---
---
license: other
license_name: qwen-research
license_link: https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen2.5-3B/blob/main/LICENSE
library_name: transformers
language:
  - ko
  - en
tags:
  - text-generation
  - korean
  - bilingual
  - qwen2
  - built-with-qwen
  - inheritune
  - continued-pretraining
base_model: Qwen/Qwen2.5-3B
datasets:
  - HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
  - uonlp/CulturaX
  - wikimedia/wikipedia
pipeline_tag: text-generation
---

# 🐻 Gumini-1.5B (구미니)

<p align="center">
  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Parameters-1.54B-blue" style="display:inline-block; margin-right:6px;" />
  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Layers-16-green" style="display:inline-block; margin-right:6px;" />
  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Tokens-3.14B-red" style="display:inline-block; margin-right:6px;" />
  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Languages-Korean%20%7C%20English-orange" style="display:inline-block; margin-right:6px;" />
  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Built%20with-Qwen-purple" style="display:inline-block; margin-right:6px;" />
</p>

<p align="center">
  <a href="https://linkedin.com/in/devgumin" target="_blank">
    <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/LinkedIn-Gumin%20Kwon-0A66C2?logo=linkedin&logoColor=white" style="display:inline-block; margin-right:6px;" />
  </a>

  <a href="https://x.com/Gumini_Research" target="_blank">
    <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/X-@Gumini__Research-black?logo=x&logoColor=white" style="display:inline-block; margin-right:6px;" />
  </a>

  <a href="https://www.instagram.com/gumini_research/" target="_blank">
    <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Instagram-gumini__research-E4405F?logo=instagram&logoColor=white" style="display:inline-block;" />
  </a>
</p>

<p align="center"><b>Built with Qwen</b></p>

> **5,700× less data, better performance.**  
> Gumini-1.5B achieves Korean PPL 8.49 with only 3.14B tokens, outperforming Qwen-1.5B (18T tokens, PPL 8.84).

## 🔥 Key Results

| Model | Params | Training Tokens | Korean PPL ↓ | Rank |
|-------|--------|-----------------|--------------|------|
| Qwen-2.5-7B | 7.62B | 18T | 6.39 | #1 |
| Gemma-2B | 2.0B | 2T | 8.15 | #2 |
| **Gumini-1.5B (Ours)** | **1.54B** | **3.14B** | **8.49** | **#3** |
| Qwen-2.5-1.5B | 1.5B | 18T | 8.84 | #4 |
| Llama-3.2-3B | 3.21B | 9T | 9.47 | #5 |
| EXAONE-3.5-2.4B | 2.4B | ~6.5T | 9.80 | #6 |

## 📊 Data Efficiency

| vs Model | Their Tokens | Gumini Tokens | Efficiency |
|----------|--------------|---------------|------------|
| Qwen-2.5 | 18T | 3.14B | **5,732×** less |
| Llama-3.2 | 9T | 3.14B | **2,866×** less |
| EXAONE-3.5 | ~6.5T | 3.14B | **~2,070×** less |


## Model Description

**Gumini-1.5B** (구미니) is a bilingual Korean-English **base language model** trained using the *Inheritune* methodology. Starting from **Qwen 2.5 3B**, the model progressively grew from 10 to 16 layers through 7 training stages, with **~3.14B tokens** of continued pretraining on a Korean–English mixed corpus.

> This is a **BASE model**, not instruction-tuned.  
> It produces text continuations rather than conversational responses.

## Training Highlights

### Inheritune Progressive Layer Growing
```
Stage 0: 10 layers (1.08B) → 393M tokens
Stage 1: 11 layers (1.15B) → 393M tokens
Stage 2: 12 layers (1.23B) → 393M tokens
Stage 3: 13 layers (1.31B) → 393M tokens
Stage 4: 14 layers (1.39B) → 393M tokens
Stage 5: 15 layers (1.47B) → 393M tokens
Stage 6: 16 layers (1.54B) → 786M tokens ⭐
────────────────────────────────────────────
Total: 16 layers, 1.54B params, ~3.14B tokens
```


## Model Details

| Attribute | Value |
|-----------|-------|
| **Researcher** | [Gumin Kwon (권구민)](https://linkedin.com/in/devgumin) |
| **Base Model** | Qwen/Qwen2.5-3B |
| **Training Method** | Inheritune + Pretraining |
| **Parameters** | 1.54B |
| **Layers** | 16 |
| **Hidden Size** | 2048 |
| **Attention Heads** | 16 |
| **KV Heads** | 2 (GQA) |
| **Vocab Size** | 151,936 |
| **Total Tokens Trained** | ~3.14B |
| **Precision** | BF16 |

## Training Data

| Dataset | Language | Weight |
|---------|----------|--------|
| FineWeb-Edu (sample-10BT) | English | 20% |
| CulturaX-ko | Korean | 50% |
| Wikipedia-ko | Korean | 30% |

**Total: 80% Korean, 20% English**

### Optimization
```yaml
learning_rate: 2.0e-4
weight_decay: 0.1
lr_scheduler: cosine
warmup_ratio: 0.01
max_grad_norm: 1.0
precision: bf16
gradient_checkpointing: true
attention: PyTorch SDPA (Flash Attention)
```

## Usage
```python
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
import torch

model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    "GuminiResearch/Gumini-1.5B-Base",
    torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
    device_map="auto"
)
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("GuminiResearch/Gumini-1.5B-Base")

prompt = "저는 구미니입니다."
inputs = tokenizer(prompt, return_tensors="pt").to(model.device)

outputs = model.generate(
    **inputs,
    max_new_tokens=200,
    repetition_penalty=1.2,
    do_sample=True,
    temperature=0.7,
    top_p=0.9,
)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0], skip_special_tokens=True))
```

### Using Pipeline
```python
from transformers import pipeline

generator = pipeline(
    "text-generation",
    model="GuminiResearch/Gumini-1.5B-Base",
    torch_dtype="bfloat16",
    device_map="auto",
)

output = generator(
    "저는 구미니입니다.",
    max_new_tokens=100,
    temperature=0.7,
    repetition_penalty=1.2,
)
print(output[0]["generated_text"])
```

## Evaluation

| Stage | Layers | Parameters |
|-------|--------|------------|
| 0 | 10 | 1.08B | - | - |
| 5 | 15 | 1.47B | - | - |
| **6** | **16** | **1.54B** |

## Model Family

| Model | Layers | Params | Tokens | Status |
|-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|
| Gumini-1B | 10 | 1.08B | 393M | ✅ Released |
| **Gumini-1.5B** | **16** | **1.54B** | **3.14B** | ✅ **This Model** |

## Limitations

- **Base model**: No instruction-tuning or safety alignment
- **High repetition risk**: Use `repetition_penalty >= 1.2`
- May generate **incorrect or outdated information**
- Should not be used in **sensitive or safety-critical** contexts
- Knowledge cutoff based on training data

## License

### Qwen Research License (Non-Commercial)

This model is **Built with Qwen** and derived from Qwen 2.5 3B.
```
Qwen is licensed under the Qwen RESEARCH LICENSE AGREEMENT.
Copyright (c) Alibaba Cloud. All Rights Reserved.
```

**This model is for NON-COMMERCIAL / RESEARCH use only.**  
For commercial use, contact Alibaba Cloud.

## References

### Inheritune Paper
```bibtex
@inproceedings{Sanyal2024inheritune,
  title={Inheritune: Training Smaller Yet More Attentive Language Models},
  author={Sunny Sanyal and Ravid Shwartz-Ziv and Alexandros G. Dimakis and Sujay Sanghavi},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.08634}
}
```

### Qwen 2.5
```bibtex
@misc{qwen2.5,
  title={Qwen2.5: A Party of Foundation Models},
  author={Qwen Team},
  year={2024},
  url={https://qwenlm.github.io/blog/qwen2.5/}
}
```

## Citation
```bibtex
@misc{gumini2025,
  title={Gumini-1.5B: Bilingual Korean-English Language Model via Inheritune},
  author={Gumin Kwon},
  year={2025},
  note={Built with Qwen. Trained with Inheritune progressive layer growing.},
  url={https://huggingface.co/GuminiResearch/Gumini-1.5B-Base}
}
```

## Author

**[Gumin Kwon (권구민)](https://linkedin.com/in/devgumin)**  
- LinkedIn: [linkedin.com/in/devgumin](https://linkedin.com/in/devgumin)
- HuggingFace: [GuminiResearch](https://huggingface.co/GuminiResearch)

---

<p align="center">
  <b>Built with Qwen</b><br>
  <i>Gumini - 작지만 똑똑한 AI</i>
</p>