---
language:
  - ks
  - en
license: gpl-3.0
base_model:
  - sarvamai/sarvam-translate
library_name: transformers
pipeline_tag: text-generation
tags:
  - translation
  - kashmiri
  - english
  - gemma3
  - sarvam-translate
  - low-resource
  - lora
  - merged
model-index:
  - name: koshur-kouter-ks-en_v1
    results:
      - task:
          type: translation
          name: Translation (ks→en)
        dataset:
          name: benchmark_simple_ks2en_200
          type: custom
        metrics:
          - type: bleu
            value: 13.07
            name: BLEU
          - type: chrf
            value: 46.99
            name: chrF
          - type: exact_match
            value: 0.0
            name: Exact Match
      - task:
          type: translation
          name: Translation (internal eval)
        dataset:
          name: internal_eval
          type: custom
        metrics:
          - type: bleu
            value: 100.0
            name: BLEU
          - type: chrf
            value: 100.0
            name: chrF
---

# Koshur Kouter KS-EN v1

[![Open In Colab](https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg)](https://colab.research.google.com/#fileId=https://huggingface.co/Omarrran/koshur-kouter-ks-en_v1/blob/main/notebooks/colab_load_stage1_model.ipynb)

A Kashmiri ↔ English translation model fine-tuned from [`sarvamai/sarvam-translate`](https://huggingface.co/sarvamai/sarvam-translate) (Gemma 3, 4.5B parameters). A QLoRA adapter has been merged into the base weights and published as a fully self-contained `transformers`-compatible checkpoint.

---

## Model Details

| | |
|---|---|
| **Authors** | Haq Nawaz Malik ([@Omarrran](https://huggingface.co/Omarrran)) · Nahfid Nissar ([@nafiboi](https://huggingface.co/nafiboi)) |
| **Base model** | `sarvamai/sarvam-translate` |
| **Architecture** | `Gemma3ForCausalLM` |
| **Parameters** | ~4.55 B (bf16) |
| **Languages** | Kashmiri (ks), English (en) |
| **License** | GPL-3.0 |
| **Precision** | bfloat16 |
| **Context length** | 131,072 tokens |
| **Vocabulary size** | 262,208 |
| **Layers / hidden / heads / KV heads** | 34 / 2560 / 8 / 4 |
| **Checkpoint size** | 8.48 GiB (5 shards) |

---

## Intended Use

**Primary use cases**

- Kashmiri ↔ English machine translation, in either direction.
- Downstream evaluation, comparison, and benchmarking of Kashmiri NLP systems.
- Manual review workflows on mixed-direction prompts.
- Direct loading via `transformers` without PEFT adapter merging.

**Out-of-scope use**

- Production-grade translation without human review.
- Long-form document translation (model is tuned on short, sentence-level pairs).
- Open-ended generation, dialogue, or any task other than translation.
- Safety-critical applications (medical, legal, financial advice).

---

## Quickstart

### Installation

```bash
pip install -U transformers accelerate sentencepiece safetensors torch
```

### Load the model

```python
import torch
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM

repo_id = "Omarrran/koshur-kouter-ks-en_v1"

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(repo_id)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    repo_id,
    torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
    device_map="auto",
).eval()
```

### Translate

```python
def first_nonempty_line(text: str) -> str:
    for line in text.splitlines():
        if line.strip():
            return line.strip()
    return text.strip()


def translate(source: str, direction: str, max_new_tokens: int = 48) -> str:
    instructions = {
        "ks2en": "Translate the text below to English. Return only the translation.",
        "en2ks": "Translate the text below to Kashmiri. Return only the translation.",
    }
    messages = [
        {"role": "system", "content": instructions[direction]},
        {"role": "user", "content": source},
    ]
    prompt = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
        messages, tokenize=False, add_generation_prompt=True
    )
    inputs = tokenizer(
        prompt, return_tensors="pt", truncation=True, max_length=1024
    ).to(model.device)

    with torch.no_grad():
        outputs = model.generate(
            **inputs,
            max_new_tokens=max_new_tokens,
            do_sample=False,
            repetition_penalty=1.15,
            no_repeat_ngram_size=3,
            pad_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id,
        )

    suffix = outputs[0][inputs.input_ids.shape[1]:]
    return first_nonempty_line(tokenizer.decode(suffix, skip_special_tokens=True))


print(translate("Hello how are you doing today?.", "en2ks"))
print(translate("کٔشیر چھُ اکھ خوبصورت جٲی", "ks2en"))
```

A ready-to-run notebook is included at `notebooks/colab_load_stage1_model.ipynb`.

[![Open In Colab](https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg)](https://colab.research.google.com/#fileId=https://huggingface.co/Omarrran/koshur-kouter-ks-en_v1/blob/main/notebooks/colab_load_stage1_model.ipynb)

---

## Recommended Decoding

The model is sensitive to decoding settings. The defaults shipped in `generation_config.json` are tuned for stable translation rather than open-ended generation:

| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| `do_sample` | `False` |
| `max_new_tokens` | `48` |
| `repetition_penalty` | `1.15` |
| `no_repeat_ngram_size` | `3` |

**Post-processing:** decode only the generated suffix and take the first non-empty line. Looser decoding (sampling, longer windows, no repetition penalty) produces continuation artifacts and quote-tail noise.

---

## Training

### Procedure

The model was trained with a **QLoRA supervised fine-tuning** setup on a bidirectional Kashmiri ↔ English parallel corpus, on top of `sarvamai/sarvam-translate`. The resulting LoRA adapter was merged into the base weights; this release ships the merged checkpoint.

### Hyperparameters

| Hyperparameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Max sequence length | 512 |
| Effective batch size | 32 |
| Gradient accumulation | 1 |
| Precision | bf16 |
| Optimizer | `paged_adamw_8bit` |
| Learning rate | 2 × 10⁻⁴ |
| LR scheduler | cosine |
| Warmup ratio | 0.03 |
| Weight decay | 0.01 |
| Max grad norm | 1.0 |
| Epochs | 2 |
| LoRA rank / alpha / dropout | 32 / 64 / 0.05 |
| LoRA target modules | `q_proj, k_proj, v_proj, o_proj, gate_proj, up_proj, down_proj` |
| Modules saved (full) | `lm_head, embed_tokens` |
| Logging / eval / save steps | 10 / 250 / 250 |

### Observed training metrics

| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Total steps | 20,060 |
| Wall-clock time | 5.19 h |
| Peak VRAM | 12.88 GB |
| Train loss — first logged | 8.0698 |
| Train loss — best logged | 0.5632 |
| Train loss — last step (step 20,060) | 0.5819 |
| **Final train loss (averaged across run)** | **0.6242** |
| Token accuracy — last / best | 0.8548 / 0.8557 |
| Eval loss — first / best | 1.4610 / 1.2011 |
| **Final eval loss (step 20,000)** | **1.2294** |

### Training curves

| Loss | Token accuracy | Eval loss | GPU memory |
|---|---|---|---|
| ![](assets/stage1_training_loss.svg) | ![](assets/stage1_token_accuracy.svg) | ![](assets/stage1_eval_loss.svg) | ![](assets/stage1_gpu_alloc_gb.svg) |

Raw training logs are available under `artifacts/`:
- `stage1_training_log.jsonl`
- `stage1_summary.json`
- `stage1_eval.json`
- `stage1_metrics_summary.json`

---

## Evaluation

### Internal eval (200 samples)

| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| BLEU | 100.0 |
| chrF | 100.0 |

> ⚠️ **Caveat.** This score is implausibly perfect and almost certainly reflects an easy or in-distribution slice. It is reported here for completeness and **must not** be interpreted as a generalization estimate.

### `benchmark_simple_ks2en_200` (ks → en)

| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| BLEU | 13.07 |
| chrF | 46.99 |
| Exact match | 0.00 |

The benchmark contains some noisy or mismatched references; scores should be interpreted as a lower-bound indicator rather than a clean evaluation. Files: `benchmarks/benchmark_simple_ks2en_200.{jsonl,stage1_eval.json}`.

### 500-sample mixed-direction review set (source-only)

A 500-sample source-only set is provided for **human review**. Automatic BLEU/chrF is not applicable.

| File | Purpose |
|---|---|
| `kashmiri_benchmark_500_source_only.jsonl` | Source prompts |
| `kashmiri_benchmark_500_stage1_safe_pred.jsonl` | Model predictions |
| `kashmiri_benchmark_500_stage1_safe_pred.{summary.json, xlsx, summary.xlsx}` | Aggregates and review-friendly spreadsheets |

---

## Hardware Requirements

### Inference

| Setting | VRAM | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Short bf16 inference (observed) | ~8.5 GB | Validated on Modal |
| Recommended for short prompts | ≥ 12 GB | Comfortable headroom |
| Long prompts / batching | 16–24 GB+ | Recommended |
| CPU loading | ≥ 24 GB RAM | Full merged shards held in memory |
| Colab | L4 / A100 | Use 4/8-bit quantization on smaller GPUs |

### Training (reference)

- Peak VRAM: **12.88 GB**
- Wall-clock: **5.19 h** for 20,060 steps

---

## Repository Layout

```text
.
├── README.md
├── config.json
├── generation_config.json
├── model.safetensors.index.json
├── model-0000{1..5}-of-00005.safetensors
├── tokenizer.json
├── tokenizer.model
├── artifacts/
│   ├── config.json
│   ├── stage1_eval.json
│   ├── stage1_metrics_summary.json
│   ├── stage1_summary.json
│   └── stage1_training_log.jsonl
├── assets/
│   ├── stage1_training_loss.svg
│   ├── stage1_token_accuracy.svg
│   ├── stage1_eval_loss.svg
│   └── stage1_gpu_alloc_gb.svg
├── benchmarks/
│   ├── benchmark_simple_ks2en_200.jsonl
│   ├── benchmark_simple_ks2en_200.stage1_eval.json
│   ├── kashmiri_benchmark_500_source_only.jsonl
│   ├── kashmiri_benchmark_500_stage1_safe_pred.jsonl
│   ├── kashmiri_benchmark_500_stage1_safe_pred.summary.json
│   ├── kashmiri_benchmark_500_stage1_safe_pred.xlsx
│   └── kashmiri_benchmark_500_stage1_safe_pred.summary.xlsx
└── notebooks/
    └── colab_load_stage1_model.ipynb
```

---

## Limitations and Risks

- **Decoding sensitivity.** Output quality degrades sharply under sampling or loose repetition controls. Use the recommended deterministic settings.
- **Length bias.** The model was trained on sentence-level pairs (≤ 512 tokens). Long-form translation is not supported.
- **Internal eval is not generalization.** The 100/100 BLEU/chrF figure is a fixture, not a quality claim.
- **Benchmark noise.** Reported BLEU/chrF on `benchmark_simple_ks2en_200` is depressed by reference noise; treat as indicative only.
- **Domain coverage.** The training distribution skews toward general / literary Kashmiri; performance on technical, legal, or dialectal inputs is unverified.
- **Artifacts.** Earlier decoding configurations occasionally produced quote-tail or continuation artifacts; the shipped `generation_config.json` mitigates but does not eliminate these.
- **Low-resource caveat.** Kashmiri remains a low-resource language; reference quality, orthographic normalization, and dialectal coverage are open problems that bound any model trained on currently-available data.

---

## Citation

If you use this model, please cite:

```bibtex
@misc{malik2026koshurkouter,
  title        = {Koshur Kouter KS-EN v1: A Merged QLoRA Kashmiri--English Translation Model},
  author       = {Malik, Haq Nawaz and Nissar, Nahfid},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://huggingface.co/Omarrran/koshur-kouter-ks-en_v1}},
  note         = {Fine-tuned from sarvamai/sarvam-translate}
}
```

Please also cite the base model:

```bibtex
@misc{sarvam2025translate,
  title        = {Sarvam-Translate},
  author       = {{Sarvam AI}},
  howpublished = {\url{https://huggingface.co/sarvamai/sarvam-translate}}
}
```

---

## Acknowledgements

Built on top of `sarvamai/sarvam-translate`. Training and evaluation infrastructure run on Colab and Modal. Thanks to the broader Kashmiri NLP community whose data and tooling made this work possible.

---

## Contact

- **Hugging Face:** [@Omarrran](https://huggingface.co/Omarrran) · [@nafiboi](https://huggingface.co/nafiboi)
- **Issues / feedback:** open a discussion on the model repository.