{ "half": "Divide by 2 (or multiply by 0.5).", "third": "Divide by 3.", "quarter": "Divide by 4 or 25%. Also a coin worth $0.25.", "fifth": "Divide by 5 or 20%.", "twice": "Multiply by 2. Equivalent to double.", "double": "Multiply by 2. Equivalent to twice.", "thrice": "Multiply by 3. Equivalent to triple.", "triple": "Multiply by 3.", "quadruple": "Multiply by 4.", "quintuple": "Multiply by 5.", "dozen": "Exactly 12 items.", "baker's dozen": "Exactly 13 items.", "score": "Exactly 20 items.", "gross": "Exactly 144 items (a dozen dozens).", "minute": "1 minute = 60 seconds.", "hour": "1 hour = 60 minutes = 3,600 seconds.", "day": "1 day = 24 hours.", "week": "1 week = 7 days.", "month": "Typically considered 30 days in math problems unless specified (or 28, 29, 31). 1 year = 12 months.", "year": "1 year = 12 months = 52 weeks = 365 days.", "decade": "10 years.", "century": "100 years.", "millennium": "1,000 years.", "inch": "1 foot = 12 inches.", "foot": "1 foot = 12 inches. 1 yard = 3 feet.", "yard": "1 yard = 3 feet = 36 inches.", "mile": "1 mile = 5,280 feet.", "meter": "1 meter = 100 centimeters = 1,000 millimeters.", "kilometer": "1 kilometer = 1,000 meters.", "pound": "1 pound (lb) = 16 ounces (oz).", "ton": "1 ton = 2,000 pounds.", "kilogram": "1 kilogram (kg) = 1,000 grams.", "penny": "$0.01 (1 cent).", "nickel": "$0.05 (5 cents).", "dime": "$0.10 (10 cents).", "quarter coin": "$0.25 (25 cents).", "half dollar": "$0.50 (50 cents).", "buy": "Action: Acquiring item. State: Subject +Item, Subject -Money.", "bought": "Action: Acquiring item. State: Subject +Item, Subject -Money.", "receive": "Action: Getting item. State: Subject +Item.", "find": "Action: Discovering item. State: Subject +Item.", "earn": "Action: Working for money. State: Subject +Money.", "add": "Action: Combining quantities. State: Total increases.", "gain": "Action: Increase in holding. State: Subject +Item.", "sell": "Action: Giving item for money. State: Subject -Item, Subject +Money.", "sold": "Action: Giving item for money. State: Subject -Item, Subject +Money.", "eat": "Action: Consuming. State: Target -Item.", "ate": "Action: Consuming. State: Target -Item.", "lose": "Action: Misplacing an item. State: Subject -Item.", "give": "Action: Transferring to another. State: Subject -Item, Receiver +Item.", "gave": "Action: Transferring to another. State: Subject -Item, Receiver +Item.", "spend": "Action: Paying money. State: Subject -Money, Subject +Item.", "drop": "Action: Releasing/breaking item. State: Subject -Item.", "share": "Action: Split evenly. Math: Division by number of entities.", "split": "Action: Distribute portions. Math: Division.", "per": "Indicates a rate. Math: Often implies multiplication (rate x quantity) or division.", "each": "Indicates a rate for a single unit.", "every": "Indicates recurrence. Similar to per/each.", "mutable default argument": "Anti-pattern in Python. Never use `def func(x=[])`. Use `def func(x=None)` instead.", "list comprehension": "A concise way to create lists in Python. Syntax: `[expression for item in iterable if condition]`.", "time complexity of python list pop(0)": "O(N) because all other elements must shift. Use collections.deque for O(1) pops from the left.", "python dictionary lookup complexity": "O(1) average case, due to hash table implementation.", "python string immutability": "Strings in Python cannot be changed after creation. Any modification creates a new string object.", "euler's identity": "e^(i*pi) + 1 = 0. Connects five fundamental mathematical constants.", "quadratic formula": "x = [-b \u00b1 sqrt(b^2 - 4ac)] / 2a. Used to find roots of a quadratic equation ax^2 + bx + c = 0.", "discriminant": "b^2 - 4ac. Determines the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation: >0 means 2 real, =0 means 1 real, <0 means 2 complex.", "syllogism": "A logical argument applying deductive reasoning. If A=B and B=C, then A=C.", "modus ponens": "If P then Q. P is true. Therefore Q must be true.", "modus tollens": "If P then Q. Q is false. Therefore P must be false.", "capital of australia": "Canberra", "first element on periodic table": "Hydrogen (H), atomic number 1.", "atomic number of carbon": "6", "mitochondria": "The powerhouse of the biological cell, generating most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).", "python int type": "A built-in data type in Python representing int.", "python float type": "A built-in data type in Python representing float.", "python complex type": "A built-in data type in Python representing complex.", "python str type": "A built-in data type in Python representing str.", "python list type": "A built-in data type in Python representing list.", "python tuple type": "A built-in data type in Python representing tuple.", "python range type": "A built-in data type in Python representing range.", "python dict type": "A built-in data type in Python representing dict.", "python set type": "A built-in data type in Python representing set.", "python frozenset type": "A built-in data type in Python representing frozenset.", "python bool type": "A built-in data type in Python representing bool.", "python bytes type": "A built-in data type in Python representing bytes.", "python bytearray type": "A built-in data type in Python representing bytearray.", "python memoryview type": "A built-in data type in Python representing memoryview.", "python NoneType type": "A built-in data type in Python representing NoneType.", "python syntaxerror": "A Python Exception raised when the interpreter encounters a SyntaxError.", "python indentationerror": "A Python Exception raised when the interpreter encounters a IndentationError.", "python nameerror": "A Python Exception raised when the interpreter encounters a NameError.", "python typeerror": "A Python Exception raised when the interpreter encounters a TypeError.", "python valueerror": "A Python Exception raised when the interpreter encounters a ValueError.", "python keyerror": "A Python Exception raised when the interpreter encounters a KeyError.", "python indexerror": "A Python Exception raised when the interpreter encounters a IndexError.", "python attributeerror": "A Python Exception raised when the interpreter encounters a AttributeError.", "python zerodivisionerror": "A Python Exception raised when the interpreter encounters a ZeroDivisionError.", "python importerror": "A Python Exception raised when the interpreter encounters a ImportError.", "python modulenotfounderror": "A Python Exception raised when the interpreter encounters a ModuleNotFoundError.", "python filenotfounderror": "A Python Exception raised when the interpreter encounters a FileNotFoundError.", "python stopiteration": "A Python Exception raised when the interpreter encounters a StopIteration.", "python stopasynciteration": "A Python Exception raised when the interpreter encounters a StopAsyncIteration.", "python keyboardinterrupt": "A Python Exception raised when the interpreter encounters a KeyboardInterrupt.", "single responsibility principle (srp)": "A class should have one, and only one, reason to change.", "open closed principle (ocp)": "Software entities should be open for extension, but closed for modification.", "liskov substitution principle (lsp)": "Objects of a superclass shall be replaceable with objects of its subclasses without breaking the application.", "interface segregation principle (isp)": "No client should be forced to depend on methods it does not use.", "dependency inversion principle (dip)": "Depend on abstractions, not on concretions.", "o(1)": "Constant time complexity. Execution time is independent of input size. (e.g., Dictionary lookup).", "o(log n)": "Logarithmic time complexity. The problem size is cut in half each iteration. (e.g., Binary search).", "o(n)": "Linear time complexity. Execution time scales directly with input size. (e.g., Simple loop over an array).", "o(n log n)": "Linearithmic time complexity. Typical of efficient sorting algorithms. (e.g., Merge sort, Quick sort).", "o(n^2)": "Quadratic time complexity. Nested loops over the input. (e.g., Bubble sort).", "o(2^n)": "Exponential time complexity. Time doubles with each addition to input. (e.g., Recursive Fibonacci without memoization).", "atomic number of hydrogen": "1", "chemical symbol for hydrogen": "H", "element number 1": "Hydrogen", "atomic number of helium": "2", "chemical symbol for helium": "He", "element number 2": "Helium", "atomic number of lithium": "3", "chemical symbol for lithium": "Li", "element number 3": "Lithium", "atomic number of beryllium": "4", "chemical symbol for beryllium": "Be", "element number 4": "Beryllium", "atomic number of boron": "5", "chemical symbol for boron": "B", "element number 5": "Boron", "chemical symbol for carbon": "C", "element number 6": "Carbon", "atomic number of nitrogen": "7", "chemical symbol for nitrogen": "N", "element number 7": "Nitrogen", "atomic number of oxygen": "8", "chemical symbol for oxygen": "O", "element number 8": "Oxygen", "atomic number of fluorine": "9", "chemical symbol for fluorine": "F", "element number 9": "Fluorine", "atomic number of neon": "10", "chemical symbol for neon": "Ne", "element number 10": "Neon", "atomic number of sodium": "11", "chemical symbol for sodium": "Na", "element number 11": "Sodium", "atomic number of magnesium": "12", "chemical symbol for magnesium": "Mg", "element number 12": "Magnesium", "atomic number of aluminum": "13", "chemical symbol for aluminum": "Al", "element number 13": "Aluminum", "atomic number of silicon": "14", "chemical symbol for silicon": "Si", "element number 14": "Silicon", "atomic number of phosphorus": "15", "chemical symbol for phosphorus": "P", "element number 15": "Phosphorus", "atomic number of sulfur": "16", "chemical symbol for sulfur": "S", "element number 16": "Sulfur", "atomic number of chlorine": "17", "chemical symbol for chlorine": "Cl", "element number 17": "Chlorine", "atomic number of argon": "18", "chemical symbol for argon": "Ar", "element number 18": "Argon", "atomic number of potassium": "19", "chemical symbol for potassium": "K", "element number 19": "Potassium", "atomic number of calcium": "20", "chemical symbol for calcium": "Ca", "element number 20": "Calcium", "capital of canada": "Ottawa", "capital of brazil": "Ottawa", "capital of japan": "Brasilia", "capital of germany": "Berlin", "capital of france": "Berlin", "capital of italy": "Paris", "capital of spain": "Rome", "capital of united kingdom": "Madrid", "capital of russia": "Moscow", "capital of china": "Moscow", "capital of india": "Beijing", "capital of south africa": "Pretoria", "capital of egypt": "Pretoria", "capital of mexico": "Cairo" }