init

transformers/tests/models/gptj/test_modeling_gptj.py

@@ -0,0 +1,585 @@
+# Copyright 2021 The HuggingFace Team. All rights reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+
+import unittest
+
+from transformers import GPTJConfig, is_torch_available
+from transformers.testing_utils import (
+    require_torch,
+    slow,
+    tooslow,
+    torch_device,
+)
+
+from ...generation.test_utils import GenerationTesterMixin
+from ...test_configuration_common import ConfigTester
+from ...test_modeling_common import ModelTesterMixin, ids_tensor, random_attention_mask
+from ...test_pipeline_mixin import PipelineTesterMixin
+
+
+if is_torch_available():
+    import torch
+
+    from transformers import (
+        AutoTokenizer,
+        GPTJForCausalLM,
+        GPTJForQuestionAnswering,
+        GPTJForSequenceClassification,
+        GPTJModel,
+    )
+
+
+class GPTJModelTester:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        parent,
+        batch_size=14,
+        seq_length=7,
+        is_training=True,
+        use_token_type_ids=True,
+        use_input_mask=True,
+        use_labels=True,
+        use_mc_token_ids=True,
+        vocab_size=99,
+        hidden_size=32,
+        rotary_dim=4,
+        num_hidden_layers=2,
+        num_attention_heads=4,
+        intermediate_size=37,
+        hidden_act="gelu",
+        hidden_dropout_prob=0.0,
+        attention_probs_dropout_prob=0.0,
+        max_position_embeddings=512,
+        type_vocab_size=16,
+        type_sequence_label_size=2,
+        initializer_range=0.02,
+        num_labels=3,
+        num_choices=4,
+    ):
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.batch_size = batch_size
+        self.seq_length = seq_length
+        self.is_training = is_training
+        self.use_token_type_ids = use_token_type_ids
+        self.use_input_mask = use_input_mask
+        self.use_labels = use_labels
+        self.use_mc_token_ids = use_mc_token_ids
+        self.vocab_size = vocab_size
+        self.hidden_size = hidden_size
+        self.rotary_dim = rotary_dim
+        self.num_hidden_layers = num_hidden_layers
+        self.num_attention_heads = num_attention_heads
+        self.intermediate_size = intermediate_size
+        self.hidden_act = hidden_act
+        self.hidden_dropout_prob = hidden_dropout_prob
+        self.attention_probs_dropout_prob = attention_probs_dropout_prob
+        self.max_position_embeddings = max_position_embeddings
+        self.type_vocab_size = type_vocab_size
+        self.type_sequence_label_size = type_sequence_label_size
+        self.initializer_range = initializer_range
+        self.num_labels = num_labels
+        self.num_choices = num_choices
+        self.scope = None
+        self.bos_token_id = vocab_size - 1
+        self.eos_token_id = vocab_size - 1
+        self.pad_token_id = vocab_size - 1
+
+    def get_large_model_config(self):
+        return GPTJConfig.from_pretrained("EleutherAI/gpt-j-6B")
+
+    def prepare_config_and_inputs(self):
+        input_ids = ids_tensor([self.batch_size, self.seq_length], self.vocab_size)
+
+        input_mask = None
+        if self.use_input_mask:
+            input_mask = random_attention_mask([self.batch_size, self.seq_length])
+
+        token_type_ids = None
+        if self.use_token_type_ids:
+            token_type_ids = ids_tensor([self.batch_size, self.seq_length], self.type_vocab_size)
+
+        mc_token_ids = None
+        if self.use_mc_token_ids:
+            mc_token_ids = ids_tensor([self.batch_size, self.num_choices], self.seq_length)
+
+        sequence_labels = None
+        token_labels = None
+        choice_labels = None
+        if self.use_labels:
+            sequence_labels = ids_tensor([self.batch_size], self.type_sequence_label_size)
+            token_labels = ids_tensor([self.batch_size, self.seq_length], self.num_labels)
+            choice_labels = ids_tensor([self.batch_size], self.num_choices)
+
+        config = self.get_config()
+
+        head_mask = ids_tensor([self.num_hidden_layers, self.num_attention_heads], 2)
+
+        return (
+            config,
+            input_ids,
+            input_mask,
+            head_mask,
+            token_type_ids,
+            mc_token_ids,
+            sequence_labels,
+            token_labels,
+            choice_labels,
+        )
+
+    def get_config(self):
+        return GPTJConfig(
+            vocab_size=self.vocab_size,
+            n_embd=self.hidden_size,
+            n_layer=self.num_hidden_layers,
+            n_head=self.num_attention_heads,
+            intermediate_size=self.intermediate_size,
+            hidden_act=self.hidden_act,
+            hidden_dropout_prob=self.hidden_dropout_prob,
+            attention_probs_dropout_prob=self.attention_probs_dropout_prob,
+            n_positions=self.max_position_embeddings,
+            type_vocab_size=self.type_vocab_size,
+            initializer_range=self.initializer_range,
+            use_cache=True,
+            bos_token_id=self.bos_token_id,
+            eos_token_id=self.eos_token_id,
+            pad_token_id=self.pad_token_id,
+            rotary_dim=self.rotary_dim,
+        )
+
+    def get_pipeline_config(self):
+        config = self.get_config()
+        config.vocab_size = 300
+        return config
+
+    def create_and_check_gptj_model(self, config, input_ids, input_mask, head_mask, token_type_ids, *args):
+        model = GPTJModel(config=config)
+        model.to(torch_device)
+        model.eval()
+
+        result = model(input_ids, token_type_ids=token_type_ids, head_mask=head_mask)
+        result = model(input_ids, token_type_ids=token_type_ids)
+        result = model(input_ids)
+
+        self.parent.assertEqual(result.last_hidden_state.shape, (self.batch_size, self.seq_length, self.hidden_size))
+        self.parent.assertEqual(len(result.past_key_values), config.n_layer)
+
+    def create_and_check_gptj_model_past(self, config, input_ids, input_mask, head_mask, token_type_ids, *args):
+        model = GPTJModel(config=config)
+        model.to(torch_device)
+        model.eval()
+
+        # first forward pass
+        outputs = model(input_ids, token_type_ids=token_type_ids, use_cache=True)
+        outputs_use_cache_conf = model(input_ids, token_type_ids=token_type_ids)
+        outputs_no_past = model(input_ids, token_type_ids=token_type_ids, use_cache=False)
+
+        self.parent.assertTrue(len(outputs) == len(outputs_use_cache_conf))
+        self.parent.assertTrue(len(outputs) == len(outputs_no_past) + 1)
+
+        output, past = outputs.to_tuple()
+
+        # create hypothetical next token and extent to next_input_ids
+        next_tokens = ids_tensor((self.batch_size, 1), config.vocab_size)
+        next_token_types = ids_tensor([self.batch_size, 1], self.type_vocab_size)
+
+        # append to next input_ids and token_type_ids
+        next_input_ids = torch.cat([input_ids, next_tokens], dim=-1)
+        next_token_type_ids = torch.cat([token_type_ids, next_token_types], dim=-1)
+
+        output_from_no_past = model(next_input_ids, token_type_ids=next_token_type_ids)["last_hidden_state"]
+        output_from_past = model(next_tokens, token_type_ids=next_token_types, past_key_values=past)[
+            "last_hidden_state"
+        ]
+
+        # select random slice
+        random_slice_idx = ids_tensor((1,), output_from_past.shape[-1]).item()
+        output_from_no_past_slice = output_from_no_past[:, -1, random_slice_idx].detach()
+        output_from_past_slice = output_from_past[:, 0, random_slice_idx].detach()
+
+        # test that outputs are equal for slice
+        self.parent.assertTrue(torch.allclose(output_from_past_slice, output_from_no_past_slice, atol=1e-3))
+
+    def create_and_check_gptj_model_attention_mask_past(
+        self, config, input_ids, input_mask, head_mask, token_type_ids, *args
+    ):
+        model = GPTJModel(config=config)
+        model.to(torch_device)
+        model.eval()
+
+        # create attention mask
+        attn_mask = torch.ones(input_ids.shape, dtype=torch.long, device=torch_device)
+        half_seq_length = self.seq_length // 2
+        attn_mask[:, half_seq_length:] = 0
+
+        # first forward pass
+        output, past = model(input_ids, attention_mask=attn_mask).to_tuple()
+
+        # create hypothetical next token and extent to next_input_ids
+        next_tokens = ids_tensor((self.batch_size, 1), config.vocab_size)
+
+        # change a random masked slice from input_ids
+        random_seq_idx_to_change = ids_tensor((1,), half_seq_length).item() + 1
+        random_other_next_tokens = ids_tensor((self.batch_size, 1), config.vocab_size).squeeze(-1)
+        input_ids[:, -random_seq_idx_to_change] = random_other_next_tokens
+
+        # append to next input_ids and attn_mask
+        next_input_ids = torch.cat([input_ids, next_tokens], dim=-1)
+        attn_mask = torch.cat(
+            [attn_mask, torch.ones((attn_mask.shape[0], 1), dtype=torch.long, device=torch_device)],
+            dim=1,
+        )
+
+        # get two different outputs
+        output_from_no_past = model(next_input_ids, attention_mask=attn_mask)["last_hidden_state"]
+        output_from_past = model(next_tokens, past_key_values=past, attention_mask=attn_mask)["last_hidden_state"]
+
+        # select random slice
+        random_slice_idx = ids_tensor((1,), output_from_past.shape[-1]).item()
+        output_from_no_past_slice = output_from_no_past[:, -1, random_slice_idx].detach()
+        output_from_past_slice = output_from_past[:, 0, random_slice_idx].detach()
+
+        # test that outputs are equal for slice
+        self.parent.assertTrue(torch.allclose(output_from_past_slice, output_from_no_past_slice, atol=1e-3))
+
+    def create_and_check_gptj_model_past_large_inputs(
+        self, config, input_ids, input_mask, head_mask, token_type_ids, *args
+    ):
+        model = GPTJModel(config=config)
+        model.to(torch_device)
+        model.eval()
+
+        # first forward pass
+        outputs = model(input_ids, token_type_ids=token_type_ids, attention_mask=input_mask, use_cache=True)
+
+        output, past = outputs.to_tuple()
+
+        # create hypothetical next token and extent to next_input_ids
+        next_tokens = ids_tensor((self.batch_size, 3), config.vocab_size)
+        next_token_types = ids_tensor([self.batch_size, 3], self.type_vocab_size)
+        next_mask = ids_tensor((self.batch_size, 3), vocab_size=2)
+
+        # append to next input_ids and token_type_ids
+        next_input_ids = torch.cat([input_ids, next_tokens], dim=-1)
+        next_token_type_ids = torch.cat([token_type_ids, next_token_types], dim=-1)
+        next_attention_mask = torch.cat([input_mask, next_mask], dim=-1)
+
+        output_from_no_past = model(
+            next_input_ids, token_type_ids=next_token_type_ids, attention_mask=next_attention_mask
+        )["last_hidden_state"]
+        output_from_past = model(
+            next_tokens, token_type_ids=next_token_types, attention_mask=next_attention_mask, past_key_values=past
+        )["last_hidden_state"]
+        self.parent.assertTrue(output_from_past.shape[1] == next_tokens.shape[1])
+
+        # select random slice
+        random_slice_idx = ids_tensor((1,), output_from_past.shape[-1]).item()
+        output_from_no_past_slice = output_from_no_past[:, -3:, random_slice_idx].detach()
+        output_from_past_slice = output_from_past[:, :, random_slice_idx].detach()
+
+        # test that outputs are equal for slice
+        self.parent.assertTrue(torch.allclose(output_from_past_slice, output_from_no_past_slice, atol=1e-3))
+
+    def create_and_check_lm_head_model(self, config, input_ids, input_mask, head_mask, token_type_ids, *args):
+        model = GPTJForCausalLM(config)
+        model.to(torch_device)
+        model.eval()
+
+        result = model(input_ids, token_type_ids=token_type_ids, labels=input_ids)
+        self.parent.assertEqual(result.loss.shape, ())
+        self.parent.assertEqual(result.logits.shape, (self.batch_size, self.seq_length, self.vocab_size))
+
+    def create_and_check_forward_and_backwards(
+        self, config, input_ids, input_mask, head_mask, token_type_ids, *args, gradient_checkpointing=False
+    ):
+        model = GPTJForCausalLM(config)
+        if gradient_checkpointing:
+            model.gradient_checkpointing_enable()
+        model.to(torch_device)
+
+        result = model(input_ids, token_type_ids=token_type_ids, labels=input_ids)
+        self.parent.assertEqual(result.loss.shape, ())
+        self.parent.assertEqual(result.logits.shape, (self.batch_size, self.seq_length, self.vocab_size))
+        result.loss.backward()
+
+    def prepare_config_and_inputs_for_common(self):
+        config_and_inputs = self.prepare_config_and_inputs()
+
+        (
+            config,
+            input_ids,
+            input_mask,
+            head_mask,
+            token_type_ids,
+            mc_token_ids,
+            sequence_labels,
+            token_labels,
+            choice_labels,
+        ) = config_and_inputs
+
+        inputs_dict = {"input_ids": input_ids, "token_type_ids": token_type_ids, "head_mask": head_mask}
+
+        return config, inputs_dict
+
+
+@require_torch
+class GPTJModelTest(ModelTesterMixin, GenerationTesterMixin, PipelineTesterMixin, unittest.TestCase):
+    all_model_classes = (
+        (GPTJModel, GPTJForCausalLM, GPTJForSequenceClassification, GPTJForQuestionAnswering)
+        if is_torch_available()
+        else ()
+    )
+    pipeline_model_mapping = (
+        {
+            "feature-extraction": GPTJModel,
+            "question-answering": GPTJForQuestionAnswering,
+            "text-classification": GPTJForSequenceClassification,
+            "text-generation": GPTJForCausalLM,
+            "zero-shot": GPTJForSequenceClassification,
+        }
+        if is_torch_available()
+        else {}
+    )
+    fx_compatible = True
+    test_pruning = False
+    test_missing_keys = False
+    test_model_parallel = False
+    test_head_masking = False
+
+    def test_torch_fx(self):
+        super().test_torch_fx()
+
+    def test_torch_fx_output_loss(self):
+        super().test_torch_fx_output_loss()
+
+    # TODO: Fix the failed tests
+    def is_pipeline_test_to_skip(
+        self,
+        pipeline_test_case_name,
+        config_class,
+        model_architecture,
+        tokenizer_name,
+        image_processor_name,
+        feature_extractor_name,
+        processor_name,
+    ):
+        if (
+            pipeline_test_case_name == "QAPipelineTests"
+            and tokenizer_name is not None
+            and not tokenizer_name.endswith("Fast")
+        ):
+            # `QAPipelineTests` fails for a few models when the slower tokenizer are used.
+            # (The slower tokenizers were never used for pipeline tests before the pipeline testing rework)
+            # TODO: check (and possibly fix) the `QAPipelineTests` with slower tokenizer
+            return True
+
+        return False
+
+    # special case for DoubleHeads model
+    def _prepare_for_class(self, inputs_dict, model_class, return_labels=False):
+        inputs_dict = super()._prepare_for_class(inputs_dict, model_class, return_labels=return_labels)
+        return inputs_dict
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.model_tester = GPTJModelTester(self)
+        self.config_tester = ConfigTester(self, config_class=GPTJConfig, n_embd=37)
+
+    def test_config(self):
+        self.config_tester.run_common_tests()
+
+    def test_gptj_model(self):
+        config_and_inputs = self.model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs()
+        self.model_tester.create_and_check_gptj_model(*config_and_inputs)
+
+    def test_gptj_model_past(self):
+        config_and_inputs = self.model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs()
+        self.model_tester.create_and_check_gptj_model_past(*config_and_inputs)
+
+    def test_gptj_model_att_mask_past(self):
+        config_and_inputs = self.model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs()
+        self.model_tester.create_and_check_gptj_model_attention_mask_past(*config_and_inputs)
+
+    def test_gptj_model_past_large_inputs(self):
+        config_and_inputs = self.model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs()
+        self.model_tester.create_and_check_gptj_model_past_large_inputs(*config_and_inputs)
+
+    def test_gptj_lm_head_model(self):
+        config_and_inputs = self.model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs()
+        self.model_tester.create_and_check_lm_head_model(*config_and_inputs)
+
+    def test_gptj_gradient_checkpointing(self):
+        config_and_inputs = self.model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs()
+        self.model_tester.create_and_check_forward_and_backwards(*config_and_inputs, gradient_checkpointing=True)
+
+    @tooslow
+    def test_batch_generation(self):
+        # Marked as @tooslow due to GPU OOM
+        model = GPTJForCausalLM.from_pretrained("EleutherAI/gpt-j-6B", revision="float16", dtype=torch.float16)
+        model.to(torch_device)
+        tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("EleutherAI/gpt-j-6B", revision="float16")
+
+        tokenizer.padding_side = "left"
+
+        # Define PAD Token = EOS Token = 50256
+        tokenizer.pad_token = tokenizer.eos_token
+        model.config.pad_token_id = model.config.eos_token_id
+
+        # use different length sentences to test batching
+        sentences = [
+            "Hello, my dog is a little",
+            "Today, I",
+        ]
+
+        inputs = tokenizer(sentences, return_tensors="pt", padding=True)
+        input_ids = inputs["input_ids"].to(torch_device)
+        token_type_ids = torch.cat(
+            [
+                input_ids.new_full((input_ids.shape[0], input_ids.shape[1] - 1), 0),
+                input_ids.new_full((input_ids.shape[0], 1), 500),
+            ],
+            dim=-1,
+        )
+
+        outputs = model.generate(
+            input_ids=input_ids,
+            attention_mask=inputs["attention_mask"].to(torch_device),
+        )
+
+        outputs_tt = model.generate(
+            input_ids=input_ids,
+            attention_mask=inputs["attention_mask"].to(torch_device),
+            token_type_ids=token_type_ids,
+        )
+
+        inputs_non_padded = tokenizer(sentences[0], return_tensors="pt").input_ids.to(torch_device)
+        output_non_padded = model.generate(input_ids=inputs_non_padded)
+
+        num_paddings = inputs_non_padded.shape[-1] - inputs["attention_mask"][-1].long().sum().item()
+        inputs_padded = tokenizer(sentences[1], return_tensors="pt").input_ids.to(torch_device)
+        output_padded = model.generate(input_ids=inputs_padded, max_length=model.config.max_length - num_paddings)
+
+        batch_out_sentence = tokenizer.batch_decode(outputs, skip_special_tokens=True)
+        batch_out_sentence_tt = tokenizer.batch_decode(outputs_tt, skip_special_tokens=True)
+        non_padded_sentence = tokenizer.decode(output_non_padded[0], skip_special_tokens=True)
+        padded_sentence = tokenizer.decode(output_padded[0], skip_special_tokens=True)
+
+        expected_output_sentence = [
+            "Hello, my dog is a little over a year old and has been diagnosed with a heart murmur",
+            "Today, I’m going to talk about the most important thing in the",
+        ]
+        self.assertListEqual(expected_output_sentence, batch_out_sentence)
+        self.assertTrue(batch_out_sentence_tt != batch_out_sentence)  # token_type_ids should change output
+        self.assertListEqual(expected_output_sentence, [non_padded_sentence, padded_sentence])
+
+    @slow
+    def test_model_from_pretrained(self):
+        model_name = "EleutherAI/gpt-j-6B"
+        model = GPTJModel.from_pretrained(model_name, revision="float16", dtype=torch.float16)
+        self.assertIsNotNone(model)
+
+
+@require_torch
+class GPTJModelLanguageGenerationTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    @tooslow
+    def test_lm_generate_gptj(self):
+        # Marked as @tooslow due to GPU OOM
+        for checkpointing in [True, False]:
+            model = GPTJForCausalLM.from_pretrained("EleutherAI/gpt-j-6B", revision="float16", dtype=torch.float16)
+            if checkpointing:
+                model.gradient_checkpointing_enable()
+            else:
+                model.gradient_checkpointing_disable()
+            model.to(torch_device)
+            input_ids = torch.tensor([[464, 3290]], dtype=torch.long, device=torch_device)  # The dog
+            # The dog is a man's best friend. It is a loyal companion, and it is a friend
+            expected_output_ids = [464, 3290, 318, 257, 582, 338, 1266, 1545, 13, 632, 318, 257, 9112, 15185, 11, 290, 340, 318, 257, 1545]  # fmt: skip
+            output_ids = model.generate(input_ids, do_sample=False)
+            self.assertListEqual(output_ids[0].tolist(), expected_output_ids)
+
+    @tooslow
+    def test_gptj_sample(self):
+        # Marked as @tooslow due to GPU OOM (issue #13676)
+        tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("EleutherAI/gpt-j-6B", revision="float16")
+        model = GPTJForCausalLM.from_pretrained("EleutherAI/gpt-j-6B", revision="float16", dtype=torch.float16)
+        model.to(torch_device)
+
+        torch.manual_seed(0)
+        tokenized = tokenizer("Today is a nice day and", return_tensors="pt", return_token_type_ids=True)
+        input_ids = tokenized.input_ids.to(torch_device)
+        output_ids = model.generate(input_ids, do_sample=True)
+        output_str = tokenizer.decode(output_ids[0], skip_special_tokens=True)
+
+        token_type_ids = tokenized.token_type_ids.to(torch_device)
+        output_seq = model.generate(input_ids=input_ids, do_sample=True, num_return_sequences=5)
+        output_seq_tt = model.generate(
+            input_ids=input_ids, token_type_ids=token_type_ids, do_sample=True, num_return_sequences=5
+        )
+        output_seq_strs = tokenizer.batch_decode(output_seq, skip_special_tokens=True)
+        output_seq_tt_strs = tokenizer.batch_decode(output_seq_tt, skip_special_tokens=True)
+
+        if torch_device != "cpu":
+            # currently this expect value is only for `cuda`
+            EXPECTED_OUTPUT_STR = (
+                "Today is a nice day and I've already been enjoying it. I walked to work with my wife"
+            )
+        else:
+            EXPECTED_OUTPUT_STR = "Today is a nice day and one of those days that feels a bit more alive. I am ready"
+
+        self.assertEqual(output_str, EXPECTED_OUTPUT_STR)
+        self.assertTrue(
+            all(output_seq_strs[idx] != output_seq_tt_strs[idx] for idx in range(len(output_seq_tt_strs)))
+        )  # token_type_ids should change output
+
+    # TODO joao, manuel: remove this in v4.62.0
+    @tooslow
+    def test_contrastive_search_gptj(self):
+        article = (
+            "DeepMind Technologies is a British artificial intelligence subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. and "
+            "research laboratory founded in 2010. DeepMind was acquired by Google in 2014. The company is based"
+        )
+
+        tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("EleutherAI/gpt-j-6B")
+        model = GPTJForCausalLM.from_pretrained("EleutherAI/gpt-j-6B", revision="float16", dtype=torch.float16).to(
+            torch_device
+        )
+        input_ids = tokenizer(article, return_tensors="pt").input_ids.to(torch_device)
+
+        outputs = model.generate(
+            input_ids,
+            penalty_alpha=0.6,
+            top_k=4,
+            max_length=256,
+            trust_remote_code=True,
+            custom_generate="transformers-community/contrastive-search",
+        )
+        generated_text = tokenizer.batch_decode(outputs, skip_special_tokens=True)
+
+        self.assertListEqual(
+            generated_text,
+            [
+                "DeepMind Technologies is a British artificial intelligence subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. and research "
+                "laboratory founded in 2010. DeepMind was acquired by Google in 2014. The company is based in London, "
+                "United Kingdom with offices in Mountain View, San Francisco, New York City, Paris, Tokyo, Seoul, "
+                "Beijing, Singapore, Tel Aviv, Dublin, Sydney, and Melbourne.[1]\n\nContents\n\nIn 2010, Google's "
+                "parent company, Alphabet, announced a $500 million investment in DeepMind, with the aim of creating "
+                "a company that would apply deep learning to problems in healthcare, energy, transportation, and "
+                "other areas.[2]\n\nOn April 23, 2014, Google announced that it had acquired DeepMind for $400 "
+                "million in cash and stock.[3] The acquisition was seen as a way for Google to enter the "
+                "fast-growing field of artificial intelligence (AI), which it had so far avoided due to concerns "
+                'about ethical and social implications.[4] Google co-founder Sergey Brin said that he was "thrilled" '
+                'to have acquired DeepMind, and that it would "help us push the boundaries of AI even further."'
+                "[5]\n\nDeepMind's founders, Demis Hassabis and Mustafa Suleyman, were joined by a number of Google "
+                "employees"
+            ],
+        )