[CI] Refactor to speedup image building and CI Installation (#6708)

### What this PR does / why we need it?
1. Refactor  image workflow using cache-from to speedup builds

![build](https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/02135c12-0069-44f8-a3ec-5c2b4282448a)

Simultaneously refactored all Dockerfiles by placing layers that rarely
change before those that change frequently, improving build cache hit
rate.

2. Refactor E2E test using vllm-ascend container images, to skip C
compile while no C code are changed

![e2e](https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/49f5b166-0df3-41e1-8f71-b3bbbed17cfd)

In this case, the job will only replace the source code of vllm-ascend
and install `requirements-dev.txt`, saving about 10min before tests

### Does this PR introduce _any_ user-facing change?

### How was this patch tested?

- vLLM version: v0.15.0
- vLLM main:
9562912cea

Signed-off-by: wjunLu <wjunlu217@gmail.com>

.github/workflows/schedule_test_vllm_main.yaml

@@ -34,6 +34,6 @@ jobs:
     uses: ./.github/workflows/_e2e_test.yaml
     with:
       vllm: main
-      image: swr.cn-southwest-2.myhuaweicloud.com/base_image/ascend-ci/cann:8.5.0-910b-ubuntu22.04-py3.11
+      image: swr.cn-southwest-2.myhuaweicloud.com/base_image/ascend-ci/vllm-ascend:main
       contains_310: false
       type: full