# Using Volcano Kthena

This guide shows how to run **prefill–decode (PD) disaggregation** on Huawei Ascend NPUs using **vLLM-Ascend**, with [**Kthena**](https://kthena.volcano.sh/) handling orchestration on Kubernetes. About vLLM support with Kthena, please refer to [Deploy vLLM with Kthena](https://docs.vllm.ai/en/latest/deployment/integrations/kthena/).

---

## 1. What is Prefill–Decode Disaggregation?

Large language model inference naturally splits into two phases:

- **Prefill**
    - Processes input tokens and builds the key–value (KV) cache.
    - Batch-friendly, high-throughput, well-suited to parallel NPU execution.
- **Decode**
    - Consumes the KV cache to generate output tokens.
    - Latency-sensitive, memory-intensive, more sequential.

From the client's perspective, this still looks like a single Chat / Completions endpoint.

---

## 2. Deploy on Kubernetes with Kthena

[Kthena](https://kthena.volcano.sh/) is a Kubernetes-native LLM inference platform that transforms how organizations deploy and manage Large Language Models in production. Built with declarative model lifecycle management and intelligent request routing, it provides high-performance and enterprise-grade scalability for LLM inference workloads. In this example, we use three key Custom Resource Definitions (CRDs):

- `ModelServing` — defines the workloads (prefill and decode roles).
- `ModelServer` — manages PD groupings and internal routing.
- `ModelRoute` — exposes a stable model endpoint.

This section uses the `deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V2-Lite` example, but you can swap in any model supported by vLLM-Ascend.

### 2.1 Prerequisites

- Kubernetes cluster with Ascend NPU nodes:

    The resources corresponding to different NPU Drivers may vary slightly. For example:

    - If using [MindCluster](https://gitee.com/ascend/mind-cluster#https://gitee.com/link?target=https%3A%2F%2Fgitcode.com%2FAscend%2Fmind-cluster), please use `huawei.com/Ascend310P` or `huawei.com/Ascend910`.

    - If running on CCE (Cloud Container Engine) of Huawei Cloud and the [CCE AI Suite Plugin (Ascend NPU)](https://support.huaweicloud.com/intl/en-us/usermanual-cce/cce_10_0239.html) is installed, please use `huawei.com/ascend-310` or `huawei.com/ascend-1980`.

- Kthena installed. Please follow the [Kthena installation guide](https://kthena.volcano.sh/docs/getting-started/installation).

### 2.2 Deploy Prefill-Decode Disaggregated DeepSeek-V2-Lite on Kubernetes

A concrete example is provided in Kthena as <https://github.com/volcano-sh/kthena/blob/main/examples/model-serving/prefill-decode-disaggregation.yaml>

Deploy it with the command below:

```bash
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/volcano-sh/kthena/refs/heads/main/examples/model-serving/prefill-decode-disaggregation.yaml
```

or

```bash
cat << EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: workload.serving.volcano.sh/v1alpha1
kind: ModelServing
metadata:
  name: deepseek-v2-lite
  namespace: dev
spec:
  schedulerName: volcano
  replicas: 1
  recoveryPolicy: ServingGroupRecreate
  template:
    restartGracePeriodSeconds: 60
    roles:
      - name: prefill
        replicas: 1
        entryTemplate:
          spec:
            initContainers:
              - name: downloader
                imagePullPolicy: Always
                image: ghcr.io/volcano-sh/downloader:latest
                args:
                  - --source
                  - deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V2-Lite
                  - --output-dir
                  - /mnt/cache/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V2-Lite/
                volumeMounts:
                  - name: models
                    mountPath: /mnt/cache/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V2-Lite/
            containers:
              - name: runtime
                image: ghcr.io/volcano-sh/runtime:latest
                ports:
                  - containerPort: 8100
                args:
                  - --port
                  - "8100"
                  - --engine
                  - vllm
                  - --pod
                  - $(POD_NAME).$(NAMESPACE)
                  - --model
                  - deepseek-v2-lite
                  - --engine-base-url
                  - http://localhost:8000
              - name: vllm
                image: ghcr.io/volcano-sh/kthena-engine:vllm-ascend_v0.10.1rc1_mooncake_v0.3.5
                ports:
                  - containerPort: 8000
                env:
                  - name: HF_HUB_OFFLINE
                    value: "1"
                  - name: HCCL_IF_IP
                    valueFrom:
                      fieldRef:
                        fieldPath: status.podIP
                  - name: GLOO_SOCKET_IFNAME
                    value: eth0
                  - name: TP_SOCKET_IFNAME
                    value: eth0
                  - name: HCCL_SOCKET_IFNAME
                    value: eth0
                  - name: VLLM_LOGGING_LEVEL
                    value: DEBUG
                  - name: AscendRealDevices
                    valueFrom:
                      fieldRef:
                        fieldPath: metadata.annotations['huawei.com/AscendReal']
                args:
                  - "/mnt/cache/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V2-Lite/"
                  - "--served-model-name"
                  - "deepseek-ai/DeepSeekV2"
                  - "--tensor-parallel-size"
                  - "2"
                  - "--gpu-memory-utilization"
                  - "0.8"
                  - "--max-model-len"
                  - "8192"
                  - "--max-num-batched-tokens"
                  - "8192"
                  - "--trust-remote-code"
                  - "--enforce-eager"
                  - "--kv-transfer-config"
                  - '{"kv_connector":"MooncakeConnectorV1","kv_buffer_device":"npu","kv_role":"kv_producer","kv_parallel_size":1,"kv_port":"20001","engine_id":"0","kv_rank":0,"kv_connector_extra_config":{"prefill":{"dp_size":2,"tp_size":2},"decode":{"dp_size":2,"tp_size":2}}}'
                imagePullPolicy: Always
                resources:
                  limits:
                    cpu: "8"
                    memory: 64Gi
                    huawei.com/ascend-1980: "4"
                  requests:
                    cpu: "8"
                    memory: 64Gi
                    huawei.com/ascend-1980: "4"
                readinessProbe:
                  initialDelaySeconds: 5
                  periodSeconds: 5
                  failureThreshold: 3
                  httpGet:
                    path: /health
                    port: 8000
                livenessProbe:
                  initialDelaySeconds: 900
                  periodSeconds: 5
                  failureThreshold: 3
                  httpGet:
                    path: /health
                    port: 8000
                volumeMounts:
                  - name: models
                    mountPath: /mnt/cache/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V2-Lite/
                    readOnly: true
                  - name: hccn-config
                    mountPath: /etc/hccn.conf
                    readOnly: true
                  - name: shared-memory-volume
                    mountPath: /dev/shm
            volumes:
              - name: models
                hostPath:
                  path: /mnt/cache/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V2-Lite/
                  type: DirectoryOrCreate
              - name: hccn-config
                hostPath:
                  path: /etc/hccn.conf
                  type: File
              - name: shared-memory-volume
                emptyDir:
                  sizeLimit: 256Mi
                  medium: Memory
      - name: decode
        replicas: 1
        entryTemplate:
          spec:
            initContainers:
              - name: downloader
                imagePullPolicy: Always
                image: ghcr.io/volcano-sh/downloader:latest
                args:
                  - --source
                  - deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V2-Lite
                  - --output-dir
                  - /mnt/cache/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V2-Lite/
                volumeMounts:
                  - name: models
                    mountPath: /mnt/cache/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V2-Lite/
            containers:
              - name: vllm
                image: ghcr.io/volcano-sh/kthena-engine:vllm-ascend_v0.10.1rc1_mooncake_v0.3.5
                ports:
                  - containerPort: 8000
                env:
                  - name: HF_HUB_OFFLINE
                    value: "1"
                  - name: HCCL_IF_IP
                    valueFrom:
                      fieldRef:
                        fieldPath: status.podIP
                  - name: GLOO_SOCKET_IFNAME
                    value: eth0
                  - name: TP_SOCKET_IFNAME
                    value: eth0
                  - name: HCCL_SOCKET_IFNAME
                    value: eth0
                  - name: VLLM_LOGGING_LEVEL
                    value: DEBUG
                  - name: AscendRealDevices
                    valueFrom:
                      fieldRef:
                        fieldPath: metadata.annotations['huawei.com/AscendReal']
                args:
                  - "/mnt/cache/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V2-Lite/"
                  - "--served-model-name"
                  - "deepseek-ai/DeepSeekV2"
                  - "--tensor-parallel-size"
                  - "2"
                  - "--gpu-memory-utilization"
                  - "0.8"
                  - "--max-model-len"
                  - "8192"
                  - "--max-num-batched-tokens"
                  - "16384"
                  - "--trust-remote-code"
                  - "--no-enable-prefix-caching"
                  - "--enforce-eager"
                  - "--kv-transfer-config"
                  - '{"kv_connector":"MooncakeConnectorV1","kv_buffer_device":"npu","kv_role":"kv_consumer","kv_parallel_size":1,"kv_port":"20002","engine_id":"1","kv_rank":1,"kv_connector_extra_config":{"prefill":{"dp_size":2,"tp_size":2},"decode":{"dp_size":2,"tp_size":2}}}'
                imagePullPolicy: Always
                resources:
                  limits:
                    cpu: "8"
                    memory: 64Gi
                    huawei.com/ascend-1980: "4"
                  requests:
                    cpu: "8"
                    memory: 64Gi
                    huawei.com/ascend-1980: "4"
                readinessProbe:
                  initialDelaySeconds: 5
                  periodSeconds: 5
                  failureThreshold: 3
                  httpGet:
                    path: /health
                    port: 8000
                livenessProbe:
                  initialDelaySeconds: 900
                  periodSeconds: 5
                  failureThreshold: 3
                  httpGet:
                    path: /health
                    port: 8000
                volumeMounts:
                  - name: models
                    mountPath: /mnt/cache/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V2-Lite/
                    readOnly: true
                  - name: hccn-config
                    mountPath: /etc/hccn.conf
                    readOnly: true
                  - name: shared-memory-volume
                    mountPath: /dev/shm
            volumes:
              - name: models
                hostPath:
                  path: /mnt/cache/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V2-Lite/
                  type: DirectoryOrCreate
              - name: hccn-config
                hostPath:
                  path: /etc/hccn.conf
                  type: File
              - name: shared-memory-volume
                emptyDir:
                  sizeLimit: 256Mi
                  medium: Memory
EOF
```

You should see Pods such as:

- `deepseek-v2-lite-0-prefill-0-0`
- `deepseek-v2-lite-0-decode-0-0`

To enable the LLM access, we still need to configure the routing layer with `ModelServer` and `ModelRoute`.

### 2.3 ModelServer: PD Group Management

The `ModelServer` resource:

- Selects the `ModelServing` workloads via labels.
- Groups prefill and decode Pods into PD pairs.
- Configures KV connector details and timeouts.
- Exposes an internal gRPC/HTTP interface.

Create ModelServer with the command below:

```bash
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/volcano-sh/kthena/refs/heads/main/examples/kthena-router/ModelServer-prefill-decode-disaggregation.yaml
```

or

```bash
cat << EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: networking.serving.volcano.sh/v1alpha1
kind: ModelServer
metadata:
  name: deepseek-v2
  namespace: dev
spec:
  kvConnector:
    type: nixl
  workloadSelector:
    matchLabels:
      modelserving.volcano.sh/name: deepseek-v2-lite
    pdGroup:
      groupKey: "modelserving.volcano.sh/group-name"
      prefillLabels:
        modelserving.volcano.sh/role: prefill
      decodeLabels:
        modelserving.volcano.sh/role: decode
  workloadPort:
    port: 8000
  model: "deepseek-ai/DeepSeekV2"
  inferenceEngine: "vLLM"
  trafficPolicy:
    timeout: 10s
EOF
```

### 2.4 ModelRoute: User-Facing Endpoint

The `ModelRoute` resource maps a model name (e.g., `"deepseek-ai/DeepSeekV2"`) to the `ModelServer`.

Example manifest:

```bash
cat << EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: networking.serving.volcano.sh/v1alpha1
kind: ModelRoute
metadata:
  name: deepseek-v2
  namespace: dev
spec:
  modelName: "deepseek-ai/DeepSeekV2"
  rules:
    - name: "default"
      targetModels:
        - modelServerName: "deepseek-v2"
EOF
```

---

## 3. Verification

### 3.1 Check Workloads

Confirm that prefill and decode Pods are up:

```bash
kubectl get modelserving deepseek-v2-lite -n dev -o yaml | grep status -A 10

kubectl get pod -n dev -owide \
  -l modelserving.volcano.sh/name=deepseek-v2-lite
```

You should see both roles in `Running` and `Ready` state.

### 3.2 Test the Chat Endpoint

Once routing is configured, you can send a test request to the Kthena-router:

```bash

export ENDPOINT=$(kubectl get svc kthena-router -n kthena-system --output=jsonpath='{.status.loadBalancer.ingress[0].ip}:{.spec.ports[0].port}')

curl --location "http://${ENDPOINT}/v1/chat/completions" \
  --header "Content-Type: application/json" \
  --data '{
    "model": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeekV2",
    "messages": [
      {
        "role": "user",
        "content": "Where is the capital of China?"
      }
    ],
    "stream": false
  }'
```

A successful JSON response confirms that:

- The prefill and decode services are both running on Ascend NPUs.
- KV transfer between them is working.
- The Kthena routing layer is correctly fronting the vLLM-Ascend plugin.

---

## 4. Cleanup

To remove the deployment:

```bash
# 1. Remove user-facing routing
kubectl delete modelroute deepseek-v2 -n dev

# 2. Remove internal server
kubectl delete modelserver deepseek-v2 -n dev

# 3. Remove workloads
kubectl delete modelserving deepseek-v2-lite -n dev
```

---

## 5. Summary

For more advanced features, please refer to the [Kthena website](https://kthena.volcano.sh/).