron
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The actor Johnny Depp had a tattoo on his arm surgically altered after the break up of his relationship with which actress?
A: Winona Ryder
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the capital city of China?
A: Beijing
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous tourist attraction can be viewed from the 'Maid Of The Mist'?
A: Niagra Falls
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which London railway station has the most platforms?
A: Waterloo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What colour is the leftmost stripe on the French flag?
A: Blue
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which district of London would you find Harrods department store?
A: Knightsbridge
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In kilometres, how long is the coastline of Brazil?
A: 7,491 km
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the song The Twelve Days Of Christmas, how many ladies dancing are given as gifts in total?
A: 36
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first monarch in Britain to make a Christmas Day broadcast?
A: King George V
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On what date does Saint Nicholas' Day fall? December 6th, December 16th or December 26th?
A: December 6th
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Christmas number one includes the line All I wish that everyday was christmas, what a nice way to spend the year?
A: Merry Christmas Everyone
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What 'D' is the name of Rudolph the red-nosed reindeer's dad?
A: Donner
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 2004 film sees Tom Hanks take a boy on a trip to the North Pole to visit Santa Claus?
A: The Polar Express
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Generation Game presenter was famous for his catchphrase Shut That Door?
A: Larry Grayson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: During which TV game show were the contestants invited to go wild in the aisles?
A: Supermarket Sweep
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who hosted the BBC gameshow Going For Gold which featured contestants from various European countries?
A: Henry Kelly
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Of all the gameshows that were revived for a series of one-off specials in Ant And Dec's Gameshow Marathon which was the oldest?
A: Take Your Pick
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the special guest who took part in the 200th edition of A Question Of Sport to help give it its highest ever viewing figures of over 19 million?
A: Princess Anne
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who presented Ask The Family when it was revived in 2005?
A: Dick and Dom
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What were the names of the four original zones in The Crystal Maze?
A: Aztec, Futuristic, Medieval and Industrial
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who commanded the Scottish army at the Battle Of Bannockburn?
A: Robert The Bruce
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: With which re-released song did The Bluebells have a number one hit in 1993?
A: Young At Heart
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: At which athletics event did American Mike Powell break the world record in 1991, a record which had stood for almost 33 years?
A: Long Jump
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: International Nursing Day was chosen as May 12th as it is the anniversary of the birth of which famous person from history?
A: Florence Nightingale
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In music, which group named themselves after the main character in the 1984 film Paris, Texas?
A: Travis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who were the last football team other than Manchester United, Arsenal and Chelsea to win the top league in England?
A: Blackburn Rovers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: From which country does the drink Stella Artois originate?
A: Belgium
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What did Earl John Montagu allegedly invent so that he could eat with one hand while playing cards with the other?
A: The Sandwich
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who founded Kentucky Fried Chicken?
A: Colonel Sanders
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which fruit was originally known as the love apple?
A: Tomato
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which drink is advertised with the slogan made in Scotland from girders?
A: Irn-Bru
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Founded in Switzerland in 1866 by a German pharmacist, what is the world's largest food company?
A: Nestle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the first line of the Italian song O Sole Mio altered to in a long series of TV adverts for a food brand?
A: Just One Cornetto
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the main alcoholic spirit used to make a Daiquiri cocktail?
A: Rum
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which type of food is named after the French for twice cooked?
A: Biscuit
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Alicante, Cardinal, Cassidy, Niagara and Palamino are all varieties of which fruit?
A: Grape
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year was the Big Mac introduced into McDonalds?
A: 1968
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which three films are tied for winning the most Academy Awards, with 11 Oscars each?
A: Ben-Hur, Titanic and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: As at 2006, Which actress has had 13 Oscar nominations, more than any other actress?
A: Meryl Streep
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 1981 film is the only Best Picture Oscar winner to contain all of the letters of Oscar in its title?
A: Chariots Of Fire
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: As it 2006, who is the most nominated male actor in Oscar history?
A: Jack Nicholson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the most common street name in Britain?
A: High Street
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British city has more miles of canal than Venice?
A: Birmingham
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The first single to sell over two million copies in Great Britain was written as a tribute to where in Great Britain?
A: Mull Of Kintyre
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which lake in Great Britain has the largest volume of water?
A: Loch Ness
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the TV show Little Britain what is the name of the only gay in the village?
A: Daffyd Thomas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: True or False: Great Britain is one of the top ten largest islands in the world?
A: True
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who lived in the top left-hand corner of Wales?
A: Ivor The Engine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the longest motorway in Great Britain?
A: M6
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Britain, which University has more students than any other?
A: The Open University
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On which BBC TV show did the plasticine character Morph first appear?
A: Take Hart
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which shop did Anita Roddick open in Brighton in 1976, leading to a highly successful chain of stores now trading in over 40 countries worldwide?
A: The Body Shop
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Zola Budd was blamed for the fall of which fellow athlete as they ran together in the 3000 metres final at the 1984 Olympic Games?
A: Mary Decker
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Before he left The Beatles, which instrument did Stuart Sutcliffe play in the band?
A: Bass
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the title of Mariah Carey's debut single, which was a top ten hit in the UK and a number one in the USA?
A: Vision Of Love
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which character did Hugo Weaving play in the film The Matrix?
A: Agent Smith
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: With which group did Tony Christie have a top ten hit with in 1999 with the song Walk Like A Panther?
A: All Seeing I
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the most common gas in the air we breathe?
A: Nitrogen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is known in history as the father of computing?
A: Charles Babbage
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What nationality was Robert Bunsen, of whom the Bunsen burner was named after?
A: German
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the scientific name for the hip bone?
A: Pelvis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which annual prizes were established by the legacy of a Swedish chemist?
A: The Nobel prizes
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many kilobytes are there in a megabyte?
A: 1,024
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what branch of science would a unit of distance called a Parsec be used?
A: Astronomy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many minutes does it take the Hubble Space Telescope to complete one orbit around the earth?
A: 97
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the 1994 film The Flintstones, which legendary actress played Fred Flintstone's mother-in-law?
A: Elizabeth Taylor
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In The Lion King, what relation is Scar to Simba?
A: Uncle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What colour is the wig that Julia Roberts wears when she first meets Richard Gere in the film Pretty Woman?
A: Blonde
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Robert Louis Stevenson story became Disney's first non animated film in 1950?
A: Treasure Island
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 2005, which 8 word sentence was voted by the American Film Institute as the greatest movie quote of all time?
A: Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played Clarice Starling in the film Hannibal?
A: Julianne Moore
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which T. S. was the name of Dick Van Dyke's girlfriend in the film Chitty Chitty Bang Bang?
A: Truly Scrumptious
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The film The Madness Of King George tells the story of which King of the United Kingdom?
A: George III
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which nation has won the Eurovision Song Contest more than any other?
A: Ireland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1978, which country became the first to receive nul points overall, with their entry Mil Etter Mil?
A: Norway
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: With which country did Celine Dion win the Eurovision Song Contest in 1988 singing Ne Partez Pas Sans Moi?
A: Switzerland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who represented Russia in the 2003 Eurovision Song Contest after having a number one hit the previous year in the UK?
A: t.A.T.u.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which comedian created and played Tony Ferrino, a Portuguese singer who had won the Eurovision Song Contest in 1980 with the song Papa Bendi?
A: Steve Coogan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the act comprising of Gemma Abbey and Chris Cromby who became the first UK act to receive no points overall?
A: Jemini
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: After the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest, how many times had the United Kingdom finished second?
A: 15
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the BBC's poll of 2002 to find the 100 Greatest Britons, which four people in the top ten were alive during the 20th century?
A: Winston Churchill, Princess Diana, The Queen and John Lennon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which four letters are worth 3 points each in the game of scrabble?
A: B, C, M and P
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the first names of the four children who enter Narnia in The Lion, The Witch And The Wardrobe?
A: Lucy, Peter, Susan and Edmund
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which England international footballer started his footballing career at Canadian club Calgary Foothills FC?
A: Owen Hargreaves
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How are twin sisters Monica and Gabriela Irimia better known in the music world?
A: The Cheeky Girls
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous song includes the line my shavin' razor's cold and it stings?
A: Daydream Believer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is the chubbiest out of all of Snow White's seven dwarfs?
A: Happy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Liverpool player is currently the record FA Cup final goalscorer, with 5 goals to his name?
A: Ian Rush
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which two word rhyming name is the common name for the plant called the Impatiens Walleriana?
A: Busy Lizzie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which former Big Brother contestant who was famous for quotes such as what is the opposite of opposite? and do fish get thirsty? and later went on to present Braniac: Science Abuse on Sky television?
A: Jon Tickle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which song gave Vic Reeves and The Wonder Stuff a number one hit in 1991?
A: Dizzy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 1999 Oscar winning film was directed by Mike Leigh and starred Jim Broadbent as Gilbert of Gilbert and Sullivan fame?
A: Topsy-Turvy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which phrase was first used in a novel by William Burroughs in 1962 and is now commonly used to describe a type of music?
A: Heavy Metal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who first coined the words madcap, hobnob and swagger?
A: William Shakespeare
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What two word phrase is Sweeney Todd Cockney rhyming slang for?
A: Flying Squad
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which word in the NATO Phonetic Alphabet would score the most points in a game of Scrabble?
A: Whiskey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Beelzebub is Hebrew for what phrase, which is also the title of a famous novel?
A: Lord Of The Flies
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What three letter word was removed from decimal coins in 1982?
A: New
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year was the word homosexual first used?
A: 1869
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: As at 2006, who are the only team to have played in every World Cup?
A: Brazil
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year were 3 points for a win first introduced to the group stages of the World Cup finals?
A: 1994
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the dog who found the World Cup in 1966 after it had been stolen?
A: Pickles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which city did every match from the 1930 World Cup take place?
A: Montevideo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What type of animal was World Cup Willie, the mascot for the 1966 World Cup?
A: Lion
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 40 year old captained the 1982 World Cup winners?
A: Dino Zoff
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played Alex Forrest, the editor of a publishing company, in the 1987 film Fatal Attraction?
A: Glenn Close
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which Sheffield stadium do the events take place in the Channel 4 TV show The Games?
A: The Don Valley Stadium
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played Fusilier Dave Tucker in Soldier Soldier?
A: Robson Green
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which darts player is known as The Power?
A: Phil Taylor
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played Fagin in the original West End production of Oliver and in the 1968 film of the same name?
A: Ron Moody
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which mobile phone company was established in 2001 when a Japanese company merged with a Swedish company?
A: Sony Ericsson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The worlds largest spider is named after which biblical character?
A: Goliath
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many pairs of ribs does a human have? 8, 10 or 12?
A: 12
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the only fish able to hold objects in its tail?
A: Seahorse
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the plural of mongoose?
A: Mongooses
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which animal has the Latin name of Lupus?
A: Wolf
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: No Mean City by Maggie Bell is the theme tune to which long running TV detective show?
A: Taggart
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which TV comedian has played characters including Stavros, Tim Nice But Dim and Wayne Slob?
A: Harry Enfield
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In a 2004 poll run by the BBC, which TV show won the title of Best British Sitcom?
A: Only Fools And Horses
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the nickname of Jimmy Nail's character in Auf Wiedersehen, Pet?
A: Oz
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the original presenter of Juke Box Jury?
A: David Jacobs
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the fictional borough in which Eastenders is set?
A: Walford
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the bar in which the TV show Cheers was set?
A: Cheers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In a game of snooker, what colour ball is worth 3 points?
A: Green
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 21 year old model did Rod Stewart marry in 1990?
A: Rachel Hunter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actress famously stripped off her bikini top in slow motion in the 1982 film Fast Times At Ridgemont High?
A: Phoebe Cates
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which female tennis player won the French Open and U.S. Open in both 1991 and 1992, but didn't compete in either of these events in 1993 or 1994?
A: Monica Seles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What C is a name given to someone who makes or sells candles?
A: Chandler
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many golden stars appear in the circle on the blue background of the flag of the European Union?
A: 12
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: From which island nation does the lager Red Stripe originate?
A: Jamaica
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many points does a Star of David have?
A: 6
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who became the first women to win an Oscar for Best Original Song when she did so in 1976 with the film A Star Is Born?
A: Barbra Streisand
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many white stripes are there on the flag of the USA?
A: 6
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The White Stripes 2003 hit single I Just Don't Know What To Do With Myself was originally a hit in 1964 for which female singer?
A: Dusty Springfield
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which city is the hotel Burj al-Arab, which markets itself as the world's first seven-star hotel?
A: Dubai
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What two colours were the stripes of Newcastle United's original football kit, before they changed it in 1904 to avoid confusion with another nearby football club?
A: Red and White
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many times has the flag known as the stars and stripes been changed since it was first adopted by 13 American states?
A: 26
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Born in 1908, which author is best remembered for his series of novels on James Bond?
A: Ian Fleming
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which capital city is the largest museum in the world?
A: Paris
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the dog in Peter Pan?
A: Nana
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Brad Anderson's comic strip Marmaduke, what type of dog is Marmaduke?
A: Great Dane
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which artist caused controversy with their installation called My Bed in the 1999 Turner Prize exhibition?
A: Tracy Emin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which author created the character of Miss Marple?
A: Agatha Christie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What colour is Art and Literature in the standard edition of Trivial Pursuit?
A: Brown
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who painted Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I which reportedly sold for a record 135 million dollars in June 2006?
A: Gustav Klimt
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Reroute Novelist snobs is an anagram of which author?
A: Robert Louis Stevenson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In horseracing, if all the racecourses in Britain were listed alphabetically, which would come first?
A: Aintree
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In football, who was Liverpool's captain when they first won the European cup final in 1977?
A: Emlyn Hughes
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In golf, the U.S. Masters is played at Augusta, but in which state is Augusta?
A: Georgia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On a darts board, what number is diagonally opposite 19?
A: 1
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which sport was the subject of the 1963 film This Sporting Life?
A: Rugby
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which sport, of Celtic origin, uses a ball called a sliotar?
A: Hurling
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: With which sport would you associate Greg Le Mond?
A: Cycling
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Ignoring the words football and club, which is the only team in the 2006/07 Premiership whose name contains all of the letters from the phrase red card?
A: Manchester United
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Steve Davis reached every final of the Snooker World Championship between 1983 and 1989, but who were the two players who beat him?
A: Dennis Taylor and Joe Johnson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The first set of rules for the sport of Boxing, the London Prize Ring rules, were introduced in which year?
A: 1743
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Greek legend, what is the name given to the creature that is half man and half bull?
A: Minotaur
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Based on characters from Greek mythology, the 1963 film Jason And The Argonauts is centred around a quest to find what?
A: The Golden Fleece
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: According to legend, who rid Ireland of snakes?
A: St. Patrick
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: According to Roman mythology, which twins founded Rome?
A: Romulus and Remus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Greek mythology, what name is given to the monsters with sharp fangs and hair of living snakes?
A: Gorgons
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: According to legend, who rode through the streets of Coventry naked and was seen by someone called Tom, leading to the phrase Peeping Tom?
A: Lady Godiva
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Greek mythology who died when he flew too close to the sun and the wax holding together his artificial wings melted?
A: Icarus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the 1963 Disney film that featured the legendary characters of Merlin and King Arthur?
A: The Sword In The Stone
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Sharing her name with a brand of margarine, who was the Roman goddess of flowers and the season of spring?
A: Flora
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the chief God in Norse mythology?
A: Odin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the lyrics to the songs in The Sound Of Music? Rogers or Hammerstein?
A: Hammerstein
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the musical We Will Rock You in collaboration with Queen members Brian May and Roger Taylor?
A: Ben Elton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion was adapted to become which musical?
A: My Fair Lady
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Premiering in New York in 1967, which musical became famous for the amount of nudity involved?
A: Hair
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the book on which the musical Les Miserables is based?
A: Victor Hugo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which song from Joseph And The Amazing Technicolour Dreamcoat gave Jason Donovan a number one hit single in 1991?
A: Any Dream Will Do
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played Fanny Brice in the movie version of the musical Funny Girl?
A: Barbra Streisand
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: First performed in 1948, which musical is based on Shakespeare's The Taming Of The Shrew?
A: Kiss Me, Kate
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Miss Saigon premiered in Drury Lane, London in 1989, but how many performances were put on there before it closed?
A: 4,264
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the most frequently sung song in the language of English?
A: Happy Birthday To You
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which reality TV show was won by MC Harvey, Azra Akin and Terri Dwyer in 2003, and by Jarrod Batchelor, Shane Lynch and Lady Isabella Hervey in 2004?
A: The Games
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which political party changed it's name from the Ecology Party in 1985?
A: The Green Party
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which film features Tom Cruise dancing in his underwear to Old Time Rock 'n' Roll by Bob Seger?
A: Risky Business
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which four letter word can go before match and drive and after screen and personality to form four well known phrases?
A: Test
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What colour is the cross on the Swedish flag?
A: Yellow
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had top ten hits in 1970 with Give Me Just A Little More Time and You've Got Me Dangling On A String?
A: Chairmen Of The Board
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: According to the song Frosty The Snowman, what were Frosty's eyes made out of?
A: Coal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Christmas song won an Oscar for Best Song at the 1942 Academy Awards?
A: White Christmas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The first line of the song Do They Know It's Christmas? by Band Aid was originally intended for which singer, who finally got to sing it during Live Aid?
A: David Bowie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1965, which Christmas song became the first song to be broadcast from space?
A: Jingle Bells
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1987, the Pogues featuring Kirsty MacColl were denied a Christmas Number One with the song Fairytale Of New York. Which song kept them at number 2 with Pogues singer Shane McGowan saying we were beaten by two queens and a drum machine?
A: Always On My Mind
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: From which animated short film does the song Walking In The Air come?
A: The Snowman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the song Twelve Days Of Christmas, what are there 11 of?
A: Pipers Piping
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1986, whose song was Christmas number one in the UK, 2 years after he had died?
A: Jackie Wilson's
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the Titanic's first port of call after it left Southampton?
A: Cherbourg
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Father Ted Crilly and Father Dougal McGuire lived on Craggy Island with which other priest?
A: Father Jack Hackett
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the only X rated film to win an Oscar for Best Picture?
A: Midnight Cowboy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Eye for eye, tooth for tooth.  According to Exodus what comes next?
A: Hand for hand, foot for foot
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which full-length cartoon are the main characters called Pongo and Perdita?
A: 101 Dalmatians
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the capital city of Belarus?
A: Minsk
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Ganymede is the largest moon in the solar system, around which planet does it orbit?
A: Jupiter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played bass guitar in the Beatles?
A: Paul McCartney
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which pop group named themselves after a fictional band from the novel A Clockwork Orange?
A: Heaven 17
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the singer Prince's real first name?
A: Prince
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many quavers are there in a minim? 2, 4 or 8?
A: 4
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which female vocalist sang on Eminem's hit song Stan?
A: Dido
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: By what name was singer Charles Weedon Westover better known, who committed suicide in 1990 by shooting himself?
A: Del Shannon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which part did Deforest Kelley play in the TV series Star Trek?
A: Dr. Leonard Bones McCoy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the novel The War Of The Worlds?
A: H.G. Wells
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Directed by Joss Whedon, which 2005 science fiction movie was based on a short-lived TV show that was cancelled after only eleven of its episodes were broadcast?
A: Serenity
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the computer in the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey?
A: HAL 9000
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played the third incarnation of the Doctor in the TV series Doctor Who?
A: Jon Pertwee
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the surname of the identical twin brothers who compiled the Guiness Book of Records together between 1955 and 1975?
A: McWhirter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of Austin Powers' twin brother?
A: Dougie Powers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the 1872 novel in which Tweedledum and Tweedledee first appear?
A: Lewis Carroll
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Greek mythology, who was the twin sister of Apollo?
A: Artemis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the names of Marge's twin sisters in The Simpsons?
A: Patty and Selma
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which former heavyweight boxing champion has an identical twin brother called George?
A: Henry Cooper
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the surname of the Australian cricketing twins Mark and Steve?
A: Waugh
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is Pauline Fowler's twin in Eastenders?
A: Pete Beale
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is the twin sister of the cartoon hero He-Man?
A: She-Ra
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of Postman Pat's black and white cat?
A: Jess
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the lioness raised by George and Joy Adamson in the book Born Free?
A: Elsa
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the lion in C.S. Lewis' The Lion, The Witch And The Wardrobe?
A: Aslan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the black panther in The Jungle Book?
A: Bagheera
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which American writer and cartoonist was responsible for The Cat In The Hat series?
A: Dr Seuss
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote Old Possum's Book Of Practical Cats?
A: T.S. Eliot
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played the title role in the 2004 movie Catwoman?
A: Halle Berry
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a number one hit with Puppy Love in 1972?
A: Donny Osmond
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Born on Valentine's Day in 1951, who is the only English footballer to have named European Footballer of the Year twice?
A: Kevin Keegan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which former Bond girl played Paige Prescott in the 2001 horror film Valentine?
A: Denise Richards
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Valentine had number one hits in the UK called Finger Of Suspicion and Christmas Alphabet?
A: Dickie Valentine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which TV soap opera features a police officer called Calvin Valentine?
A: Hollyoaks
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Mars has two moons. Phobos is one, but what is the other one called?
A: Deimos
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the 1966 movie The Good, The Bad And The Ugly, Clint Eastwood played the Good" and Lee van Cleef played "the Bad", but who played "the Ugly"?
A: Eli Wallach
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Mauretania, launched in 1906, was the largest and fastest ship in the world at that time. What was the name of her sister ship that was launched in the same year, but sunk by a German U-boat in 1915?
A: Lusitania
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Ballearics are made up of three major islands. Majorca and Minorca are two, but what is the other one?
A: Ibiza
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walked on the moon in 1969, but who was the third astronaut on Apollo 11, who remained in the orbitter?
A: Micheal Collins
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which video game series is sometimes referred to as GTA?
A: Grand Theft Auto
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Exiles is the nickname of which football club?
A: Chester
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What large animal has a gestation period of 22 months, the longest of any land animal?
A: Elephant
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is made of minerals and tiny pieces of rock that have come from the erosion and weathering of rocks?
A: Sand
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Developed by Nintendo in the 1980s, what is currently the biggest selling video game of all time?
A: Super Mario Bros.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Arachnophobia is a fear of what?
A: Spiders
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Gary Lightbody is the lead singer in which group?
A: Snow Patrol
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Actor who played the lead role in a 1952 smash western directed by Fred Zinnemann?
A: Gary Cooper
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Glassed-eyed member of the 'Rat Pack'?
A: Sammy Davis Junior
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The younger co-writer of the 1848 Communist Manifesto?
A: Friedrich Engels
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: An English filmstar who played a character pitied by the gypsy girl Esmeralda?
A: Charles Laughton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: First lady of Argentina from 1946 - 1952?
A: Eva Peron
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Born 1931 in Swindon she became a 'blonde bombshell'?
A: Diana Dors
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the title of Jean-Paul Sartre's first play?
A: The Flies
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Bedloe's Island officially renamed to in 1956?
A: Liberty Island
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Of which famous building was Ictinos the architect?
A: The Parthenon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what field did Albert Namatjira achieve success and fame?
A: Aboriginal Art
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who married Catharine von Bora, a former nun?
A: Martin Luther
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the novel Love In The Time Of Cholera?
A: Gabriel Garcia Marquez
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How did Tollund Man die?
A: Strangulation
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The death of which Swedish king inspired an opera by Verdi?
A: Gustavus III
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: By what stage name did William Claude Dukenfield achieve fame?
A: W. C. Fields
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who received an Oscar nomination for Best Original Song from the film Live and Let Die?
A: Paul McCartney
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who starred in the title role in the 1968 Film The Boston Strangler?
A: Tony Curtis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who received $3.7 million for two weeks work for his part in the 1978 film Superman?
A: Marlon Brando
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who, having been an Olympic swimming champion achieved fame in a second career and was famous for his ululating yell?
A: Johnny Weissmuller
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Whose scandalous affair with Lord Alfred Douglas eventually led to imprisonment?
A: Oscar Wilde
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Pirate Edward Teach was better known by what nickname?
A: Blackbeard
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What nickname was given to the 7th Armoured Division in 1940?
A: The Desert Rats
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: US outlaw Henry McCarty was better known by what nickname?
A: Billy the Kid
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which US State is known as "Mount Rushmore State".
A: South Dakota
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Chelsea footballer of the 60s and 70s was given the nickname Chopper?
A: Ron Harris
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What nickname has been given to Indian bowler Harbhajan Singh?
A: The Turbanator
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British Prime Minister was nicknamed The Grocer in Private Eye?
A: Edward Heath
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which American golfer is affectionately called The Walrus for his portly build and his ample moustache?
A: Craig Stadler
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Linseed Oil is generated from which plant?
A: Flax
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The transportation of what is performed with an Archimedes Screw?
A: Water
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the maiden name of Jane Austen's heroine Emma?
A: Woodhouse
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Elkie Brooks and Robert Palmer sang together in which band?
A: Vinegar Joe
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What nationality were The Mixtures?
A: Australian
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: A hendecagon has how many sides?
A: Eleven
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which fruit is distilled to make Calvados?
A: Apples
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which fruit has a Latin name that translates as Armenian Plum?
A: Apricot
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which large fleshy fruit of the far east has been banned from some public areas because of it's distinctive odour?
A: Durian
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which fruit shares a name with a 1969 short film by Eric Sykes, and an animated television show for children?
A: Rhubarb
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of Gwyneth Paltrow's daughter?
A: Apple
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: A cantaloupe belongs to which family of fruits?
A: Melon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which football league club are known as the Cherries?
A: Bournemouth
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Native to India, what is the largest treeborne fruit in the world?
A: Jackfruit
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which member of Take That shares his name with a fruit?
A: Jason Orange
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What motorcycle has three crossed tuning forks as its emblem?
A: Yamaha
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Famous for its V-twins, what American motorcycle manufacturer started producing machines in 1903?
A: Harley-Davidson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Bonneville' is made by whom?
A: Triumph
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What famous marque of motorcycle was Lawrence of Arabia riding when he was tragically killed in Dorset in 1936?
A: Brough Superior
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Black Shadow and Black Prince are two motorcycle models made in the 1950's, by whom?
A: Vincent
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What motorcycle has a stylised' propeller as its tank badge?
A: B.M.W.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many gears do the motorcycles used in speedway have?
A: One
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Pogues lead singer Shane MacGowan was born on Christmas Day in 1957.  Which female singer featured on their 1987 Christmas single?
A: Kirsty MacColl
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On Christmas Day 1977, Menachem Begin of Israel met with Anwar Sadat of Egypt to start peace talks.  Which one of them was celebrating their birthday that day?
A: Anwar Sadat
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Humphrey Bogart, who was born on Christmas Day 1899, said the line "Here's looking at you kid." In which film?
A: Casablanca
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Charlie Chaplin who died on Christmas Day in 1977, co founded which film studio along with Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks?
A: United Artists
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Born on Christmas Day in 1944, by what stage name was the broadcaster Maurice Cole better known?
A: Kenny Everett
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the more common name for the plant viscum album?
A: Mistletoe
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Comedian Jerry Lewis formed a double act with which actor who died on Christmas Day in 1995?
A: Dean Martin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Former communist dictator Nicolae Ceauşescu, was executed on Christmas Day in 1989.  Which country did he once control?
A: Romania
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The American comedian and actor William Claude Dukenfield, died on Christmas Day in 1946.  How was he better known?
A: W C Fields
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: If Tony Blackburn won in 2002, Phil Tuffnell won in 2003, and Kerry Katona won in 2004, who won in 2007?
A: Christopher Biggins. (I'm a Celebrity, Get Me Out of Here. Joe Pasquale 04, Carol Thatcher 05, Matt Willis 06, and Joe Swash 08).
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: If David Lloyd George is 1, Andrew Bonal Law is 2, and Stanley Baldwin is 3, who is 4?
A: Ramsay MacDonald. (Prime Ministers post WW1).
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: If China is 1, India is 2, and USA is 3, who is 4?
A: Indonesia.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: B.O.A.C. are the initials of which airline?
A: British Overseas Airways Corporation
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Concerned about the impact of uncontrolled development and industrialisation, what National Charity was founded in 1895 by three Victorian philanthropists, Miss Octavia Hill, Sir Robert Hunter and Canon Hardwicke Rawnsley?
A: The National Trust
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What famous make of motorcycle was Lawrence of Arabia riding when he was tragically killed in Dorset in 1936?
A: Brough Superior
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What colour of flag should a ship fly to show it is in quarantine?
A: Yellow
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Purple Brittlegill, Velvet Shank and Orange Milkcap are three types of what?
A: Fungi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who were Tom and Barbara's neighbours in The Good Life?
A: Margo and Jerry Leadbetter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Cockney Rhyming slang what are your `Daisy Roots`?
A: Boots
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the river Ganga called in Bangladesh?
A: Padma
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Chaetophobia is the fear of what?
A: Hair
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Winston Churchill married Clementine in 1908, but what was her maiden name?
A: Hozier
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote Twenty Years Before The Mast?
A: Charles Erskine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who said `I never forget a face, but in your case I'll be glad to make an exception`?
A: Groucho Marx
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many pints does a ten gallon hat hold?
A: 6
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was murdered by Fitzurse, de Tracy, de Morville and Le Breton ?
A: Thomas Becket
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What procedure removes the threat of brucellosis from milk?
A: Pasteurisation
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Michael Barratt was the presenter of which BBC current affairs programme in the 1970s?
A: Nationwide
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who presented a series in 2008 where he visited each of the US states in 6 episodes?
A: Stephen Fry
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who has presented Give Us A Clue, Child's Play, and Crackerjack?
A: Michael Aspel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which sitcom actor presents Scrapheap Challenge?
A: Robert Llewellyn
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who has presented City Hospital, Departure Lounge and Last Choir Standing?
A: Nick Knowles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who presents Location, Location, Location with Phil Spencer?
A: Kirstie Allsopp
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Myleen Klass now presents 10 Years Younger on Channel 4, but what was the name of the pop band that gave her success in 2001?
A: Hear'Say
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who presented Ask The Family in the 1970s?
A: Robert Robinson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who took over as presenter of Countdown from Des O`Connor in 2009?
A: Jeff Stelling
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Radio 4 comedy panel game has run since 1972, but did not air in 2008 following the death of it`s presenter?
A: I`m sorry, I haven`t a clue
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What answer did Major Charles Ingram give to his £1m question?
A: Googol
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who joined the Eggheads team in 2008, having won Are You An Egghead?
A: Barry Simmons
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the first cloned mammal?
A: Dolly
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country was the first FIFA World Cup held?
A: Uruguay
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is the present FIFA president?
A: Sepp Blatter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which part of the ear is commonly known as the anvil?
A: Incus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: A chinese astronaut is known as what?
A: Taikonaut
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the 1927 film that was directed by Fritz Lang and featured a robot called Maria that inspired George Lucas to create the character C-3PO?
A: Metropolis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the home planet of the Transformers?
A: Cybertron
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Arnold Schwarzenegger, Robert Patrick and Kristanna Loken have all played terminators in movies, but which one played the T-1000 in Terminator 2: Judgement Day?
A: Robert Patrick
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which sci-fi author wrote the three laws of robotics?
A: Issac Asimov
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Johnny 5 was the central character in which film?
A: Short Circuit
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Droids was a animated TV series that was a spin off of which movie franchise?
A: Star Wars
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played the gunslinging cowboy robot 406 in the 1973 movie Westworld?
A: Yul Brynner
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Brent Spiner played which character in Star Trek: The Next Generation?
A: Lieutenant Commander Data
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the robot in Forbidden Planet?
A: Robbie the robot
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first man to swim the English Channel?
A: Captain Matthew Webb
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What city, famous for its 'black hole' is the Capital of West Bengal, and the third largest in India?
A: Calcutta
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The second closest planet to the sun is what?
A: Venus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first professional footballer to be knighted?
A: Stanley Matthews
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Au is the chemical symbol for what?
A: Gold
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: A dry red wine produced in the Bordeaux region of France is frequently known as a what?
A: Claret
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Leonard Rossiter and Joan Collins advertised what drink in the 1970s?
A: Cinzano Bianco
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What car manufacturer produces the Shogun?
A: Mitsubishi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: This British tree is used to make hockey sticks, oars, paddles, rudders, billiard cues, cricket stumps, polo sticks and policemen's truncheons?
A: The Ash
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was E.T.'s favorite candy?
A: Reese's Pieces
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the spaceship in Alien?
A: Nostromo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the Joker's real name in Batman?
A: Jack Napier
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How old is the prostitute, played by Jodie Foster in Taxi Driver, supposed to be?
A: 12
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Brandon Lee died during the making of which film?
A: The Crow
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which type of car featured in The Italian Job?
A: Mini
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the first film to win a Best Actor Oscar for Jack Nicholson?
A: One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The sequel to the movie Mad Max was called Mad Max 2, but what was the third in the series called?
A: Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Noah had 3 sons, Ham and Shem were 2, who was the other?
A: Japheth
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who recorded 3 albums in the 1970s, which became known as the Berlin Trilogy?
A: David Bowie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In mythology, what was the name of the 3-headed dog that guarded the gates to Hades?
A: Cerberus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Ironman event consists of 3 elements - a marathon, swimming, and which other?
A: Cycling
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name for the pinkish corner of the eye?
A: The caruncula
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name for the white half moon shape on your fingers?
A: a lunula
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the crease between your lips and your nose called?
A: The philtrum
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name for the revolving spikey wheel on the end of a cowboy's spurs called?
A: A rowel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: If a quaver is an 8th note in music, what is a 64th note called?
A: A hemidemisemiquaver
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the dot called above an 'i' or 'j' called?
A: A tittle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Change the first letter in the surname of a famous jockey to get the surname of a famous New Zealand cricketer. Whats the name of the jockey and the cricketer.
A: Frankie Dettori and Daniel Vettori
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which two words, allegedly heard for the first time in the song Born to be Wild by Steppenwolf, describe a style of rock music?
A: Heavy Metal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What Olympic sport is derived from the Greek word for naked?
A: Gymnastics
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: If you are a Greek man and wear a fustenella what kind of garment would you be wearing?
A: Skirt
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which ocean is the former penal settlement of Devil's Island?
A: Atlantic Ocean
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Ligurian Sea is an arm of which body of water?
A: Mediterranean Sea
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which expanse of sea in the Orkney Islands was the main base of the British Grand Fleet in World War I?
A: Scapa Flow
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is the Greek God of the Sea?
A: Poseidon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Standing on the Arabian Sea what is the principal seaport of Pakistan?
A: Karachi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Gulf of Venice is the northern part of which sea?
A: Adriatic Sea
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which river flows into the Dead Sea?
A: River Jordan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which ocean are the Kara, Beaufort and Lincoln Seas situated?
A: Arctic Ocean
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Delia Smith is associated with which football league club?
A: Norwich City
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Author Wilbur Smith was born and lived most of his life in which country?
A: Rhodesia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Dr Smith was the cowardly troublemaker in "Lost in Space". What was his first name?
A: Zachary
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On what piece of equipment would you perform a "Smith Grind"?
A: A Skateboard
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Smith & Wesson manufacture what?
A: Firearms
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Will Smith's character's name in "Men in Black"?
A: Agent J
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: James Todd Smith, born 1968, is an American award winning rapper and actor. What is he better known as?
A: LL Cool J
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Manchester United signed Patrice Evra from which other football team?
A: Monaco
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which English football team play thair home games at Spotland?
A: rochdale
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which French side knocked Bolton Wanderers out of the 2006 UEFA cup?
A: Olympic Marseille
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Benfica and F.C. Porto compete in which country?
A: Portugal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country did Oliver Kahn play for?
A: Germany
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who were the first ever English team to win away against Real Madrid?
A: Arsenal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a hit single in 1991 with The One And Only?
A: Chesney Hawkes
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: BBC 2 started its programming on 20 April, in which year? 1954, 1959 or 1964?
A: 1964
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote The Three Musketeers?
A: Alexandre Dumas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year was the first Six Nations Championship played?
A: 2000
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who directed the 1960 film The Magnificent Seven?
A: John Sturges
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was given by my true love on the eighth day of Christmas?
A: Eight maids-a-milking
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Traditionally, which player in a rugby league team wore the number nine shirt?
A: Hooker
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The novel written by Agatha Christie that was renamed for political correctness in 1940 as Ten Little Indians has again been renamed.  How is this story now titled?
A: And Then There Were None
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which architect's works include Jameos del Agua, Mirador del Rio and Jardin de Cactus?
A: Cesar Manrique
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the capital of Jersey?
A: St Helier
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which winner of the X Factor (UK) reached number 1 in the UK singles chart with their single 'Hallelujah'?
A: Alexandra Burke
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which philosopher was born in 551 BC in China?
A: Confucius
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Birds, a film by Alfred Hitchcock, was inspired by the short novel of the same name by which author?
A: Daphne Du Maurier
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is the only person to be named number one box office star in the world for a five years in a row, when he acheived this every year from 1978 to 1982?
A: Burt Reynolds
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Bon Jovi's first UK top ten hit single?
A: Livin' On a Prayer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous movie charcter has had movies named after him in the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and the 2000s?
A: Rocky Balboa
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many number one singles did Queen have while Freddie Mercury was alive?
A: Three
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which TV show would you find the characters T-Bag and Linc The Sink?
A: Prison Break
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Star Wars what creatures did the sand people ride?
A: Banthas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Kylie Minogue's first UK number one single?
A: I Should Be So Lucky
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous person from the world of movies died on Christmas Day 1977?
A: Charlie Chaplin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which occupation would you use a plonker?
A: Tailoring
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which sport or pastime would you be playing if you tried to sell a dummy to a hooker?
A: Rugby
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which sport or pastime do players tap and guard their balls?
A: Bowls
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which sport or pastime might you see six chinamen in a maiden or a nightwatchman out with a duck?
A: Cricket
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which sport or pastime would you be playing if you flicked your wink with your squidger into a tiddle?
A: Tiddleywinks
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What English name is ususally given to The Palazzo Ducale in Venice ?
A: The Doge's Palace
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On which famous river would you find the Cat and Mouse castles ?
A: The River Rhine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the most southerly of The Channel Islands ?
A: Jersey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the highest peak in Exmoor National Park ?
A: Dunkery Beacon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the Cumbrian town on the river Eden which has an annual horse fair ?
A: Appleby
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which city stands on the rivers Spree and Havel ?
A: Berlin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the largest lake in Italy ?
A: Lake Garda
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the second largest of the Balearic Islands ?
A: Menorca
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the longest river in Scandinavia ?
A: The River Glomma
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Northwest of which country is called Thrace ?
A: Greece
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which German football club has won the most league titles?
A: FC Bayern Munich
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the cat that survived the sinking of the Bismarck, HMS Cossack and the HMS Ark Royal in WW II ?
A: Unsinkable Sam
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which US state did Sir Walter Raleigh name?
A: Virginia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which book begins with the line The American handed Leamus another cup of coffee.... ?
A: The Spy Who Came In From The Cold
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which two men are waiting for Godot?
A: Vladimir and Estragon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is a bird AND a fruit?
A: Kiwi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Thomas was executed alongside Guy Fawkes in November 1605?
A: Winter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which book would one find the trog like human species named Morlocks?
A: The Time Machine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Gossima was the original name for which sport?
A: Table Tennis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actor was a Prefab Sprout album?
A: Steve McQueen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which English Monarch succeeded William III of Orange?
A: Anne
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which planet's day is longer than its year?
A: Venus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the closest star to Earth?
A: The Sun
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who, in 1960, became the first woman Prime Minister in the world?
A: Sirimavo Bandaranaike
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which ancient thinker is said to have had a golden thigh?
A: Pythagorus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which English cricket county did W. G. Grace represent?
A: Gloucestershire
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Japanese what word means they who serve?
A: Samurai
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which singing and dancing actor was born Frederick Austerlitz in 1899?
A: Fred Astaire
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the play Under Milk Wood?
A: Dylan Thomas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actress, who died in 1962, starred in the films Some Like It Hot and Bus Stop?
A: Marilyn Monroe
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which author's works include The History Of Mr Polly, The Time Machine and The War Of The Worlds?
A: H.G. Wells
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the poem The Hunting Of The Snark?
A: Lewis Carroll
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played Vito Corleone in The Godfather?
A: Marlon Brando
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote The Communist Manifesto?
A: Karl Marx
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous singer songwriter was the inspiration for the 2007 movie I'm Not There?
A: Bob Dylan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of Ron Weasley's pet rat in the Harry Potter movies?
A: Scabbers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Of Mice And Men is a novel by which American novelist?
A: John Steinbeck
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: There's a moose loose aboot this hoose is a line from the 1958 no1 hit single Hoots Mon by which band?
A: Lord Rockingham's XI
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Glenis the Guinea Pig is which rodent superstar's girlfriend?
A: Roland Rat's
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Spike the bulldog from the Tom And Jerry cartoons has a son called what?
A: Tyke
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the 1997 comedy movie MouseHunt which two comic actors play the parts of the Smuntz brothers Ernie and Lars?
A: Nathan Lane and Lee Evans
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the first name of Agatha Christie's Miss Marple?
A: Jane
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the number one hit single by Spitting Image in 1986?
A: The Chicken Song
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who rode Kris Kin to success in the Epsom Derby in 2003?
A: Kieran Fallon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the classic thriller novel The Thirty-Nine Steps?
A: John Buchan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the last of the seven Roman kings?
A: Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What colour was Barbara Windsor's bikini in Carry On Camping?
A: Green
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who did Rocky fight for the title in the original film?
A: Apollo Creed
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the rank Steve McQueen's character in The Great Escape?
A: Captain Hilts
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which two James Bond films did Jaws appear?
A: The Spy Who Loved Me and Moonraker
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Major Roy Franklin's nickname in The Guns of Navarone?
A: Lucky
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the angel's name in It's a Wonderful Life?
A: Clarence
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What were the names of the gay couple in Four Weddings and a funeral?
A: Gareth and Matthew
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 1964 movie saw Peter Sellars utter the words "You can't fight in here Gentlemen this is a War Room"?
A: Dr Strangelove.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Two different doctors appear in Diagnosis Murder, and Grey's Anatomy, but have the same name. What is it?
A: Dr Mark Sloan.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Dr No's first name?
A: Julius
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the doctor played by Harrison Ford in the movie The Fugitive?
A: Dr Richard Kimble
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the nickname of Dr Leonard McCoy in the original Star Trek series?
A: Bones.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played the lead part of Dr Malcolm Crowe in the movie Sixth Sense?
A: Bruce Willis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the first name of Dr House, played by Hugh Lawrie?
A: Gregory.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the monkey in The Lion King?
A: Rafiki
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country is The Aristocats set?
A: France
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the main ant from A Bug's Life?
A: Flik
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the first full length animated feature to be produced by Walt Disney?
A: Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous Welsh singer sings the title song in The Emperor's New Groove?
A: Tom Jones
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name does Woody have carved on the bottom of his foot in Toy Story?
A: Andy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Lotus made an open top sports car called the Seven, but who makes it now?
A: Caterham Cars
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the only non-American to star as one of the Magnificent Seven?
A: Horst Buchholz
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: One of the Seven Wonders of the World was at Alexandria. What type of structure was it?
A: A lighthouse
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: New Zealand has won every IRB Sevens tournament since 1999 except one. Who won in 2005-2006?
A: Fiji
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the dog in Enid Blighton's Secret Seven books?
A: Scamper
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the Seven Dials Mystery?
A: Agatha Christie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Morgan Freeman and Brad Pitt starred in Seven, but who played the killer?
A: Kevin Spacey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the computer in Blake's Seven?
A: Zen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year did the first Red Nose Day take place?
A: 1988
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Before Red Nose Day there were two comic relief records. What was the first one called and who was it by?
A: Living Doll by Cliff Richard and The Young Ones
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Stonk was the Red Nose Day single of 1991. Which comedy duo performed it?
A: Hale and Pace
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Beatles song did Bananarama featuring La Na Nee Nee Noo Noo cover for Red Nose Day in 1989?
A: Help
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played Harry Potter in a sketch for Red Nose Day in 2003?
A: Dawn French
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In a Little Britain sketch for Red Nose Day in 2007, who played Vicky Pollard's sister?
A: Kate Moss
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the title of the 1995 Red Nose Day single featuring Eric Clapton?
A: Love Can Build A Bridge
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of Roy Rogers' horse?
A: Trigger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of Tex Ritter's horse?
A: White Flash
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What ws the name of Tonto's horse?
A: Scout
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of Hopalong Cassidy's horse?
A: Topper
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of The Cisco Kid's horse?
A: Diablo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was yhe name of Ken Maynard's horse?
A: Tarzan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of Tom Mix's horse?
A: Tony
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of Dale Evans' horse?
A: Buttermilk
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the five first names of the members of the pop group Girls Aloud?
A: Cheryl (Cole), Nadine (Coyle), Sarah (Harding), Nicola (Roberts) and Kimberley (Walsh)
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the Bible, what are the five books that make up the Pentateuch?
A: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the names of the four houses at Hogwarts in the Harry Potter novels?
A: Gryffindor, Ravenclaw, Hufflepuff, and Slytherin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which TV show is centred around Al Bundy, his wife Peggy, and their children Kelly and Bud?
A: Married With Children
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On which 1990s TV show would you find Captain Nathan Bridger?
A: SeaQuest DSV
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On the TV show Blue Thunder, what type of vehicle was Blue Thunder?
A: A helicopter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What breed was Columbo's dog?
A: Basset hound
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous American actor played Rowdy Yates in the TV series Rawhide?
A: Clint Eastwood
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first winner of ITV's Dancing On Ice?
A: Gaynor Faye
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On the third series of I'm A Celebrity... Get Me Out Of Here, in what position did Jordan finish?
A: Fifth
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who has starred in both Star Trek and Heroes?
A: George Takei
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: As of 2009, who holds the record for winning more major golf championships than anyone else?
A: Jack Nicklaus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: As of 2009, who is the only Scottish footballer to have been named European Footballer of the Year?
A: Denis Law
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many of Muhammad Ali's 61 professional boxing fights did he win? 50, 56 or 60?
A: 56
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the nationality of former Olympic downhill skier Franz Klammer?
A: Austrian
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On 6 May 1954 Roger Bannister was the first person to run a mile in under four minutes.  Who took the record from him 46 days later?
A: John Landy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many gold medals did Mark Spitz win in the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City?
A: Two
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: As on 2009, which American Football team has won the most Superbowls?
A: Pittsburgh Steelers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which royal residence did both George V and George VI die?
A: Sandringham House
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which scientific instrument was invented by father and son Hans and Zacharias Jansen in the late 16th Century?
A: Microscope
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the commander-in-chief of the Greeks in the Trojan Wars and was murdered by his wife Clytemnestra?
A: Agamemnon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Australian group started their career in 1977 as The Ferris Brothers?
A: INXS
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is the mother of actress Vanessa Redgrave?
A: Rachel Kempson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country did David Beckham marry Victoria Adams?
A: Ireland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which of the disciples of Jesus was the brother of Andrew?
A: Saint Peter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Dr Doom's first name?
A: Victor
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Ben Grimm is better known by what name?
A: The Thing
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who plays Colonel Nick Fury in the film Iron Man?
A: Samuel L. Jackson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the newspaper that Peter Parker works for?
A: The Daily Bugle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is Kal-El better known as?
A: Superman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played Nick Fury in the made for TV movie of the same name?
A: David Hasselhoff
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the doctor of which the Incredible Hulk is the alter-ego?
A: Bruce Banner
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What were the full names of Bonnie and Clyde?
A: Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played Irish-American cop Jim Malone in the 1987 film The Untouchables?
A: Sean Connery
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Brother owner Anna Sage is best known in history for giving information to the FBI on which bank robber?
A: John Dillinger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Martin Riggs is a police officer in which series of films?
A: Lethal Weapon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The film Reservoir Dogs involved a botched job to steal what type of items?
A: Jewellery
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which movie, starring Steve McQueen and Ali MacGraw, was remade with Alec Baldwin and Kim Basinger in the leading roles?
A: The Getaway
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Real life police officers Buddy Russo and Jimmy Popeye Doyle are depicted in the movie The French Connection by which two actors?
A: Gene Hackman and Roy Scheider
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Officer Alex J. Murphy became better known by what name in the title of a 1987 film?
A: RoboCop
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played The Outlaw Josie Wales in the movie of the same name?
A: Clint Eastwood
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the dentist, gambler and gunfighter of the American Old West, who is usually remembered for his friendship with Wyatt Earp?
A: John Henry Doc Holliday
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote and performed the Oscar Nominated track Blaze Of Glory for the movie Young Guns 2?
A: Jon Bon Jovi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In response to his young radio listeners aspiring to be just like him, who created the Cowboy Code, or Cowboy Commandments?
A: Gene Autry
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was John Wayne's last movie?
A: The Shootist
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Together For The First Time - James Stewart - John Wayne - in the masterpiece of four-time Academy Award winner John Ford was the tag-line to what movie?
A: The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 2006 there were approximately how many pubs in the UK? 47,500, 57,500 or 67,500?
A: 57,500
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the second most common pub name in the UK behind the Red Lion?
A: The Royal Oak
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Amos Brierly and Mr Wilks ran which pub on TV?
A: The Woolpack
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: With only one letter in its name. What is the name of the pub with the shortest name?
A: Q
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Bottle Inn at Marshwood in Dorset has what annual eye watering and tongue numbing item on the menu?
A: Nettles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which movie sees Jack Lemmon and Tont Curtis dressed as women in an all girl band?
A: Some Like It Hot
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which of Shakespeare's plays does the character Viola pose as a boy, Cesario?
A: Twelfth Night
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Barry Humphries plays Dame Edna Everage, but which character does he plays as the Australian Cultural Attache?
A: Sir Les Patterson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who plays the killer in the 1960 film Psycho where he dresses in his mother's clothes?
A: Anthony Perkins
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which character in the TV series MASH dresses as a woman in an attempt to be dismissed from the army?
A: Klinger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 1970 hit for the Kinks was about a young man's experience with a transvestite in a bar?
A: Lola
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which male actor played a female soap star in the film Tootsie?
A: Dustin Hoffman.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British comedian describes himself as an executive transvestite?
A: Eddie Izzard
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The film Mrs Doubtfire, starring Robin Williams in the title role, was set in a Victorian property known as one of the painted ladies. In which city is this tourist attraction?
A: San Francisco
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is the Celtic sun-god?
A: Lugh
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was renamed as BBC Radio 4 in 1967?
A: BBC Home Service
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many symphonies did Mozart compose?
A: 41
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote Principia Mathematica, published in 1687?
A: Isaac Newton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the dry constituents of dry Martini?
A: Gin and Vermouth
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In music, the B-52s were formed in which year? 1976, 1980 or 1984?
A: 1976
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is the only player to have scored a hat-trick in the top four flights of the English leagues, in the FA Cup and League Cup, and at international level?
A: Rob Earnshaw
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first player to be sent off in an FA Cup final at Wembley?
A: Kevin Moran
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which team hold the record for the highest aggregate win in the Champions League, beating Sporting Lisbon 12-1?
A: Bayern Munich
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first goalkeepers to score a goal in the Premier League?
A: Peter Schmeichel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Declaration of Arbroath was signed in which century?
A: 14th
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where in Scotland was the famous Irish manuscript The Book Of Kells illuminated?
A: Iona
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the last British monarch to have been born in Scotland?
A: Charles I
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: During which century was Sir Walter Scott born?
A: 18th
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: James IV was killed during which battle?
A: Flodden Field
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Architect of the Battle Of Britain victory, Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Dowding was born in what borders town?
A: Moffat
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In New York in 1890, William Kemmler became the first person to be executed by what method?
A: Electric chair
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1960, which country became the first in the world to have a female Prime Minister?
A: Sri Lanka
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the first dog to orbit the earth?
A: Laika
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: French woman Isabelle Dinoire was the first person to receive a transplant of which body part in 2005?
A: Face
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the world's first jet-driven airliner to enter commercial service?
A: The Comet
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Situated on the north coast of Scotland, the UK's first fast-breeder nuclear reactor is situated where?
A: Dounreay
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1983, Colin Pirchfork became the first criminal to be convicted for murder by the use of what evidence?
A: DNA fingerprinting
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Born in 1978, what is the name of the UK's first "test tube baby"?
A: Louise Brown
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Dutch airline merged with Air France in 2004?
A: KLM
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: If your suitcase had an airline luggage tag with the letters LAX, to which town or city would you be travelling?
A: Los Angeles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Before breaking up, how was the Union of Soviet Socialist Rebublics abbreviated in Russian, using the Russian Cyrillic alphabet?
A: CCCP
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country does OPEC maintain its headquarters?
A: Austria
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is the Minister of Magic in Harry Potter And The Philosopher's stone?
A: Cornelius Fudge
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: I AM LORD VOLDEMORT is an anagram of which character's name?
A: Tom Marvolo Riddle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Name the character played by Anthony Perkins in Hitchcock's 1960 movie, Psycho.
A: Norman Bates
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Ming the Merciless is the arch-enemy of which comic book hero?
A: Flash Gordon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which 1987 movie thriller did Glenn Close boil a bunny?
A: Fatal Attraction
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is the arch-enemy of Inspector Gadget?
A: Dr. Claw
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name was given to the serial killer sought by Clarice Starling in Silence of the Lambs?
A: Buffalo Bill
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Uma Thurman plays which enemy of Batman in the 1997 movie Batman And Robin?
A: Poison Ivy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which villainous soap character is played by John Altman?
A: Nasty Nick Cotton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Rene Belloq is the arch-enemy of which movie hero?
A: Indiana Jones
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which iconic movie villain was played by a wrestler with the professional name of Tosh Togo?
A: Oddjob
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which group take their name from the promoter (Bill Goode), and the DJ that first played their records (Bill Gates)?
A: Bee Gees
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous UK band took their name from an unemployment benefit form?
A: UB40
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which American band had hits with Bad Moon Rising and Proud Mary?
A: Creedence Clearwater Revival
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which band shares it's name with a type of foam used in horticulture?
A: Oasis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which group had members with the christian names Jay, Merrill, Alan and Wayne?
A: The Osmonds
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Australian rock band did not perform for a year after the death of their lead singer in 1997 by asphyxiation?
A: INXS
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Jackson has starred in Star Wars, Pulp Fiction, and Snakes On A Plane?
A: Samuel L Jackson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Thomas Jonathan Jackson was a confederate general during the American Civil War. By what name was he better known?
A: Stonewall
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a UK hit in 1979 with Is She Really Going Out With Him?
A: Joe Jackson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Jackson was an influential American abstract artist who died in 1956?
A: Jackson Pollock
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Colin Jackson once held the world record in which athletics event?
A: 110m hurdles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the character played by Kate Jackson in Charlie's Angels?
A: Sabrina
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: By what name is the day preceding the Christian fasting period of Lent commonly referred?
A: Shrove Tuesday
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which month is the Vernal Equinox in the northern hemisphere?
A: March
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: All Saints Day is celebrated on the first day of which month?
A: November
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In France, which flower is given on May Day as a good luck charm?
A: Lily of the valley
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the date of St George's Day?
A: 23rd April
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Guy Fawkes Night on November 5th celebrates the discovery of the plot to blow up the Houses of Parliament?  In what year did this take place?
A: 1605
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How is the date of the summer bank holiday determined in England and Wales?
A: The last Monday in August
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which classic of English literature sees the heroine marry a farm worker called Angel Clare?
A: Tess Of The d'Urbervilles.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The 1990s American TV series Angel was a spin-off from which other TV series?
A: Buffy The Vampire Slayer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Angel tube station in London holds the European record for which piece of engineering?
A: Longest escalator
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The 1980s BBC drama series Angels was set in what type of establishment?
A: A hospital
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What nationality is golfer Angel Cabrera, winner of the U.S. Masters in 2009?
A: Argentinian
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who lives at 4 Paget Drive, Little Whinging?
A: Harry Potter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which author created a fictional world that included Little Delving, Hardbottle and The Marrish?
A: J. R. R. Tolkien
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which family live at 742 Evergreen Terrace?
A: The Simpsons
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which TV programme is set in Glenbogle, an estate in the Scottish highlands?
A: Monarch Of The Glen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which TV comedy series featured a fictional property, with a sign featuring letters that had been re-arranged into anagrams such as Fatty Owls and Farty Towels?
A: Fawlty Towers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Pemberley is the country estate owned by Fitzwilliam Darcy in which Jane Austin novel?
A: Pride and Prejudice
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which novel first introduced Room 101?
A: Nineteen Eighty Four
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: By what name did Annie Mae Bullock become better known in the music world?
A: Tina Turner
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many blank tiles are there in a game of Scrabble?
A: 2
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was head chef on the first series of ITV's Hell's Kitchen?
A: Gordon Ramsay
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which city is the film Don't Look Now set?
A: Venice
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where do locusts lay their eggs?
A: In sand
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name is given to the nesting site of penguins?
A: Rookery
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Manzanilla is a variety of what type of alcoholic drink?
A: Sherry
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The geographic region of Patagonia is situated between which two South American countries ?
A: Argentina and Chile
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which South American country will host the 2014 football World Cup ?
A: Brazil
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who reached No.1 in the UK charts in 1977 with 'Don't cry for me, Argentina ' ?
A: Julie Covington
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Bolivia gained independance in 1825 - from which European country ?
A: Spain
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which fictional character from children's literature came from Darkest Peru ?
A: Paddington Bear
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the capital of Venezuela ?
A: Caracas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which ocean seperates the East coast of South America from the West coast of Africa ?
A: Atlantic
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the President of Argentina at the time of the Falklands invasion in 1982 ?
A: General Galtieri
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the woman Hugh Grant was caught performing a lewd act with on Sunset Boulevard in 1995?
A: Divine Brown
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was vilified by the press for dangling his youngest son over the edge of a balcony?
A: Michael Jackson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: From which shop on Fifth Avenue did Winona Ryder get caught shoplifting in 2002?
A: Saks
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the adopted daughter of Mia Farrow who married her mother's former long-term lover?
A: Soon-Yi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Oscar winner once pled guilty to charges of unlawful sexual intercourse with a minor and, after a 42 day psychiatric evaluation, fled to France?
A: Roman Polanski
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Nicknamed the sweater girl, which famous actress's daughter, Cheryl, killed her mother's mob-linked boyfriend Johnny Stompanato?
A: Lana Turner's
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Oscar winning actress was denounced by Senator Edwin C. Johnson as a powerful influence for evil after she had an affair with and left her husband for Roberto Rossellini?
A: Ingrid Bergman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actor, who has worked for Governor Schwarzenegger, was at the centre of a sex tape scandal involving a 16-year-old back in 1988?
A: Rob Lowe
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the painting called Self Portrait With Bandaged Ear by Van Gogh, is Van Gogh's left ear or right ear bandaged?
A: Left
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where in the human body would you find the scaphoid bone?
A: In the wrist
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which organ of the human body does hepatitis affect?
A: Liver
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many muscles are there in total in an average human's set of fingers?
A: None
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many pairs of chromosomes are there in the human body?
A: 23
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What common name is given to those who suffer from kyphosis?
A: Hunchback
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name is given to the only muscle in the human body that is only attached at one end?
A: The tongue
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where does Homer Simpson work?
A: Springfield Nuclear Power Plant
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the bulldog who featured in the Tom and Jerry cartoons?
A: Spike
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the police officer whose beat includes the alley where Top Cat and his gang live?
A: Officer Dibble
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Mortimer was the original name for which famous cartoon mouse?
A: Mickey Mouse
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the smart suited man who regularly visits a magic costume shop for adventure?
A: Mr Benn
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which cartoon characters were known as heroes in a half shell?
A: The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which killer lived at 186 Fleet Street and gave the bodies of his victims to Mrs Lovett for her to make meat pies with?
A: Sweeney Todd
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Patrick Bateman is a serial killer and businessman in which novel by Brett Easton Ellis?
A: American Psycho
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who killed at least 17 men and boys before being arrested in Milwaukee in 1991?
A: Jeffery Dahmer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which killer was executed by electric chair in January 1989 after confessing to the murder of around 30 young women during the 1970s, mostly by bludgeoning and strangling?
A: Ted Bundy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What nickname was given to the serial killer who killed and dismembered women in the Whitechapel area of London during the 1880s?
A: Jack the Ripper
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the film Silence Of The Lambs what is the nickname given to the killer Jame Gumb who Agent Starling is persuing with the help of Hannibal Lecter?
A: Buffalo Bill
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which serial killer lived at 10 Rillington Place?
A: John Christie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the real name of the Yorkshire Ripper, convicted in 1981 of the murder of 13 people?
A: Peter Sutcliffe
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Two is the only even prime number?
A: True
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The African Rhinoceros has two horns on its head?
A: True
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Elvis Presley was a black belt in Karate?
A: True
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: A rat can survive longer without water than a camel?
A: True
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Charlie Chaplin once won first prize in a Charlie Chaplin look-a-like contest?
A: False
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Rubies and Sapphires are exactly alike except in colour?
A: True
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Donald Duck's middle name is Fauntelroy?
A: True
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actor starred in the movie School Of Rock?
A: Jack Black
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what decade rom was the school leaving age raised from 15 to 16?
A: 1970s
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Beauty School Drop Out is a song from which movie?
A: Grease
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the school at which Ken Barlow was a teacher in the TV soap opera Coronation Street?
A: Weatherfield Comprehensive
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Teacher Gordon Sumner went on to become the lead singer of a top band and then have a successful solo recording artist under what name?
A: Sting
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which politician was nicknamed the milk snatcher after stopping free milk in schools?
A: Margaret Thatcher
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The book Tom Brown's School Days is set in which school?
A: Rugby
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won a gold medal in the 100 metres breaststroke at the 1980 Olympics in Moscow?
A: Duncan Goodhew
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Linford Christie won a gold medal representing Great Britain in the 100 metres at the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, but what country was he born in?
A: Jamaica
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won the gold medal in the heptathlon in the 2000 Olympics?
A: Denise Lewis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What colour medal did Amir Khan win in the lightweight boxing tournament at the 2004 Olympics?
A: Silver
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won a silver medal in the men's javelin event at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta?
A: Steve Backley
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Sean Kerly, Imran Sherwani and Ian Taylor were all members of Great Britain's gold-medal winning team in the 1988 Olympics in Seoul. In what sport?
A: Hockey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: If Freddie Mercury was on vocals, Brian May was on lead guitar, and Roger Taylor was on drums, who was on bass guitar?
A: John Deacon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: If the US states that border Canada from west to east are Washington, Idaho, Montana, and North Dakota, what comes next?
A: Minnesota
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: If 11 is 3, 100 is 4, 101 is 5, what is 1001?
A: 9
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: If Winston Churchill was the first post war Prime Minister, Clement Atlee was second, Churchill third, and Anthony Eden fourth, who was 5th?
A: Harold McMillan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: If Dr. No was first, From Russia With Love was second, and Goldfinger was third, what was fourth?
A: Thunderball
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: If Elton John has had 7, ABBA have had 9, and Cliff Richard has had 14, who has had the most with 21?
A: Elvis Presley
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: If Finland won in 2006, Serbia in 2007, and Russia in 2008, who won in May 2009?
A: Norway
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: If the equator crosses Africa's West coast in the country of Gabon, in which country does it cross the East coast?
A: Somalia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: If this character was played by Michael Keaton in 1989, Val Kilmer in 1995, and George Clooney in 1997, who played him in 2008?
A: Christian Bale
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The band T'Pau took their name from a character in which TV series?
A: Star Trek.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name is given to abdominal thrusts performed on a choking victim, which is named after the American physician to whom it is credited?
A: Heimlich manoeuvre.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The band Kaiser Chiefs took their name from a football club in which country?
A: South Africa.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British band named themselves after the villain from the sci-fi movie Barbarella?
A: Duran Duran.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The author of Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy had an asteroid named after him after he died in 2001. What was his name?
A: Douglas Adams.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What country is home to Kenai Fjords National Park?
A: USA
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What fruit is nicknamed the Alligator Pear?
A: Avocado
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the clockwork device used by pianists to measure time?
A: Metronome
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: When Elisha Graves Otis invented it, he called it the safety hoist. What do we call it now?
A: The elevator
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Lanolin comes from what animal?
A: Sheep
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Written by Ernest Hemingway, what is the subject of the 1932 non-fiction book Death In The Afternoon?
A: Bull-fighting
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Thirty Years' War was finally ended in 1648 with what peace treaty?
A: Peace of Westphalia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What nationality is Agatha Christie's Hercule Poirot?
A: Belgian
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country was the only original member of OPEC outside of the Middle East?
A: Venezuela
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Name any year that Leonardo Da Vinci was alive.
A: 1452 - 1519
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How were Fleegle, Bingo, Drooper and Snork better known collectively on TV?
A: The banana splits
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the nickname of Bournemouth F.C.?
A: The Cherries
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the longest river in South Africa?
A: The Orange River
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Tom Joad was the main character in which John Steinbeck novel?
A: The Grapes Of Wrath
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What famous song is Huckleberry Hound best known for singing?
A: My Darling Clementine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What does a silkworm feed on?
A: Mulberries
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Smurfs are described as being how tall?
A: Three apples high
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of Liverpool's main railway station?
A: Lime Street
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the John Lennon memorial garden in Central Park, New York?
A: Strawberry Fields
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is the oldest of Prince Andrew's daughters?
A: Princess Beatrice
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the last monarch of England only?
A: Elizabeth I
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Commissioned by Queen Victoria in memory of her husband, in which Royal park would you find the Albert Memorial?
A: Kensington Gardens
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which royal establishment was moved from London to Llantrisant in South Wales in 1968?
A: The Royal Mint
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What event takes place on the official birthday of the sovereign?
A: Trooping the Colour
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the Scottish home of the British Royal Family?
A: Balmoral Castle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What temperature is the same in Celsius as it is in Fahrenheit?
A: -40 degrees
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which subterranean animal shares its name with a measurement of substance?
A: Mole
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the pigment that makes leaves green?
A: Chlorophyll
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many dwarf planets are there in our solar system?
A: Five
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Absolute zero is a temperature defined as 0 on what scale?
A: The Kelvin scale
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Oology is the study of what?
A: Eggs
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Nephrology is the study of which organs?
A: Kidneys
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous building has the address of 1600 Pennysylvania Avenue?
A: The White House
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which public service is located near Victoria Station in London at 10 Broadway?
A: New Scotland Yard
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which international charity is registered at John Smith Drive, Cowley, Oxford?
A: OXFAM
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which public service moved from Bracknell in Berkshire, to Exeter in Devon in 2003?
A: The met office
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which historic event would you associate with Pudding Lane in London?
A: The Great Fire of London
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which English Victorian author was born in 1812 in Old Commercial Rd, Landport, Portsmouth?
A: Charles Dickens
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The postal address of which famous building is simply, PO Box 995, Kentucky, USA?
A: Fort Knox
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Albany and Camp Hill are two of the three prisons outside Newport on the Isle of Wight. What is the third?
A: Parkhurst
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who killed John F Kennedy?
A: Lee Harvey Oswald
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who killed Martin Luther King?
A: James Earl Ray
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Name the follow up to the Clint Eastwood film 'Every Which Way But Loose'.
A: Any Which Way You Can
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In whch Robert Di Nero film would you hear the line You Talking To Me?
A: Taxi Driver
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which seaside resort is the setting for the Only Fools And Horses 'Jolly Boys Outing'?
A: Margate
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Inspector 'Dirty' Harry Callaghan attempted to clean up the streets of which US City?
A: San Francisco
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Dr Egon Spengler appears in which film?
A: Ghostbusters
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Richard Harris plays which charcter in the Harry Potter films?
A: Professor Dumbledore
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year was the film Casablanca premiered?
A: 1942
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Comedian Steve Coogan provided the voice for which animal in the 1996 film Wind In The Willows?
A: Mole
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many ounces are there in a pound?
A: 16
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many pints are there in a gallon?
A: 8
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many yards are there in a mile?
A: 1,760
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many feet are there in a fathom?
A: 6
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many yards are there in a chain?
A: 22
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many gallons are there in a firkin?
A: 9
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many sheets of paper are there in a quire?
A: 24
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many noggings are there in a pint?
A: 4
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won a Silver medal in the 1988 Olympic Games for 110m hurdles?
A: Colin Jackson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Neverland Ranch is in which US state?
A: California
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Jackson has starred in Star Wars and Pulp Fiction?
A: Samuel L Jackson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which song written by Michael Jackson & Lionel Ritchie was recorded by a group of 45 singers?
A: We are the World
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which of Michael Jackson's singles spent the longest at number one in the UK?
A: Earth Song
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Name the Jackson who is a judge on American Idol?
A: Randy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1986 Jackson signed a $15 million deal with which company - it was the largest ever endorsement for product promotion?
A: Pepsi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Prince & Prince Michael II are two of Jackson's children, name the third?
A: Paris
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which artist was known as Jack the Dripper' because of his technique of dripping & pouring paint onto a canvas?
A: Jackson Pollock
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Whose 'wings are like a shield of steel'?
A: Batfink's
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Phil Collins won an Oscar for Best Original Song for which Disney film?
A: Tarzan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the Disney cartoon what was the name of The Little Mermaid?
A: Ariel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the Lion King, what was the name of Simba's father?
A: Mufasa
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The childrens TV character Prince Adam of Eternia is better known by what name?
A: He-Man
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Paddington Bear's favourite snack?
A: Marmalade Sandwiches
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was described as an old, saggy cloth cat, baggy, and a bit loose at the seams?
A: Bagpuss
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 1980s cartoon was based on a classic story written by Alexandre Dumas?
A: Dogtanian And The Three Muskehounds
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had Wings like a shield of steel?
A: Batfink
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who were the two voice artists of the cartoon characters Dangermouse and his sidekick Penfold?
A: David Jason and Terry Scott
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of SuperTed's sidekick?
A: Spotty
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country produces the wine Vinho Verdi?
A: Portugal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the two main ingredients of Hollandaise sauce?
A: Egg yolks and butter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Sketós, métrios, and glykís are three different types of Greek what?
A: Coffee
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Half the world's pistachio nuts are grown in which country?
A: Iran
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the Irish whiskey illicitly made from barley?
A: Poteen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which European country did red onions originate?
A: Italy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Apart from Del Boy, Rodney and Grandad, which other regular character appeared in the first ever episode? Boycie, Mickey Pearce or Trigger?
A: Trigger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the episode in which Rodney first met Cassandra?
A: Yuppy Love
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the nickname of Rodney's real dad?
A: Freddie The Frog
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which episode did Del Boy first meet Raquel?
A: Dates
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played Aunt Renee in The Frogs Legacy?
A: Joan Sims
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Before the most recent Christmas specials, how may episodes were there in which neither Uncle Albert or Grandad appeared? None, two or nine?
A: Two
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous actor played Roy Slater?
A: Jim Broadbent
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: At which stadium do Scotland play their home football matches?
A: Hampden Park
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which English county town stands on the river Lune?
A: Lancaster
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which cowboy showman's real name was Willaim Cody?
A: Buffalo Bill
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Howard Brown fronted which bank's tv adverts until 2008?
A: Halifax
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which sci-fi series was the basis of the film Serenity and created by Buffy creator Joss Wheadon?
A: Firefly
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which fruit grows on palm trees?
A: Dates
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the capital of the U.S. state of Hawaii?
A: Honolulu
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Saint Lucia is an island holiday destination in which sea?
A: The Caribbean Sea
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Prince featured in the title of the Chronicles Of Narnia film released in the summer of 2008?
A: Prince Caspian
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On a beach, what colours are the flags denoting a lifeguard area?
A: Red and Yellow
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The use of what garden equipment is sometimes banned during particularily hot summers?
A: Hosepipe
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Complete the name of this popular ice cream flavour: Rum and _____?
A: Raisin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actress played Summer in the TV show The OC?
A: Rachel Bilson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which month does midsummer's day occur?
A: June
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many players compete in a professional beach volleyball game?
A: Two
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Soleil means sun in which language?
A: French
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Costa del Sol is a region of which country?
A: Spain
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a summer hit in 2008 with Sweet About Me?
A: Gabriella Cilmi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In a hit film from the summer of 2008, Robert Downey Jr. played a man made of what?
A: Iron
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What type of summer clothing is an espadrille?
A: A Shoe
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which London football team earned the nickname the crazy gang?
A: Wimbeldon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which player was involved in Britain's first million pound transfer?
A: Trevor Francis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who did Alan Shearer play for before he joined Blackburn Rovers?
A: Southampton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who joined Liverpool from Nottingham Forest for over £8 million in 1995?
A: Stan Collymore
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which team used to play their home matches at Filbert Street?
A: Leicester City
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which football team are nicknamed the tractor boys?
A: Ipswich Town
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the manager of Portsmouth before Paul Hart took over?
A: Tony Adams
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which African country was Michael Essien born?
A: Ghana
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who provided the voices for the animals in Animal Magic?
A: Johnny Morris
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which children's TV show started with the words Here is a box, a musical box, wound up and ready to play?
A: Camberwick Green
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which character was dressed as a jester in Rentaghost?
A: Timothy Claypole
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: When Burgess Meredith was the special guest villain in Batman, which character did he play?
A: The Penguin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Gerry Anderson's Stingray told about the adventures of Troy Tempest. Which organisation did Troy Tempest work for?
A: WASP
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: If Dill was a dog, what type of animal was Parsley?
A: A lion
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the artist on the TV series Vision On?
A: Tony Hart
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the companion of Crystal Tipps?
A: Alistair
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Brinsley Forde who went on to become the lead singer of Aswad starred in which children's TV series of the 1970s?
A: Here Come The Double Deckers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the unofficial national anthem of Australia?
A: Waltzing Matilda
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which leader was painted warts and all?
A: Oliver Cromwell
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which royal house succeeded the Tudors?
A: Stuart
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Name the space shuttle that exploded in 1986
A: Challenger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was William Blake's most famous poem?
A: The Tiger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Ross Kemp plays which Eastenders character?
A: Grant Mitchell
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the Jungle Book, what animal was Bagheera?
A: Black Panther
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British statesman's ancestral home was Blenheim Palace?
A: Winston Churchill
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Phil Collins played drums with which band?
A: Genesis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the last woman executed in the UK?
A: Ruth Ellis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What links Cheryl Cole, Dannii Minogue, and Sharon Osbourne?
A: X-Factor judges
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Epiphany is known by what other name in some countries?
A: Three Kings Day
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who founded ChildLine and presented That's Life?
A: Esther Rantzen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which three characters have advertised Kellogs Rice Krispies since 1903?
A: Snap, Crackle and Pop
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which month gets its name from the Latin word for eight?
A: October
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What type of snake is a sidewinder?
A: Rattlesnake
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of Britney Spears` first hit single?
A: Baby One More Time
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the BBC science and philosophy documentary series that has produced more than 1000 episodes since it began in 1964?
A: Horizon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Hephaestus the Greek God of?
A: Fire
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the first book of the Bible attributed to a prophet?
A: Joshua
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Prior to his death in 1976 what was John Wayne's last film?
A: The Shootist
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous Indian became known as Rebecca Rolfe and died in Gravesend in Kent?
A: Pocahontas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the Cartwright's ranch in Bonanza?
A: Ponderosa
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Indian tribe did Sitting Bull belong to?
A: Sioux
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What started at Fort Sumter in April 1861?
A: American Civil War
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which territory, now US state, was the Battle of Little Bighorn fought?
A: Montana
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Known as "The Singing Cowboy" who had his biggest hit record with the original recording of "Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer"?
A: Gene Autry
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In James Fenimore Cooper's classic story, how is the character Uncas referred to in the novel's title?
A: The Last of the Mohicans
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who succeeded General Joseph Johnston as the Commander of the Army of Northern Virginia?
A: Robert E Lee
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral took place in which city?
A: Tombstone
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country is situated on the west coast of Africa between Ghana and Liberia?
A: IVORY coast
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the title of the Janis Joplin album released in 1971, four months after her death?
A: PEARL
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the most populated country in the world?
A: CHINA
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What song has provided hit singles for the Rolling Stones, Melanie and Rod Stewart?
A: RUBY Tuesday
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which alloy is created using copper and tin?
A: BRONZE
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 1989 film starred Julia Roberts and was mainly set in a beauty salon run by a character played by Dolly Parton?
A: STEEL Magnolias
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The great fish moved silently through the night water, propelled by short sweeps of its crescent tail.
A: Jaws
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Marley was dead to begin with
A: A Christmas Carol
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Last night I dreamed I went to Mandalay again.
A: Rebecca
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.
A: A Tale of Two Cities
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: If you want to find Cherry Tree Lane, all you have to do is ask the policeman at the cross roads
A: Mary Poppins
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Mr and Mrs Dursley of number four, privet Drive, were proud to say they were perfectly normal, thank you very much.
A: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: When shall we three meet again, in thunder, lightning or in rain
A: Macbeth
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the snake killing mongoose in the stories by Rudyard Kipling?
A: Riki Tiki Tavi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many sheets of paper are there in one ream?
A: 500
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many metres are there in a mile? 1609, 1659 or 1709?
A: 1609
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: According to the Bible, who was 969 years old when he died?
A: Methuselah
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the largest planet in our universe?
A: Jupiter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: By what name is Reginald Dwight better known?
A: Elton John
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which golfer is nicknamed The Great White Shark'?
A: Greg Norman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Sharks are a British Basketball team currently playing in the British Basketball League. In which city are they based?
A: Sheffield
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the 2004 CGI film Shark Tale, which actor provides the voice for the main character, Oscar?
A: Will Smith
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is measured with a Snodgrass grathodynamometer?
A: The strength of shark bites
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the two gangs in the musical West Side Story?
A: The Sharks and the Jets
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What sport do the Orlando Sharks play?
A: (Indoor) Soccer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The 1993 movie Free Willy was centred around what type of animal?
A: Killer Whale (Orca).
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Steamboat Willie was a 1928 Walt Disney cartoon with Mickey Mouse, but the title was a parody of Steamboat Bill Jr, a full length silent comedy of the same year which starred which famous deadpan comedy great?
A: Buster Keaton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the 1971 movie Charlie And The Chocolate Factory, Willy Wonka is played by Gene Wilder. Who plays him in the 2005 film Charlie And The Chocolate Factory?
A: Johnny Depp
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which TV series would you find the character Groundskeeper Willy?
A: The Simpsons
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What sort of animal was World Cup Willie, the mascot for the 1966 World Cup?
A: A lion
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the surname of the jockey with the first name Willy who won the Kentucky Derby four times?
A: Shoemaker
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Willy wrote the plays Educating Rita and Shirley Valentine?
A: Willy Russell
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Willie John McBride is a name associated with which sport?
A: Rugby Union
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which chemical element has the lowest boiling point?
A: Helium
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which element is associated with old lace?
A: Arsenic
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which element is most common in the human body?
A: Oxygen 65%
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which element, formed when seawater comes into contact with electricity, was responsible for the death of many Submariners during the Second World War?
A: Chlorine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which element is the best conductor of electricity?
A: Silver
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which element has the chemical symbol S?
A: Sulpher
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How is DiHydrogen Oxide better known?
A: Water
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which two elements would you find at the centre of the Earth?
A: Iron and Nickel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which element was known as the King of Metals?
A: Gold
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Mary Phelps Jacob designed which item of clothing in 1914?
A: The Bra
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Born in Gibraltar, which designer was named British Designer of the Year in 1987, 1994 and 1995?
A: John Galliano
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of Vivienne Westwood's clothes shop at 430 King's Road where she sells her Anglomania label?
A: World's End
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which pop singer has had perfumes called Curious, Fantasy, Midnight Fantasy, Hidden Fantasy  and Circus Fantasy?
A: Britney Spears
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Canadian model dated french goalkeeper Fabien Barthez and has appeared in the music videos for George Michael's songs Freedom '90 and Too Funky?
A: Linda Evangelista
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country was designer Oscar de la Renta born?
A: The Dominican Republic
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which TV series might Lieutenant Green say Spectrum is green?
A: Captain Scarlet
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Green Bay Packers play which sport?
A: American football
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Eva Green played Bond girl Vesper Lynd in which film?
A: Casino Royale
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Green Green Grass Of Home was a UK number one hit single for which singer?
A: Tom Jones
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Greenland is an autonomous constituant country within which European kingdom?
A: Denmark
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Monopoly, the green coloured properties are Regent Street, Oxford Street and what else?
A: Bond Street
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Shakespeare refers to jealousy as the green eyed monster?
A: Othello
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the title of Doctor And The Medics only number one hit single?
A: Spirit In The Sky
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote Dr Finlay's Casebook?
A: AJ Cronin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which part of your body would a dermatologist be interested in?
A: Skin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1967, Louis Washkansky became the first person to receive what?
A: A human heart transplant
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous Italian sportsman is nicknamed the doctor?
A: Valentino Rossi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On which Beatles album does the song Dr Robert appear?
A: Revolver
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Bicycle manufacturers Trek, Giant and Specialized come from which country ?
A: U.S.A.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which throwing event does not feature in the Decathlon ?
A: Hammer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which car manufacturer did Colin McRae win his first WRC title ?
A: Subaru
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which county did WG grace play cricket for ?
A: Gloucester
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which golfer has won the most PGA tour titles ?
A: Sam Snead
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which presenter was sacked in 1999 following media reports that he had taken cocaine?
A: Richard Bacon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote and performed the signature tune from 1979 to 1989.
A: Mike Oldfield.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 2007, contoversy surrounded the naming of a new pet, when "Cookie" was the most popular vote, but staff chose "Socks" instead. What was the animal?
A: A kitten.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Anthea Turner presented Blue Peter in 1992. She is currently married to Grant Bovey, but she was first married to a Radio 1 DJ from 1990-98. Who was he?
A: Peter Powell
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which artist originally designed the logo and badge, and appeared on numerous other children's TV programmes until 2001.
A: Tony Hart.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What word can be a noun meaning an employer or supervisor, an adjective meaning first-rate or top notch and the name of a guitar effects pedal manufacturer?
A: Boss
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which golfer, born in Worksop, Nottinghamshire, finished 3rd at the US Open in 2008?
A: Lee Westwood
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which singer rose to fame as a member of the boy band Dream Street before voicing Theodore in the Chimpunks movies?
A: Jesse McCartney
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the primary tank used by the United States in World War 2?
A: M4 Sherman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Harry Enfield's Kevin the teenager sketches, what is the name of Kevin's best friend, played by Kathy Burke?
A: Perry
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played guitar for Genesis from 1970 to 1977, before going on to form Supergroup GTR with Steve Howe from Yes?
A: Steve Hackett
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name given to the fur of a polecat?
A: Fitch
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Chelsea won the 2009 FA Cup final 2-1.  Who were the beaten finalists?
A: Everton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who win Celebrity Big Brother in 2009?
A: Ulrika Jonsson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where was the first Ashes test of 2009 played?
A: Cardiff
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which round of Wimbledon in 2009 was Andy Murray knocked out?
A: Semi Final
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was elected as the Speaker of the House of Commons following the resignation of Michael Martin in June 2009?
A: John Bercow
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Barack Obama was sworn in as Us President on 20 January 2009.  Who was sworn in as Vice President?
A: Joe Biden
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which month of 2009 did Michael Jackson die?
A: June
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is couscous made from?
A: Semolina
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Claret wine is produced in the region surrounding which French city?
A: Bordeaux
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What type of food is focaccia?
A: (Italian) bread
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the predominant flavour of fennel?
A: Aniseed
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which spirit is used in a Daiquiri cocktail?
A: Dark rum
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the kitchen, what would a mandolin be used for?
A: Slicing
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the dish of stuffed vine leaves called?
A: Dolmas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What type of meat is used in moussaka?
A: Lamb
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which weekday TV programme is hosted by Adrian Chiles and Christine Bleakely?
A: The One Show
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which group sung the 1997 Eurovision Song Contest winning Love Shine A Light?
A: Katrina and the Waves
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Located in Yorkshire, what are Drax and Eggborough?
A: Power Stations
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the profession of Blackbeard, who operated in the Caribbean Sea in the 18th Century?
A: Pirate
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country is bordered by France, Belgium and Germany?
A: Luxembourg
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many times has Italy won the soccer World Cup?
A: Four
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the first series of the Esure Insurance TV adverts, Michael Winner's famous quote was Calm down dear, it's only a what?
A: Commercial
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a hit in 1967 with The Last Waltz?
A: Engelbert Humperdinck
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1958, King Faisal ll was murdered at 23 years old. He was the last King of which country?
A: Iraq
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In May 2009, Millvina Dean died aged 97. She was the last survivor of which historic event?
A: The sinking of the Titanic
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who starred as Hawkeye in the 1992 film Last Of The Mohicans?
A: Daniel Day-Lewis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the last surviving member of the Rat Pack, who died October 2007?
A: Joey Bishop
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: December 1991 saw the last commercial flight of which international airline?
A: Pan Am
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who writes Last Of The Summer Wine?
A: Roy Clarke
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The last British Governor of Hong Kong, Chris Patten, stepped down in 1997, but which country stood down in the neighbouring island of Macau 2 years later?
A: Portugal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who starred as the Last Action Hero?
A: Arnold Schwarzenegger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was his name of the last surviving British veteran of World War I, who died in July 2009 at the age of 111?
A: Harry Patch
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year was the winter Olympics held for the first time so as not to coincide with the summer Olympics?
A: 1994
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which way do long track speed skaters skate round the rink, clockwise or anti clockwise?
A: Anti clockwise
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the title of the music used by Torvill & Dean for their free dance at the 1994 Lillehammer games?
A: Lets face the music and dance
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What size is an Olympic sized ice rink used for figure skating and ice hockey? Is it 25x50 metres, 27.5x50 metres, or 30x60 metres?
A: 30x60 metres
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country will host the 2014 winter Olympics?
A: Russia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who said Either this guy's dead or my watch has stopped?
A: Groucho Marx
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which metal do you get from Hematite?
A: Iron
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Augusta is the state capital of which US state?
A: Maine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the oringinal Star Trek what was Captain James Kirk's middle name?
A: Tiberius
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Captain of the Titanic on her maiden voyage?
A: Edward J. Smith
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Name the two female characters in Scooby Doo?
A: Daphne and Velma
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Margarita Cansino is the real name of which actress, born in 1918?
A: Rita Hayworth
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the film `Who Framed Roger Rabbit`, what is the first name of Roger`s wife?
A: Jessica
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who sung the theme tune for the film `Goldeneye`?
A: Tina Turner
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is the current Chancellor of Germany?
A: Angela Merkel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Bill Clinton was in trouble for "not having sexual relations with that woman" - who was that woman?
A: Monica Lewinsky
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actress starred in Speed?
A: Sandra Bullock
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the title of the UK hit song originally by The Tokens & later by Tight Fit?
A: The Lion Sleeps Tonight
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which American golfer wore a red shirt during the final round of tournaments, a link to his college days at Stanford and a colour he believes symbolizes aggression and assertiveness?
A: Tiger Woods
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What bird is the national symbol of the USA?
A: Bald Eagle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What species of wasp can reach up to 55 mm (2.2 in) in length?
A: Hornet
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which singer/songwriter was married to record producer & songwriter Tony Hatch?
A: Jackie Trent
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which football club became the first in the 20th century to achieve the League and FA Cup Double, winning both competitions in the 1960–61 season?
A: Tottenham Hotspur
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On TV, who played the long suffering wife of Alf Garnett in ‘Till Death Us Do Part’?
A: Dandy Nichols
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which popular puppet show of the 80s and 90s specialised in political satire?
A: Spitting Image.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which hand puppet would you associate with Shari Lewis?
A: Lamb chop.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Dr Bunsen Honeydew's Muppet assistant, who seemed to get the worst of their experiments?
A: Beaker.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Wayland Flowers was an American puppeteer, who had an outragious satirical old woman puppet, aimed at an adult audience, who would be dressed in evening attire and diamonds. Name her.
A: Madame.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who originally devised and presented Sooty on TV in the 1950s?
A: Harry Corbett.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: According to the nursery rhyme Jack And Jill, Jack bound his head with which two items?
A: Vinegar and brown paper
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which bands albums include The Works, The Miracle and Made In Heaven?
A: Queen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the base that the puppets of International Rescue use?
A: Tracy Island
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What make of gun did Clint Eastwood use in the Dirty Harry films?
A: Magnum
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: By what name is Stanley Burrell better known in the music world?
A: MC Hammer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who presented the National Lottery quiz show Jet Set?
A: Eamonn Holmes
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which two brothers had hits with Cathy's Clown and Wake Up Little Susie?
A: The Everley Brothers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the first names of the two Wild West outlaws who were in the James-Younger gang?
A: Jesse and Frank James
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who are the brothers credited with building the world's first successful airplane?
A: The Wright Brothers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which two brothers appeared together in the 1996 FA Cup playing for Manchester United?
A: Gary and Phil Neville
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: German Brothers Wilhelm and Jacob wrote which book in 1812?
A: Grimms Fairy Tales
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is surname of the singing brothers - Alan, Wayne, Merrill, Jay, Donny and Jimmy?
A: Osmond
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which two Lincolnshire brothers are attributed with the Methodist movement?
A: John and Charles Wesley
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the author of the Sherlock Holmes books?
A: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Sherlock Holmes' exact address?
A: 221b Baker Street
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which magazine were the Sherlock Holmes mysteries first published?
A: The Strand
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of Sherlock Holmes' most notorious arch enemy?
A: Professor James Moriarty
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of Sherlock Holmes' brother?
A: Mycroft
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What phrase, commonly associated with Holmes, does not actually appear in any of the books?
A: Elementary, my dear Watson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Danube flows into which Sea?
A: Black Sea
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Amazon flows through how many countries?
A: Seven
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Indus predominately flows through which country?
A: Pakistan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which major river empties into the Gulf of Guinea?
A: Niger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Volga flows into which sea?
A: Caspian Sea
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which river originates in China and empties in the South China Sea?
A: The Mekong
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which river originates in British Columbia, Canada, and empties into the Bering Sea
A: The Yukon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which Arnold Schwarzenegger movie does he fight an invisible alien creature?
A: Predator.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which 2004 animated Pixar movie does Violet have powers of invisibility?
A: The Incredibles.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which James Bond film does he drive an invisible car?
A: Die Another Day.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which race had a cloaking device in Star Trek?
A: Romulans.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Alec Baldwin played which invisible superhero in a 1994 movie?
A: The Shadow.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Superhero Susan Storm had powers of invisibility. Of which group was she a member?
A: Fantastic Four.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The 1975 TV series The Invisible Man starred which actor, who also appeared in Colditz in the same year?
A: David McCallum.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which 2000 science fiction film did Kevin Bacon become invisible?
A: Hollow Man.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Rodney Skinner was an invisible thief in which 2003 superhero movie?
A: The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of Charlie Brown's dog?
A: Snoopy.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the dog in The Simpsons?
A: Santas Little Helper.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the 1963 Disney live action movie, where 3 animals ventured to get themselves home?
A: The Incredible Journey.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of Robbie Jackson's dog in Eastenders?
A: Wellard.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the dog in Enid Blighton's Famous Five books?
A: Timmy.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1992 Neil Kinnock lost the general election and was replaced as leader of the Labour party by whom?
A: John Smith
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Having returned from a four nation summit in Guadeloupe during the winter of January 1979, who was responsible for the Sun headline 'Crisis, what crisis?'?
A: James Callaghan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Churchill went to the country in the summer of 1945 but was defeated by which Labour leader?
A: Clement Atlee
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Satchi and Satchi were responsible for the 1979 Conservative advertising campaign. The most famous poster being of a line of people queing at the job centre, with what famous strap line?
A: Labour isn't Working
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Before going on to win the 1964 election, who made the 'white heat of technology' speech to their party conference?
A: Harold Wilson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which olympic cyclist was nicknamed The Flying Scotsman
A: Graeme Obree
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which former World Darts Champion was given the nickname 'The Bronze Adonis'?
A: Steve Beaton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Golfer is known as 'Mrs Doubtfire'?
A: Colin Montgomerie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Boxer was known as 'The Brockton Blockbuster'
A: Rocky Marciano
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which olympic swimmer was known as 'Eric the Eel'?
A: Eric Moussambani
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which footballer was given the name 'El Pibe de Oro' (The Golden Boy)?
A: Diego Maradona
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Willie John McBride is associated with which sport?
A: Rugby Union
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What type of animal was World Cup Willie, the 1966 Football World Cup mascot?
A: Lion
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which TV show would you find the character Groundskeeper Willie?
A: The Simpsons
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which band had a UK number four hit in June 1972 with Little Willy?
A: The Sweet
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Willie, satirist and co-founder of Private Eye, died on 11th December 1996?
A: Willie Rushton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the 1971 film Willy Wonka was played by Gene Wilder, but who played him in the 2005 re-make Charlie And The Chocolate Facory?
A: Johnny Depp
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Guns n Roses song from the album Appetite For Destruction begins: Your daddy works in porno now that mommy's not around. She used to love her heroin but now she's underground?
A: My Michelle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 1986 Alan Clarke film is about 2 teenage babysiters from Bradford who have an affair with a married man?
A: Rita Sue and Bob Too
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which singer was backed by The Vandellas?
A: Martha Reeves
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which ex-comic is married to Billy Connolly?
A: Pamela Stephenson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the tv show Charmed, what was the name of the eldest sister (played by Shannen Doherty) who was killed off at the end of Season 3?
A: Prue Halliwell
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was married to Spandau Ballet's Gary Kemp and later to Jude Law?
A: Sadie Frost
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name is given to any work of religious art which depicts the baby Jesus with his mother?
A: Madonna and Child
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many episodes of Only Fools and Horses were there? a. 65 b. 85 c. 105 d. 125
A: a. 65
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Fawlty Towers was supposedly set in which seaside town?
A: Torquay
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name was given to the spin-off off the comedy series Porridge?
A: Going Straight
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played the part of Compo in Last Of The Summer Wine?
A: Bill Owen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Bill Pertwee played which character in Dads Army?
A: Warden Hodges
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What do Australians call a dry stream bed that fills with water when it rains?
A: Billabong
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On which river does Balmoral Castle stand?
A: River Dee
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where would you be stood if you were at zero degrees latitude and zero degrees longitude?
A: Atlantic Ocean
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: n which country would you find both the rivers Oder and Vistula, which flow into the Baltic Sea?
A: Poland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the only US state which borders one other state only?
A: Maine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Winston Churchill's mother came from which country?
A: USA
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where was Napoleon Bonaparte born?
A: Corsica
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country was the composer Chopin born?
A: Poland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country was Joseph Stalin born?
A: Georgia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was disparagingly known as that Austrian corporal?
A: Adolf Hitler
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Bee Gees are popularly credited as being from Australia, but on which island were they actually born?
A: Isle of Man
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country was JRR Tolkien born?
A: South Africa
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Mother Theresa was born in which country?
A: Macedonia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The 1918 pandemic was given what name?
A: Spanish Flu
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the dog that appears on His Masters Voice lables?
A: Nipper
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who owned the black labrador that was killed on the evening of the Dam Busters raid?
A: Guy Gibson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Blondi was a German Shepherd that belonged to whom?
A: Adolf Hitler
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the cat in the Homeward Bound movies?
A: Sassy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the only book written by Anna Sewell?
A: Black Beauty
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of Susan Boyle's cat?
A: Pebbles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of Tintin's wire haired terrier?
A: Snowy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the lion in the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer logo?
A: Leo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the baboon/witch doctor from The Lion King?
A: Rafiki
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was often heard to say "Stupid boy" in the series Dads Army?
A: Captain Mainwaring
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the character often used in the pictures in Roy Walker's programme "Catchphrase"?
A: Mr Chips
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which television character is well known for his catchphrase "D'oh"?
A: Homer Simpson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which TV character was often heard to say "I pity the fool"?
A: B A Baracus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "You get nothing for a pair" was a Bruce Forsyth catchphrase in which programme?
A: Play Your Cards Right
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was known for the catchphrase Bernie, ... the bolt?
A: Bob Monkhouse
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What you talkin' about Willis was a catchphrase for the late Gary Coleman in which TV series?
A: Diff'rent Strokes
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "He's fallen in the water," was a catchphrase from which radio show?
A: The Goon Show
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which wild-card won Wimbledon in 2001?
A: Goran Ivanisevic
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the maximum number of ball girls or boys allowed on court at any one time?
A: 6
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the total number of grass courts at Wimbledon?
A: 19
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What nationality is Tomas Berdych, who defeated Roger Federer on his way to the final of the Men's Singles at Wimbledon in 2010?
A: Czech
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who partnered Jamie Murray when he won the mixed doubles title at Wimbledon in 2007?
A: Jelena Jankovic
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which player famously cried on the Duchess of Kent's shoulder after losing the final of the Ladies Singles at Wimbledon in 1993?
A: Jana Novotna
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of Adam and the ants first album called?
A: Dirk Wears White Sox
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who sang the song Maniac from the movie Flashdance?
A: Michael Sembello
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Ginger Baker was the drummer from which band?
A: Cream
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What singers real name is Michael Barratt?
A: Shakin Stevens
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Graham Nash from Crosby Stills and Nash was originally a member of which U.K. group?
A: The Hollies
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What band consists of Gerard Way, Mikey Way, Ray Toro, Frank Iero and Bob Briar?
A: My Chemical Romance
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: By what name did Priscilla White find fame in the world of music?
A: Cilla Black
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: By what other name is Jonas Altberg better known?
A: Basshunter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Doctor Who's companion Leela went on to star in which soap?
A: Eastenders
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the Daleks home planet?
A: Skaro
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Name the Doctor's robotic companion from the episode The Kings Demons?
A: Kamelion
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played the first Doctor?
A: William Hartnell
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which singer/comedien appeared in a Doctor Who film?
A: Bernard Cribbens
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Lord of the Rings was written as a sequel to which book?
A: The Hobbit
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: At the start of The Fellowship of the Ring, which birthday is Bilbo Baggins celebrating?
A: 111th
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Gollum killed his brother for the One ring. What was his brother's name?
A: Deagol
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who changes colour during The Two Towers, from Grey to White?
A: Gandalf
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Name the Ent who befriends Merry and Pippin in Fanghorn forest.
A: Treebeard
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the last woman to be executed for murder in the UK?
A: Ruth Ellis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Murderer Donald Neilson was otherwise known by what name?
A: Black Panther
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which notorious American serial killer defended himself in court in 1979?
A: Ted Bundy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which nurse was called the Angel of Death after murdering 4 children in 1991?
A: Beverley Allitt
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British serial killer was played by Richard Attenborough in a 1971 movie?
A: John Christie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What alias was used by Robert LeRoy Parker?
A: Butch Cassidy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Betty Driver played which role in Coronation Street?
A: Betty Williams
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which fictional character drove a white Volvo P1800?
A: The Saint
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Minnie Driver was nominated for an Academy Award for her role in Good Will Hunting in 1997, but who played the title role?
A: Matt Damon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the surname of the only Russian F1 driver in the 2010 season?
A: (Vitaly) Petrov
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the movie Taxi Driver, who played child prostitute Iris?
A: Jodie Foster
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Thomas Watkins was a fictitious driver who appeared in which popular period drama of the mid 1970s.
A: Upstairs Downstairs
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who drove the `Cannonball Express` in a 1958 TV children's programme?
A: Casey Jones
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The mandible and maxilla make up which part of the body?
A: Jaw
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which standard unit of energy can be defined as the work required to continuously produce one watt of power for one second?
A: Joule
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which romantic film directed by David Lean is set in World War 2 and based in and around Milford railway station?
A: Brief Encounter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year was the German battleship The Bismarck sunk by the Royal Navy?
A: 1941
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Springfield is the home of the Simpsons, and is also the real-life capital of which US State?
A: Illinois
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which World Champion darts player has the nickname Darth Maple
A: John Part
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: When the musical Chicago won the Best Picture Oscar in 2002 it was the 1st musical to do so since which 1968 film?
A: Oliver!
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Canadian province consists of an island and a length of coastline, both of which have a breed of dog named after them?
A: Newfoundland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Mexican dish which translates as little donkey is based around folded soft tortillas and is now a favourite breakfast dish in the USA?
A: Burrito
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: David Day and Thereze Bazar had hits in the 1980s under what name?
A: Dollar
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which word was introduced on coins in 1971 before being dropped in 1982?
A: New
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the world of 80's soap operas which street had the postcode L43 6TZ?
A: Brookside Close
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What nationality was the inventor of the Rubik's Cube?
A: Hungarian
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which General became the 18th US President after leading the Union Army to victory in the Civil War?
A: Ulysses S Grant
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The 1927 movie The General starred which actor?
A: Buster Keaton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which US General, nicknamed "Stormin'" was commander of the coalition forces in the Gulf War of 1991?
A: Gen Norman Schwarzkopf.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British submarine sunk the General Belgrano during the Falklands War in 1982?
A: HMS Conqueror.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was General Secretary of the Transport and General Workers' Union from 1992 to 2003, and the first black leader of a British trade union?
A: Bill Morris.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The General Synod is the legislative body of the Church of England, instituted in 1970. By what name was this body known prior to 1970?
A: The Church Assembly.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Worzel Gummidge, who played the character of Aunty Sally?
A: Una Stubbs
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What cartoon series featured a character called Little My?
A: The Moomins
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who created and wrote the TV series Maid Marian And Her Merry Men?
A: Tony Robinson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The cartoon series Dogtanian And The Three Muskehounds was based on a book by which author?
A: Alexandre Dumas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the TV show The Flumps, how many Flumps where there?
A: 6
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What sport did Jossie's Giants play?
A: Football
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the most popular cheese to be produced and consumed in Greece?
A: Feta
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country produces Leerdammer cheese?
A: Netherlands.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "Caravane" is the brand name of a cheese produced in Mauritania. From which animal is the milk taken?
A: Camel.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which writer and comedian had a family name Cheese, but his father changed it in 1915?
A: John Cleese.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Peter was the first Pope but who was the second?
A: Pope Linus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Benedict XVI 's real name?
A: Joseph Ratzinger.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which area of Germany was he born and raised?
A: Bavaria
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: True or False. Pope Adrian the 2nd was the last married Pope?
A: True
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: When looking at a list of Popes, you will sometimes see the letters O.S.B. following a name. What does this mean?
A: Order of Saint Benedict.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many lions guard Nelson's Column?
A: Four
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the busiest London Underground Station?
A: Victoria
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Fenchurch Street, Liverpool Street, Kings Cross,... what completes this set?
A: Marylebone
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which author gave the copyright of the Peter Pan works to Great Ormond Street Hospital?
A: J M Barrie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who did Michael Fagan famously wake up in London in July 1982?
A: The Queen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Name the actors who played Batman and Robin in the 60s.
A: Adam West and Burt Ward
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which TV show would you find a group of freedom fighters in their spaceship called the Liberator?
A: Blakes 7
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the number given to Patrick McGoohan in the TV series The Prisoner?
A: Number 6
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Star Trek, by what nickname is Dr Leonard McCoy better known?
A: Bones
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Buffy The Vampire Slayer, what is Buffy's surname?
A: Summers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the Bionic Man?
A: Steve Austin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In The X-files, what is the name of Mulder and Skully's assistant director?
A: Walter Skinner
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In The Hitchhikers Guide To The Galaxy, what was the name of the best drink in existence?
A: The pan-galactic gargle blaster
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: "One" is a popular song in which stage musical and movie of the same name.
A: Chorus Line.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the 1986 comedy movie The Three Amigos, who starred alongside Steve Martin and Chevy Chase in the title roles.
A: Martin Short.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse are described in the Book of Revelations as representing Death, War, Famine, and Conquest, but Conquest has been changed in modern times. By what name is it more commonly known?
A: Pestilence.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year was the Six Day War fought between Israel, Egypt, Syria and Jordan.
A: 1967
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the 1995 movie thriller Seven, who played the serial killer.
A: Kevin Spacey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the lyrics of the Twelve Days of Christmas, what are there nine of?
A: Ladies Dancing
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The 1956 movie the Ten Commandments starred Charlton Heston as Moses, but which Hollywood star played his adopted brother Rameses II.
A: Yul Brynner
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which James Bond film was the first to be given a non PG rating by the British Board of Film Classification?
A: License to Kill
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Actor to play James Bond is the only one mentioned in text by Ian Flemming?
A: David Niven
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which James Bond Theme was the first to be nominated for an academy award for best original song?
A: Live and let die
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many James Bond Themes did Dame Shirley Bassey Perform?
A: Three
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: With the Exception of the reccuring featured cast who has appeared in the most James Bond films?
A: Shane Rimmer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many Bond Films did Joe Don Baker appear in?
A: 3
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many actors in the James Bond Films have played both a good guy and a Bad Guy?
A: Three
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Name the BBC sequel to Till Death Us Do Part.
A: In Sickness and in Health
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many episodes of Fawlty Towers were made?.
A: 12
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which legndary  sports commentator presented ITV's The Big Match?.
A: Brian Moore
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: what was the name of the cow in The Magic Roundabout?.
A: Ermintrude
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Windsor Davies played which character in It Ain't Half Hot Mum?.
A: Sergeant Major Shut Up Williams
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: the Naked Civil Servant starred which character?.
A: Quentin Crisp
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which comedian was born Charles Edward Springall?
A: Charlie Drake
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In cricket, if you are out without scoring, what is it called?
A: Duck
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was prime minister of Britain from 1970 to 1974?
A: Edward Heath
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who became the Chief Executive of the Professional Footballers' Association in 1981, and is reputed to be the highest paid union official in the world?
A: Gordon Taylor
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which singer songwriter's new album is called Some Kind Of Trouble'. He made his name with his debut album Back to Bedlam' in 2005?
A: James Blunt
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: . Bill Waddington played which Coronation Street character?
A: Percy Sugden
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which ex Gaiety Girl was managing director of Aintree from 1958 to 1973?
A: Mirabel Topham
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which award-winning English actor has appeared in over 60 films since his debut in 1962. His major roles include butterfly collector Freddie Clegg in The Collector
A: Terence Stamp
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is another name for a Scottish church?
A: A Kirk
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What 2002 novel by Alice Sebold, is the story of a teenage girl who, after being murdered, watches from heaven as her family and friends struggle to move on with their lives while she comes to terms with her own death.
A: The Lovely Bones
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Aberdeen Terrier is better known as what type of dog?
A: Scotty dog
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the Russian short-story writer, playwright and physician, considered to be one of the greatest short-story writers in the history of world literature?
A: Anton Chekhov
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the American pediatrician whose book Baby and Child Care, was published in 1946?
A: Benjamin Spock
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which village in Essex  which sits on the River Colne, is famous for its Victorian viaduct that crosses the Colne valley
A: Chappel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the Roman god of fire?
A: Vulcan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the nickname of the H4 Hercules flying boat, that never went into production after it's maiden flight due to post war cutbacks in 1947.
A: The Spruce Goose
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Flying Down to Rio is a 1933 movie that saw the first screen pairing of which partnership.
A: Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which group had a hit with Flying Without Wings in 1999
A: Westlife
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which town was the Flying Scotsman locomotove manufactured in 1956.
A: Doncaster
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which member of Monty Python's Flying Circus was largely responsible for the animation, including the giant foot in the show's opening sequence.
A: Terry Gilliam
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the correct name for the "Flying Lady" ornament on a Rolls Royce radiator.
A: The Spirit of Ecstasy.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Flying Wallendas were a circus act and daredevil stunt performers with Barnum & Bailey for 40 years, and Karl Wallenda was known for high wire performances. From which country did they originate.
A: Germany
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the victim in 'Cluedo'?
A: Dr Black
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the only UK monopoly property which contains all of the letters in the word 'monopoly' in its name?
A: Electric Company
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many white squares are there on a chess board?
A: 32
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which game, introduced in the 1980's and still available today involved guiding a metal ball around an obstacle course?
A: Screwball Scramble
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many rooms are there in 'Cluedo'?
A: 9
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who were the last act to win the Eurovision Song Contest for the UK?
A: Katrina And The Waves
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the musical term for one or more vocalists performing without an accompaniment?
A: A Cappella
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the smallest woodwind instrument in an orchestra?
A: Piccolo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which phrase links the title of an Oasis album and a British coin?
A: Standing On The Shoulders Of Giants
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year did The Beatles officially split?
A: 1970
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the biggest-selling female solo artist of the 1990's in the USA?
A: Mariah Carey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1976, which song was knocked off the number one spot by another song, the title of which is mentioned in its own lyrics?
A: Bohemian Rhapsody
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: A 'smack' is the collective noun for a group of which marine creatures?
A: Jellyfish
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which organ of the human body is affected by Hepatitis?
A: Liver
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many muscles are there in a human finger?
A: None
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the third largest planet in the Solar System?
A: Uranus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where in the human body would you find the thinnest skin?
A: Eyelids
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: A 'troubling' is the collective noun for a group of which household pets?
A: Goldfish
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which part of the male does a female mantis usually bite off during mating?
A: Head
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the more common name of the medical condition 'Diplopia'?
A: Double-vision
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which P.M was voted pipe smoker of the year?
A: Harold Wilson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first P.M?
A: Robert Walpole
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was P.M at the time of the profumo affair?
A: Harold MacMillan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is the only P.M to have been assassinated?
A: Spencer Percival
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British actor starred in the 1975 movie Paper Tiger
A: David Niven
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many pieces of paper make up a Quire.
A: 25
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many Quires make up a Ream
A: 20
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On which horse did Tony McCoy win the 2010 Grand National on his 15th attempt?
A: Don't Push It
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which team won the  Aviva Premiership (rugby union) in 2009/10?
A: Leicester Tigers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won the 2010 French Open Women's Singles final in June?
A: Francesca Schiavone
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which team won Super Bowl XLIV in February 2010?
A: New Orleans Saints
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Red Bull driver was Formula One 2010 World Champion?
A: Sebastian Vettel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the 2010 MotoGP champion?
A: Jorge Lorenzo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who replaced David Tennant as Doctor Who in January?
A: Matt Smith
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In April, the BBC announced that who would be replacing Adrian Chiles on the One Show for Fridays, which ultimately led to him quitting the BBC for a four-year deal with ITV?
A: Chris Evans
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which singer was given an eight-week sentence for crashing his car into a branch of photographic store Snappy Snaps while under the influence of cannabis in July.
A: George Michael
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On which Australian TV show in September, was the wrong winner accidentally announced during its live final?
A: Australia's Next Top Model
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In November, which film (full title) broke UK box office records; Biggest 3-day opening, biggest single day in ticket sales and biggest Friday, Saturday & Sunday openings?
A: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Haggis is a national delicacy of which country?
A: Scotland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Madeira Wine is a product of which country?
A: Portugal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country did chop suey originate?
A: U.S.A
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Red Stripe beer comes from which country?
A: Jamaica
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: From which country does Stella Artois come?
A: Belgium
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first woman in the Bible?
A: Eve
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Athlete Florence Griffith Joyner was commonly known by what nickname?
A: Flo Jo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first female governor of Alaska?
A: Sarah Palin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Edward and Mrs Simpson affair rocked the world in 1936. What was the first name of Mrs Simpson?
A: Wallis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the Peter Griffin's wife in Family Guy?
A: Lois
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actress has won more Best Actress Oscars than anyone else?
A: Katherine Hepburn
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Greek mythology, who was the mother of Oedipus?
A: Jocasta
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was lead singer of The Bangles?
A: Susanna Hoffs
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which US President was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth?
A: Abraham Lincoln
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was assassinated on the Ides of March?
A: Julius Caesar
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: According to William Shakespeare, who killed Duncan?
A: Macbeth
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which ex-Prime Minister of Pakistan was assassinated in December 2007?
A: Benazir Bhutto
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which war hero and escapee from Colditz was assassinated in 1979?
A: Airey Neave
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who shot and killed Lee Harvey Oswald?
A: Jack Ruby
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria caused what cataclysmic world event?
A: The First World War
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Andrey Lugovoy is wanted by British police on suspicion of the murder of whom?
A: Alexander Litvinenko
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous person did Mark Chapman kill in December 1980?
A: John Lennon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous TV cowboy was played by Clayton Moore?
A: The Lone Ranger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of Butch Cassidy's gang?
A: The Hole In The Wall Gang
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played the Ringo Kid in the film Stagecoach?
A: John Wayne
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which real life law enforcer did Henry Fonda play in the film My Darling Clementine?
A: Wyatt Earp
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which American State did the Gunfight at the OK Corral take place?
A: Arizona
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Known as Wild Bill, what were J. B. Hickok's real first names?
A: James Butler
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played English Bob in the film Unforgiven?
A: Richard Harris
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which tribe did Crazy Horse lead?
A: Sioux
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which singer starred in 1970 film 'Gunfight'?
A: Johnny Cash
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Alec Guinness played Sid Stratton in The Man in the White Suit' in a film made as part of which famous studio's comedy classics.
A: Ealing
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the first bridge that the boats pass under in the Oxford - Cambridge boat race?
A: Hammersmith
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the capital of Jamaica?
A: Kingston
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: New York is made up of five boroughs - Manhattan, Staten Island, Brooklyn, The Bronx and which other?
A: Queens
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Of which regal title is Princess Anne the seventh holder?
A: Princess Royal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many is there in a bakers dozen?
A: 13
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: No.617 RAF Sqaudron is better known as what?
A: The Dambusters
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who scored the first ever Golden Goal in the 1998 World Cup?
A: Laurent Blanc
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the Capital City of Latvia?
A: Riga
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was British Primeminister between 1880 - 1885?
A: Benjamin Disraeli
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Gordon Sumner is better known as whom?
A: Sting
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won the 2002 FA Cup?
A: Arsenal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the english translation of Carpe Diem?
A: Seize the Day
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: New York is made up of five districts, Manhattan, Richmond, Brooklyn, Bronx and which other?
A: Queens
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which European city has the highest mileage of canals in the world?
A: Birmingham
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which river forms much of the border between England and Scotland?
A: Tweed
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which European country is the city of Strasbourg?
A: France
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the largest of the Greek islands?
A: Crete
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country is Transylvania?
A: Romania
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country do the Faroe Islands belong to?
A: Denmark
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The name of which European capital city is derived from the names of two towns on either bank of its main river?
A: Budapest
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What spirit is used to make Daquari?
A: Rum
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country has the largest Malt Whisky distillery in the world?
A: Japan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the flavour of `Ouzo`?
A: Aniseed
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which evergreen tree's berries are used to flavour gin?
A: Juniper
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: From what fruit is the French cordial syrup of Grenadine made?
A: Pomegranate
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is added to tomato juice to make a Bloody Maria?
A: Tequila
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Hollywood actor starred in 142 of his 153 films, having had more leading roles than any other actor.
A: John Wayne
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Tom Cruise plays a naval lawyer in which 1992 film?
A: A Few Good Men
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the British actor who won an Oscar for his part in 'The Bridge over the River Kwai'?
A: Sir Alec Guinness
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: With which actor did John Travolta exchange faces in the movie Face Off?
A: Nicholas Cage
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played Popeye in the movie of the same name?
A: Robin Williams
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Dustin Hoffman played a character suffering from Autism in which Film?
A: Rain Man
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which film star has a statue in Leicester Square?
A: Charlie Chaplin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actress was in both the 60s and 90s versions of The Thomas Crown Affair?
A: Faye Dunaway
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played the part of Annie Porter in the 2 Speed films?
A: Sandra Bullock
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which singer / actress played the character 'mayday' in the James bond film 'A view to a kill'
A: Grace Jones
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played the title role in the film Shirley Valentine?
A: pauline Collins
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first black woman to win a best actress Oscar?
A: Halle Berry
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who plays Lara Croft in the Tomb Raider movies?
A: Angelina Jolie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is Warren Beatty's famous sister?
A: Shirley Maclaine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won an Oscar for Best Actress for the film Sophie's Choice?
A: Meryl Streep
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: From which film does the saying ''Hasta la vista, baby" come?
A: Terminator
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actress said: 'When I'm good I'm very good, but when I'm bad I'm better'?
A: Mae West
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: From which film comes the line 'Mrs. Robinson, you're trying to seduce me... aren't you?'
A: The Graduate
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which film would you hear the famous line That's not a knife - this is a knife?
A: Crocodile Dundee
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Credits on all Bond films finish with which same four words?
A: James Bond Will Return
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actress, upon splitting with her partner said, At least I can wear high heels now"?
A: Nicole Kidman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actor said My Mama always said, 'Life was like a box of chocolates; you never know what you're gonna get."
A: Tom Hanks
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the anniversary gemstone for the 9th year of marriage?
A: Tigers Eye.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Currently based in Herzogenaurach, Germany, which major German multinational company  produces high-end athletic shoes?
A: Puma.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What material  is made primarily from the shell of the Hawksbill turtle?
A: Tortoise Shell
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the 70s series the Return of the Saint, what type of car did the title character drive?
A: Jaguar XJS.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Instrumental composition by Henry Mancini written as the theme for this 1963 film?
A: The Pink Panther.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Conjoined twins are also known as what?
A: Siamese Twins
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the fourth book of the old testament?
A: Numbers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1982, who became the first poet to win a Pulitzer Prize posthumously?
A: Sylvia Plath
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year did a terrorist group kill eleven hostages at the Olympic Games?
A: 1972
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 1946 film was an adaptation of Raymond Chandler's crime novel of the same name?
A: The Big Sleep
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which influential German philosopher wrote 'Being and Time'?
A: Martin Heidegger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which American society magazine merged into Vogue in 1936?
A: Vanity Fair
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who composed the opera 'HĂ¤nsel und Gretel'?
A: Engelbert Humperdinck
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country is the largest producer of saffron?
A: Iran
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which American state is Area 51 located?
A: Nevada
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What now stands on the site of the place of execution at Tyburn?
A: Marble Arch
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What now stands on the site of the notorious Newgate prison?
A: The Old Bailey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which London river, now flowing underground, rises at Finsbury Circus, flows through the City of London and enters the Thames by Cannon Street railway station?
A: River Walbrook
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the first prefabricated building that was erected on the medieval London Bridge in 1577?
A: Nonsuch House
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the second bridge to be built over the Thames in London in 1750?
A: Westminster Bridge
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Crystal Palace was re-erected on which hill in South London after the Great Exhibition of 1851?
A: Sydenham Hill
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Outside of which building in Whitehall was King Charles I executed?
A: The Banqueting House
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Panzer MK V in WWII was better known as?
A: Panther tank
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: During the English Civil War the Parliamentarians held London. In which city did the Royalists establish their rival capital?
A: Oxford
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which ancient, fierce warrior nation, upon attacking ancient Israel, . came down like a wolf on the fold'?
A: The Assyrians
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: At which naval battle in WWII did the Americans decisively defeat the Japanese Carrier Task Force?
A: Battle of Midway
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1944 what was the name of the operation to take key bridges over major rivers in Holland by airborne and land force assaults?
A: Market-Garden
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: After which battle did the British Life Guards first obtain their breast-plates?
A: Waterloo - from Napoleon's defeated Cuirassier's breast-plates
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The bombardment of which fort was the act which started the American Civil War?
A: Fort Sumpter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which WWI battle occurred on a peninsular south of Istanbul in Turkey?
A: Gallipoli
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the highest mountain in England?
A: Scafell Pike
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which city is known as the Granite City'?
A: Aberdeen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Aquae Sulis is the Roman name for which modern city?
A: Bath
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which range of hills in the west country has Cheddar Gorge and it's caves as well as Wookey Hole caves?
A: The Mendip Hills
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the extensive area of marshland on the south-east coast of Kent?
A: Romney Marshes
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the World Heritage Site on the coastline of Dorset and East Devon?
A: The Jurassic Coast
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which word, common in the South of England, describes a steep-sided river valley where the water flows through coastal cliffs to the sea?
A: A chine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the UK's earliest National Park?
A: The Peak District
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played the title role in the movie Billy Elliot.
A: Jamie Bell
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actress danced the twist with John Travolta in Pulp Fiction
A: Uma Thurman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Babs Lord (the tall blonde one in Pan's People) has been married to which English actor since 1975.
A: Robert Powell
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Dame Marie Rambert founded her own dancing school in the 1920s, In which country was she born.
A: Poland.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: James Arness played Marshall Matt Dillon in Gunsmoke. Who was his actor brother.
A: Peter Graves
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the surname of the Chuckle brothers?
A: Elliot.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is the TV personality brother of radio presenter Janice Long?
A: Keith Chegwin.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which of the Marx brothers never spoke on screen after his first appearance in 1925?
A: Harpo.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Cricketing brothers Ian & Greg Chappell have both captained Australia. A third Chappell brother has also played for his country, what is his name.
A: Trevor
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which city did IOC president Jacques Rogge announce London as the host of the 2012 Olympic Games?
A: Singapore
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the only position on a netball field designated with a single letter on the bib worn by each player?
A: Centre
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On a cricket field which principal position is between Mid-on and Square leg?
A: Mid-wicket
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: If you box in a left handed stance is described as southpaw.  How is the stance of a right handed boxer usually described?
A: Orthodox
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which US city is host to teams called the Penguins in Ice Hockey and the Pirates in Baseball?
A: Pittsburgh
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which sport do you score 6 points for a goal and 1 point for a behind?
A: Australian Rules Football
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which town or city has a rugby league team called the Rams?
A: Dewsbury
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Apart from Newcastle United, which other English Football League team plays their home matches at a ground called St James' Park?
A: Exeter City
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 60s fashion icon gave it all up to run a hotel in Cornwall?
A: Jean Shrimpton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who kept her face in a jar by the door?
A: Eleanor Rigby
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first artistic director of the National Theatre, started at the Old Vic in 1963?
A: Laurence Olivier
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which long-running television programme started on the day after President Kennedy's assasination?
A: Doctor Who
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Beatles had an unbroken run of number one British singles from 1963 until, in March 1967, they were pushed into second place. By which singer?
A: Engelbert Humperdinck
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British film from 1963 won four Oscars and was based on a novel first published in 1749?
A: Tom Jones
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Profumo affair is frequently blamed for bringing down the Conservative government in 1964. Who created the scandal by introducing John Profumo to Christine Keeler?
A: Stephen Ward
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous piece of music was commissioned for the reconsecration of Coventry Cathedral in 1962?
A: The War Requiem
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Biba boutiques were at the heart of swinging London and at one time had the highest turnover of any British retail company. Who founded and ran Biba?
A: Barbara Hulanicki
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun on Earth?
A: The tides
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In geology what is the term used for the layer between the Earth's crust and the core?
A: The Mantle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which gas forms about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere?
A: Nitrogen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The lowest part of the Earth's atmosphere, where we live, is called what?
A: The Troposphere
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the effect that deflects winds and currents as a result of the Earth's rotation?
A: The Coriolus Effect
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the distant past what was the name given to the Super-Continent that made up the majority land mass of Earth?
A: Pangaea
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name for the study of Continental Drift?
A: Plate Tectonics
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Cullen Skink is a hearty soup made with potatoes, onion and which fish?
A: Smoked Haddock
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which common kitchen herb is used in a Mojito?
A: Mint
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which fruit goes into the liqueur Kirsch?
A: Cherry
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the main ingredient of Guacamole?
A: Avocado
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Rigatoni is what type of Italian food?
A: Pasta
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the special Indian clay oven?
A: A Tandoor
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Harvey Wall Banger cocktail contain Vodka, orange juice and what else?
A: Galliano
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which chef presents 'Saturday Morning Kitchen' on TV?
A: James Martin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which food dish is named after one of Napoleons famous victories?
A: Chicken Marengo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What alcoholic drink is made from molasses?
A: Rum
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Greek cuisine a vine or cabbage leaf with a savoury stuffing is called what?
A: A Dolma
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the cavalry regiment raised and trained by Oliver Cromwell in the English Civil War?
A: The Ironsides
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: William Howard Russell became famous as what during the Crimean War?
A: War Correspondent
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Bourbon dynasty began to rule which country from 1700 and still do?
A: Spain
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was abolished in Russia in 1861?
A: Serfdom
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Near which city in Russia did the greatest tank battle of World War II take place in July 1943?
A: Kursk
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: At the battle of Ashdown, in A.D 871, the Danes were defeated by forces under which famous king?
A: King Alfred
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What did Prince Albert, consort of Queen Victoria, die of?
A: Typhoid
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first monarch of the House of Tudor?
A: Henry VII
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who crowned Napoleon as Emperor?
A: He crowned himself
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which World War II General was nicknamed The Desert Fox?
A: General Erwin Rommel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which military battle saw eleven Victoria Crosses awarded, the most for any single action?
A: Battle of Rorke's Drift
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the English King at the Battle of Agincourt?
A: Henry V
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who were allied with the French Naval forces during The Battle of Trafalgar?
A: Spain
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the Supreme Allied Commander during the D Day landings of 1944?
A: General Dwight D Eisenhower
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What RAF squardron number was nicknamed The Dambusters?
A: 617
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Seiges of Ladysmith and Mafeking were military actions during which war?
A: Second Boer War
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the first name of the American professional tennis player with the surname Fish.
A: Mardy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which rock band was Fish the lead singer
A: Marillion
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country is Fishoek, a wine producing coastal area.
A: South Africa - Western Cape.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Finding Nemo, what was the name of Nemo's father.
A: Marlin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which progressive rock band had a track called The Fish on their 1971 album Fragile, their 4th album, but the first to feature Rick Wakeman.
A: Yes
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who starred in the 1991 movie The Fisher King
A: Robin Williams
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the currency name in Bulgaria?
A: Lev
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which comedian, writer & actor had the character Loadsamoney' which he played on his TV shows?
A: Harry Enfield
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actress played Miss Moneypenny in the James Bond films fourteen times, from Dr. No (1962) until her final performance of the character in A View to a Kill (1985).
A: Lois Maxwell
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The lyric I was born in the wagon of a travellin show, my mama used to dance for the money they'd throw' is from which song?
A: Gypsies Tramps & Thieves
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: True Cashmere is a product of which kind of animal?
A: Cashmere Goat
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 1964 film, starring Stanley Baker and Jack Hawkins depicted the 1879 Battle of Rorke's Drift?
A: Zulu
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: These were "star-cross'd lovers" whose deaths ultimately unite their feuding families.  What were their names?
A: Romeo and Juliet
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the only Canadian province to have French as its sole official language?
A: Quebec
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Christian name links Brown, Champagne and Aunt?
A: Charlie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: According to Greek Mythology, what was the name of the mountain nymph who falls in love with Narcissus?
A: Echo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: A discovery by Professor Wilhelm Roentgen in the 1890s led to which amazing medical invention?
A: X-Ray
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Claude Monet, King Hussein of Jordan and Prince Charles all share the same birthday - the 14th .... of  which month?
A: November
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: This word has seven letters, it came before god, is greater than god, more evil than the devil, poor people have it, rich people want it, if you eat it you would die. What is it?
A: Nothing
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What can you catch but you can't throw?
A: A cold
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What gets whiter the dirtier it gets?
A: A chalkboard
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What can go up a chimney down, but not down a chimney up?
A: An umbrella
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is so frasgile that even saying its name would break it?
A: Silence
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of Fluer Delacor's little sister?
A: Gabrielle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is Mad-Eye Moody's first name?
A: Alastor
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many horcruxes are there?
A: 8
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the fulkl name of the Headmaster of Hogwarts who is killed in book 6?
A: Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is the poltergeist at Hogwarts?
A: Peeves
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the animal Professor McGonall turns into?
A: Cat
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British Blue Peter presenter is attempting, in January 2012, to get to the South Pole on a variety modes of transport - including a bike and kite ski?
A: Helen Skelton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is most commonly attributed as finding America, when he was hoping to find a route to India?
A: Christopher Colombus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British explorer was the  first ship's captain to stop the disease scurvy (now known to be caused by a lack of vitamin C) among sailors by providing them with fresh fruits?
A: Captain James Cook
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Portuguese explorer discovered an ocean route from Portugal to the East - thought to be impossible at the time - in 1497??
A: Vasco da Gama
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the Old English saga Beowulf, what is the name of the monster?
A: Grendel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: A village in North Wales is named for the grave of a legendary dog. What is it's name?
A: Beddgelert
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Doncaster airport takes its name from which figure in folklore?
A: Robin Hood
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Arthurian legend, who fought the Green Night?
A: Gawain
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name given to the collection of Welsh legends?
A: The Mabinogion
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous author hoped to create a mythology for England?
A: J. R. R. Tolkien
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: St George is the patron saint of England, but in which country would you find his tomb?
A: Israel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What country is Pecarino cheese from.
A: Italy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What country is Sukhindol wine from.
A: Bulgaria
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is a crate of twelve bottles of wine called.
A: Case
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which cheese is known as the King of English cheeses.
A: Stilton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the German label term indicating a high quality wine.
A: Kabinett
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which well known cheese is transported in cyclindrical wood-chip boxes.
A: Camembert
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many normal size wine bottles in a Methuselah.
A: Eight
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which group had a Top Ten hit in 1986 with 'Hunting High And Low'.
A: A-Ha
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who starred as Will Kane in the 1952 film 'High Noon'.
A: Gary Cooper
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the highest mountain in Germany.
A: Zugspitze
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where is the lowest point in Africa.
A: Lake Assai
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year was The Highway Code first published.
A: 1931
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of Frank and Betty Spencer's daughter in Some Mothers Do Have Em?
A: Jessica
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played Queen Elizabeth I in Blackadder II?
A: Miranda Richardson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which sitcom starred Leonard Rossiter in the role of a supermarket manager?
A: Tripper's Day
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Rising Damp what was the christian name of Miss Jones?
A: Ruth
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the church in The Vicar of Dibley?
A: St Barnabus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In The Young Ones who shared the house with Rick, Vivian and Neil?
A: Mike
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Kipper and the Corpse was an episode from which classic comedy series?
A: Fawlty Towers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the character played by Alyson Hannigan in the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer?
A: Willow (Rosenburg).
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which company makes the iPod and the iPhone?
A: Apple
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The three commonest horse coats are: bay, grey and which other colour?
A: Chestnut
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On what part of the body would you find the Mount of Venus?
A: Palm of the hand
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who starred in the films: The Gold Rush, City Lights & Modern Times?
A: Charlie Chaplin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Whose debut album released in 1998 was entitled The Voice of an Angel?
A: Charlotte Church
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which author who died in 1998 was the most borrowed author from British libraries for over twenty years?
A: Catherine Cookson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the USA, the second Monday in October is a celebration in recognition of which historical figure?
A: Christopher Columbus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actor, possibly best known for his portrayal of Clark Griswald, hosted the American Acadamy Awards Ceremony in both 1987 and 1988?
A: Chevy Chase
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who in the early 1960's became known as the King of The Twist?
A: Chubby Checker
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actress played Monica Geller in the TV series Friends?
A: Courteney Cox
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which fashion designer was chiefly responsible for the popularization of  the Little Black Dress?
A: Coco Chanel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was Home Secretary during the Foreign Prisoners Scandal of 2006?
A: Charles Clarke
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which supermodel was married to Richard Gere between 1991 and 1995?
A: Cindy Crawford
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a hit in the 1980s with White Wedding
A: Billy Idol
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which alcohol forms the primary ingredient of a White Lady cocktail
A: Gin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which football club played at White City stadium in the 62-63 season as an experiment, deciding against a permanent move.
A: Queens Park Rangers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a hit in 2003 with White Flag
A: Dido
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which popular knighted actor was born David White in 1940
A: David Jason
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first monarch to live in Buckingham Palace?
A: Queen Victoria
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who manned the first plane flight?
A: The Wright Brothers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Ursula Andress was the first Bond Girl, but what was her character name?
A: Honey Rider
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first foreign player to score a hat trick in the Premiership?
A: Eric Cantona
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Bill Sykes dog in Oliver Twist
A: Bullseye
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Largest member of the cat family
A: Tiger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: TV programme in which entrepreneurs pitch their ideas to a panel of millionaires
A: Dragons Den
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: 1981 film set in Russia, produced, directed and starring Warren Beatty. Also starring Dianne Keaton
A: Reds
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: 1978 song , sung by Warren Zevon.
A: Werewolves of London
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Of the athletic events being contested in 2012, which event has the longest standing Olympic record?
A: Long Jump
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the venue for the 2012 Olympic Badminton ?
A: Wembley Arena
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which Olympic track cycling event is a derny used?
A: Keirin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which event did Boris Onischenko compete before being disqualified for cheating at the 1976 Montreal Games?
A: Modern Pentathlon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the only country to have hosted the winter and summer Olympics in the same year?
A: Germany 1936
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Mark Spitz famously won seven gold medals in the 1972 Munich Olympics.  How many gold medals did he win the the 1968 Mexico City games?
A: 2
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which was the first country to host the Olympic games for a second time?
A: France
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country were appearing at their first finals during Euro 2012 ?
A: Ukraine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which player was fined and given a one match ban for revealing his sponsored underpants after scoring?
A: Nicklas Bendtner
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the only player to make the UEFA team of the tournament whose team was knocked out in the group stages?
A: Zlatan Ibrahimovic
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the nationality of Pedro Proenca who refereed the final?
A: Portuguese
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the nickname of Captain Pierce in the TV series MASH
A: Hawkeye
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where did Captain James Cook die
A: Hawaii
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Name the Captain of the Titanic when she sunk in 1912
A: Edward Smith
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played Captain Blood in the 1935 movie.
A: Errol Flynn
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who made the album Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy
A: Elton John
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the first name of Captain Mainwaring in Dad's Army.
A: George
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of Captain Pugwash's ship
A: The Black Pig
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which German statesman was known as the Iron Chancellor?
A: Otto von BISMARCK
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which U.S. artist was famous for his unique drip painting?
A: JACKSON Pollack
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the field marshal who commanded the 8th army during the Battle of El Alamein?
A: Bernard MONTGOMERY
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which celebrity chef who has appeared in Hell`s Kitchen and Kitchen Wars was born in Leeds?
A: Marco PIERRE White
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which English explorer popularised tobacco in England and ia credited with planting the first potatoes in ireland/
A: Sir Walter RALEIGH
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which English actress, married to Tim Burton starred in A Room With a View and Fight Club?
A: HELENA Bonham Carter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which cat spends most of his time chasing Tweety Pie?
A: Sylvester.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who has friends Chris Rabbit and Mosey Mouse and enemies Farmer Giles and Rum Baa Baa?
A: Henry's Cat.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Lasagna and pizza are the favourite foods of which cat?
A: Garfield.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the cat on the show regularly watched by Bart and Lisa Simpson?
A: Scratchy.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which cat featured in the Dandy comic?
A: Korky the Cat.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Sea, Black, Bald, Phillipine and Crested are all types of what?
A: Eagle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which 2006 film does Mark Wahlberg try out for a University American Football team?
A: Invincible
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which UK manufacturer produced models such as Trident, Spitfire, Bonneville, Daytona and Dolomite?
A: Triumph
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In nautical terms, what is the name of the extension of a ship's side above the level of the weather deck?
A: Bulwark
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name links a chic handbag, a Greek god and a parcel delivery company?
A: Hermes
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which one word connects Elton John, Steptoe & Son and a Disney animated film?
A: Hercules
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which river flows through the Grand Canyon
A: The Colorado River
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Valentia Island is off the coast of which European country?
A: Ireland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many points of the compass are there?
A: 32
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which group of British Islands would you find the port of Sullom Voe?
A: The Shetlands
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the largest country through which the equator passes?
A: Brazil
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the capital city of the USA state Florida?
A: Tallahassee
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Vaduz is the capital of which doubly land locked central European principality?
A: Liechtenstein
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the capital city of Morocco?
A: Rabat
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The International border of China and one other country runs across the precise summit of Mount Everest. What is the capital city of the other country?
A: Kathmandu
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley, shares his better known title with which Southern Hemisphere capital city?
A: Wellington
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the current capital city of Turkey?
A: Ankara
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Amsterdam is the capital city of the Netherlands, but where is the Dutch Seat of Government based?
A: The Hague
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country does the beer Singha originate?
A: Thailand
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Hallertau, Tettnanger, Spalt, and Saaz all all varieties of what plant?
A: Hops
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Canada, the Molson family owns which NHL Team?
A: The Montreal Canadiens
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the first name of Mr. Guinness, of stout beer fame?
A: Arthur
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Hite, Max and Cass are all brewed in which country?
A: South Korea
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is quoted as saying Beer is proof that God loves us and wants us to be happy?
A: Benjamin Franklin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Name the late 1970's cult TV programme, which was based on the 16th century Chinese novel, journey to the west?
A: Monkey.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is first in line to the British Throne?
A: Charles, Prince of Wales.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Peter Benchley novel was made into a film in 1975 by Steven Spielberg?
A: Jaws.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which song title connects Huey Lewis and the news, Jennifer Rush and Frankie goes to Hollywood?
A: The power of love.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the nuclear reactor that caused worldwide concern after the earthquake in Japan, 2011?
A: Fukushima Daiichi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In April 2010, a drilling rig run by BP suffered an explosion in the Gulf of Mexico.  Name that rig.
A: Deepwater Horizon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On 13 January 2012, what ship hit a rock off Isola del Giglio?
A: Costa Concordia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The famous Chilean miners saved in 2010 were originally mining for what  two substances?
A: Copper and Gold
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Titanic had three anchors.  What was their combined weight (in tons)?
A: 31 tons
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which bomb was dropped on Nagasaki on 9 August, 1945
A: Fat Man
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which musical group had the single New York Mining Disaster, 1941
A: The Bee Gees
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: This former BBC royal reporter proved popular with the public, finishing as runner-up in the third series of the reality TV show I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! in 2004.
A: Jenny Bond
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Samantha Bond starred as Miss Moneypenny in four James Bond films between 1995 and 2002. She also plays the recurring character of Auntie Angela in which BBC semi-improvised comedy series?
A: Outnumbered
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Flemish, English Cross and Garden Wall are all bonds used in what?
A: Bricklaying
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What colour is Bond Street on a standard Monopoly board?
A: Green
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: OK, a James Bond question: how many actors have played James Bond in the official' movies?
A: Seven
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Since 1923 the phrase My Name is My Bond' (dictum meum pactum in Latin) has been the motto of which City institution, where deals are made with no written pledges and no exchange of documents?
A: London Stock Exchange
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What ship was the subject of the mutiny led by Fletcher Christian against Capt. William Bligh.
A: HMS Bounty
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: what was Sir Francis Drake'sship during his global circumnavigation between 1577 & 1580.
A: Golden Hind
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which ship gained notoriety when it spilt oil all over Prince William Sound in Alaska in 1989.
A: Exxon Valdez
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the worlds first nuclear powered aircraft carrier, still in commission with the US Navy
A: USS Enterprise
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Name of one of the most famous warships of WWII named after a German Chancellor - ordered to be sunk by Churchill.
A: Bismarck
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Worlds first nuclear powered sub & first to complete a submerged transit across North Pole.
A: USS Nautilus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Raft used by Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl named after Inca Sun God.
A: Kon Tiki
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Launched in 1906 & became a generic term for modern battleships and the name of a class of battleships in the Royal Navy.
A: HMS Dreadnought
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The satirical comedy Airplane! was released in what year?
A: 1980
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: MiniBus, NintendoJet, ScareBus, Chainsaw, Deathjet are all nicknames for which model of aircraft?
A: Airbus A320
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In August 2009, the band Train released what hit, that made it to #3 on the American Billboard charts?
A: Hey Soul Sister
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What make of car was used as the platform for the time machine in the Back to the Future franchise?
A: Delorean
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The high speed network of bullet trains in Japan is known as what?
A: Shinkansen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The first coin-operated parking meter in the US was installed in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. In what year was it installed?
A: 1935
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which city has the greatest number of Rolls Royce automobiles per capita?
A: Hong Kong
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Of the two Wright brothers, who was born first?
A: Wilbur
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which legendary creature has the body,back legs and tail of a lion and the head and wings of an eagle?
A: Griffin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who became the first British Formula 1 champion in 1958?
A: Mike Hawthorn
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Which Jane Austin novel was initially titled First Impressions?
A: Pride and Prejudice
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the most senior United Kingdom Royal Palace?
A: St James Palace
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of country music`s first superstar who died at the age of 29 from drink and drug abuse?
A: Hank Williams
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What brand of beer does Homer Simpson drink?
A: Duff
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What popular drink was originally called `Brad`s Drink`?
A: Pepsi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who painted 'Absinthe Drinker' in 1901?
A: Pablo Picasso
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What drink is made from molasses?
A: Rum
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous author once said `Work is the curse of the drinking class`?
A: Oscar Wilde
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: RAF College Cranwell is located in which county
A: Lincolnshire
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What would you be training for if you attended White Lodge, Richmond Park
A: Classical Ballet
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which town is the administrative centre for the Open University
A: Milton Keynes
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who did John Wilkes Booth assassinate in April 1865?
A: Abraham Lincoln
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Teddy bear is named after whom?
A: Theodore Roosevelt
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What bird was first released by Noah?
A: Raven
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who or what might suffer from wind-sucking and crib-biting?
A: Horse
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: I'm playing all the right notes but not necessarily in the right order. (Bonus point for to whom)
A: Eric Morecambe
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Familiarity breeds contempt - and children.
A: Mark Twain
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Out, damned spot! Out, I say!
A: Lady Macbeth
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Chamberlain seemed such a nice old gentleman that I thought I would give him my autograph.
A: Adolf Hitler
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: It's not true that I had nothing on. I had the radio on!
A: Marilyn Monroe
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On board ship, what is housed in a binnacle?
A: Compass
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the proper name for the flag flown by the Merchant Navy sometimes known as a Red Duster?
A: Red Ensign
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the meaning of the nautical term avast?
A: Stop
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was a loblolly boy?
A: Surgeon's assistant
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the ship commanded by Captain Pugwash?
A: The Black Pig
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: After the mutiny on the Bounty, where did Christan Fletcher and his mutineers settle?
A: Pitcairn Island
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Lucy Honeychurch is the heroine of which EM Forster novel later made into a film?
A: A Room with a View
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famoust picture by Constable shows a wagon in the river near Flatford?
A: The Haywain
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is the author of the Game of Thrones series of novels?
A: George R R Martin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the novella A Clockwork Orange?
A: Anthony Burgess
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which artist is renowned  for his paintings using the splatter and drip action method?
A: Jackson Pollack
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the title of the play by Arthur Miller set around the Salem Witch trials of 1692?
A: The Crucible
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won the Booker Prize in 1981 for Midnight's Children?
A: Salman Rushdie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many pints are in a Firkin?
A: 72
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Om which country does Singha beer originate?
A: Thailand
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are Pioneer, Challenger and Pilgrim varieties of?
A: Varieties of Hop
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What year did prohibition start in the USA?
A: 1920
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country (according to 2010 statistics) is the country with the highest annual capita consumption of beer?
A: Czech Republic
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which beer was advertised in the 1980s using scenes from the film Ice Cold in Alex?
A: Carlsberg
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is used to flavour the Kriek beer from Belgium?
A: Cherries
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What beer brand encouraged you to Follow the Bear in the 1980s?
A: Hofmeister
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the title of the first James Bond novel published in 1953?
A: Casino Royal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Chief Electrician responsible for lighting on a film or TV set is known as what?
A: Gaffer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which farm animal appears on the flag of the Falklands Islands?
A: Sheep
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Norse mythology, what is the name of the dwelling place of the gods?
A: Asgard
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Taj Mahal is in which Indian city?
A: Agra
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In geometry, what is the name given to a triangle with two equal sides and angles?
A: Isosceles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Kama Sutra was originally written in which ancient language?
A: Sanskrit
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Under what surname did the Bronte sisters originally publish their work?
A: Bell
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is the Greek god of shepherds and flocks?
A: Pan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the novel Moby Dick?
A: Herman Melville
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the cartoon Roobarb and Custard, what colour is Custard?
A: Pink
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the 16th President of the United States of America?
A: Abraham Lincoln
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the correct term for a baby mackerel?
A: Joey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country does the football club Benfica come from?
A: Portugal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who invented Dynamite in 1867?
A: Alfred Nobel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: If you travel due East from New York which country would you made landfall at first?
A: Portugal
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the poem The Owl and the Pussycat?
A: Edward Lear
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many rounds are there in an Olympic boxing match?
A: 4
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many emirates make up the United Arab Emirates?
A: 7
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the experimental raft built by Thor Heyerdahl and named after an Inca Sun God?
A: Kon Tiki
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: My Name is My Bond is the motto of which London institution?
A: London Stock Exchange
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the bomb dropped on Nagasaki in August 1945?
A: Fat Man
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What part of the body is affected by Uveitis?
A: Eyes
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the Hornblower novels?
A: C S Forester
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who or what may suffer from wind-sucking or crib-biting?
A: Horse
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the helicopter used to transport the President of the USA?
A: Marine One
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of Francis Drake's ship in which he circumnavigated the world?
A: Golden Hind
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which capital city is closest to the Equator?
A: Quito, Ecuador
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the highest mountain in the USA?
A: Mount McKinley
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the longest river in Australia?
A: River Murray
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many avenues radiate from the Arc De Triomphe in Paris?
A: 12
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which remote island in the Outer Hebrides was evacuated in 1930 and is no longer inhabited?
A: St Kilda
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first British Prime Minister?
A: Robert Walpole
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who did John Francis attempt to assassinated in 1842?
A: Queen Victoria
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first person to cross the English Channel by aeroplane?
A: Louis Bleriot
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: At Dettingen in 1743 who was the last British monarch to lead his troops into battle?
A: George II
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: At the 1908 Olympic Games, City of London Police defeated Liverpool Polce to win gold - at what event?
A: Tug of War
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who took Bonnie Prince Charlie disguised as a woman from Benbecula to Skye
A: Flora McDonald
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: King Henry I reportededly died from eating a surfeit of .... what?
A: Lampreys
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Desiree is a variety of what vegetable?
A: Potato
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Noble Rot is a fungus affecting which fruit?
A: Grapes
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which animal was unknown in the west until 1869 when furs were obtained by a missionary?
A: Giant Panda
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which organ in the body is affected by hepatitis?
A: Liver
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is a mouflon a type of?
A: Sheep
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the largest of the three paired muscles in the buttocks?
A: Gluteus Maximus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What colour does litmus paper turn in acid solutions
A: Red
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which planet orbits the sun at a n average distance of approximately 150 million kilometers?
A: Earth
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is Britain's smallest bird of prey?
A: Merlin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Graham Nash left which group in 1968 to join David Crosby and Stephen Stills?
A: The Hollies
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was nominated for a Best Actress Oscar for her role as Mrs Robinson in The Graduate?
A: Anne Bancroft
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On which instrument was the theme for The Third Man performed?
A: Zither
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What film of 1968 set in the 41st Century starred Jane Fonda and Milo O'Shea?
A: Barbarella
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What French term is used in ballet for dancing on the tip of the toe?
A: En Pointe
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who sang  with Queen on their 1981 UK Number One Under Pressure?
A: David Bowie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Whose assassination on 28 June 1914 sparked the war?
A: Archduke Franz Ferdinand
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the British Prime Minister at the outbreak of war?
A: Herbert Henry Asquith
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the music for the song Keep the Home Fires Burning?
A: Ivor Novello
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many British troops were killed on the first day of the Battle of the Somme on 1 July 1916?
A: 20,000
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country is Vimy Ridge, site of a battle in April 1917?
A: Fracne
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which battle does Anzac Day specifically commemorate?
A: Gallipoli
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote You smug-faced crowds with kindling eye, who cheer when soldier lads march by.  Sneak hom and pray you'll never know, the hell where youth and laughter go?
A: Siegfried Sassoon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which president was shot whilst reviewing a military parade in October 1981?
A: Anwar Sadat
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Lee Harvey Oswald shot John F Kennedy, but who shot him?
A: Jack Ruby
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year was John Lennon assassinated?
A: 1980
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who stabbed Jean-Paul Marat in his bath in 1793, an act which has later been seen as patriotic?
A: Charlotte Corday
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the only British Prime Minister to have been assassinated?
A: Spencer Perceval
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Politician Airey Neave was assassinated in Westminster in 1979 - how was the killing carried out?
A: Car Bomb
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British jounalist was shot outside her home in Fulham 1999?
A: Jill Dando
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Gerry Anderson TV character is modelled upon James Garner?
A: Troy Tempest
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which fictional county would you find DCI Tom Barnaby?
A: Midsomer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which board game is also known as Reversi?
A: Othello
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which David Essex hit was co-written by Mike Batt & Tim Rice?
A: Winter's Tale
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Pound, cup and foot are all types of what?
A: Measure
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: A UK Number 1 for Diana Ross in March 1986 written by the Bee Gees?
A: Chain Reaction
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who won an Academy Award for best supporting actor forThe Fighter?
A: Christian Bale
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: An idiom meaning a no win situation came from which novel by Joseph Heller?
A: Catch 22
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Tufted, Ruddy and Mandarin are types of which bird species?
A: Duck
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Lapsong souchong is a type of what?
A: Tea
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who created the character of Brigit Jones?
A: Helen Fielding
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 1949 British film featured the character of Harry Lime?
A: The Third Man
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is known in Scotland as 'Duke of Rothesay' and has the middle names of Philip Arthur George?
A: Prince Charles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actor has played Guy Perron in The Jewel in the Crown (1984), Dr. Jonathan Clemens in Alien 3 (1992), Sardo Numspa in The Golden Child (1986) and Benedict in Last Action Hero (1993)?
A: Charles Dance
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Carlos Irwin EstĂŠvez is better known by what stage name?
A: Charlie Sheen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the first names of the Saatchi brothers? (Both required for 1 point)
A: Maurice and Charles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actor has been cast opposite Dakota Johnson to play Christian Grey in the film of Fifty Shades of Grey?
A: Charlie Hunnam
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which hard-man American actor was married to Jill Ireland from 1968 until her death in 1990?
A: Charles Bronson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the IATA airport code for the largest airport of France?
A: CDG
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who sang the title song of the 1981 Bond film, becoming  the first title song artist to appear on screen in a Bond film?
A: Sheena Easton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: For your eyes only was the 12th Bond film, and the 5th to star which actor in the lead role?
A: Roger Moore
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which band sang the 1982 theme tune to Rocky III, 'Eye of the Tiger'?
A: Survivor
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the final film directed, produced and co-written by Stanley Kubrick, starring Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman in the lead roles?
A: Eyes Wide Shut
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the more common name of the Peafowl, a species of flying birdbest known for the male's extravagant eye-spotted tail covert feathers?
A: Peacock
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Erected in 1889, this object has become one of the most recognizable structures & the most-visited paid monument in the world?
A: The Eiffel Tower
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Robert L May created which popular Christmas character in 1939?
A: Rudolph
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On Christmas day in 2000, which country officially established a new National Anthem?
A: Russia.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the poem Twas the night before Christmas also called "A Visit from St. Nicholas in 1822?
A: Clement Clarke Moore
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which saint's day is also known as Boxing Day?
A: St Stephen.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: True or False? The German's made the first artificial Christmas tree out of Goose feathers?
A: True
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: True or False? The word mistletoe comes from the gaelic words for kissing girl plant?
A: False
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which comedy star plays the title character in the film Elf?
A: Will Ferrel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which ancient relic was stolen by Scottish Activists from Westminster Abbey and returned to Scotland on Christmas day in 1950?
A: Stone of Scone
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the poem 'If'?
A: Rudyard Kipling
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: At the end of the novel 'The Day Of The Triffids', on what island do the two sighted protagonists Bill Masen and Josella Payton eventually find refuge?
A: Isle of Wight
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which region in the Pacific ocean is also the name of a character in the Dr. Doolittle' stories?
A: Polynesia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which artist is famous for his statue The Thinker'?
A: Auguste Rodin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Franz Hals painted his most famous work in 1624; what was it called?
A: The Laughing Cavalier
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the pilot hero of Captain W.E. Johns stories?
A: Biggles
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Scottish golfer (aka Mrs Doubtfire) has won a record eight European Tour Order of Merit titles, including a streak of seven consecutively from 1993 to 1999?
A: Colin Montgomerie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which town is the cartoon series 'The Simpsons' based around?
A: Springfield
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Since 1934, the annual Golf Masters tournament is the only major played each year at the same course. Name the course?
A: Augusta National Golf Club
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the often used name of the political protest of throwing a beverage into a harbour in December 1773?
A: The Boston Tea Party
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which American actor, who sadly passed on October 31st 1993 at the age of 23, was the older brother of Rain, Joaquin, Summer & Liberty?
A: River Phoenix
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the German Chancellor, the primary force behind the unification of Germany 1871, who also had a famous battleship named after him?
A: Otto von Bismarck
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: A Stephen King 1975 horror fiction novel which involves a writer (named Ben Mears) who returns to the town where he lived as a boy, to discover that the residents are all becoming vampires?
A: Salem's Lot
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what year was George Washington inaugurated as the first president of the United States?
A: 1789
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many presidents have been assassinated?
A: Four
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which president's First Lady opened a clinic for drug and alcohol abusers?
A: Gerald Ford
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which president served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the 22nd and 24th president?
A: Grover Cleveland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who became president following the assination of John F Kennedy in 1963?
A: Lyndon B Johnson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which president was married to the actress Jane Wyman?
A: Ronald Reagan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the only president to resign from office?
A: Richard Nixon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was president for the duration of the First World War?
A: Thomas Woodrow Wilson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What do the 1st, 3rd, 16th and 26th presidents have in common?
A: Mount Rushmore
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which book features the characters Passepartout, Mr Fix and Aouda?
A: Around The World In Eighty Days
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the classic thriller The Thirty-Nine Steps?
A: John Buchan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the novel Chitty Chitty Bang Bang : The Magical Car?
A: Ian Fleming
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the novel Black Beauty, first published in 1877?
A: Anna Sewell
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which author wrote the Foundation series of science fiction novels?
A: Isaac Asimov
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the first part of JRR Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings trilogy called?
A: The Fellowship of the Ring
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote East of Eden, Of Mice and Men and The Grapes of Wrath?
A: John Steinbeck
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote Jurassic Park, which the Spielberg film was based on?
A: Michael Crichton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote Three Men In A Boat?
A: Jerome K Jerome
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which broadsheet newspaper founded in 1821 as 'The New Observer' became the first to produce a colour supplement?
A: The Sunday Times
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the title of The Beatles' first film released in 1964?
A: A Hard Day's Night
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which member of the Royal family divorced on April 23rd 1992 and married again 8 months later?
A: Princess Anne
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What did 15 men led by Bruce Reynolds do on August 8th, 1963 in Ledburn, Buckinghamshire?
A: The Great Train Robbery
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: 'Live Aid' pop concerts are staged on July 13th 1985 in London and which other US city?
A: Philadelphia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: At the 84th Academy Awards in 2012, which silent French film received ten nominations, winning five awards, including Best Picture?
A: The Artist
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of Apollo 11's Lunar Module that landed Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the surface of the moon in 1969?
A: Eagle
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which country would you find budgerigars in their natural habitat?
A: Australia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name is given to a cow that has not had a calf?
A: Heifer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many walking legs does a lobster have?
A: Ten
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: From which animal do we get cashmere?
A: Goats
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which element is represented by the symbol 'P' in the periodic table?
A: Phosphorus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is a Kerry Blue?
A: A breed of dog
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: By what name is the plant 'Atropa bella-donna' more commonly known?
A: Deadly Nightshade
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the common game given to the spectacular light show the Aurora Borealis?
A: The NORTHERN Lights.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the coffee house in Friends?
A: CENTRAL Perk.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which London museum houses the world's largest collection of decorative and design?
A: The VICTORIA and Albert Museum.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the U.S., who represents the government in the prosecution of criminal offences?
A: The DISTRICT Attorney.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of Stanley Kubriks landmark 1968 sci-fi blockbuster?
A: 2001: A Space Odyssey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who directed Alien and Blade Runner?
A: Ridley Scott
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote 'The War of the Worlds' which has been adapted to film on four occassions?
A: H. G. Wells
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the superhuman cyborg law enforcer played by Peter Weller in 1987?
A: Robocop
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who supplied the voice for Darth Vader in the original Star Wars trilogy between 1977 and 1983?
A: James Earl Jones
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the robot in 1986 smash 'Short Circuit'?
A: Johnny 5
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who plays Sarah Connor in the first of the Terminator movies?
A: Linda Hamilton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who co-wrote,produced,directed and starred in the 1981 film Reds?
A: Warren Beatty.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the lead singer of Simply Red?
A: Mick Hucknall.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Red River is a tributary of which U.S.river?
A: Mississippi.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which branch of the British Army would a Redcap serve?
A: Royal Military Police.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name is given to red Bordeaux wine?
A: Claret.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which toy manufacturer produces the Connect 4 game?
A: Hasbro.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the high speed train service that connects London to Paris and Brussels?
A: Eurostar.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The film The French Connection is set in New York and which French city?
A: Marseilles.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is the host of BBC4's Only Connect?
A: Victoria Coren Mitchell.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the anatomical name given to the tube that connects the pharynx and larynx to the lungs?
A: The trachea.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the strait that connects San Francisco Bay to the Pacific Ocean?
A: Golden Gate.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the device that connects a computer to the internet?
A: A router.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Briish Airways subsidiary BA Connect was sold to which other airline?
A: Flybe.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The human body has 5 basic types of taste: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter and Umami. From what language do we borrow the word Umami from?
A: Japanese
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of Heston Blumenthal's 3 Michelin starred restaurant in the UK?
A: The Fat Duck
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Keith Floyd used the song Peaches as a theme tune for many of his cookery programmes. Which group performed this song?
A: The Stranglers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: True or False: Apples belong to the rose family?
A: TRUE
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: One of the most hydrating foods to eat is the cucumber, which contains what percentage of water? 76%, 86% or 96%?
A: 96%
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actor has played the policeman Nick Rowan in the UK TV retro soap Heartbeat'?
A: Nick Berry
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On 1st May 2014, renowned Michelin star chef Jason Atherton opened City Social' restaurant situated on level 24 of Tower 42 in London. Who was the previous highly rated chef to run a restaurant at this location?
A: Gary Rhodes
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which city was the world's biggest McDonalds fast food restaurant opened in 2012?
A: London
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which of Shakespeare's plays begins with the words `If music be the food of love, play on`?
A: Twelfth Night
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio was set up on October 16 1923 by Walt Disney and his brother, what was his brothers' first name?
A: Roy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The company trademark incorporates the character Mickey Mouse, but was Mickey's original screen name?
A: Mortimer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 1940 film was the first commercial film to be shown in stereophonic sound?
A: Fantasia
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year (+/- 2 years) was the original Disneyland resort to open to the general public?
A: 1955
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the only one of the 7(seven) Dwarfs not to have a beard?
A: Dopey
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How old was Walt Disney when he died on December 15 1966? (+/- 5 years)
A: 65 years old
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actor originally voiced the 1995 Toy Story character 'Woody'?
A: Tom Hanks
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Walt Disney holds the record for most Oscar nominations at 59. How many of these were converted into Oscar awards? (+/- two)
A: 22 awards
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the Griffin's family dog in Seth MacFarlane's cartoon series 'Family Guy'?
A: Brian
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name is given to unsolicited or undesired electronic messages?
A: Spam
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Arthurian legend for what was 'The Fisher King' responsible?
A: Holy Grail
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which theory of behavioural science states that 'Positive reinforcement and indirect suggestion to achieve non-forced compliance can be more effective than direct legislation'?
A: Nudge
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the only English winner of the World Snooker championships in the 1990's?
A: John Parrott
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which iconic symbol of American independence is found in Philadelphia?
A: Liberty Bell
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Malvern Hills are located in which three English counties?
A: WORCESTERSHIRE, Herefordshire and Gloucestershire.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the British figure skater who was 1976 Olympic and World Champion?
A: John CURRY.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which rock band had a hit with  (Don't fear) The reaper?
A: Blue OYSTER Cult.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of G.K. Chesterton's detective priest?
A: Father BROWN.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The creation of the county of Cumbria saw the disappearance of which two former counties?
A: CUMBERLAND and Westmorland.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the Christian Eucharist, which two items represent the body and blood of Jesus Christ?
A: BREAD and wine.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Nobel prize winner was offered the presidency of Israel?
A: ALBERT Einstein
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which gunfight resulted in the deaths is Tom and Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton?
A: The Gunfight at the O.K Corral.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Ishihara test is used to test for which condition?
A: Colour blindness.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Trinity was the code name for the first testing of what?
A: Atom bomb.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In chemistry, what test is used to determine the acidity or alkalinity of a solution?
A: Litmus test.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Soul Limbo is used as the theme tune for which radio programme?
A: Test match special.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the 1976 Olympics, who was the only competitor not to have a sex test?
A: Princess Anne.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the test given to newborn babies to determine their condition?
A: Apgar test.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: And currently, at what age are taxis required to have an MOT certificate?
A: One year.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which singer nicknamed The Boss' had a cameo in the 2000 film HighFidelity'
A: Bruce Springsteen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who plays Captain Jack Sparrow's father Edward Teague in the Pirates of the Caribbean films?
A: Keith Richards
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Country and western singer played the character Whistler' in the Blade Films
A: Kris Kristofferson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who appears as God in the 1999 film Dogma'?
A: Alanis Morrisette
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: True or false, Bobby Brown has a cameo in the film Ghostbusters 2'?
A: TRUE
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which member of the group All Saints appeared in Bend it like Beckham'? Shaznay Lewis or Nicole Appleton?7
A: Shaznay Lewis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Brit-pop singer made his acting debut in the 1997 film Face'?
A: Damon Albarn
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Dwayne Johnson is better known by which nickname
A: The Rock
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Name the voice actor most famous for Winnie the Pooh, Kaa in Jungle Book, & Mr Stork in Dumbo.
A: Stirling Holloway
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which caves are a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), near Wells in Somerset
A: Wookie Hole
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In woodwork, what are butt, dovetail & mitre
A: Joints
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which car manufacturer has produced the Taunus, Laser & Thunderbird models
A: Ford
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Name the third light blue property on a Monopoly board, that joins The Angel Islington & Euston Road.
A: Pentonville Road
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the commonest bird in Britain?
A: The wren.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On which island was the now extinct Elephant bird found?
A: Madagascar.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: A pandemonium is the collective noun for which order of birds?
A: Parrots.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which bird has the Latin name Puffinus puffinus?
A: Manx shearwater.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the video game who are the antagonists of the Angry Birds?
A: Pigs.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who famously said I spent a lot of money on booze,birds and fast cars, the rest I just squandered?
A: George Best.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which film can you the Sulaco spacship
A: Aliens
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which TV series would you find the Liberator
A: Blakes 7
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which film will you find the Rodger Young
A: Starship Troopers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which film will you find the space craft called Churchill
A: Lifeforce
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which film will you find the Jupiter 2 spaceship
A: Lost In Space
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which film can you find the Oberon spaceship
A: Planet of the Apes
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the surly debut single from Magic
A: Rude
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Released in September 2014 which Labrinth song sounds like it should be in your Beatles Collection
A: Let It Be
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which cheery Pharell Williams song was used on Despicable Me 2 soundtrack
A: Happy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which John Legend song knocked Pharell Willams completely off the No.1 spot on the US Billboard
A: All Of Me
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which accusing Calvin Harris song reached No1 on the UK Singles Chart on 14th Sept 2014
A: Blame
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Name the scarey debut Single from Ella Henderson released in June 2014
A: Ghost
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Released in August 2014, which noisy song from Jessie J features Ariana Grande and Nicki Minaj
A: Bang Bang
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Released in July 2014, which deadly song is from Iggy Azalea and features Rita Ora
A: Black Widow
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which battle is commonly referred to as Custer's Last Stand?
A: Little Big Horn.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the last book of the Old Testament?
A: Malachi.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the book Last of the Mohicans?
A: James Fenimore Cooper.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which football team were the last to win the English football league Division One?
A: Leeds United.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What mission number was the last Apollo lunar landing?
A: 17.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which band's debut single was Last Train to Clarksville?
A: The Monkees.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who created the television series Last of the Summer Wine?
A: Roy Clarke.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which month does The Last Night of the Proms take place?
A: September.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the first name of cricket umpire Dickie Bird
A: Harold
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which US President's wife was known as Bird
A: Lyndon B Johnson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who starred alongside Rod Taylor in Hitchcock's movie The Birds
A: Tippi Hedren
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Birds were a 60s R&B; group, but name their guitarist who went on to bigger things, and still tours in 2014
A: Ronnie Wood
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The birdeating spider (the largest spider in the world is found in what part of the world
A: South America
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is credited with organising the first package holidays?
A: Thomas COOK.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Strawberry tongue is a characteristic of which (colourful) disease?
A: SCARLET fever.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which U.S. band had hits with Sylvia's mother and  A little bit more?
A: Dr. HOOK.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the film director whose films include Bladerunner and Gladiator?
A: Ridley SCOTT.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Arthurian legend, what is the name of the enchantress who is Arthur's half sister?
A: MORGAN le Fey.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Disney film includes the characters Bubbles,Crush and Mr Ray?
A: Finding NEMO.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which U.S. actor played the title role in  Spartacus ?
A: KIRK Douglas.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who starred as Gracie Hart in the 2000 film Miss Congeniality?
A: Sandra Bullock.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which Dickens novel does Miss Havisham appear?
A: Great Expectations.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the 1989 film, who was Driving Miss Daisy?
A: Morgan Freeman.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where does Agatha Christie's Miss Marple live?
A: St.Mary Mead.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The musical Miss Saigon is based on which Puccini opera?
A: Madame Butterfly.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Miss Phillipines, Mary Jean Lastimosa currently holds which title?
A: Miss Universe.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the sunsme of The Muppets Miss Piggy?
A: Lee
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Greek hero set off on a quest to find the golden fleece?
A: Jason
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which God did the ancient Egyptians believe protected the souls of the dead?
A: Anubis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the Roman God of doorways, gates and passageways?
A: Janus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Norse myth, what was the name of Odin's eight- legged horse?
A: Sleipnir
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Greek mythology, who was the mother (and later wife) of King Oedipus?
A: Queen Jocasta of Thebes
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Norse mythology who was the shield maiden cursed to sleep within a circle of fire?
A: Brunhilde
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Greek warrior and hero killedthe monster called the Chimera?
A: Bellerophon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Roman legend, which animals are said to have saved Rome from a surprise attack by raising an alarm?
A: Geese
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Picture This, Blondies 1978 single was taken from which number one album?
A: Parallel Lines.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the novel Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man?
A: James Joyce.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the story collection Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog?
A: Dylan Thomas.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which U.S. state is the Painted Desert ?
A: Arizona.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the novel  The Picture of Dorian Grey?
A: Oscar Wilde.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What type of creature is a Painted Lady?
A: Butterfly.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: By what other name is the Flying Fox known?
A: The FRUIT Bat.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: From what material is the Taj Mahal constructed?
A: White MARBLE.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Scottish football club is nicknamed The Arabs?
A: DUNDEE United.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: which region of the earth's stratosphere traps most of the sun's UV radiation?
A: The Ozone LAYER.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the trophy awarded to the NHL Play-off winners?
A: Stanley CUP.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name is given to the Northumberland dish consisting of layered potato,onion and cheese?
A: PAN Haggerty.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played the female lead in the 1933 movie King Kong?
A: Fay Wray
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which song, released by Elton John as a single in 1975, was a tribute to tennis player Billie Jean King?
A: Philadelphia Freedom
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the US cartoon series King of the Hill, what is Hank Hill's profession?
A: Propane salesman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who succeeded Mervyn King, Governor of the Bank of England until 2013?
A: Mark Carney
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played television character Jason King in the early 1970s?
A: Peter Wyngarde
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Martin Luther King was assassinated in 1968 while standing on the balcony of which type of building?
A: A motel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Last King of Scotland was a 2006 movie, that featured which African leader in the storyline?
A: Idi Amin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the singer and voice artist behind King Louis in the cartoon version of Jungle Book?
A: Louis Prima
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Name the Ancient Greek Muse of Dance?
A: Terpsichore
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the oldest man in the Old Testament?
A: Methusala
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the chemical symbol for Gold?
A: Au
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the speed of light (in miles per second)?
A: 186,000
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In science fiction, who formulated the Three Laws of Robotics?
A: Isaac Asimov
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the highest mountain in Great Britain?
A: Ben Nevis
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the chemical symbol for Silver?
A: Ag
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which U.S. Serial Killer was nicknamed The Killer Clown?
A: John Wayne Gacy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: From which plant do we derive the drug Digitalis?
A: Foxglove
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many centimetres are there in a 'Hand', the measurement used on horses?
A: 10
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What were the names of the 3 Bronte sisters?
A: Anne, Charlotte and Emily
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is a traditional Welsh stew usually made using lamb, leeks, potato, swede and carrot
A: Cawl
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Irish dish is made by combining mashed potatoes, chopped spring onions, butter and milk
A: Champ
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which traditional Irish loaf is made using flour, bicarbonate of soda and buttermilk
A: Soda Bread
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which traditional dessert is made from strawberries, broken meringue and cream
A: Eton Mess
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Scottish soup is made from smoked haddock, potatoes and onions
A: Cullen Skink
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What do we call, particular to one county, an elongated suet crust with a savoury filling at one end and a sweet filling at the other
A: Bedfordshire Clanger
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: From what type of wood was Pinocchio carved?
A: Pine.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the kid's TV series Rainbow - what kind of animal was George meant to be?
A: Hippo.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which ventriloquist was Lord Charles' sidekick?
A: Ray Allen.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which TV series did the Muppets first appear?
A: Sesame Street.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the dog in Punch and Judy?
A: Toby.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which Gerry Anderson TV series did Mike Mercury appear?
A: Supercar.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Thunderbirds what was the unnamed villain known as?
A: The Hood.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the Sooty show what kind of animal was Ramsbottom?
A: Snake.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote and performed as Captain Kremmen
A: Kenny Everett
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who captained the whaling ship Pequod
A: Captain Ahab
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Captain Cook is a geographical area which grows coffee on which island
A: Hawaii
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Belgian cartoonist created Captain Haddock
A: Herge
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of Captain Mainwaring's wife
A: Elizabeth
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Captain John Francis McIntyre is a fictional TV character, better known by what name
A: Trapper
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played the title character in the film Hook
A: Dustin Hoffman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was captain of HMS Bounty at the time of the famous mutiny
A: Captain Bligh
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How long does it take from light from the Sun to travel to Earth?
A: 8 minutes and 20 seconds
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On average who's hearts beat faster; men or women?
A: Women
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Rovers Return is now a free house but is still supplied by which brewery?
A: Newton & Ridley
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the inn where Jim Hawkins lives at the start of Trwasure Island?
A: The Admiral Benbow
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the local in Only Fools And Horses?
A: Nag's head
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: This Cornish pub is the name of a Daphne du Maurier novel and Alfred Hitchcock film.
A: Jamaica Inn
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the Edinburgh pub favoured by Ian Rankin's Inspector Rebus?
A: The Oxford Bar
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Shaun of the Dead and Minder featured watering holes with what name common to both?
A: The Winchester
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the second book of the bible?
A: Exodus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the second book in the Harry Potter series?
A: The Chamber of Secrets
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the second president of the USA?
A: John Adams
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the second planet from the sun?
A: Venus
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the second letter of the Greek alphabet?
A: Beta
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the second element in the periodic table?
A: Helium
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the second film in the Indiana Jones franchise?
A: Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who wrote the novel Dracula, published in 1897?
A: Abraham Bram Stoker
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In legend, vampires are unable to cross a threshold without being invited.  What other natural barrier are they unable to cross?
A: Running water
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British film company produced many vampire movies in the 1960's and 70's?
A: Hammer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which famous horror movie star was buried in his Dracula costume?
A: Bela Lugosi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Hungarian Countess is reputed to have killed over 600 women in order to bathe in their blood?
A: Countess Elizabeth Bathory
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: On average, who has the faster/sharpest reflexes?
A: Women
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the first name of Bond Villan Mr Scaramanga from 'The Man With The Golden Gun'?
A: Francisco
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Grace Jones played May Day in which film?
A: A View to a Kill
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who sang the theme song in the film 'From Russia with Love'?
A: Matt Monro
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: George Lazenby's only Bond film was 'On Her Majesty's Secret Service'. Who played  Blofeld in that film?
A: Telly Savalas
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which character has been played among others by Jack Lord, Cec Linder, David Hedison and Jeffrey Wright?
A: Felix Leiter
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which singer had a cameo as a fencing instructor in 'Die Another Day'?
A: Madonna
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which was the last film in which Desmond Llewelyn played Q?
A: The World Is Not Enough
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Olympic silver medallist played Oddjob in Goldfinger?
A: Harold Sakata
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which was the first James Bond film directed by Sam Mendes?
A: Skyfall
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Sean Connery returned as 007 in 'Never Say Never Again' but on which of Ian Fleming's books was the film based?
A: Thunderball
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the capital city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands?
A: Amsterdam
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which river traditionally forms the border between England and Scotland ?
A: The River Tweed
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which actress played Samantha in the comedy series Bewitched
A: Elizabeth Montgomery
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 1965 movie, remade in 2004, involved the survival of passengers after their plane crashed in the desert.
A: Flight of the Phoenix
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which sports stadium has the highest seating capacity in the world (at 247,000)
A: Indianapolis Speedway
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which car manufacturer's current range includes the Navigator, MKX & MKC models
A: Lincoln
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which singer died in a crash of his own experimental aircraft
A: John Denver
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the character name of Commander Shore's daughter in the 60's series Stingray (voiced by Lois Maxwell)
A: Atlanta
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had hits with Wishin' and Hopin and You don't have to say you love me
A: Dusty Springfield
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which X-Men character has the real name of Ororo Munroe?
A: STORM
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which English alternate rock band released the album called "Tilt" in 1999?
A: The LIGHTNING Seeds
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the official Presidential Anthem of the United States?
A: HAIL to the Chief
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which children's cartoon series featured characters called Lion-O, Cheetara, Panthro and Tygra?
A: THUNDERcats
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: To complain or find fault in a petty or disagreeable way; a peevish complaint?
A: Carp
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first woman in Space?
A: Valentina Tereshkova
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize?
A: Marie Curie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first woman to win a Best Director 'Oscar'?
A: Kathryn Bigelow
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country was the first to grant all adult women the right to vote for it's Parliament?
A: New Zealand in 1893
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which shark-infested movie was the first to take $100 million at the box office?
A: Jaws
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Toy story, which of Woddys' boots has Andy's name written on it?
A: The right one
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Bruce Willis is best known for his role of John McCain in which film series?
A: Die Hard
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what film would you find bookstore owner William Thacker and Hollywood superstar Anna Scott?
A: Notting Hill
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What 1997 film was the highest grossing film of the 90's decade?
A: Titanic
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Roger Moore's first film as James Bond?
A: Live and Let Die
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What Disney film features the best belling song of 2014 Let It Go'?
A: Frozen
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Monica and Ross Geller were brother and sister in which long running American television series?
A: F.R.I.E.N.D.S
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Phil Redmond created with UK Television Soap Opera 18 years ago?
A: Hollyoaks
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In what Soap would you expect to find Miffield Hall later renamed to Home Farm Manor?
A: Emmerdale
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What Netflix exclusive programme chronicles the life of Piper Chapman and her experiences in an American State Prison?
A: Orange is the New Black
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Neighbours is set Melbourne in the fictional suburb of Erinsborough but what is the name of the road in which it is set?
A: Ramsey Street
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which reality show would you expect to find siblings Kim, Khloe, Kortney, Kendell, Kylie and Rob?
A: Keeping up with the Kardashians
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Faulty Towers ran for a total of four years, but how many episodes were produced and released?
A: 12
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is a soldier or airman assigned to a commissioned officer as a personal servant called?
A: Batman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: According to the poet Dante, for whom were the tortures of the sixth Circle of Hell reserved?
A: Heretics
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the sixth letter of the Greek alphabet?
A: zeta
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the sixth planet in our Solar System?
A: Saturn
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the visit attraction in Bodelva, Cornwall, where biodomes house plants from around the world?
A: The Eden Project
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name for the Zimbabwean Capital 'Harare' before 1982?
A: Salisbury
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the surname of the lead character in the 'Dirty Harry' series of movies?
A: Harry Callahan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the home ground of Queen of the South Football Club in Dumfries, Scotland?
A: Palmerston Park
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the clerical detective created by G.K. Chesterton?
A: Father Brown
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the real name of Actor/Comedian Robbie Coltrane?
A: Anthony McMillan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the real name of author George Orwell?
A: Eric Arthur Blair
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What links Gerry Rafferty to Sherlock Holmes?
A: Baker Street
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Whose grave in Winchelsea bears the epitaph "I told you I was ill"?
A: Spike Milligan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where is there a barber showing photographs of every head he's had the pleasure to know?
A: Penny Lane
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What fictional character lives at 32 Windsor Gardens?
A: Paddington Bear
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the only London station to span the Thames, with entrances on both sides of the river?
A: Blackfriars
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which city connects the headquarters of OPEC, the burial place of Beethoven, and Rigsby's cat in Rising Damp?
A: Vienna
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which skier spectacularly summersaulted through 2 barriers, landing on his head, in the downhill race at the winter Olympics in Nagano. Then went on to win 2 gold medals a few days later?
A: Hermann Maier
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the significant total reached when all the numbers on a roulette wheel are added together?
A: 666
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who is the only player to have played in both a football and cricket world cup?
A: Sir Viv Richards
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which sport features the terms cow corner, a featherbed, dibbly dobbly and a sticky dog?
A: Cricket
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What will be the first city to host the summer and winter Olympics, after being chosen to stage the 2022 Winter Games?
A: Beijing
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first unseeded player to win the Men's Wimbledon Singles Title?
A: Boris Becker
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played Gary's flatmate in the first series of Men Behaving Badly?
A: Harry Enfield.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which sitcom actor and comedian fell off a treadmill in Peter Kay's version of Amarillo for Comic Relief?
A: Ronnie Corbett
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which sitcom did Nicolas Lindhurst first gain national recognition?
A: Butterflies
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which company was founded in a draper's shop in Glasgow in 1849?
A: House of Fraser
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the alcoholic beverage similar to cider which is made from fermented pears?
A: Perry
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What former monetary unit was equal to a quarter of an old penny?
A: Farthing
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of the pig in Animal Farm?
A: Napoleon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was David Bowie's real name?
A: David Jones
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which sports commentator wrote the autobiography Unless I'm Very Much Mistaken?
A: Murray Walker
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who replaced Anneka Rice in the TV programme Treasure Hunt?
A: Annabel Croft
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is England's highest mountain?
A: Scafell Pike
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: During the 1980s, which drink was promoted with the advertising slogan, 'the totally tropical taste'?
A: Lilt
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 70s band that has recently been reformed by lead singer Les McKeown?
A: Bay City Rollers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What creature is carved into the handle of Mary Poppins' umbrella?
A: A parrot
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: There have been 12 prime ministers during the queen's reign. How many of them were Conservative?
A: 8
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What links a village in Oxfordshire, a game show that was presented by Jasper Carrott, and David Beckham?
A: Golden Balls
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: When asked where should one wear perfume, who replied "Wherever one wants to be kissed"
A: Coco Chanel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which sit com actor went on to play the original Phantom in the West End and Broadway?
A: Michael Crawford
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 80s pop act had their Grammy revoked for not singing the vocals on their album?
A: Milli Vanilli
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which book published in 1988 and winner of the Whitbread Award, was the centre of a major international controversy?
A: The Satanic Verses
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Where did the Ossis and the Wessis meet for the first time in 28 years, in 1989?
A: The Berlin Wall
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Sue Johnston and Ricky Tomlinson play Jim and Barbara Royle in the Royle Family, but which other well known married couple did they play in the 80's?
A: Bobby and Sheila Grant
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 1981 song contains the lyrics " And I've lost my light. For I toss and turn, I can't sleep at night"?
A: Tainted Love
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Charlotte, Desiree and Rooster are varieties of which type of vegetable?
A: Potato
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What rebellious event was organised in 1773 by the Sons of Liberty as a protest against taxation without representation?
A: Boston Tea Party
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the spirit that is used in the cocktails Mai Tai and Daiquiri?
A: Rum
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which biennial sporting fixture was cancelled due to 9/11?
A: Ryder Cup
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The rights to which children's book were bequeathed to the Great Ormond Street Hospital in 1929?
A: Peter Pan
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Kopi Luwak, produced mainly in Indonesia, and a waste product of the civet, is the most expensive variety of what?
A: Coffee
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who had a hit song in the late 60s with Hazy Shade Of Winter?
A: Simon & Garfunkel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Winterfell is the house of what family in Game of Thrones?
A: Stark
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What cocktail's original recipe contains the spirits tequila, vodka, light rum, triple sec, and gin, and has an alcohol content of 22%?
A: Long Island Ice Tea
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many flakes of snow have to fall in the 24 hours of the 25th December anywhere in the UK to be classified as a White christmas?
A: One
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which book was made into a 26 minute animated TV special in 1982, and had David Bowie as the narrator in the US version?
A: The Snowman
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What sweet was first advertised 30 years ago featuring a polar bear?
A: Fox's Glacier Mints
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 1983 film starring Glen Close, Jeff Goldbloom, Kevin Kline and Tom Berenger was nominated for 3 Oscars, including Best Picture?
A: The Big Chill
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: A character in the sitcom Friends, or a provisioner of candles and soaps?
A: Chandler
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: A famous guitarist, or an young attendant upon a person of rank?
A: Page
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: A TV series starring Bill Maynard in the early 80's, or the electrician in charge of a film set?
A: Gaffer
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The actress who played Mindy in Mork and Mindy, or an artisan builder of clay walls using straw?
A: Dawber
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Ronnie Barker in Open All Hours, or a craftsman who produced wooden chests?
A: Arkwright
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: This character lived at 11 Coronation Street, and is also the name of a leather maker?
A: Tanner
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British mathematician created a basic computer in 1835?
A: Charles Babbage
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Of what is Selenology the study?
A: The moon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which is the oldest theatre in current use in London?
A: The Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is produced in a ginnery?
A: Cotton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which English Queen had 17 children and outlived all of them?
A: Queen Anne
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Carry-On actor starred in Bless This House?
A: Sid James
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the occupation of Casanova?
A: Librarian
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name for small round pieces of lamb, or chocolates with hazelnuts?
A: Noisettes
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who narrated the Mr Men series?
A: Arthur Lowe
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Mick Robertson and Jenny Handley presented which Children's TV Programme?
A: Magpie
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In Sex in the City, what was Carrie's last name?
A: Bradshaw
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who hosted Call My Bluff?
A: Robin Ray
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Coronation Street originally to be called?
A: Florizel Street
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who starred alongside Polly James in the first series of The Liver Birds?
A: Pauline Collins
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the character played by Frances de la Tour in Rising Damp?
A: Miss Jones
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: 1313 Webfoot Walk, Duckburg, Calisota
A: Donald Duck
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Apt 56B, Whitehaven Mansions, Sandhurst Sq, London
A: Hercule Poirot
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: 52 Festive Road, Putney, London
A: Mr Benn
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: 1313 Mockingbird Lane, Mockingbird Heights, USA.
A: The Munsters
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name was given to privateers, authorized to conduct raids on shipping of a nation at war with France, on behalf of the French crown?
A: Corsairs
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 2002, who filed for divorce from his wife Lisa Marie Presley after being married for just three months?
A: Nicolas Cage
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the original name of Wembley Stadium?
A: Empire Stadium
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Charles-Ădouard Jeanneret-Gris  was better known as who?
A: Le Corbusier
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which British aircraft manufacturer produced the Spitfire?
A: Supermarine
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who said When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life?
A: Samuel Johnson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was Marble Arch in London originally designed to be?
A: The entrance to Buckingham Palace.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Winner in a poll of Classic FM's most popular piece of music in 2016, which composer also wrote A London Symphony
A: Ralph Vaughan Williams
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who resides in Mansion House?
A: The Lord Mayor of London
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Canary Wharf is in what London borough?
A: Tower Hamlets
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which battle of 1066 is also the name of a football ground?
A: Stamford Bridge
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Statues of which political leader stand in Tavistock Square and Parliament Square?
A: Gandhi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of London's largest underground river?
A: Fleet
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which area of London is believed to derive its name from a former hunting cry?
A: Soho
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which sea has no coast?
A: The Sargasso Sea
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Royal dynasty followed the Normans?
A: Plantagenet
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Hans Riegel of Bonn, Germany, formed which confectionary company in 1920?
A: Haribo
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the Harry Potter books, what type of mythical creature is 'Fawkes'?
A: Phoenix
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The songs 'Tell Me It's Not True' and 'Marilyn Monroe' come from which stage musical?
A: Blood Brothers
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What name is given to a folded pizza?
A: Calzone
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which poet was buried standing upright in Westminster Abbey?
A: Ben Johnson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Pierre Basile fired the crossbow that caused the death of which English king?
A: Richard I
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Beatles song was commissioned by the BBC to represent the United Kingdom in the first global satellite television link?
A: All you need is love
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who played lead guitar on While My Guitar Gently Weeps, on The White Album?
A: Eric Clapton
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the US stadium where the Beatles played their last ever live concert?
A: Candlestick Park
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Album cover features 5 Beatles?
A: Abbey Road
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: For whom did Paul McCartney write Hey Jude?
A: Julian Lennon
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What are the two States that are rectangular?
A: Colorado and Wyoming
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the longest river in the USA ?
A: Missouri
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What State was purchased from Russia in 1867 for 7.2 million dollars?
A: Alaska
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Oscar nominated film of 2014 chronicles Martin Luther King's campaign to secure equal voting rights via an epic march?
A: Selma
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the last British King to rule over the US colonies?
A: King George III
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What drink was invented by pharmacist Caleb Bradham in North Carolina in 1893, and marketed under the heading Delicious and Healthful?
A: Pepsi-Cola
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Path Of The Righteous Man quote from the film Pulp Fiction comes from which Book of the Bible?
A: Ezekiel
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 2004 movie mapped the journey across South America by a young Che Guevara?
A: The Motorcycle Diaries
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which film contains the line I'm going to cut your heart out with a spoon!
A: Robin Hood:Prince of Thieves
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which country singer's story was filmed as The Coalminers Daughter in 1980?
A: Loretta Lynn
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the name of the Yorkshire pub featured in the 1981 movie An American Werewolf in London?
A: The Slaughtered Lamb
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In 1919, Chaplin formed United Artists with 3 other Hollywood greats. Name one.
A: Douglas Fairbanks , Mary Pickford and D W Griffith
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: How many roles did Alec Guinness play in Kind Hearts And Coronets?
A: 8
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The Life of Brian was produced by Handmade Films. Who owned Handmade Films?
A: George Harrison
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which film still hold the record for using the highest number of extras?
A: Gandhi
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What character has been played by Robert Donat in 1935, Kenneth More in 1959 and Robert Powell in 1978?
A: Richard Hannay
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: A novel by Irvine Welsh set in Edinburgh was made into which 1996 film?
A: Trainspotting
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The multi Oscar winning Chariots of Fire was based on the lives of which 2 athletes?
A: Eric Liddell and Harold Abrahams
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 1985 romantic comedy starring Alexandra Pigg and Margi Clarke was set in Liverpool?
A: Letter To Brezhnev
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Peter Howitt is probably best known for playing the part of Joey Boswell in Bread, but what film did he write the screenplay for, and direct in 1998?
A: Sliding Doors
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which 80s Top 10 hit begins with the line “I was happy in the haze of a drunken hour”?
A: Heaven Knows I’m Miserable Now
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which comedian was the host of the short lived Channel 4 programme, TV Heaven Telly Hell?
A: Sean Lock
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The band Heaven 17 took their name from which Stanley Kubrick film?
A: A Clockwork Orange
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: According to the famous line, hell hath no fury like what?
A: A woman scorned
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the subtitle of the 3rd film in the Hellraiser series of films?
A: Hell On Earth
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the title of Maria McKee’s only UK number 1, due to it’s use in the film Days Of Thunder?
A: Show Me Heaven
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What was the catchphrase of the Hanna-Barbera character Snagglepuss?
A: Heavens to Murgatroyd
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Ron Perlman plays which comic book superhero in 2 films of the Noughties?
A: Hellboy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Brother Bones' whistled version of which song is the Harlem Globetrotter's signature?
A: Sweet Georgia Brown.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which Dan Brown novel  is the first to feature Robert Langdon?
A: Angels and Demons.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which US state is the Ivy League Brown University?
A: Providence Rhode Island
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who actress played Sister Sarah Brown in the1955 musical film Guys and Dolls?
A: Jean Simmons.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the lead singer of the band whose only UK chart topper was  So you win again
A: Errol Brown.
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Italian gynaecologist Doctor Giorgio Fischer invented which surgical procedure in 1974?
A: Liposuction
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Vatsyayana completed which erotic piece of work in 400 AD?
A: Kama Sutra
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: A stogie is a cheap, thin what?
A: Cigar
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the name of Inspector Gadget’s dog in the children’s tv cartoon series ‘Inspector Gadget’?
A: Brain
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: What is the chemical compound Calcium Oxide commonly known as?
A: Quicklime (or burnt lime)
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In the human body, the hallux is more commonly known by what name?
A: Big toe
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The wool of a Shahtoosh shawl comes from which endangered animal?
A: Tibetan antelope (or Chiru)
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The boxer Sonny Liston appears on the cover of which Beatles album?
A: Sgt Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Which French sculptor died in November 1917?
A: Auguste Rodin
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: ‘Air & Style’ and ‘X-Trail Jam’ are events in which sport?
A: Snowboarding
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Lester B. Pearson became Prime Minister of which country in April 1963?
A: Canada
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The conflict between rival political factions the Girondins and the Jacobins, during the French Revolution, was known as The Reign of what?
A: Terror
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The liqueur Maraschino is flavoured with which fruit?
A: Cherries
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Piemont and Lombardy are regions in which European country?
A: Italy
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Fakt is the biggest-selling daily newspaper in which European country?
A: Poland
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: The headquarters of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) are in which European city?
A: Paris
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Who was the first black footballer to play for England?
A: Viv Anderson
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: In which year was singer Elvis Presley born?
A: 1935
<|CHUNK_END|>
Q: Bert Handy, Penny Panting and Lily Duveen are all characters in which ‘Carry On’ film?
A: Carry On Regardless
<|CHUNK_END|>
