850 lines
26 KiB
Plaintext
850 lines
26 KiB
Plaintext
{
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"metadata": {
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"title": "Systems Thinking & Cognitive Bias Evaluation Set",
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"version": "1.0",
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"total_questions": 70,
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"description": "A diagnostic tool for assessing systemic literacy, understanding of feedback loops, and awareness of cognitive heuristics."
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},
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"questions": [
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{
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"id": 1,
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"category": "Systemic Scenarios",
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"question": "A city builds more highways to reduce traffic congestion. Over time, congestion returns to previous levels or worsens. What best explains this outcome?",
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"choices": [
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"Drivers become less skilled over time",
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"More roads always create more accidents",
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"Increased road capacity encourages more people to drive, offsetting gains",
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"Public transport becomes less efficient"
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],
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"answer": 2
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},
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{
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"id": 2,
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"category": "Systemic Scenarios",
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"question": "A company rewards employees solely based on number of tickets closed per day. After several months, customer satisfaction drops. What is the most plausible explanation?",
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"choices": [
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"Employees forgot how to solve complex problems",
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"Employees optimized for speed rather than quality",
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"Customers became more demanding",
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"The software system slowed down"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 3,
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"category": "Systemic Scenarios",
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"question": "In an ecosystem, wolves are removed. Initially, deer population grows rapidly, but after some years the deer population collapses. What systemic dynamic best explains this?",
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"choices": [
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"Deer naturally die after population booms",
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"Wolves controlled disease directly",
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"Overgrazing reduced food availability, leading to starvation",
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"Climate change occurred suddenly"
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],
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"answer": 2
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},
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{
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"id": 4,
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"category": "Systemic Scenarios",
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"question": "A government caps rent prices to make housing more affordable. Which long-term effect is most consistent with systems-level reasoning?",
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"choices": [
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"Landlords universally become more generous",
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"More luxury housing gets built",
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"Housing supply may shrink as incentives to build decline",
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"All tenants become long-term renters"
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],
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"answer": 2
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},
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{
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"id": 5,
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"category": "Systemic Scenarios",
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"question": "A social media platform optimizes for time spent on site. Over time, political polarization increases. Why is this a systems effect rather than a simple bug?",
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"choices": [
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"Users misunderstand the interface",
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"Algorithms were programmed incorrectly",
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"Feedback loops amplify emotionally engaging content",
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"Servers introduce random noise"
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],
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"answer": 2
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},
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{
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"id": 6,
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"category": "Systemic Scenarios",
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"question": "A hospital reduces staffing to cut costs. Short-term savings occur, but long-term costs rise. What best explains this?",
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"choices": [
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"Hospitals are naturally inefficient",
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"Reduced staff increases burnout and errors, causing higher downstream costs",
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"Patients become more careless",
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"Insurance companies change policies"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 7,
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"category": "Feedback Loops",
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"question": "Which scenario best illustrates a reinforcing feedback loop?",
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"choices": [
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"Thermostat maintaining room temperature",
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"Predator-prey population oscillation",
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"Viral content attracting attention, which increases visibility, attracting more attention",
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"Random coin flips"
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],
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"answer": 2
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},
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{
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"id": 8,
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"category": "Systemic Scenarios",
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"question": "A country subsidizes fuel to help the poor. Over time, traffic worsens and pollution increases. What systemic tradeoff is occurring?",
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"choices": [
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"Subsidies always fail",
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"Lower prices increase consumption, creating negative externalities",
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"Citizens dislike public transportation",
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"Fuel companies manipulate supply"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 9,
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"category": "Complexity",
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"question": "Why are delayed consequences particularly dangerous in complex systems?",
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"choices": [
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"They are always unpredictable",
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"They prevent immediate feedback, making harmful policies seem successful at first",
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"They only occur in natural systems",
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"They can be ignored safely"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 10,
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"category": "Holistic Thinking",
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"question": "A company automates customer service to reduce costs. Which outcome reflects holistic reasoning?",
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"choices": [
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"Costs decrease, therefore the decision is good",
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"Automation is always better than humans",
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"Customer frustration may rise, affecting brand trust and long-term revenue",
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"AI systems never fail"
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],
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"answer": 2
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},
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{
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"id": 11,
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"category": "Complexity",
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"question": "Which policy is most likely to produce unintended consequences due to system complexity?",
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"choices": [
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"Updating a typo on a website",
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"Changing a font style in a document",
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"Basing school funding solely on standardized test scores",
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"Replacing broken light bulbs"
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],
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"answer": 2
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},
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{
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"id": 12,
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"category": "System Control",
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"question": "Why do complex systems often resist simple top-down control?",
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"choices": [
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"Because rules are never effective",
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"Because participants are irrational",
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"Because agents adapt their behavior in response to interventions",
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"Because leaders lack intelligence"
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],
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"answer": 2
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},
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{
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"id": 13,
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"category": "Second-Order Effects",
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"question": "Which example best shows second-order effects?",
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"choices": [
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"It rains, the ground gets wet",
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"A student studies and gets a good grade",
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"More police reduce crime immediately",
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"More police reduce crime, which raises property values, which displaces low-income residents"
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],
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"answer": 3
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},
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{
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"id": 14,
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"category": "Optimization",
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"question": "Why might optimizing a single metric harm overall system performance?",
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"choices": [
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"Metrics are inherently flawed",
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"People dislike being measured",
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"Optimization can distort behavior away from broader system goals",
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"Systems prefer randomness"
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],
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"answer": 2
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},
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{
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"id": 15,
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"category": "Leverage Points",
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"question": "Which intervention best reflects leverage-point thinking?",
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"choices": [
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"Punishing every individual mistake",
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"Changing incentives that shape behavior across the system",
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"Adding more rules to cover every edge case",
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"Ignoring the problem"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 16,
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"category": "Sustainability",
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"question": "A fishing community increases fishing capacity to boost income. Years later, fish stocks collapse. What was the missing systems insight?",
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"choices": [
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"Fish reproduce randomly",
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"Fishing boats were poorly designed",
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"Resource extraction exceeded regenerative capacity",
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"Markets fluctuate unpredictably"
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],
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"answer": 2
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},
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{
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"id": 17,
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"category": "Resilience",
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"question": "Why is diversity often important in resilient systems?",
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"choices": [
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"It makes systems harder to understand",
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"It ensures redundancy and adaptability to change",
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"It slows performance",
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"It eliminates all failures"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 18,
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"category": "Path Dependence",
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"question": "Which situation best demonstrates path dependence?",
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"choices": [
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"A coin flip outcome",
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"Choosing randomly each time",
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"Early technology adoption shaping long-term market dominance",
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"A perfectly balanced system returning to equilibrium"
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],
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"answer": 2
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},
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{
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"id": 19,
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"category": "Holistic Thinking",
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"question": "Which framing best reflects holistic thinking?",
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"choices": [
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"Focus only on the fastest measurable outcome",
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"Treat each department as fully independent",
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"Consider technical, social, emotional, and economic factors together",
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"Assume all problems have single causes"
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],
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"answer": 2
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},
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{
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"id": 20,
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"category": "Systemic Failure",
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"question": "Why do well-intentioned interventions sometimes worsen the problem they aim to solve?",
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"choices": [
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"Because people are irrational",
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"Because complex systems contain hidden feedback loops and incentives",
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"Because planning is always bad",
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"Because effort is pointless"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 21,
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"category": "Resilience",
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"question": "A system is 'resilient' but not 'robust'. What is the difference?",
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"choices": [
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"Resilience is strength, Robustness is speed",
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"Robustness resists change; Resilience absorbs change and recovers",
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"Robustness is for machines; Resilience is for humans",
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"There is no difference"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 22,
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"category": "Archetypes",
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"question": "What is the 'tragedy of the commons'?",
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"choices": [
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"A theatre play about poverty",
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"When individual rational incentives lead to the depletion of a shared resource",
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"When governments take over private property",
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"A failure of individual morality"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 23,
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"category": "Complexity",
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"question": "Which describes an 'emergent property'?",
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"choices": [
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"The sum of the parts is equal to the whole",
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"Properties that appear in a system but are not present in the individual parts",
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"A property that disappears when a system grows",
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"A predictable byproduct of linear growth"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 24,
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"category": "System Dynamics",
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"question": "In systems thinking, what is a 'stock'?",
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"choices": [
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"A share in a company",
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"The foundation of a building",
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"An accumulation of something (water, money, trust) over time",
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"A flow that changes quickly"
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],
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"answer": 2
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},
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{
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"id": 25,
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"category": "Feedback Loops",
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"question": "A 'balancing feedback loop' is primarily intended to:",
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"choices": [
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"Increase growth exponentially",
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"Maintain stability or reach a goal",
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"Cause the system to collapse",
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"Increase the speed of the system"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 26,
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"category": "Optimization",
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"question": "Why does 'local optimization' often lead to 'global sub-optimization'?",
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"choices": [
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"Local managers are less intelligent",
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"Improving one part in isolation can disrupt the balance of the whole system",
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"Global goals are usually impossible to meet",
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"Competition is always bad"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 27,
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"category": "Complexity",
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"question": "What happens in a 'tipping point'?",
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"choices": [
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"The system returns to its original state",
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"A small change triggers a massive, often irreversible shift in system state",
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"The system becomes perfectly balanced",
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"Progress slows down significantly"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 28,
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"category": "Cognitive Bias",
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"question": "Which is an example of 'Sunk Cost Fallacy' affecting a system?",
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"choices": [
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"Investing more in a failing project just because a lot has already been spent",
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"Saving money for a future project",
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"Calculating the ROI of a new venture",
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"Selling an asset at a profit"
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],
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"answer": 0
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},
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{
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"id": 29,
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"category": "Rationality",
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"question": "What is 'bounded rationality'?",
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"choices": [
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"People are completely irrational",
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"People make rational decisions based on the limited information and time they have",
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"Rationality is only possible in mathematics",
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"Systems are more rational than individuals"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 30,
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"category": "Risk",
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"question": "How does 'tight coupling' affect system risk?",
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"choices": [
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"It makes systems more efficient and safer",
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"It allows failures in one part to spread rapidly to others",
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"It isolates problems effectively",
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"It has no effect on risk"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 31,
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"category": "Incentives",
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"question": "The 'Cobra Effect' describes what?",
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"choices": [
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"A snake's movement",
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"When an incentive for a problem results in people creating more of the problem to get the reward",
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"The fear of sudden changes",
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"A successful biological intervention"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 32,
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"category": "Complexity",
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"question": "In a 'complex adaptive system', agents:",
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"choices": [
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"Follow a central commander",
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"Change their strategies based on experience and the environment",
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"Never interact with each other",
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"Act randomly at all times"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 33,
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"category": "Archetypes",
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"question": "What is 'shifting the burden'?",
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"choices": [
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"Giving a task to a colleague",
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"Using a short-term fix that undermines the long-term health of the system",
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"Improving the efficiency of a workflow",
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"Moving a physical load"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 34,
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"category": "Measurement",
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"question": "Which is a 'lagging indicator' of a system's health?",
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"choices": [
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"The current rate of investment",
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"The profit from last year",
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"The mood of the employees today",
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"The number of new leads"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 35,
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"category": "Entropy",
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"question": "What is 'entropy' in a system?",
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"choices": [
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"The increase in energy",
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"The natural tendency toward disorder and loss of information",
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"A method for organizing files",
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"The speed of light"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 36,
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"category": "Feedback Loops",
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"question": "A 'virtuous cycle' is another name for:",
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"choices": [
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"A balancing loop",
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"A reinforcing loop with positive outcomes",
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"A cycle that never changes",
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"A moral philosophy"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 37,
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"category": "Stability",
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"question": "What is 'homeostasis'?",
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"choices": [
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"Moving to a new home",
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"A system maintaining its internal environment within narrow limits",
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"The study of humans",
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"A type of rapid growth"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 38,
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"category": "Complexity",
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"question": "What describes 'Equifinality'?",
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"choices": [
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"All systems end the same way",
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"Reaching the same end state from different starting points and in different ways",
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"A final decision that cannot be changed",
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"The death of a system"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 39,
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"category": "Lindy Effect",
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"question": "The 'Lindy Effect' suggests that for non-perishable things (like ideas):",
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"choices": [
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"They die young",
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"Their future life expectancy is proportional to their current age",
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"Newer is always better",
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"The end is always near"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 40,
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"category": "Ergodicity",
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"question": "What is 'Ergodicity'?",
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"choices": [
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"A type of energy",
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"When the average of a group represents the likely experience of an individual over time",
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"The study of work efficiency",
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"A logical fallacy"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 41,
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"category": "Goodhart's Law",
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"question": "What is 'Goodhart’s Law'?",
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"choices": [
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"Laws should be followed",
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"When a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure",
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"Everything that can go wrong will",
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"The simplest explanation is best"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 42,
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"category": "Supply Chain",
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"question": "In 'The Beer Game' (supply chain simulation), the 'Bullwhip Effect' is caused by:",
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"choices": [
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"Aggressive managers",
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"Lack of communication and time delays in information flowing up the chain",
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"A shortage of raw materials",
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"High prices"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 43,
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"category": "Evolution",
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"question": "What is 'The Red Queen Effect'?",
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"choices": [
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"A monarchy rule",
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"The need for constant adaptation and evolution just to maintain relative fitness",
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"A sudden collapse of a system",
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"The benefit of being at the top"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 44,
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"category": "Risk",
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"question": "Which is an example of a 'Black Swan' event?",
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"choices": [
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"A predictable seasonal change",
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"A high-impact, rare, and difficult-to-predict event",
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"A common occurrence in nature",
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"A well-planned project milestone"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 45,
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"category": "System Blindness",
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"question": "What is 'Systems Blindness'?",
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"choices": [
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"Medical condition",
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"Failing to see the structures and interdependencies that cause events",
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"Ignoring data",
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"Working in a dark room"
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],
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"answer": 1
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},
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{
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"id": 46,
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"category": "Resource Management",
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"question": "What is a 'Limiting Factor'?",
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"choices": [
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"A rule that restricts speed",
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"The resource in shortest supply that prevents further growth",
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"A negative mindset",
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"The end of a countdown"
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],
|
||
"answer": 1
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"id": 47,
|
||
"category": "Causality",
|
||
"question": "Which is an example of 'Circular Causality'?",
|
||
"choices": [
|
||
"A leads to B, which leads to C",
|
||
"A leads to B, and B leads back to A",
|
||
"A leads to nothing",
|
||
"Random events"
|
||
],
|
||
"answer": 1
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"id": 48,
|
||
"category": "Ethics/Risk",
|
||
"question": "What is 'The Precautionary Principle'?",
|
||
"choices": [
|
||
"Being careful when driving",
|
||
"Avoiding actions that have a potential for great harm even if the risk is unknown",
|
||
"Ignoring risks until they happen",
|
||
"Testing everything after launch"
|
||
],
|
||
"answer": 1
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"id": 49,
|
||
"category": "Antifragility",
|
||
"question": "In 'Antifragility', a system:",
|
||
"choices": [
|
||
"Resists breaking",
|
||
"Gains strength from stressors and disorder",
|
||
"Breaks easily",
|
||
"Remains the same"
|
||
],
|
||
"answer": 1
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"id": 50,
|
||
"category": "Matthew Effect",
|
||
"question": "What is 'The Matthew Effect'?",
|
||
"choices": [
|
||
"A weather pattern",
|
||
"The rich get richer and the successful get more success (accumulated advantage)",
|
||
"A religious philosophy",
|
||
"The cooling of the earth"
|
||
],
|
||
"answer": 1
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"id": 51,
|
||
"category": "System Design",
|
||
"question": "What describes 'Loose Coupling'?",
|
||
"choices": [
|
||
"Components that are barely connected",
|
||
"Components that can function or fail without immediately destroying the rest of the system",
|
||
"A broken machine",
|
||
"A very efficient team"
|
||
],
|
||
"answer": 1
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"id": 52,
|
||
"category": "Information Flow",
|
||
"question": "What is 'The Streisand Effect'?",
|
||
"choices": [
|
||
"A musical technique",
|
||
"Attempting to hide information which results in it becoming much more widely known",
|
||
"A famous person's diet",
|
||
"A type of lens flare"
|
||
],
|
||
"answer": 1
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"id": 53,
|
||
"category": "Chesterton's Fence",
|
||
"question": "What is 'Chesterton’s Fence'?",
|
||
"choices": [
|
||
"A physical barrier",
|
||
"The principle that one should not tear down a fence until they understand why it was built",
|
||
"A farming technique",
|
||
"A style of debate"
|
||
],
|
||
"answer": 1
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"id": 54,
|
||
"category": "Pareto Principle",
|
||
"question": "What is 'The Pareto Principle'?",
|
||
"choices": [
|
||
"All inputs result in equal outputs",
|
||
"80% of consequences come from 20% of causes",
|
||
"A Italian cooking style",
|
||
"A mathematical constant"
|
||
],
|
||
"answer": 1
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"id": 55,
|
||
"category": "Competence",
|
||
"question": "What is 'The Peter Principle'?",
|
||
"choices": [
|
||
"Everyone is competent",
|
||
"People are promoted to their level of incompetence",
|
||
"The best people work the hardest",
|
||
"Technology solves everything"
|
||
],
|
||
"answer": 1
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"id": 56,
|
||
"category": "Modular Design",
|
||
"question": "What describes 'Modular Design'?",
|
||
"choices": [
|
||
"A single solid piece",
|
||
"Dividing a system into smaller parts that can be independently created and used",
|
||
"A complex way of drawing",
|
||
"Cheap construction"
|
||
],
|
||
"answer": 1
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"id": 57,
|
||
"category": "Recursion",
|
||
"question": "What is 'Recursive'?",
|
||
"choices": [
|
||
"Moving backward",
|
||
"A process that repeats itself within itself",
|
||
"A very fast runner",
|
||
"Something that is cursed"
|
||
],
|
||
"answer": 1
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"id": 58,
|
||
"category": "Governance",
|
||
"question": "What is 'Subsidiarity'?",
|
||
"choices": [
|
||
"Giving money to companies",
|
||
"The principle that matters should be handled by the smallest or least centralized authority capable",
|
||
"Becoming a secondary player",
|
||
"Underground movements"
|
||
],
|
||
"answer": 1
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"id": 59,
|
||
"category": "Reality vs Abstraction",
|
||
"question": "What is 'The Map-Territory Relation'?",
|
||
"choices": [
|
||
"The map is always accurate",
|
||
"The representation of a thing is not the thing itself (abstraction vs reality)",
|
||
"Geography is destiny",
|
||
"Drawing maps is hard"
|
||
],
|
||
"answer": 1
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"id": 60,
|
||
"category": "Decision Making",
|
||
"question": "What describes 'Hyperbolic Discounting'?",
|
||
"choices": [
|
||
"Using a lot of metaphors",
|
||
"Preferring smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards",
|
||
"Being very pessimistic",
|
||
"Calculating high interest rates"
|
||
],
|
||
"answer": 1
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"id": 61,
|
||
"category": "Parsimony",
|
||
"question": "What is 'The Occam’s Razor'?",
|
||
"choices": [
|
||
"A shaving tool",
|
||
"The simplest explanation is usually the correct one",
|
||
"Complexity is better",
|
||
"Always question the obvious"
|
||
],
|
||
"answer": 1
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"id": 62,
|
||
"category": "Probability",
|
||
"question": "What is 'The Base Rate Fallacy'?",
|
||
"choices": [
|
||
"Ignoring the general probability of an event in favor of specific information",
|
||
"Measuring things from the bottom",
|
||
"A music theory error",
|
||
"Assuming everyone is average"
|
||
],
|
||
"answer": 0
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"id": 63,
|
||
"category": "Heuristics",
|
||
"question": "What is 'The Availability Heuristic'?",
|
||
"choices": [
|
||
"Using whatever tools are near",
|
||
"Judging the probability of an event based on how easily examples come to mind",
|
||
"Always being at work",
|
||
"Thinking clearly"
|
||
],
|
||
"answer": 1
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"id": 64,
|
||
"category": "Social Psychology",
|
||
"question": "What is 'Social Proof'?",
|
||
"choices": [
|
||
"A passport",
|
||
"Following the actions of others in an attempt to reflect correct behavior in a given situation",
|
||
"Being famous",
|
||
"Proving a theory in a lab"
|
||
],
|
||
"answer": 1
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"id": 65,
|
||
"category": "Psychology",
|
||
"question": "What is 'The Ikea Effect'?",
|
||
"choices": [
|
||
"Buying cheap furniture",
|
||
"Valuing something more because you helped build it",
|
||
"Getting lost in a store",
|
||
"Following instructions"
|
||
],
|
||
"answer": 1
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"id": 66,
|
||
"category": "Psychology",
|
||
"question": "What is 'Loss Aversion'?",
|
||
"choices": [
|
||
"Not caring about losing",
|
||
"The tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains",
|
||
"Winning at all costs",
|
||
"Losing your keys"
|
||
],
|
||
"answer": 1
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"id": 67,
|
||
"category": "Cognitive Bias",
|
||
"question": "What is 'Confirmation Bias'?",
|
||
"choices": [
|
||
"Saying yes to everything",
|
||
"Searching for or interpreting information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions",
|
||
"A formal ceremony",
|
||
"Scientific proof"
|
||
],
|
||
"answer": 1
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"id": 68,
|
||
"category": "Cognitive Bias",
|
||
"question": "What describes 'The Dunning-Kruger Effect'?",
|
||
"choices": [
|
||
"Being extremely smart",
|
||
"People with low ability at a task overestimate their ability",
|
||
"A German physics law",
|
||
"A psychological treatment"
|
||
],
|
||
"answer": 1
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"id": 69,
|
||
"category": "Game Theory",
|
||
"question": "What is 'The Zero-Sum Game'?",
|
||
"choices": [
|
||
"A game with no winners",
|
||
"One person's gain is equivalent to another's loss",
|
||
"Infinite growth",
|
||
"A complex math equation"
|
||
],
|
||
"answer": 1
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"id": 70,
|
||
"category": "Complexity",
|
||
"question": "What is 'The Tragedy of Selection'?",
|
||
"choices": [
|
||
"Being picked last",
|
||
"When short-term competition destroys long-term group fitness",
|
||
"Making a bad choice",
|
||
"Natural selection"
|
||
],
|
||
"answer": 1
|
||
}
|
||
]
|
||
} |