Refactor MoE (#2575)

Co-authored-by: zhyncs <me@zhyncs.com>
This commit is contained in:
HandH1998
2024-12-26 00:02:14 +08:00
committed by GitHub
parent 8a56b43175
commit 53aed988cb
9 changed files with 1012 additions and 49 deletions

View File

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import torch.nn.functional as F
from torch.nn import Module
from torch.nn.parameter import Parameter
from vllm import _custom_ops as ops
from vllm.distributed import get_tensor_model_parallel_world_size
from vllm.model_executor.layers.linear import LinearBase
from vllm.model_executor.layers.quantization.kv_cache import BaseKVCacheMethod
from vllm.model_executor.layers.quantization.utils.marlin_utils_fp8 import (
@@ -32,7 +33,11 @@ from sglang.srt.layers.quantization.base_config import (
QuantizationConfig,
QuantizeMethodBase,
)
from sglang.srt.layers.quantization.fp8_utils import normalize_e4m3fn_to_e4m3fnuz
from sglang.srt.layers.quantization.fp8_utils import (
BlockQuantScaleParameter,
apply_w8a8_block_fp8_linear,
normalize_e4m3fn_to_e4m3fnuz,
)
from sglang.srt.utils import (
get_bool_env_var,
is_hip,
@@ -53,6 +58,7 @@ class Fp8Config(QuantizationConfig):
is_checkpoint_fp8_serialized: bool = False,
activation_scheme: str = "dynamic",
ignored_layers: Optional[List[str]] = None,
weight_block_size: List[int] = None,
) -> None:
self.is_checkpoint_fp8_serialized = is_checkpoint_fp8_serialized
if is_checkpoint_fp8_serialized:
@@ -64,6 +70,20 @@ class Fp8Config(QuantizationConfig):
raise ValueError(f"Unsupported activation scheme {activation_scheme}")
self.activation_scheme = activation_scheme
self.ignored_layers = ignored_layers or []
if weight_block_size is not None:
if not is_checkpoint_fp8_serialized:
raise ValueError(
f"The block-wise quantization only supports fp8-serialized checkpoint for now."
)
if len(weight_block_size) != 2:
raise ValueError(
f"The quantization block size of weight must have 2 dimensions, but got {len(weight_block_size)} dimensions."
)
if activation_scheme != "dynamic":
raise ValueError(
f"The block-wise quantization only supports dynamic activation scheme for now, but got {activation_scheme} activation scheme."
)
self.weight_block_size = weight_block_size
@classmethod
def get_name(cls) -> str:
@@ -87,10 +107,12 @@ class Fp8Config(QuantizationConfig):
is_checkpoint_fp8_serialized = "fp8" in quant_method
activation_scheme = cls.get_from_keys(config, ["activation_scheme"])
ignored_layers = cls.get_from_keys_or(config, ["ignored_layers"], None)
weight_block_size = cls.get_from_keys_or(config, ["weight_block_size"], None)
return cls(
is_checkpoint_fp8_serialized=is_checkpoint_fp8_serialized,
activation_scheme=activation_scheme,
ignored_layers=ignored_layers,
weight_block_size=weight_block_size,
)
def get_quant_method(
@@ -143,6 +165,11 @@ class Fp8LinearMethod(LinearMethodBase):
if is_hip():
self.use_marlin = False
self.block_quant = self.quant_config.weight_block_size is not None
if self.block_quant:
# Marlin doesn't support block-wise fp8
self.use_marlin = False
def create_weights(
self,
layer: torch.nn.Module,
@@ -153,10 +180,35 @@ class Fp8LinearMethod(LinearMethodBase):
params_dtype: torch.dtype,
**extra_weight_attrs,
):
del input_size, output_size
output_size_per_partition = sum(output_partition_sizes)
weight_loader = extra_weight_attrs.get("weight_loader")
tp_size = get_tensor_model_parallel_world_size()
if self.block_quant:
block_n, block_k = (
self.quant_config.weight_block_size[0],
self.quant_config.weight_block_size[1],
)
# Required by row parallel
if tp_size > 1 and input_size // input_size_per_partition == tp_size:
if input_size_per_partition % block_k != 0:
raise ValueError(
f"Weight input_size_per_partition = "
f"{input_size_per_partition} is not divisible by "
f"weight quantization block_k = {block_k}."
)
# Required by collum parallel or enabling merged weights
if (
tp_size > 1 and output_size // output_size_per_partition == tp_size
) or len(output_partition_sizes) > 1:
for output_partition_size in output_partition_sizes:
if output_partition_size % block_n != 0:
raise ValueError(
f"Weight output_partition_size = "
f"{output_partition_size} is not divisible by "
f"weight quantization block_n = {block_n}."
)
layer.logical_widths = output_partition_sizes
layer.input_size_per_partition = input_size_per_partition
@@ -184,13 +236,27 @@ class Fp8LinearMethod(LinearMethodBase):
# Otherwise, wait until process_weights_after_loading.
if self.quant_config.is_checkpoint_fp8_serialized:
# WEIGHT SCALE
scale = PerTensorScaleParameter(
data=torch.empty(len(output_partition_sizes), dtype=torch.float32),
weight_loader=weight_loader,
)
scale[:] = torch.finfo(torch.float32).min
layer.register_parameter("weight_scale", scale)
if self.block_quant:
assert self.quant_config.activation_scheme == "dynamic"
scale = BlockQuantScaleParameter(
data=torch.empty(
(output_size_per_partition + block_n - 1) // block_n,
(input_size_per_partition + block_k - 1) // block_k,
dtype=torch.float32,
),
input_dim=1,
output_dim=0,
weight_loader=weight_loader,
)
scale[:] = torch.finfo(torch.float32).min
layer.register_parameter("weight_scale_inv", scale)
else:
scale = PerTensorScaleParameter(
data=torch.empty(len(output_partition_sizes), dtype=torch.float32),
weight_loader=weight_loader,
)
scale[:] = torch.finfo(torch.float32).min
layer.register_parameter("weight_scale", scale)
# INPUT ACTIVATION SCALE
if self.quant_config.activation_scheme == "static":
@@ -205,6 +271,9 @@ class Fp8LinearMethod(LinearMethodBase):
layer.register_parameter("input_scale", None)
def process_weights_after_loading(self, layer: Module) -> None:
# Block quant doesn't need to process weights after loading
if self.block_quant:
return
layer.weight = torch.nn.Parameter(layer.weight.data, requires_grad=False)
# If checkpoint not serialized fp8, quantize the weights.
if not self.quant_config.is_checkpoint_fp8_serialized:
@@ -295,6 +364,16 @@ class Fp8LinearMethod(LinearMethodBase):
bias=bias,
)
if self.block_quant:
return apply_w8a8_block_fp8_linear(
input=x,
weight=layer.weight,
block_size=self.quant_config.weight_block_size,
weight_scale=layer.weight_scale_inv,
input_scale=layer.input_scale,
bias=bias,
)
return apply_fp8_linear(
input=x,
weight=layer.weight,
@@ -339,6 +418,7 @@ class Fp8MoEMethod:
def __init__(self, quant_config):
self.quant_config = quant_config
self.block_quant = self.quant_config.weight_block_size is not None
def create_weights(
self,
@@ -353,6 +433,28 @@ class Fp8MoEMethod:
if self.quant_config.is_checkpoint_fp8_serialized:
params_dtype = torch.float8_e4m3fn
tp_size = get_tensor_model_parallel_world_size()
if self.block_quant:
block_n, block_k = (
self.quant_config.weight_block_size[0],
self.quant_config.weight_block_size[1],
)
# NOTE(HandH1998): To ensure proper alignment of the block-wise quantization scales, the output_size of the weights for both the gate and up layers must be divisible by block_n.
# Required by collum parallel or enabling merged weights
if intermediate_size % block_n != 0:
raise ValueError(
f"The output_size of gate's and up's weight = "
f"{intermediate_size} is not divisible by "
f"weight quantization block_n = {block_n}."
)
if tp_size > 1:
# Required by row parallel
if intermediate_size % block_k != 0:
raise ValueError(
f"The input_size of down's weight = "
f"{intermediate_size} is not divisible by "
f"weight quantization block_k = {block_k}."
)
# WEIGHTS
w13_weight = torch.nn.Parameter(
@@ -374,21 +476,45 @@ class Fp8MoEMethod:
set_weight_attrs(w2_weight, extra_weight_attrs)
# WEIGHT_SCALES
# Allocate 2 scales for w1 and w3 respectively.
# They will be combined to a single scale after weight loading.
w13_weight_scale = torch.nn.Parameter(
torch.ones(num_experts, 2, dtype=torch.float32), requires_grad=False
)
layer.register_parameter("w13_weight_scale", w13_weight_scale)
w2_weight_scale = torch.nn.Parameter(
torch.ones(num_experts, dtype=torch.float32), requires_grad=False
)
layer.register_parameter("w2_weight_scale", w2_weight_scale)
if self.block_quant:
w13_weight_scale = torch.nn.Parameter(
torch.ones(
num_experts,
2 * ((intermediate_size + block_n - 1) // block_n),
(hidden_size + block_k - 1) // block_k,
dtype=torch.float32,
),
requires_grad=False,
)
w2_weight_scale = torch.nn.Parameter(
torch.ones(
num_experts,
(hidden_size + block_n - 1) // block_n,
(intermediate_size + block_k - 1) // block_k,
dtype=torch.float32,
),
requires_grad=False,
)
layer.register_parameter("w13_weight_scale_inv", w13_weight_scale)
layer.register_parameter("w2_weight_scale_inv", w2_weight_scale)
assert self.quant_config.activation_scheme == "dynamic"
else:
# Allocate 2 scales for w1 and w3 respectively.
# They will be combined to a single scale after weight loading.
w13_weight_scale = torch.nn.Parameter(
torch.ones(num_experts, 2, dtype=torch.float32), requires_grad=False
)
w2_weight_scale = torch.nn.Parameter(
torch.ones(num_experts, dtype=torch.float32), requires_grad=False
)
layer.register_parameter("w13_weight_scale", w13_weight_scale)
layer.register_parameter("w2_weight_scale", w2_weight_scale)
# Add the quantization method used (per tensor/grouped/channel)
# to ensure the weight scales are loaded in properly
extra_weight_attrs.update(
{"quant_method": FusedMoeWeightScaleSupported.TENSOR.value}
{"quant_method": FusedMoeWeightScaleSupported.BLOCK.value}
if self.block_quant
else {"quant_method": FusedMoeWeightScaleSupported.TENSOR.value}
)
# If loading fp8 checkpoint, pass the weight loaders.
# If loading an fp16 checkpoint, do not (we will quantize in
@@ -422,7 +548,9 @@ class Fp8MoEMethod:
layer.w2_input_scale = None
def process_weights_after_loading(self, layer: Module) -> None:
# Block quant doesn't need to process weights after loading
if self.block_quant:
return
# If checkpoint is fp16 or bfloat16, quantize in place.
if not self.quant_config.is_checkpoint_fp8_serialized:
# If ROCm, use float8_e4m3fnuz instead (MI300x HW)
@@ -519,7 +647,6 @@ class Fp8MoEMethod:
layer.w2_input_scale = torch.nn.Parameter(
w2_input_scale, requires_grad=False
)
# Fp8 moe kernel needs single weight scale for w13 per expert.
# We take the max then dequant and requant each expert.
assert layer.w13_weight_scale is not None
@@ -594,10 +721,17 @@ class Fp8MoEMethod:
topk_ids=topk_ids,
inplace=True,
use_fp8_w8a8=True,
w1_scale=layer.w13_weight_scale,
w2_scale=layer.w2_weight_scale,
w1_scale=(
layer.w13_weight_scale_inv
if self.block_quant
else layer.w13_weight_scale
),
w2_scale=(
layer.w2_weight_scale_inv if self.block_quant else layer.w2_weight_scale
),
a1_scale=layer.w13_input_scale,
a2_scale=layer.w2_input_scale,
block_shape=self.quant_config.weight_block_size,
)

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
from typing import List, Tuple
import torch
import triton
import triton.language as tl
@triton.jit
def _per_token_group_quant_fp8(
# Pointers to inputs and output
y_ptr,
y_q_ptr,
y_s_ptr,
# Stride of input
y_stride,
# Collums of input
N,
# Avoid to divide zero
eps,
# Information for float8
fp8_min,
fp8_max,
# Meta-parameters
BLOCK: tl.constexpr,
):
"""A Triton-accelerated function to perform per-token-group quantization on a
tensor.
This function converts the tensor values into float8 values.
"""
# Map the program id to the row of X and Y it should compute.
g_id = tl.program_id(0)
y_ptr += g_id * y_stride
y_q_ptr += g_id * y_stride
y_s_ptr += g_id
cols = tl.arange(0, BLOCK) # N <= BLOCK
mask = cols < N
y = tl.load(y_ptr + cols, mask=mask, other=0.0).to(tl.float32)
# Quant
_absmax = tl.maximum(tl.max(tl.abs(y)), eps)
y_s = _absmax / fp8_max
y_q = tl.clamp(y / y_s, fp8_min, fp8_max).to(y_q_ptr.dtype.element_ty)
tl.store(y_q_ptr + cols, y_q, mask=mask)
tl.store(y_s_ptr, y_s)
def per_token_group_quant_fp8(
x: torch.Tensor,
group_size: int,
eps: float = 1e-10,
dtype: torch.dtype = torch.float8_e4m3fn,
) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
"""Function to perform per-token-group quantization on an input tensor `x`.
It converts the tensor values into signed float8 values and returns the
quantized tensor along with the scaling factor used for quantization.
Args:
x: The input tenosr with ndim >= 2.
group_size: The group size used for quantization.
eps: The minimum to avoid dividing zero.
dtype: The dype of output tensor. Note that only `torch.float8_e4m3fn` is supported for now.
Returns:
Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]: The quantized tensor and the scaling factor for quantization.
"""
assert (
x.shape[-1] % group_size == 0
), "the last dimension of `x` cannot be divisible by `group_size`"
assert x.is_contiguous(), "`x` is not contiguous"
finfo = torch.finfo(dtype)
fp8_min = finfo.min
fp8_max = finfo.max
x_q = torch.empty_like(x, device=x.device, dtype=dtype)
M = x.numel() // group_size
N = group_size
x_s = torch.empty(
x.shape[:-1] + (x.shape[-1] // group_size,),
device=x.device,
dtype=torch.float32,
)
BLOCK = triton.next_power_of_2(N)
# heuristics for number of warps
num_warps = min(max(BLOCK // 256, 1), 8)
num_stages = 1
_per_token_group_quant_fp8[(M,)](
x,
x_q,
x_s,
group_size,
N,
eps,
fp8_min=fp8_min,
fp8_max=fp8_max,
BLOCK=BLOCK,
num_warps=num_warps,
num_stages=num_stages,
)
return x_q, x_s
@triton.jit
def _w8a8_block_fp8_matmul(
# Pointers to inputs and output
A,
B,
C,
As,
Bs,
# Shape for matmul
M,
N,
K,
# Block size for block-wise quantization
group_n,
group_k,
# Stride for inputs and output
stride_am,
stride_ak,
stride_bk,
stride_bn,
stride_cm,
stride_cn,
stride_As_m,
stride_As_k,
stride_Bs_k,
stride_Bs_n,
# Meta-parameters
BLOCK_SIZE_M: tl.constexpr,
BLOCK_SIZE_N: tl.constexpr,
BLOCK_SIZE_K: tl.constexpr,
GROUP_SIZE_M: tl.constexpr,
):
"""Triton-accelerated function used to perform linear operations (dot
product) on input tensors `A` and `B` with block-wise quantization, and store the result in output
tensor `C`.
"""
pid = tl.program_id(axis=0)
num_pid_m = tl.cdiv(M, BLOCK_SIZE_M)
num_pid_n = tl.cdiv(N, BLOCK_SIZE_N)
num_pid_in_group = GROUP_SIZE_M * num_pid_n
group_id = pid // num_pid_in_group
first_pid_m = group_id * GROUP_SIZE_M
group_size_m = min(num_pid_m - first_pid_m, GROUP_SIZE_M)
pid_m = first_pid_m + (pid % group_size_m)
pid_n = (pid % num_pid_in_group) // group_size_m
offs_am = (pid_m * BLOCK_SIZE_M + tl.arange(0, BLOCK_SIZE_M)) % M
offs_bn = (pid_n * BLOCK_SIZE_N + tl.arange(0, BLOCK_SIZE_N)) % N
offs_k = tl.arange(0, BLOCK_SIZE_K)
a_ptrs = A + (offs_am[:, None] * stride_am + offs_k[None, :] * stride_ak)
b_ptrs = B + (offs_k[:, None] * stride_bk + offs_bn[None, :] * stride_bn)
As_ptrs = As + offs_am * stride_As_m
offs_bsn = offs_bn // group_n
Bs_ptrs = Bs + offs_bsn * stride_Bs_n
accumulator = tl.zeros((BLOCK_SIZE_M, BLOCK_SIZE_N), dtype=tl.float32)
for k in range(0, tl.cdiv(K, BLOCK_SIZE_K)):
a = tl.load(a_ptrs, mask=offs_k[None, :] < K - k * BLOCK_SIZE_K, other=0.0)
b = tl.load(b_ptrs, mask=offs_k[:, None] < K - k * BLOCK_SIZE_K, other=0.0)
k_start = k * BLOCK_SIZE_K
offs_ks = k_start // group_k
a_s = tl.load(As_ptrs + offs_ks * stride_As_k)
b_s = tl.load(Bs_ptrs + offs_ks * stride_Bs_k)
accumulator += tl.dot(a, b) * a_s[:, None] * b_s[None, :]
a_ptrs += BLOCK_SIZE_K * stride_ak
b_ptrs += BLOCK_SIZE_K * stride_bk
if C.dtype.element_ty == tl.bfloat16:
c = accumulator.to(tl.bfloat16)
elif C.dtype.element_ty == tl.float16:
c = accumulator.to(tl.float16)
else:
c = accumulator.to(tl.float32)
offs_cm = pid_m * BLOCK_SIZE_M + tl.arange(0, BLOCK_SIZE_M)
offs_cn = pid_n * BLOCK_SIZE_N + tl.arange(0, BLOCK_SIZE_N)
c_ptrs = C + stride_cm * offs_cm[:, None] + stride_cn * offs_cn[None, :]
c_mask = (offs_cm[:, None] < M) & (offs_cn[None, :] < N)
tl.store(c_ptrs, c, mask=c_mask)
def w8a8_block_fp8_matmul(
A: torch.Tensor,
B: torch.Tensor,
As: torch.Tensor,
Bs: torch.Tensor,
block_size: List[int],
output_dtype: torch.dtype = torch.float16,
) -> torch.Tensor:
"""This function performs matrix multiplication with block-wise quantization.
It takes two input tensors `A` and `B` with scales `As` and `Bs`.
The output is returned in the specified `output_dtype`.
Args:
A: The input tensor, e.g., activation.
B: The input tensor, e.g., weight.
As: The per-token-group quantization scale for `A`.
Bs: The per-block quantization scale for `B`.
block_size: The block size for per-block quantization. It should be 2-dim, e.g., [128, 128].
output_dytpe: The dtype of the returned tensor.
Returns:
torch.Tensor: The result of matmul.
"""
assert len(block_size) == 2
block_n, block_k = block_size[0], block_size[1]
assert A.shape[-1] == B.shape[-1]
assert A.shape[:-1] == As.shape[:-1] and A.is_contiguous()
assert triton.cdiv(A.shape[-1], block_k) == As.shape[-1]
M = A.numel() // A.shape[-1]
assert B.ndim == 2 and B.is_contiguous() and Bs.ndim == 2
N, K = B.shape
assert triton.cdiv(N, block_n) == Bs.shape[0]
assert triton.cdiv(K, block_k) == Bs.shape[1]
C_shape = A.shape[:-1] + (N,)
C = A.new_empty(C_shape, dtype=output_dtype)
# TODO(HandH1998):
# BLOCK_SIZE_M, BLOCK_SIZE_K, BLOCK_SIZE_N can be optimized.
# BLOCK_SIZE_K must be divisable by block_k
# BLOCK_SIZE_N and BLOCK_SIZE_M has no requirements
BLOCK_SIZE_M = 128
if M < BLOCK_SIZE_M:
BLOCK_SIZE_M = triton.next_power_of_2(M)
BLOCK_SIZE_M = max(BLOCK_SIZE_M, 16)
BLOCK_SIZE_K = block_k
assert block_k % BLOCK_SIZE_K == 0
BLOCK_SIZE_N = block_n
def grid(META):
return (
triton.cdiv(M, META["BLOCK_SIZE_M"]) * triton.cdiv(N, META["BLOCK_SIZE_N"]),
)
_w8a8_block_fp8_matmul[grid](
A,
B,
C,
As,
Bs,
M,
N,
K,
block_n,
block_k,
A.stride(-2),
A.stride(-1),
B.stride(1),
B.stride(0),
C.stride(-2),
C.stride(-1),
As.stride(-2),
As.stride(-1),
Bs.stride(1),
Bs.stride(0),
BLOCK_SIZE_M=BLOCK_SIZE_M,
BLOCK_SIZE_N=BLOCK_SIZE_N,
BLOCK_SIZE_K=BLOCK_SIZE_K,
GROUP_SIZE_M=8,
)
return C

View File

@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
from typing import Optional, Tuple
from typing import List, Optional, Tuple
import torch
from vllm.model_executor.parameter import RowvLLMParameter, _ColumnvLLMParameter
from sglang.srt.layers.quantization.fp8_kernel import (
per_token_group_quant_fp8,
w8a8_block_fp8_matmul,
)
def normalize_e4m3fn_to_e4m3fnuz(
@@ -25,3 +31,86 @@ def normalize_e4m3fn_to_e4m3fnuz(
if input_scale is not None:
input_scale = input_scale * 2.0
return weight, weight_scale, input_scale
def apply_w8a8_block_fp8_linear(
input: torch.Tensor,
weight: torch.Tensor,
block_size: List[int],
weight_scale: torch.Tensor,
input_scale: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
bias: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
) -> torch.Tensor:
assert input_scale is None
# View input as 2D matrix for fp8 methods
input_2d = input.view(-1, input.shape[-1])
output_shape = [*input.shape[:-1], weight.shape[0]]
q_input, x_scale = per_token_group_quant_fp8(input_2d, block_size[1])
output = w8a8_block_fp8_matmul(
q_input, weight, x_scale, weight_scale, block_size, output_dtype=input.dtype
)
if bias is not None:
output = output + bias
return output.to(dtype=input.dtype).view(*output_shape)
def input_to_float8(
x: torch.Tensor, dtype: torch.dtype = torch.float8_e4m3fn
) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
"""This function quantizes input values to float8 values with tensor-wise quantization."""
finfo = torch.finfo(dtype)
min_val, max_val = x.aminmax()
amax = torch.maximum(min_val.abs(), max_val.abs()).clamp(min=1e-12)
scale = finfo.max / amax
x_scl_sat = (x * scale).clamp(min=finfo.min, max=finfo.max)
return x_scl_sat.to(dtype).contiguous(), scale.float().reciprocal()
def block_quant_to_tensor_quant(
x_q_block: torch.Tensor,
x_s: torch.Tensor,
block_size: List[int],
) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
"""This function converts block-wise quantization to tensor-wise quantization.
The inputs are block-wise quantization tensor `x_q_block`, block-wise quantization scale
and the block size.
The outputs are tensor-wise quantization tensor and tensor-wise quantization scale.
Note only float8 is supported for now.
"""
block_n, block_k = block_size[0], block_size[1]
n, k = x_q_block.shape
n_tiles = (n + block_n - 1) // block_n
k_tiles = (k + block_k - 1) // block_k
assert n_tiles == x_s.shape[0]
assert k_tiles == x_s.shape[1]
x_dq_block = x_q_block.to(torch.float32)
x_dq_block_tiles = [
[
x_dq_block[
j * block_n : min((j + 1) * block_n, n),
i * block_k : min((i + 1) * block_k, k),
]
for i in range(k_tiles)
]
for j in range(n_tiles)
]
for i in range(k_tiles):
for j in range(n_tiles):
x_dq_block_tiles[j][i][:, :] = x_dq_block_tiles[j][i] * x_s[j][i]
x_q_tensor, scale = input_to_float8(x_dq_block, dtype=x_q_block.dtype)
return x_q_tensor, scale
class BlockQuantScaleParameter(_ColumnvLLMParameter, RowvLLMParameter):
"""
Parameter class for weight scales loaded for weights with
block-wise quantization. Uses both column and row parallelism.
"""
pass